transition before conclusion

10 Good Transitions for a Conclusion Paragraph

The Importance of a Conclusion

Why transitions are necessary, 10 ideas for concluding transitions, writing strong transitions between paragraphs, other times to use transitions, 5 overused conclusion sentences, how to start a conclusion paragraph, how to write your conclusion, how to write a concluding sentence.

Writing a proper conclusion paragraph to an essay is something you've probably spent significant time learning about, whether you're in grade school or college. It's especially important to learn how to write a conclusion with strong transitions as well as having good transitions between body paragraphs. This skill ensures that the essay will flow nicely, ultimately forming a cohesive paper.

Though writing strong transitions for a concluding paragraph can be a challenge for both beginner writers and even seasoned writers, it just takes some constructive feedback to make sure you are on the right track.

When writing a paper, whether it is a persuasive essay, a research paper, a news article or even a portfolio essay, there is a specific format that all writers must follow. Though there is never a wrong way to write an essay, there is a standard that is accepted worldwide and across different languages. Essays must be organized, well composed, include key points, and most of all, a strong conclusion.

While it is always important to begin your essay with a strong and engaging introduction, many writers tend to neglect the ending of their work. After all, writing is undoubtedly an exhausting process. However, it is necessary to keep the reader engaged until the very last sentence.

If your reader somehow is not convinced after reading your paper, the conclusion is the final chance for persuasion.

Though a conclusion can be written differently depending on the essay type, its main purpose is to bring the key ideas of the text to the surface. This is done by rephrasing the thesis as well as reiterating information discussed in the body paragraphs.

The most important aspect of a conclusion paragraph is to not introduce new topics to the reader. Mention of a new idea at the end of a paper reveals that it should have received its own paragraph earlier on. This also may distract from the thesis, ultimately meaning that new information does not belong in the conclusion.

Most people write or speak in transitional phrases without even realizing that they are doing it. For example, using words and phrases such as ​ "then," "after that" ​ and ​ "anyway" ​ in basic conversations. Without transitions, there is a lack of word flow, making it challenging for the reader or listener to grasp what you are attempting to say.

Due to the fact that transitions often come easier while speaking, writers need to be more aware of including transitions while constructing their essay. Without a transition word or a transitional phrase, the reader may not understand why you are suddenly going from one idea to the next. Transitions help guide readers through the piece with ease as they read it in their head or out loud. Think of transitions as the glue that holds the different parts of your essay together.

If you want to get away from the overused conclusion statements, then there are several options to choose from. Of course, you also have to be mindful of how much you use those in your paper as well. If your teachers notice that you are using the same transitions repeatedly, it is likely they will advise you to use something else. Thankfully, there are tons of ​ "In conclusion" ​ replacements you can resort to instead:

• By and large
• Generally speaking
• In any event
• Given these points
• All things considered

Before writing the conclusion, body paragraphs will be included that must be written cohesively. This means that the information is written in a logical order, making the essay flow nicely. You know how long a paragraph should be, how it should start and what sentences to put inside. But one thing that several college students struggle with is how to implement transitions between paragraphs. If your professor tells you that your writing is ​ "too abrupt" ​ or asks you ​ "how do these things relate?" ​ then it probably means you neglected the use of strong transitions between paragraphs.

The transitions you use between two paragraphs will be different than the transitions you use in your conclusion. Transitions can occur at the end of the previous paragraph, the beginning of the next paragraph or both and include words or phrases such as:

• For example
• In addition to or additionally
• Nevertheless
• Even though
• Despite this
• As mentioned before
• Nonetheless
• That being said
• Due to this

The more you practice the incorporation of transitions, the more you will naturally have the ability to select which phrases work. Younger students may use other types of transitions between paragraphs, which are to demonstrate their basic understanding of sequencing events:

In addition to using transitions between paragraphs ​ and ​ as part of your conclusion paragraph, you will also be required to use transitions in other parts of your writing. This includes using transitions within the actual paragraphs themselves, as well as between sections if you are writing a much longer, in-depth piece.

When incorporating transitions within a paragraph, you may use short words or phrases to bring together sentences. This helps readers expect what's to come before they read the next sentence, even if that happens quickly. Sometimes, you may not even notice this transition as it is subtle, but present.

Likewise, you will also need to use transitions between sections in a larger piece of writing. These will need to be more explicit because you are coming off a whole other section that may not be as easily connected to the next one. Think of it as a recap of the previous season of a television series, that catches you up on all the events you may have forgotten about. You do this before pressing play on the next season in the series. The two sections must be connected in some way, and a transition helps achieve that.

Two sections must be connected in some way, and a transition helps achieve that.

Oftentimes, students tend to rely on certain conclusion sentences and transitions more so than others. Most teachers would advise that if they had a dime for every time a student used the transition ​ "In conclusion" ​ to start their concluding paragraph, that they'd be rich. But this is not the student's fault. However, students should try to stay away from the overused conclusion sentences as much as possible:

• In conclusion
• As you can see

Once you've decided on a concluding transition that has not been overused, you will have to start to think of your beginning conclusion sentence.

• Sometimes, the transition phrase you have chosen is enough to have a solid start to your conclusion, but other times, you may need to also take a few words or a sentence to transition between the most recent paragraph and the conclusion.
• You may also need to write two concluding paragraphs instead of just one, which will, of course, involve using more than one transition sentence starter.

After beginning your conclusion paragraph, it's time to write the rest of the conclusion. This can be tricky, but good conclusions come after practice, persistence and careful use of words and vocabulary.

Your conclusion is your last opportunity to tell the reader why you feel the way you do about whatever you're talking about, whether it's an opinion or closing statement based on factual research. Here, you should reiterate the main points of your paper without getting too repetitive, and if applicable, leave the reader with something to think about.

You can always ask a friend to read over your conclusion to see if you've succeeded.

The only part of your essay with the most potential to influence the reader more so than the introduction of your paper, is ​ the closing sentence of your paper ​.

If you're wondering whether or not you can end a conclusion with a question, the answer is, it depends. If you're writing a research paper that discusses some controversial topics, then it's absolutely a great idea to end your conclusion with a question. This can be a rhetorical question or it can be directed straight to the reader, but either way, it should be somewhat open-ended and ultimately be a conversation starter.

At the same time, though, a persuasive essay is meant to convince the reader of your opinion, so leaving them with a question instead of a strong, believable statement, could be a mistake. You'll really need to read over your paper several times to make sure your conclusion and your concluding sentence makes sense with the rest of the piece.

Things to Consider

If you are still wondering, ​ "How can I end my essay without saying, 'in conclusion'?" ​this is either because the other transition words and phrases do not make sense to you, or you simply cannot think of anything else to say.

Ultimately, if you can include a variety within your transition words and phrases, that will build a strong paper. However, if you are having a hard time with it, just do what you feel comfortable with. In the meantime, ask your teacher or professor if they have any additional advice that may be useful for you, or consult the writing resources at your school for support.

Writing a strong conclusion paragraph with good transitions is the key to a solid essay. Hopefully these tips will help you learn how to write a good conclusion paragraph.

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Problems That Students Encounter With Essay Writing

• UNC Writing Center: Transitions
• K12 Reader: Conclusion Transition Words
• UNC Writing Center: Conclusions

Hana LaRock is a freelance content writer from New York, currently living in Mexico. She has spent the last 5 years traveling the world and living abroad and has lived in South Korea and Israel. Before becoming a writer, Hana worked as a teacher for several years in the U.S. and around the world. She has her teaching certification in Elementary Education and Special Education, as well as a TESOL certification. Hana spent a semester studying abroad at Tel Aviv University during her undergraduate years at the University of Hartford. She hopes to use her experience to help inform others. Please visit her website, www.hanalarockwriting.com, to learn more.

Transitional Words and Phrases

One of your primary goals as a writer is to present ideas in a clear and understandable way. To help readers move through your complex ideas, you want to be intentional about how you structure your paper as a whole as well as how you form the individual paragraphs that comprise it. In order to think through the challenges of presenting your ideas articulately, logically, and in ways that seem natural to your readers, check out some of these resources: Developing a Thesis Statement , Paragraphing , and Developing Strategic Transitions: Writing that Establishes Relationships and Connections Between Ideas.

While clear writing is mostly achieved through the deliberate sequencing of your ideas across your entire paper, you can guide readers through the connections you’re making by using transitional words in individual sentences. Transitional words and phrases can create powerful links between your ideas and can help your reader understand your paper’s logic.

In what follows, we’ve included a list of frequently used transitional words and phrases that can help you establish how your various ideas relate to each other. We’ve divided these words and phrases into categories based on the common kinds of relationships writers establish between ideas.

Two recommendations: Use these transitions strategically by making sure that the word or phrase you’re choosing matches the logic of the relationship you’re emphasizing or the connection you’re making. All of these words and phrases have different meanings, nuances, and connotations, so before using a particular transitional word in your paper, be sure you understand its meaning and usage completely, and be sure that it’s the right match for your paper’s logic. Use these transitional words and phrases sparingly because if you use too many of them, your readers might feel like you are overexplaining connections that are already clear.

Categories of Transition Words and Phrases

Causation Chronology Combinations Contrast Example

Importance Location Similarity Clarification Concession

Conclusion Intensification Purpose Summary

Transitions to help establish some of the most common kinds of relationships

Causation– Connecting instigator(s) to consequence(s).

accordingly as a result and so because

consequently for that reason hence on account of

since therefore thus

Chronology– Connecting what issues in regard to when they occur.

after afterwards always at length during earlier following immediately in the meantime

later never next now once simultaneously so far sometimes

soon subsequently then this time until now when whenever while

Combinations Lists– Connecting numerous events. Part/Whole– Connecting numerous elements that make up something bigger.

additionally again also and, or, not as a result besides even more

finally first, firstly further furthermore in addition in the first place in the second place

last, lastly moreover next second, secondly, etc. too

Contrast– Connecting two things by focusing on their differences.

after all although and yet at the same time but

despite however in contrast nevertheless nonetheless notwithstanding

on the contrary on the other hand otherwise though yet

Example– Connecting a general idea to a particular instance of this idea.

as an illustration e.g., (from a Latin abbreviation for “for example”)

for example for instance specifically that is

to demonstrate to illustrate

Importance– Connecting what is critical to what is more inconsequential.

chiefly critically

foundationally most importantly

of less importance primarily

Location– Connecting elements according to where they are placed in relationship to each other.

above adjacent to below beyond

centrally here nearby neighboring on

opposite to peripherally there wherever

Similarity– Connecting to things by suggesting that they are in some way alike.

by the same token in like manner

in similar fashion here in the same way

likewise wherever

Other kinds of transitional words and phrases Clarification

i.e., (from a Latin abbreviation for “that is”) in other words

that is that is to say to clarify to explain

to put it another way to rephrase it

granted it is true

naturally of course

finally lastly

in conclusion in the end

to conclude

Intensification

in fact indeed no

of course surely to repeat

undoubtedly without doubt yes

for this purpose in order that

so that to that end

to this end

in brief in sum

in summary in short

to sum up to summarize

Improving Your Writing Style

This is an accordion element with a series of buttons that open and close related content panels.

Clear, Concise Sentences

Use the active voice

Put the action in the verb

Tidy up wordy phrases

Reduce wordy verbs

Reduce prepositional phrases

Reduce expletive constructions

Avoid using vague nouns

Avoid unneccessarily inflated words

Avoid noun strings

Connecting Ideas Through Transitions

Using Transitional Words and Phrases

Conclusion transition words: Phrases for summarizing and ending

Transition words help us structure our thoughts and guide the reader or listener through what we are saying. When it’s time to summarize your message or end a paragraph, conclusion transition words let you signal this closing.

It’s good to know some synonyms for ‘in conclusion’ and ‘to conclude’, because although these are good examples of concluding words, they can get repetitive.

Our comprehensive list of transition words for conclusion and summary should give you all the inspiration you need, whether you are writing an essay or speech, or just want to become more confident forming an argument. These signal words can also be helpful for restating ideas, drawing attention to key points as you conclude.

We have included plenty of examples of how you can use these transition words for concluding paragraphs or sentences, so by the end of this article, you should be clear on how to use them properly.

Conclusion transition words with examples

We have grouped these summarizing and concluding transition words according to how and where they can be used. For example, some should only be used when forming a final conclusion, whereas others can be used to summarize sections mid-way through your speech or writing.

First, let’s be clear about the difference between a summary and a conclusion .

Summary vs conclusion

A conclusion comes at the end of a speech, chapter, or piece of text, and it brings together all of the points mentioned. A summary, however, can be placed anywhere (even at the beginning). A summary gives a brief outline of the main points but is not as in-depth as a conclusion.

If you are giving a presentation or writing a blog, you may wish to summarize the main points in your introduction so that people know what you are going to cover. You could also summarize a section part-way through before moving on to another angle or topic.

In contrast, the conclusion always comes at the end, and you should only use specific conclusion transition words as you are drawing to a close.

Transition words for conclusion paragraphs

Let’s begin with some discourse markers that signal you are moving to the concluding paragraph in your presentation, speech, essay, or paper. These can all be used to start a conclusion paragraph.

• In conclusion
• To conclude
• We can conclude that
• Given these points
• In the final analysis
• As can be seen
• In the long run
• When all is said and done
• I’ll end by
• As we draw to a close

The last three on this list, the ‘closing’ transition words, would generally only be used in spoken discourse.

Some transition words for order and sequencing should also help with structuring what you want to say, including the ending.

Example conclusion sentences

The following sentences show how to use conclusion words correctly:

• In conclusion , we can say that plan A will be of greater benefit to the company.
• When all is said and done , it’s clear that we should steer clear of this investment strategy.
• Given these points , I believe the trial was a great success.
• I’ll end by reminding you all that this experiment was just the beginning of a much larger project.
• To wrap up , let’s look at how this learning can be applied.
• In the long run , we will make more profit by investing heavily in new machinery.
• Having analyzed seven of our competitors in detail, we can conclude that our content marketing strategy should be updated.

Transition words for summary

The following summary transition words may be used as part of a conclusion paragraph, but they are especially helpful for concisely drawing together several points.

• To summarize
• On the whole
• Generally speaking
• All things considered
• In a nutshell (informal)
• In any case

Note that although you can insert summary transition words anywhere, the specific phrases ‘In summary’, ‘To summarize’ and ‘To sum up’ are generally only used at the end, similar to conclusion phrases.

Example summary sentences

• In brief , this presentation is going to cover the pros and cons of the device and how we can apply this to our own product development.
• This new technology is, in a word , revolutionary.
• All things considered , we found that Berlin was a great city for a weekend break.
• To summarize , we can say that Shakespeare’s writing continues to have a global influence.
• We can say that the combustion engine was, on the whole , a good invention.
• In any case , we should put the necessary precautions in place.
• Generally speaking , girls are more thoughtful than boys.

Transition words to end a paragraph

You may wish to add ending transition words in the final sentence of a paragraph to conclude the ideas in that section of text, before moving on to another point.

Here are some transition words to conclude a paragraph:

• This means that
• With this in mind
• By and large
• For the most part

Note that some of these could equally be used to begin a new paragraph, so long as that paragraph is summarizing the points previously mentioned.

Cause and effect transition words could also be helpful in this context.

Examples of transition words for the end of a paragraph

• Jamie is a vegan and Sheryl has a lot of allergies. This means that we should be careful which restaurant we choose.
• The weather forecast said it would rain this afternoon. With this in mind , should we postpone our hike?
• Each of the students has their own opinion about where to go for the field trip. Ultimately , though, it’s the teacher who will decide.

Restating points as you conclude

Conclusion transition words can also signal that you are restating a point you mentioned earlier. This is common practice in both writing and speaking as it draws the reader or listener’s attention back to something you want them to keep in mind. These are, therefore, also examples of transition words for emphasizing a point .

Here are some helpful transition words for concluding or summarizing by restating points:

• As mentioned previously
• As stated earlier
• As has been noted
• As shown above
• As I have said
• As I have mentioned
• As we have seen
• As has been demonstrated

You may switch most of these between the passive and active voice, depending on which is most appropriate. For example, ‘As has been demonstrated’ could become ‘As I have demonstrated’ and ‘As shown above’ could become ‘As I have shown’.

Example sentences to restate a point in conclusion or summary

• As I stated earlier , the only way we can get meaningful results from this survey is by including at least a thousand people.
• As has been demonstrated throughout this conference, there are exciting things happening in the world of neuroscience.
• As shown by this study, the trials have been promising.

If you were researching these transition words for concluding an essay, you might find it helpful to read this guide to strong essay conclusions . Of course, there are many ways to use summary transition words beyond essays. They may be a little formal for casual conversation, but they certainly can be used in speech as part of a presentation, debate, or argument.

Can you think of any other concluding words or phrases that should be on this list? Leave a comment below to share them!

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35 Transition Words for Conclusions

When transitioning to conclusions, we can simply use the term “In conclusion”, but over time, this word starts to feel tedious and repetitive. There are better ways to do it.

Transition words help your essays flow more easily and act as signposts for your reader so they know when you’re moving from one part of an essay to another.

So, for your next essay conclusion , consider the following transition words which can help you to improve your vocabulary and academic writing skills .

I’ve saved five bonus transition words for the very end which are my personal favorites. These are for advanced students who really want to demonstrate an academic tone – don’t miss them! They’re at the very end.

Transition Words for Conclusions

1. in conclusion.

This phrase is typically used to signal the final remarks in a piece of writing. It helps summarize the main points or findings that have been discussed throughout the text. It is still generally appropriate to use, but can sometimes appear rudimentary use of the English language.

Sample Sentences:

“ In conclusion , implementing green technology in our daily lives can significantly reduce carbon footprints.”

“The research findings were quite revealing. In conclusion , more emphasis should be put on early childhood education.”

2. To sum up

This is often used to encapsulate the main points of a discussion or argument in a succinct way. It is used almost as frequently as ‘in conclusion’.

“ To sum up , a balanced diet and regular exercise are crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.”

“The evidence points towards the need for more environmental protections. To sum up , without immediate action, our natural resources may become irreversibly damaged.”

3. In summary

Similar to “to sum up”, this phrase is used to provide a brief overview of the main points or findings discussed in the writing.

“ In summary , the research suggests a strong correlation between air pollution and respiratory diseases.”

“ In summary , the novel is a fascinating exploration of human resilience in the face of adversity.”

4. All in all

This phrase is used to express a final general statement or judgment considering everything that has been said. It is somewhat more colloquial than the three phrases above, making it potentially less valuable for an essay. However, in reflective pieces, it may be used. See the reflective examples below.

“ All in all , the team performed well despite the challenging circumstances.”

“ All in all , the benefits of recycling outweigh any potential disadvantages.”

5. Ultimately

This word is used to indicate the final result or fundamental reason after considering everything.

“ Ultimately , the success of the project depends on the dedication of the team members.”

“Despite initial hurdles, the venture was successful. Ultimately , perseverance and commitment were key to our success.”

6. Therefore

This word is used to introduce a logical conclusion from the evidence or reasons previously stated. It is used best to conclude a paragraph of sub-section than as the final essay conclusion.

“The cost of production has significantly decreased. Therefore , we can expect an increase in profit margins.”

“He didn’t meet the eligibility criteria. Therefore , his application was rejected.”

This is similar to “therefore” and is used to introduce a conclusion, a result or an implication. As with ‘therefore’, ‘It ‘hence’ is used best to conclude a paragraph of sub-section than as the final essay conclusion.

“He was late for his interview. Hence , he didn’t make a good impression.”

“The data was incomplete. Hence , the results of the study may not be entirely accurate.”

8. Consequently

This word is used to express a result or effect of a previous statement. It is best used mid-paragraph or in the middle of a sub-section, not an overall conclusion.

“There was heavy rainfall throughout the night. Consequently , the match was postponed.”

“The company didn’t adapt to the changing market trends. Consequently , they faced heavy losses.”

This is used to denote the conclusion or summary of something previously stated. It indicates that what follows is a result or inference from what has been stated before. It is best used mid-paragraph or in the middle of a sub-section, not an overall conclusion. While I quite like this term, some teachers see it as a bit old-timey.

“She didn’t study hard. Thus , she failed the exam.”

“The evidence is clearly inadmissible. Thus , the case should be dismissed.”

10. This essay’s final analysis is…

This phrase is used to introduce the ultimate conclusion that has been reached after consideration of all the facts.

“ This essay’s final analysis is that it is the lowest earners in society who have been hit hardest by this economic downturn.”

“ This essay’s final analysis is that it’s clear that the policy has had a positive impact on the community.”

11. On the whole

This phrase is often used when you want to make a general summary statement about a larger body of information or arguments. It implies that the statement accounts for all the details and complexities discussed previously. Generally, this is more colloquial so should only be used in less formal essay styles.

“On the whole” can help to simplify complex arguments, and it can signal that the writer has given due consideration to different perspectives or evidence before arriving at their conclusion.

“ On the whole , the company’s strategy has been effective, leading to an increase in profits and customer satisfaction.”

“Despite some negative feedback, on the whole , the policy has received wide public approval.”

12. To conclude

Similar to “In conclusion,” this phrase is a clear signal that the writer is about to wrap up their argument or findings.

“To conclude” can provide a sense of closure for the reader and it reaffirms the significance of the arguments or findings that have been presented.

“ To conclude , the study revealed that regular exercise can significantly reduce stress levels.”

“ To conclude , it is evident from the data that our marketing strategies have significantly boosted sales.”

13. To recap

This phrase is used when the writer wants to summarize the key points of their argument or discussion.

“To recap” can help to reinforce the importance of these points for the reader and it also serves as a quick reference or summary.

“ To recap , our findings suggest that the new drug can effectively alleviate symptoms in 80% of patients.”

“ To recap , our team achieved all project milestones on time and under budget.”

14. In essence

This phrase is often used when the writer wants to encapsulate the fundamental nature or core idea of their argument or discussion.

“In essence” can help to distill complex ideas or arguments down to their most basic and important elements.

“ In essence , the concept of freedom is at the heart of democratic societies.”

“ In essence , our project aims to develop sustainable solutions for waste management.”

15. In retrospect

This phrase is typically used when the writer wants to look back on a situation, decision, or period of time and make a summary statement or conclusion about it. Use it in reflective essays.

“In retrospect” can be useful for conveying a sense of learned wisdom or insight gained after the fact. It often suggests that the writer’s perspective has evolved or deepened over time.

“ In retrospect , investing in renewable energy technologies was a wise business decision.”

“ In retrospect , we could have implemented additional measures to ensure the safety of our staff during the pandemic.”

16. Overall

This is commonly used to indicate a consideration of all factors or an assessment of the situation in its entirety.

“Overall” is often used to summarize complex scenarios involving multiple elements. It represents a comprehensive viewpoint that takes into account all the variables discussed.

“ Overall , our company’s performance this year has been exceptional, with growth in nearly all sectors.”

“While the program faced some obstacles initially, overall , it has been successful in achieving its main objectives.”

17. Finally

This word is often used to indicate the last point or idea in a list or sequence.

“Finally” is a transition word that suggests the end of a discussion. It can also indicate the final and often most important point in an argument or discussion.

“ Finally , the most compelling evidence for climate change is the consistent rise in global temperatures over the past century.”

“ Finally , it’s worth mentioning the commitment and dedication of our team, which played a significant role in the project’s success.”

18. Accordingly

This word is used to express the idea that something is a logical result of something else.

“Accordingly” signifies that the statement that follows is based on what was previously mentioned. It reflects a cause-effect relationship between two points or arguments.

“We have noticed a significant increase in demand for our product. Accordingly , we have decided to increase our production capacity.”

“The weather forecast predicts heavy snowfall. Accordingly , we have postponed the event.”

19. As a result

Similar to “accordingly”, this phrase is used to indicate that something is a consequence of a previous action or situation.

“As a result” introduces the outcome of a given circumstance or set of circumstances, signifying a cause-effect relationship.

“Our competitors have lowered their prices. As a result , we have also decided to adjust our pricing strategy.”

“The new policies were not well received. As a result , the company faced significant backlash from the public.”

20. In short

This phrase is used when you want to summarize a complex idea, argument, or discussion in a concise way.

“In short” helps to condense complex or lengthy explanations into a simpler and shorter summary. It indicates a concise conclusion.

“ In short , the environmental benefits of renewable energy make it a vital component of our fight against climate change.”

“ In short , the project was a success, meeting all its goals and objectives within the allocated time and budget.”

21. In brief

This phrase is used to provide a concise summary of information or to draw a quick conclusion.

“In brief” helps to distill longer discussions or complex arguments into their most critical points. It aims to convey the gist of the matter succinctly.

“ In brief , adopting sustainable practices is not just beneficial for the environment, but it also makes economic sense.”

“ In brief , our research findings confirm the hypothesis that regular exercise can improve mental health.”

22. To summarize

This phrase helps encapsulate the key points discussed in the conversation or writing.

“To summarize” allows the writer to highlight the most important points or findings, reaffirming them for the reader. It reinforces the primary arguments or conclusions.

“ To summarize , we believe investing in renewable energy is a strategic decision that will yield long-term benefits.”

“ To summarize , the data clearly shows an upward trend in consumer demand for eco-friendly products.”

This word is often used to introduce a conclusion or a result based on the previous discussion.

“So” is a simple and effective way to link cause and effect, or problem and solution. It leads the reader directly to the outcome or conclusion.

“The experiment failed to produce the expected results, so we’ll need to revise our approach.”

“Our marketing campaign has been highly successful, so we plan to increase our advertising budget.”

24. Clearly

This word is often used to express that something is obvious or noticeable, especially after analyzing the data or arguments presented.

“Clearly” can emphasize the strength of the evidence or arguments, and it signals confidence in the conclusion.

“ Clearly , our efforts to improve customer service have resulted in higher client satisfaction rates.”

“After reviewing the data, it’s clearly evident that our sales have significantly increased since launching the new product line.”

25. After all

This phrase can be used to emphasize a decisive argument or fact that should be considered.

“After all” often introduces a compelling reason or justification that supports the conclusion. It can help stress the importance of the points previously mentioned.

“We should move forward with the merger, after all , it presents a unique opportunity to expand our market reach.”

“The committee decided to fund the project, after all , it aligns with our goals and has significant potential.”

26. As mentioned earlier

This phrase refers back to something that was stated previously in the conversation or text.

“As mentioned earlier” can be used to re-emphasize an important point or piece of evidence that supports the conclusion. It can reinforce the argument by reminding the reader of what has been discussed previously.

One downside of this is it seems redundant – why are you repeating what you said earlier rather than doing what a conclusion should do: summarizing and synthesizing your points.

“ As mentioned earlier , the correlation between the variables is strong, indicating a significant relationship.”

“ As mentioned earlier , our success is largely due to our dedicated and talented team.”

27. As has been noted

This phrase is often used to restate something important that has been pointed out in the discussion.

“As has been noted” functions similarly to “as mentioned earlier,” serving to underscore a significant point or detail previously discussed. It strengthens the conclusion by referencing crucial information.

As with the phrase “as mentioned earlier”, this one may come across as a redundant phrase and could even signal that you’re repeating yourself rather than adding value through an evaluation or revision exercise.

“ As has been noted , the high turnover rate in the company is a significant concern that requires immediate attention.”

“ As has been noted , the initiative has resulted in substantial benefits for our community.”

28. As has been shown

This phrase is used to reference evidence or arguments that have been presented earlier.

“As has been shown” emphasizes the proof or reasoning that led to the conclusion. It reaffirms the legitimacy of the conclusion based on the presented evidence.

This can also come across as redundant, though.

“ As has been shown , our new marketing strategies have significantly boosted our brand visibility.”

“ As has been shown , the new policy has had a substantial positive impact on our employees’ work-life balance.”

29. As we have seen

Similar to the above, this phrase refers to the evidence or arguments discussed earlier in the text.

“As we have seen” serves to revisit important details or arguments that have been presented. It strengthens the conclusion by directly linking it to the evidence discussed.

“ As we have seen , the implementation of stricter environmental regulations has led to significant improvements in air quality.”

“ As we have seen , investing in staff training and development leads to increased productivity and employee satisfaction.”

30. Given the above points

This phrase is used to draw a conclusion from the arguments or points that have been presented.

“Given these points” signals that the following statement is based on the information discussed earlier. It helps establish a logical connection between the conclusion and the supporting points.

“ Given the above points , it’s clear that we must take immediate action to address the climate crisis.”

“ Given the above points , our company should continue to prioritize customer service as a key aspect of our business strategy.”

31. By and large

This phrase is often used to indicate a general conclusion, considering all the information.

“By and large” is used to sum up general trends or themes that have been discussed. It signals that the conclusion takes into account all the points made, rather than focusing on one particular point.

However, it can come across as a bit informal.

“ By and large , our team’s performance this quarter has exceeded expectations.”

“ By and large , customer feedback about our new product line has been positive.”

32. For the most part

Similar to “by and large”, this phrase indicates that the conclusion drawn applies broadly but allows for exceptions.

“For the most part” suggests a nuanced conclusion that covers the majority of situations or cases but acknowledges that there may be exceptions. It indicates a balanced and fair summary.

This one’s formality level is also quite low

“ For the most part , the new legislation has been successful, though there are a few areas that require further refinement.”

“ For the most part , our employees have embraced the new remote working arrangements, though a small number have experienced challenges.”

33. As has been demonstrated

This phrase refers to the evidence or arguments presented in the body of the text that support the conclusion.

“As has been demonstrated” underscores the points or evidence that have been made and connects them directly to the conclusion. It is a way of affirming the strength of the presented arguments or evidence.

“ As has been demonstrated , the innovative design features of our product set us apart from the competition.”

“ As has been demonstrated , implementing green initiatives in our operations has both environmental and economic benefits.”

34. With this in mind

This phrase suggests that the conclusion follows logically from the information or arguments that have been presented.

“With this in mind” sets up the conclusion as a direct response or reaction to the evidence or points made. It indicates that the conclusion is informed by these considerations.

“ With this in mind , we propose an expansion of our research and development department to drive future innovation.”

“ With this in mind , it’s crucial that we continue our efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable practices.”

35. Taking everything into account

This phrase is used to express a comprehensive conclusion that considers all the arguments, evidence, or factors presented.

“Taking everything into account” shows a thorough and thoughtful conclusion that takes into account all aspects of the discussion. It signifies a balanced and careful consideration of all the relevant information.

“ Taking everything into account , we recommend a strategic pivot towards digital marketing in order to reach a broader audience.”

“ Taking everything into account , our analysis suggests that investing in renewable energy sources would be beneficial for our long-term growth.”

Advanced Transition Phrases for Conclusions

The following are five phrases I personally use in my own academic conclusions, especially for argumentative essays. They’re for advanced students aiming to show depth of knowledge!

36. Based on the available evidence

This phrase is demonstrating that you’re about to sum up the essay’s key arguments. You are saying that you’re making an evaluation after examining all of the evidence and research on the topic. It helps to show your argument is based on evidence , which is good to show in an academic paper.

“ Based on the available evidence , it appears that the best path forward for addressing AI in the workplace is to allow it but regulate it to prevent unwanted negative externalities such as job losses.”

“ Based on the available evidence , teachers should be paid more than they currently are, given that they contribute significantly to social and economic development of societies.”

37. According to the key literature outlined in this paper

Similar to the above example, this one demonstrates that your final decision and thesis statement in your argumentative essay is based on real evidence and research, not just your opinion. So, you could begin your conclusion like this!

“ According to the key literature outlined in this paper , it appears that the best path forward for addressing AI in the workplace is to allow it but regulate it to prevent unwanted negative externalities such as job losses.”

“ According to the key literature outlined in this paper , teachers should be paid more than they currently are, given that they contribute significantly to social and economic development of societies.”

38. From an evaluation of the above arguments

This point doesn’t lean on evidence for your conclusion directly, but it does lean on the culminated evidence of the arguments you’ve put forward. You’re saying that you have put forward a range of arguments, and now, you’re going to powerfully sum them up and present your final thesis statement.

“ From an evaluation of the above arguments , the most compelling argument is that students should still be given homework, despite the fact there is evidence on both sides of the homework argument.”

“ From an evaluation of the above arguments , it is the position of this paper that schools should start later to allow children to sleep in and therefore be more rested when it is time to study.”

39. The balance of evidence finds

This statement highlights that you have looked at both the pros and cons of your topic before coming to a position. The metaphor of ‘balance’ makes us think of someone holding the points for one side of the argument in one hand, the opposing points in the other hand, and they’re weighing each up before deciding which is heavier.

“ The balance of evidence finds that essays help students to reinforce their knowledge, learn more deeply, and develop academic skills.”

“ The balance of evidence finds that taxation should be lowered in order to stimulate economic growth which, on balance, will lead to a more prosperous and thriving society.”

40. The research compellingly indicates

Lastly, the phrase “the research compellingly indicates” can be used in a transition to a conclusion because it demonstrates that you’re about to sum up all the research you’ve just made and you’re going to make a final evaluation.

“ The research compellingly indicates that visiting the doctor for a yearly check-up saves money overall, prevents backlog in hospitals, and prolongs life.”

“ The research compellingly indicates that essay writing helps students to learn their topics more deeply, develop critical thinking skills, and improve long-term retention of knowledge.”

Other Types Of Transition Words

• Compare and Contrast: In comparison, In contrast, However, Despite this, Other researchers argue, Unlike the above point, Conflicting research finds
• Cause and Effect : Therefore, Thus, As a result, This has led to, As a result, Because, Consequently, For that reason, Hence, For that reason
• List Order: First, Second, Third, Forth, In the first instance, In the second instance, Firstly, Secondly, Next, Lastly, Finally
• Time Order: Afterwards, Concurrently, Later, Meanwhile, Following, In the meantime, Simultaneously, Concomitantly, Subsequently
• Evidence Transition Words : As can be seen in, To demonstrate, Evidence of this fact can be seen in, Proof of this point is found in, For instance, For one thing, Compelling evidence shows
• Transitioning to examples : For example, for instance, as illustrated by, take the following case in point.
• Emphasis and addition : In fact, Indeed, Furthermore, Particularly, Surely, Undeniably, Indesputably, Confirms, Certifies, Proves
• Similarity: Similarly, In a similar way, Concurring research finds, likewise, equivalently, also, significantly

Well, how would someone conclude an article about how to write a good conclusion? I’ll finish up like this: every conclusion is unique. Work on your own writerly voice, come up with your own transition words for conclusions, and be creative with it. The biggest challenge you will face is staying within the formal guidelines of an academic essay. For this, rely on your teacher. Keep asking for feedback, and even specifically ask for feedback on your transition words. This will help you learn what your teacher prefers and help you to keep refining your writing style.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 50 Durable Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 100 Consumer Goods Examples
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 30 Globalization Pros and Cons

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Transitions

What this handout is about.

In this crazy, mixed-up world of ours, transitions glue our ideas and our essays together. This handout will introduce you to some useful transitional expressions and help you employ them effectively.

The function and importance of transitions

In both academic writing and professional writing, your goal is to convey information clearly and concisely, if not to convert the reader to your way of thinking. Transitions help you to achieve these goals by establishing logical connections between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of your papers. In other words, transitions tell readers what to do with the information you present to them. Whether single words, quick phrases, or full sentences, they function as signs that tell readers how to think about, organize, and react to old and new ideas as they read through what you have written.

Transitions signal relationships between ideas—relationships such as: “Another example coming up—stay alert!” or “Here’s an exception to my previous statement” or “Although this idea appears to be true, here’s the real story.” Basically, transitions provide the reader with directions for how to piece together your ideas into a logically coherent argument. Transitions are not just verbal decorations that embellish your paper by making it sound or read better. They are words with particular meanings that tell the reader to think and react in a particular way to your ideas. In providing the reader with these important cues, transitions help readers understand the logic of how your ideas fit together.

Signs that you might need to work on your transitions

How can you tell whether you need to work on your transitions? Here are some possible clues:

• Your instructor has written comments like “choppy,” “jumpy,” “abrupt,” “flow,” “need signposts,” or “how is this related?” on your papers.
• Your readers (instructors, friends, or classmates) tell you that they had trouble following your organization or train of thought.
• You tend to write the way you think—and your brain often jumps from one idea to another pretty quickly.
• You wrote your paper in several discrete “chunks” and then pasted them together.
• You are working on a group paper; the draft you are working on was created by pasting pieces of several people’s writing together.

Organization

Since the clarity and effectiveness of your transitions will depend greatly on how well you have organized your paper, you may want to evaluate your paper’s organization before you work on transitions. In the margins of your draft, summarize in a word or short phrase what each paragraph is about or how it fits into your analysis as a whole. This exercise should help you to see the order of and connection between your ideas more clearly.

If after doing this exercise you find that you still have difficulty linking your ideas together in a coherent fashion, your problem may not be with transitions but with organization. For help in this area (and a more thorough explanation of the “reverse outlining” technique described in the previous paragraph), please see the Writing Center’s handout on organization .

How transitions work

The organization of your written work includes two elements: (1) the order in which you have chosen to present the different parts of your discussion or argument, and (2) the relationships you construct between these parts. Transitions cannot substitute for good organization, but they can make your organization clearer and easier to follow. Take a look at the following example:

El Pais , a Latin American country, has a new democratic government after having been a dictatorship for many years. Assume that you want to argue that El Pais is not as democratic as the conventional view would have us believe.

One way to effectively organize your argument would be to present the conventional view and then to provide the reader with your critical response to this view. So, in Paragraph A you would enumerate all the reasons that someone might consider El Pais highly democratic, while in Paragraph B you would refute these points. The transition that would establish the logical connection between these two key elements of your argument would indicate to the reader that the information in paragraph B contradicts the information in paragraph A. As a result, you might organize your argument, including the transition that links paragraph A with paragraph B, in the following manner:

Paragraph A: points that support the view that El Pais’s new government is very democratic.

Transition: Despite the previous arguments, there are many reasons to think that El Pais’s new government is not as democratic as typically believed.

Paragraph B: points that contradict the view that El Pais’s new government is very democratic.

In this case, the transition words “Despite the previous arguments,” suggest that the reader should not believe paragraph A and instead should consider the writer’s reasons for viewing El Pais’s democracy as suspect.

As the example suggests, transitions can help reinforce the underlying logic of your paper’s organization by providing the reader with essential information regarding the relationship between your ideas. In this way, transitions act as the glue that binds the components of your argument or discussion into a unified, coherent, and persuasive whole.

Types of transitions

Now that you have a general idea of how to go about developing effective transitions in your writing, let us briefly discuss the types of transitions your writing will use.

The types of transitions available to you are as diverse as the circumstances in which you need to use them. A transition can be a single word, a phrase, a sentence, or an entire paragraph. In each case, it functions the same way: First, the transition either directly summarizes the content of a preceding sentence, paragraph, or section or implies such a summary (by reminding the reader of what has come before). Then, it helps the reader anticipate or comprehend the new information that you wish to present.

• Transitions between sections: Particularly in longer works, it may be necessary to include transitional paragraphs that summarize for the reader the information just covered and specify the relevance of this information to the discussion in the following section.
• Transitions between paragraphs: If you have done a good job of arranging paragraphs so that the content of one leads logically to the next, the transition will highlight a relationship that already exists by summarizing the previous paragraph and suggesting something of the content of the paragraph that follows. A transition between paragraphs can be a word or two (however, for example, similarly), a phrase, or a sentence. Transitions can be at the end of the first paragraph, at the beginning of the second paragraph, or in both places.
• Transitions within paragraphs: As with transitions between sections and paragraphs, transitions within paragraphs act as cues by helping readers to anticipate what is coming before they read it. Within paragraphs, transitions tend to be single words or short phrases.

Transitional expressions

Effectively constructing each transition often depends upon your ability to identify words or phrases that will indicate for the reader the kind of logical relationships you want to convey. The table below should make it easier for you to find these words or phrases. Whenever you have trouble finding a word, phrase, or sentence to serve as an effective transition, refer to the information in the table for assistance. Look in the left column of the table for the kind of logical relationship you are trying to express. Then look in the right column of the table for examples of words or phrases that express this logical relationship.

Keep in mind that each of these words or phrases may have a slightly different meaning. Consult a dictionary or writer’s handbook if you are unsure of the exact meaning of a word or phrase.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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50 Transitional Phrases for Conclusions(+ Examples You Can Use)

When writing a conclusion, you want to ensure that your final thoughts are clear and concise. Using transitional phrases can help you achieve this by linking your ideas together and making your writing flow smoothly.

Transitional phrases are words or phrases that connect one idea to another, whether it be within a sentence, paragraph, or the entire text. They signal to the reader that you are moving on to a new point or summarizing the previous one.

There are various types of transitional phrases that can be used in a conclusion. Some examples include:

• Conclusion phrases: These phrases signal that you are wrapping up your thoughts and ending your discussion. Examples include “in conclusion,” “to sum up,” and “finally.”
• Summary phrases: These phrases are used to summarize the main points discussed in the text. Examples include “in summary,” “to summarize,” and “overall.”
• Transition words: These are words that connect two ideas together. Examples include “however,” “therefore,” and “moreover.”

It is important to use transitional phrases appropriately and sparingly. Overusing them can make your writing appear choppy and disjointed. Additionally, not all conclusions require the use of transitional phrases. If your ideas flow naturally from one to the next, you may not need to use them at all.

Transitional Phrases for Conclusions

When writing an essay or a speech, it is important to use transitional phrases to signal that you are reaching the end of your argument or presentation. These phrases help to summarize your main points and prepare your audience for the conclusion.

Here are some transitional phrases that you can use for conclusions:

• In conclusion
• To conclude
• As a result
• Consequently

These phrases can be used to signal that you are about to wrap up your argument or presentation. They help to guide your audience to your final thoughts and summarize the main points you have made throughout your work.

It’s important to note that these phrases should be used sparingly and appropriately. Overusing them can make your writing or speech sound repetitive and amateurish. Use them only when necessary to signal that you are reaching the end of your argument or presentation.

In addition to these phrases, you can also use other techniques to signal the end of your work. For example, you can use a rhetorical question to provoke thought or a call to action to encourage your audience to take action based on your argument.

50  Transition Phrases for Conclusions(+Examples)

• In short, the program has been a huge success.
• In short, we face challenges, but we’re equipped to overcome them.
• In brief, the study covers several key points about environmental impacts.
• In brief, the team has made remarkable progress this quarter.
• To summarize, our findings suggest new approaches are necessary.
• To summarize, the market trends indicate a shift towards sustainability.
• So, we must take immediate action to address these concerns.
• So, this evidence clearly points to the need for reform.
• In conclusion, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the theory of climate change.
• In conclusion, this study demonstrates the need for more research in this area.
• To sum up, both arguments have their merits, but the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.
• To sum up, our team’s success was due to hard work and dedication.
• In summary, the findings suggest a significant correlation between diet and health.
• In summary, this project has shown promising results for future development.
• All in all, the festival was a fantastic experience, despite the minor setbacks.
• All in all, the company’s performance this quarter has been remarkable.
• Ultimately, the decision rests on what is best for the community.
• Ultimately, our goal is to achieve a sustainable future.
• Therefore, it is essential to adopt new policies to address these issues.
• Therefore, we recommend implementing these strategies immediately.
• Hence, the study concludes that more targeted interventions are necessary.
• Hence, the team decided to change its approach.
• Consequently, the species’ population has shown a significant increase.
• Consequently, there has been a noticeable improvement in air quality.
• Thus, the experiment successfully proves our hypothesis.
• Thus, it’s evident that early intervention is key to success.
• This essay’s final analysis is that social factors significantly impact learning.
• This essay’s final analysis is that technological advancements have both pros and cons.
• On the whole, the new policy has been beneficial to the majority.
• On the whole, the conference provided valuable insights into the industry.
• To conclude, further research in this field is absolutely crucial.
• To conclude, our findings support the need for more comprehensive regulations.
• To recap, the main points discussed highlight the need for change.
• To recap, we have covered the historical background and current trends.
• In essence, the theory simplifies a complex set of phenomena.
• In essence, our mission is to empower the community.
• In retrospect, the decision made was the best under those circumstances.
• In retrospect, the project taught us valuable lessons about teamwork.
• Overall, the campaign was a resounding success.
• Overall, the results exceeded our initial expectations.
• Finally, we would like to thank everyone who contributed to this project.
• Finally, after much deliberation, the committee reached a consensus.
• Accordingly, the plan was adjusted to better meet our goals.
• Accordingly, resources will be reallocated to prioritize this initiative.
• As a result, there has been a significant decrease in reported issues.
• As a result, customer satisfaction has improved dramatically.
• Clearly, the data shows a trend that cannot be ignored.
• Clearly, our efforts have had a positive impact on the community.
• After all, the most important thing is the wellbeing of our staff.
• After all, our hard work has led to these remarkable results.
• As mentioned earlier, the strategy needs to align with our objectives.
• As mentioned earlier, these issues have been persistent for some time.
• As has been noted, there are several limitations to this study.
• As has been noted, the company has made significant strides in innovation.
• As has been shown, the new approach yielded positive outcomes.
• As has been shown, community engagement is crucial for success.
• As we have seen, the historical context is essential for understanding this issue.
• As we have seen, technological advancements are rapidly changing the industry.
• Given the above points, it’s clear that a new strategy is needed.
• Given the above points, the benefits of the proposed plan are evident.
• By and large, the feedback on the project has been overwhelmingly positive.
• By and large, trends indicate a growing interest in sustainable practices.
• For the most part, the team’s efforts have been successful.
• For the most part, the data supports our initial hypothesis.
• As has been demonstrated, effective communication is key to success.
• As has been demonstrated, the model accurately predicts market trends.
• With this in mind, we must carefully plan our next steps.
• With this in mind, the focus will be on increasing efficiency.
• Taking everything into account, the decision was not an easy one.
• Taking everything into account, we are confident in our future direction.
• Considering all of these points, the committee decided to revise its approach.
• Considering all of these points, it is evident that our strategy is working.
• Reflecting on these facts, it’s clear that our efforts are having an impact.
• Reflecting on these facts, we see that continuous improvement is necessary.
• Given this evidence, we must reconsider our current policies.
• Given this evidence, it’s apparent that the program is effective.
• Bearing this in mind, our focus should shift towards customer satisfaction.
• Bearing this in mind, we need to adjust our expectations accordingly.
• Considering this, it’s imperative that we act quickly to implement changes.
• Considering this, our plan must be flexible enough to accommodate new data.
• With regard to these points, the data suggests a need for a new approach.
• With regard to these points, our team’s strategy has been largely successful.
• Upon reflecting, it’s evident that teamwork played a crucial role in our success.
• Upon reflecting, the challenges faced were significant but surmountable.
• Taking this into consideration, our next steps should be carefully planned.
• Taking this into consideration, the project’s scope may need to be expanded.
• Drawing from these conclusions, it’s clear that more research is needed.
• Drawing from these conclusions, our approach has proven effective.
• From this perspective, the long-term benefits of the project are clear.
• From this perspective, we can see the importance of continuous innovation.
• Looking back on this, the progress we’ve made is substantial.
• Looking back on this, lessons learned will inform our future strategies.
• Upon examination, the results support the need for more targeted efforts.
• Upon examination, our strategies have been effective in several key areas.
• In light of these facts, a revision of our strategy is advisable.
• In light of these facts, the success of the initiative is undeniable.
• After considering all these factors, the decision was unanimous.
• After considering all these factors, our path forward is clear.
• Having discussed all these points, it’s time to make a decision.
• Having discussed all these points, the direction for the future is set.

Transitional Phrases for Adding Information

When writing a conclusion, it is important to add information that supports your thesis statement. Transitional phrases can help you do this by linking your ideas together and making your writing more coherent. Here are some transitional phrases that you can use to add information to your conclusion:

• First: Use this phrase to introduce the first point that supports your thesis statement. For example, “First, it is important to consider the impact of climate change on our planet.”
• Second: Use this phrase to introduce the second point that supports your thesis statement. For example, “Second, we need to take action to reduce our carbon footprint.”
• Third: Use this phrase to introduce the third point that supports your thesis statement. For example, “Third, we must work together to create a sustainable future for generations to come.”
• Addition: Use this phrase to add more information to support your previous point. For example, “In addition, recent studies have shown that global temperatures are rising at an alarming rate.”
• In addition: Use this phrase to add more information to your previous point. For example, “In addition, we need to invest in renewable energy sources to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.”
• Moreover: Use this phrase to add more information that strengthens your argument. For example, “Moreover, the use of electric cars can help reduce air pollution in our cities.”
• Furthermore: Use this phrase to add more information that supports your argument. For example, “Furthermore, investing in public transportation can help reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality.”
• Also: Use this phrase to add more information that supports your argument. For example, “Also, we need to educate people about the importance of recycling and reducing waste.”
• Too: Use this phrase to add more information that supports your argument. For example, “We need to reduce our carbon footprint, and we can do so by using energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs, too.”
• Another: Use this phrase to add another point that supports your thesis statement. For example, “Another way to reduce our carbon footprint is by planting more trees, which absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.”
• For example: Use this phrase to provide an example that supports your argument. For example, “For example, the city of Copenhagen has set a goal to become carbon-neutral by 2025.”
• For instance: Use this phrase to provide an example that supports your argument. For example, “For instance, the use of solar panels can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.”
• Especially: Use this phrase to emphasize a point that supports your argument. For example, “Especially in urban areas, we need to invest in green spaces to improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect.”
• Particularly: Use this phrase to emphasize a point that supports your argument. For example, “Particularly in developing countries, we need to promote sustainable agriculture practices to reduce deforestation and soil degradation.”
• Indeed: Use this phrase to emphasize a point that supports your argument. For example, “Indeed, the evidence shows that climate change is a real and urgent threat to our planet.”
• In fact: Use this phrase to provide a fact that supports your argument. For example, “In fact, the burning of fossil fuels is the main contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.”

Transitional Phrases for Comparing and Contrasting

When writing an essay or article, it is important to compare and contrast different ideas or concepts. Transitional phrases can help you do this effectively by guiding the reader through your thought process. Here are some transitional phrases that you can use to compare and contrast different ideas:

• Contrast: If you want to highlight the differences between two ideas, you can use transitional phrases such as “on the other hand” or “however”. For example, “The new product is cheaper than the old one. However, it is not as durable.”
• Like/Likewise/Similarly: If you want to show that two ideas are similar, you can use transitional phrases such as “like”, “likewise”, or “similarly”. For example, “Both products are made from organic materials. Likewise, they are both environmentally friendly.”
• On the contrary: If you want to show that two ideas are opposite, you can use transitional phrases such as “on the contrary”. For example, “Some people believe that technology will save the world. On the contrary, others believe that technology is destroying the planet.”
• Despite/Nevertheless: If you want to show that two ideas are contradictory, you can use transitional phrases such as “despite” or “nevertheless”. For example, “Despite the fact that the new product is more expensive, it is still selling well.”
• While/Equally: If you want to show that two ideas are of equal importance, you can use transitional phrases such as “while” or “equally”. For example, “While the new product is more expensive, it is also more durable.”

Using transitional phrases can help you compare and contrast different ideas in a clear and concise manner. By using these phrases, you can guide the reader through your thought process and make your writing more engaging and informative.

Transitional Phrases for Cause and Effect

When writing an article or essay, it is important to use transitional phrases to link ideas and concepts. One of the most commonly used types of transitional phrases is the cause-and-effect transitional phrase. These phrases help to connect two events or actions and describe how one event or action led to another.

Some of the most commonly used transitional phrases for cause and effect include “cause,” “result,” “because,” “as a result,” “consequently,” “hence,” “thus,” and “cause and effect.” These phrases can be used at the beginning of a sentence to indicate the cause of an event or action, or at the end of a sentence to indicate the effect of an event or action.

For example, you can use the transitional phrase “because” to indicate the cause of an event or action. For instance, “Because of the heavy rain, the streets were flooded.” Here, the cause of the flooded streets is heavy rain.

Another commonly used transitional phrase for cause and effect is “as a result.” For example, “The company experienced a loss of profits this quarter. As a result, they are considering cutting back on expenses.” Here, the effect of the loss of profits is the company’s decision to cut back on expenses.

In addition to “cause” and “result,” other transitional phrases that can be used to indicate cause and effect include “consequently,” “hence,” and “thus.” These transitional phrases are useful for indicating the relationship between two events or actions.

Transitional Phrases for Time and Sequence

When you are writing about a sequence of events, transitional words and phrases can help you order things chronologically. Without these time order words, it can be difficult for your reader to logically follow what you are saying. Here are some transitional phrases for time and sequence that you can use in your writing:

• Subsequently

Using these transitional phrases for time and sequence can help you structure your writing in a clear and organized way. For example, if you are writing a process essay, you can use these phrases to describe each step of the process in a logical order.

In addition to using transitional phrases, it’s important to make sure that your writing is clear and concise. Avoid using overly complex sentences or jargon that might confuse your reader. Instead, use simple language that is easy to understand.

Transitional Phrases for Concluding Thoughts

When writing an essay or a speech, it is essential to conclude your thoughts in a clear and concise manner. Transitional phrases can help you achieve this by linking your ideas together and providing a smooth transition to your conclusion. Here are some transitional phrases that you can use for concluding thoughts:

• To conclude: This phrase is a straightforward way to signal that you are about to summarize your main points and reach a conclusion. It is a great transitional phrase to use when you want to wrap up your thoughts.
• To summarize: Similar to “to conclude,” this phrase is an excellent way to signal that you are about to summarize your main points. It is a slightly more formal way to conclude your thoughts.
• In summary: This phrase is a concise way to summarize the main points of your essay or speech. It is a great transitional phrase to use when you want to wrap up your thoughts quickly.
• To sum up: This phrase is another concise way to summarize your main points. It is a great transitional phrase to use when you want to emphasize the most important points of your essay or speech.
• Overall: This phrase is a great way to signal that you are about to provide a general overview of your essay or speech. It is a great transitional phrase to use when you want to emphasize the most important points of your thoughts.
• Finally: This phrase is a great way to signal that you are about to reach a conclusion. It is a great transitional phrase to use when you want to emphasize the finality of your thoughts.
• Hence, thus, therefore: These phrases are all great ways to signal a cause-and-effect relationship between your ideas. They are great transitional phrases to use when you want to emphasize the logical progression of your thoughts. .

Practical Examples of Transitional Phrases

When it comes to writing conclusions, transitional phrases can help you effectively summarize your main points and leave a lasting impression on your reader. Here are some practical examples of transitional phrases that you can use to make your writing more cohesive and engaging:

• In conclusion: This is a classic transitional phrase that signals the end of your discussion. It helps to summarize your main points and leave a lasting impression on your reader. For example, “In conclusion, it is clear that climate change is a pressing issue that requires immediate action from policymakers and individuals alike.”
• To sum up: This transitional phrase is similar to “in conclusion” and can be used to restate your main points. For example, “To sum up, the evidence suggests that regular exercise can have a positive impact on mental health.”
• In summary: This phrase is useful for providing a brief overview of your main points. For example, “In summary, the research indicates that social media use can have both positive and negative effects on mental health.”
• To illustrate: Use this phrase to provide examples that support your main points. For example, “To illustrate, studies have shown that meditation can help reduce stress and anxiety.”
• In other words: This phrase is useful for restating your ideas in a different way. For example, “In other words, the study suggests that there is a strong correlation between sleep deprivation and poor academic performance.”
• As a result: This phrase is useful for discussing the consequences of your main points. For example, “As a result, it is important for individuals to make a conscious effort to reduce their carbon footprint.”

By incorporating these transitional phrases into your writing, you can effectively summarize your main points and leave a lasting impression on your reader. Whether you are writing an essay, paper, or discussion post, these practical examples can help you elevate your writing and make it more cohesive and engaging.

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Conclusion Transition Words to Use (List and Examples)

Conclusion transition words can be used by authors to reaffirm their arguments or ideas and wrap up an article, essay, or presentation. These words help writers to structure their ideas and guide the reader through the sentences. Conclusion transition words enable writers to indicate the completion of a paragraph and condense all the concepts that were discussed in the body of the article into a single concise statement.

Conclusion transition words for concluding paragraphs

These words indicate that the author is transitioning to the final paragraph of the article or essay. These can be used as introductions to closing paragraphs. Some conclusion transition words for concluding paragraphs include:

• To conclude
• In conclusion
• It can be concluded that
• When all is said and done
• In the long run
• In the final analysis
• Given these facts
• I will end by

Example sentences

• In conclusion, it can be said that this year’s budget will bring high economic development to the country.
• I will end by saying that this year’s carnival was a huge success.
• To wrap up, let us examine how this technology can be implemented in the market.
• Given these facts, the committee has decided to implement plan A for the next financial year.
• In the long run, the disease has proven to be too debilitating.
• From the analysis results, it can be concluded that the patient was losing too much blood.
• When all is said and done, the only thing that matters is that Jenna is happy.

Conclusion transition words for writing a summary

These words can be incorporated into a conclusion paragraph. However, they work especially well for succinctly bringing together a number of ideas. Some common words include:

• To summarize
• In any case
• All things considered
• Generally speaking
• On the whole

Though these transition words can be used anywhere, “to summarize” and “in summary” are often used only at the ending,

• In brief, today’s presentation will briefly examine the advantages and disadvantages of the new product and the changes that can be made to improve it.
• Generally speaking, boys are more muscular than girls.
• We can conclude that the discovery of fire, on a whole, was the most significant development in human history.
• To summarize, one can argue that Shakespeare’s works continue to exert an impact on society at large.
• In short, it can be seen that this plan was a complete failure.
• In essence, his situation is not so different from hers.

Conclusion transition words for ending any paragraph

In some cases, before proceeding to a different topic, a writer may want to close a paragraph using conclusion transition words. It will bring the concepts in that paragraph to a close. Some common words include:

• For the most part
• With this in mind
• This means that
• By and large

These words could also serve as the introduction to a paragraph if it summarizes the earlier arguments.

• For the most part, the reception was a laid-back affair.
• All in all, the trip was really wonderful.
• This means that the company has to rethink its policies for the next fiscal year.
• We can say that, by and large, the student camp was extremely fruitful.
• Ultimately, it was his decision to end the marriage.

Restating ideas when concluding

Conclusion transition words are also helpful in rehashing a subject already discussed by the author. This is a popular speaking and writing technique because it calls attention to a point the author wants the reader or audience to remember. The following transition words can be used to wrap up or summarize by restating key points:

• As has been demonstrated
• As I have mentioned
• As stated above
• As has been noted
• As mentioned previously
• As we have seen
• As I have said
• As shown earlier

Based on which one is more appropriate, you can use either the passive or active voice for these words.

• As has been demonstrated, this technique can be successfully used in the resuscitation of patients in the emergency wards.
• As we have seen, the success of this program entirely depends on the market conditions.
• As mentioned previously, the company should try expanding its investment to other core sectors.

Are conclusion and summary the same?

Since conclusion transition words are used for both summary and conclusion, it is necessary to understand the difference between the two.

A conclusion is generally used while ending an essay, speech, or article, combining all the arguments that were made in the body. But a summary can be written anywhere in an article. The summary can also be written in the introduction to let the readers know the topic that is about to be covered. The conclusion is more detailed than a summary, which provides a succinct rundown of the important ideas.

Are conclusion transition words necessary?

They are necessary to effectively conclude a document and to improve its readability.

• K12reader – Conclusion Transition Words and Phrases
• ESL Forums – CONCLUSION Transition Words: Useful List & Examples
• Grammarly – All About Transition Words
• Smart Words – Transition Words

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About the author

Dalia Y.: Dalia is an English Major and linguistics expert with an additional degree in Psychology. Dalia has featured articles on Forbes, Inc, Fast Company, Grammarly, and many more. She covers English, ESL, and all things grammar on GrammarBrain.

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Transition Words and Phrases

Transitions are connecting words or phrases that strengthen the internal cohesion of your writing. Transition words tell the reader how one idea relates to another. Using them appropriately makes your argument more convincing because the reader is able to understand the flow between and within paragraphs, including the relationship between different ideas, evidence, and analysis. 

Types of Transition Words and Phrases

• additionally
• coupled with
• furthermore
• equally important
• in addition

Cause and Effect

• accordingly
• as consequence
• as a result
• at that time
• concurrently
• consequently
• followed by
• for this purpose
• for this reason
• subsequently
• comparatively
• correspondingly
• in the same way
• on the one han
• together with

Contrast/Exception/Concession

• a different view is
• alternatively
• despite/in spite of (+ noun)
• differing from
• even though
• in contrast
• it could also be said that
• nevertheless
• notwithstanding (+ noun)
• nonetheless
• on the contrary
• on (the) one hand
• on the other hand
• regardless of (+ noun)
• in particular
• particularly

Example/Illustration

• as an example
• as an illustration
• for example
• for instance
• illustrated by
• in the/this case
• on this occasion
• specifically
• to demonstrate
• to illustrate
• all things considered
• at the same time
• in other words
• on the whole
• that is to say
• to put it differently
• first, second, third, etc.

Summary/Conclusion

• by and large
• in any case
• in any event
• in conclusion
• to conclude
• to summarize
• at that/this point
• at that/this time
• immediately
• in the future
• in the meantime
• in the past
• simultaneously

Sample Transition Words

While (1) qualitative data is helpful in gauging graduate student responses to Boot Camp, it is also crucial that we undertake data-driven analysis to support the value of the four-day writing event.   Currently (2),   quantitative measures of satisfaction of Dissertation Boot Camp participants are tracked in two ways: through a formal survey posted through SurveyMonkey and an informal survey that is handwritten at the end of the Camp.   In fact (3),   to ensure reliable data for analysis, the SurveyMonkey questionnaire is filled out by students at three different times: before Camp, on the first day of Camp, and 30 days after Camp. The decision to send the survey at three different times was made in order to ensure that attitudes prior to Camp matched attitudes on the first day, and to then compare that to results after Camp.   However (4) the current survey questions are somewhat informal, and none have been psychometrically tested. In order to improve the reliability and usefulness of the collected data, we will need to revise some of our Likert-scale based questions using currently-available test questions from other indices.   Ultimately (5) , this combination of quantitative and qualitative data will help us to make decisions about the program as it is offered in subsequent semesters.

(1) Comparison

(3) Emphasis

(4) Contrast/Exception/Concession

(5) Summary/Conclusion

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Using Effective Conclusion Transitions (With Examples)

If you are a student who wants to improve his GPA, you are probably wondering how you can make your essays more interesting. Or how you can get your professor to give you higher grades on your papers. This is why you are probably reading this post about conclusion transitions and maybe looking for some professional homework writing help . The truth is that you teacher is tired of seeing “in conclusion” after “in conclusion” throughout essays. It sounds repetitive and shows that you don’t have a rich vocabulary. Of course, none of these issues will help you get a better grade. This is why you need to learn everything about conclusion paragraph transitions; and you need to learn it right now. Start using some good conclusion transitions in your upcoming essays and see your grades go up!

Table of Contents

What are conclusion transitions, why the conclusion is important (conclusion paragraph transitions mistakes), examples of words considered to be good conclusion transitions, conclusion transitions examples: full sentences, conclusion tips and tricks for students.

Conclusion transitions are exactly what their name suggests: one of more words that make the transition from the body of your essay to its conclusion. Simple! However, things are not as simple as you think. Otherwise why would students search for effective conclusion paragraph transitions? The reality is that you may come up with some transitions on your own if you do some brainstorming. In addition, you can find several other transitions by reading papers written by established writers. However, finding good conclusion transitions this way requires a lot of time and effort. And let’s face it; students don’t really have much free time on their hands. You need a solution and you need it now.

The conclusion is just as important as the introduction when it comes to an essay (research paper, informative essay , descriptive essay, etc.). No matter what type of academic paper you need to write (yes, especially a thesis or a dissertation), you must end it with a strong conclusion. And this conclusion contains conclusion sentence transitions. Your conclusion summarizes everything: your research, your analysis, your findings, and your opinions. It can be a couple hundred words long. Imagine how it would look if you wouldn’t use any transitions for conclusion. Some people may not even notice that what they are reading is the conclusion of your essay. And don’t ever think that using “in conclusion” all over the place will help either. It will just make your writing repetitive and boring. To provide assistance to students, we decided to put together some of the most effective conclusion paragraph transitions. We will show you the best words for transitions and will then help you with some sentence examples using these words.

Now that you understand why you absolutely need conclusion transitions, it’s time to show you some of the words you can effectively use in your conclusion. In fact, you can use these words anywhere you want to summarize something, including in the body paragraphs of your academic paper. These words (with which we will make full sentences later on in this blog) will make your writing more interesting, more engaging, and a lot less boring. Of course, using some good conclusion transitions will also get your point across that you have a rich and diverse vocabulary. So, without further ado, here are the conclusion transition words you should be using straight away in your academic essays:

• in the final analysis
• in conclusion
• to conclude
• on the whole
• all things considered
• to summarize

Of course, these are just some of the words you can use in your conclusion. What you should not do, obviously, is to use the same transitions for a conclusion in each sentence. Vary the words you use throughout the paper. In addition, note that some of these transition words are more powerful (to sum up, for example) than others (altogether, for example). Also, we want to make sure that you understand that you can use these transitions anywhere in your essay, not just in the conclusion paragraph. Even though they are called conclusion transitions, they can transition from a couple of interesting ideas in a paragraph to a sentence that ends the paragraph and summarizes the most important ideas or aspects that have been discussed so far. It can be used as a way to remind your readers about the most important points of discussion.

Simply knowing which words to use in your transitions is usually not enough. This is why we decided to show you some examples of conclusion sentence transitions using some of the most effective words from the list above:

• In sum, each one of the experiments listed above (experiment 1, experiment 2, and experiment 3) clearly indicates that autonomous driving vehicles are increasingly more efficient and secure than regular vehicles.
• All in all, we can safely conclude that the actions of the Vietcong led to the inevitable entry of the United States into the conflict on the Indochinese Peninsula.
• In essence, what our findings reveal is that the human race is still at least 30 years from a successful colonization of the planet Mars.
• Ultimately, it is my belief that what led to the Second World War was Germany’s rapid military expansion and its clear policy of expansionism.
• To sum up everything, the real cause of the melting of the Polar ice cap is global warming (caused by heavy industry, fossil fuel burning, and intensive farming).
• In a word, we conclude that the sinking of the Bismarck was a “lucky” hit from a torpedo in the rudder area of the German battleship.
• All things considered, it looks like the policy of the Trump administration to keep out aliens at all cost is proving to be ineffective and costly.
• In essence, what my findings suggest is that the Savannah cat is a rare breed of cat that has over 50% genetic material from a Serval feline.
• To summarize everything, studies suggest that repeated concussions of the head that occur during contact sports are responsible for the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.
• Altogether, the evidence my research has uncovered clearly points to the conclusion that the Grizzly bear should be included on the endangered species list.
• In short, repeated exposure to radiation emanating from high-SAR mobile phones can lead to severe forms of cancer and other health problems.
• Finally, taking into consideration statements from the three congressmen and realistic data from other relevant studies, we can conclude that the United States war policy is deeply flawed.

Now that you know all of the most effective conclusion transition words and also know how to use them to form transition sentences, it’s time for some tips and tricks for students. Because the conclusion transitions examples above will not manage to improve your grades substantially on their worn. Our professional academic writers suggest you to try to also improve your vocabulary outside the conclusion section. The way you write influences the grade you receive on that essay. Also, you should be careful not to use conclusion words where there is no conclusion to draw. Using transitions for the sake of using transitions will get your paper penalized. Another important tip is to get online assistance when you think your essay does not live to the standards of your professor. Instead of getting a low grade, you can get a top grade simply by getting some help online. Remember that there are hundreds of academic writers who are more than happy to help you polish your writing. They can turn your essay into a masterpiece. And of course, you get the chance to learn from the best writers on the Internet at the same time!

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33 Transition Words and Phrases

Transitional terms give writers the opportunity to prepare readers for a new idea, connecting the previous sentence to the next one.

Many transitional words are nearly synonymous: words that broadly indicate that “this follows logically from the preceding” include accordingly, therefore, and consequently . Words that mean “in addition to” include moreover, besides, and further . Words that mean “contrary to what was just stated” include however, nevertheless , and nonetheless .

as a result : THEREFORE : CONSEQUENTLY

The executive’s flight was delayed and they accordingly arrived late.

in or by way of addition : FURTHERMORE

The mountain has many marked hiking trails; additionally, there are several unmarked trails that lead to the summit.

at a later or succeeding time : SUBSEQUENTLY, THEREAFTER

Afterward, she got a promotion.

even though : ALTHOUGH

She appeared as a guest star on the show, albeit briefly.

in spite of the fact that : even though —used when making a statement that differs from or contrasts with a statement you have just made

They are good friends, although they don't see each other very often.

in addition to what has been said : MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE

I can't go, and besides, I wouldn't go if I could.

as a result : in view of the foregoing : ACCORDINGLY

The words are often confused and are consequently misused.

in a contrasting or opposite way —used to introduce a statement that contrasts with a previous statement or presents a differing interpretation or possibility

Large objects appear to be closer. Conversely, small objects seem farther away.

used to introduce a statement that is somehow different from what has just been said

These problems are not as bad as they were. Even so, there is much more work to be done.

used as a stronger way to say "though" or "although"

I'm planning to go even though it may rain.

in addition : MOREOVER

I had some money to invest, and, further, I realized that the risk was small.

in addition to what precedes : BESIDES —used to introduce a statement that supports or adds to a previous statement

These findings seem plausible. Furthermore, several studies have confirmed them.

because of a preceding fact or premise : for this reason : THEREFORE

He was a newcomer and hence had no close friends here.

from this point on : starting now

She announced that henceforth she would be running the company.

in spite of that : on the other hand —used when you are saying something that is different from or contrasts with a previous statement

I'd like to go; however, I'd better not.

as something more : BESIDES —used for adding information to a statement

The city has the largest population in the country and in addition is a major shipping port.

all things considered : as a matter of fact —used when making a statement that adds to or strengthens a previous statement

He likes to have things his own way; indeed, he can be very stubborn.

for fear that —often used after an expression denoting fear or apprehension

He was concerned lest anyone think that he was guilty.

in addition : ALSO —often used to introduce a statement that adds to and is related to a previous statement

She is an acclaimed painter who is likewise a sculptor.

at or during the same time : in the meantime

You can set the table. Meanwhile, I'll start making dinner.

BESIDES, FURTHER : in addition to what has been said —used to introduce a statement that supports or adds to a previous statement

It probably wouldn't work. Moreover, it would be very expensive to try it.

in spite of that : HOWEVER

It was a predictable, but nevertheless funny, story.

in spite of what has just been said : NEVERTHELESS

The hike was difficult, but fun nonetheless.

without being prevented by (something) : despite—used to say that something happens or is true even though there is something that might prevent it from happening or being true

Notwithstanding their youth and inexperience, the team won the championship.

if not : or else

Finish your dinner. Otherwise, you won't get any dessert.

more correctly speaking —used to introduce a statement that corrects what you have just said

We can take the car, or rather, the van.

in spite of that —used to say that something happens or is true even though there is something that might prevent it from happening or being true

I tried again and still I failed.

by that : by that means

He signed the contract, thereby forfeiting his right to the property.

for that reason : because of that

This tablet is thin and light and therefore very convenient to carry around.

immediately after that

The committee reviewed the documents and thereupon decided to accept the proposal.

because of this or that : HENCE, CONSEQUENTLY

This detergent is highly concentrated and thus you will need to dilute it.

while on the contrary —used to make a statement that describes how two people, groups, etc., are different

Some of these species have flourished, whereas others have struggled.

NEVERTHELESS, HOWEVER —used to introduce a statement that adds something to a previous statement and usually contrasts with it in some way

It was pouring rain out, yet his clothes didn’t seem very wet.

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Conclusion Transition Words

To help your students make their conclusion paragraphs a little more unique, it helps to provide a nuts-and-bolts lesson on conclusion  transition words . You’ve probably already worked on general transition phrases as you broke down how to write a strong body paragraph, but conclusion transition words are easy to skip over! Try these tips to get your students ready to find another word for “in conclusion,” and you’ll have given them a useful skill for life.

Brainstorming Conclusion Transition Words

It’s always a good idea to see where your students are at when you start a new topic. Try starting with a brainstorming session to see if your budding writers can come up with conclusion transition words on their own. Get them all down on a piece of chart paper and hang it somewhere everyone will be able to see it when it comes time to write.

Research Conclusion Transition Words

If the brainstorming session was harder than you thought it would be, now’s the time to add some thesaurus work to your lesson plan. Have students work independently — or perhaps with a partner — to look up words related to “conclusion” and craft some more interesting conclusion transition words based on their findings. You can come back together as a whole group to add to your original brainstorming document or to make more polished classroom posters.

Printable Reference of Conclusion Transition Words

It’s also helpful to hand students a reference sheet of common conclusion transition words to make their essay writing easier. After all, you don’t want them to struggle and stress about getting that conclusion started when they should be focusing their energies on the content! You can make your own, or you can grab a quick printable worksheet of conclusion transition words to photocopy for your students to keep in their writing notebooks.

Examples of Conclusion Transition Words

Not sure if you’ve covered all the bases yet? Try adding these concluding phrases and conclusion transition words to your repertoire:

• all things considered
• in conclusion
• in the final analysis
• to conclude
• to summarize

Conclusion Transition Words Sentence Examples

It’s also a good idea to share as many well written conclusions as you can with your students. Make this fun by adding in conclusion transition words to fairy tales, fables and other stories everyone knows:

• In summary , Goldilocks was a very messy and very picky little girl.
• Finally , the tortoise crossed the finish line to prove that “slow and steady” really does win the race.
• All things considered , being locked in a castle with talking dishes and furniture may have been the best thing that ever happened to Belle.
• Ultimately , the only person who can decide if his adventure up the bean stalk was worth it is Jack himself.
• In the final analysis, the third little pig was very generous when he allowed his lazy brothers to hide in his house made of bricks.

In Conclusion…

Once you have worked with your students on conclusion transition words to get them started on their conclusion paragraphs, it’s time to get writing! Pick some conclusion transition words, gather your thoughts and put pencil to paper. Remember, these lessons will help writers of all ages — and even you! — come up with some new ways to end a paper so you don’t sound like a broken record. Now that you know what to do, all that’s left is to write! (Or to get started on  grading  that stack of papers you collected from the newly minted essay writers in your classroom!)

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• How to conclude an essay | Interactive example

How to Conclude an Essay | Interactive Example

Published on January 24, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 23, 2023.

The conclusion is the final paragraph of your essay . A strong conclusion aims to:

• Tie together the essay’s main points
• Show why your argument matters
• Leave the reader with a strong impression

Your conclusion should give a sense of closure and completion to your argument, but also show what new questions or possibilities it has opened up.

This conclusion is taken from our annotated essay example , which discusses the history of the Braille system. Hover over each part to see why it’s effective.

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

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Table of contents

Step 1: return to your thesis, step 2: review your main points, step 3: show why it matters, what shouldn’t go in the conclusion, more examples of essay conclusions, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing an essay conclusion.

To begin your conclusion, signal that the essay is coming to an end by returning to your overall argument.

Don’t just repeat your thesis statement —instead, try to rephrase your argument in a way that shows how it has been developed since the introduction.

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Next, remind the reader of the main points that you used to support your argument.

Avoid simply summarizing each paragraph or repeating each point in order; try to bring your points together in a way that makes the connections between them clear. The conclusion is your final chance to show how all the paragraphs of your essay add up to a coherent whole.

To wrap up your conclusion, zoom out to a broader view of the topic and consider the implications of your argument. For example:

• Does it contribute a new understanding of your topic?
• Does it raise new questions for future study?
• Does it lead to practical suggestions or predictions?
• Can it be applied to different contexts?
• Can it be connected to a broader debate or theme?

Whatever your essay is about, the conclusion should aim to emphasize the significance of your argument, whether that’s within your academic subject or in the wider world.

Try to end with a strong, decisive sentence, leaving the reader with a lingering sense of interest in your topic.

The easiest way to improve your conclusion is to eliminate these common mistakes.

Don’t include new evidence

Any evidence or analysis that is essential to supporting your thesis statement should appear in the main body of the essay.

The conclusion might include minor pieces of new information—for example, a sentence or two discussing broader implications, or a quotation that nicely summarizes your central point. But it shouldn’t introduce any major new sources or ideas that need further explanation to understand.

Don’t use “concluding phrases”

Avoid using obvious stock phrases to tell the reader what you’re doing:

• “In conclusion…”
• “To sum up…”

These phrases aren’t forbidden, but they can make your writing sound weak. By returning to your main argument, it will quickly become clear that you are concluding the essay—you shouldn’t have to spell it out.

Don’t undermine your argument

Avoid using apologetic phrases that sound uncertain or confused:

• “This is just one approach among many.”
• “There are good arguments on both sides of this issue.”
• “There is no clear answer to this problem.”

Even if your essay has explored different points of view, your own position should be clear. There may be many possible approaches to the topic, but you want to leave the reader convinced that yours is the best one!

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This conclusion is taken from an argumentative essay about the internet’s impact on education. It acknowledges the opposing arguments while taking a clear, decisive position.

The internet has had a major positive impact on the world of education; occasional pitfalls aside, its value is evident in numerous applications. The future of teaching lies in the possibilities the internet opens up for communication, research, and interactivity. As the popularity of distance learning shows, students value the flexibility and accessibility offered by digital education, and educators should fully embrace these advantages. The internet’s dangers, real and imaginary, have been documented exhaustively by skeptics, but the internet is here to stay; it is time to focus seriously on its potential for good.

This conclusion is taken from a short expository essay that explains the invention of the printing press and its effects on European society. It focuses on giving a clear, concise overview of what was covered in the essay.

The invention of the printing press was important not only in terms of its immediate cultural and economic effects, but also in terms of its major impact on politics and religion across Europe. In the century following the invention of the printing press, the relatively stationary intellectual atmosphere of the Middle Ages gave way to the social upheavals of the Reformation and the Renaissance. A single technological innovation had contributed to the total reshaping of the continent.

This conclusion is taken from a literary analysis essay about Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein . It summarizes what the essay’s analysis achieved and emphasizes its originality.

By tracing the depiction of Frankenstein through the novel’s three volumes, I have demonstrated how the narrative structure shifts our perception of the character. While the Frankenstein of the first volume is depicted as having innocent intentions, the second and third volumes—first in the creature’s accusatory voice, and then in his own voice—increasingly undermine him, causing him to appear alternately ridiculous and vindictive. Far from the one-dimensional villain he is often taken to be, the character of Frankenstein is compelling because of the dynamic narrative frame in which he is placed. In this frame, Frankenstein’s narrative self-presentation responds to the images of him we see from others’ perspectives. This conclusion sheds new light on the novel, foregrounding Shelley’s unique layering of narrative perspectives and its importance for the depiction of character.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

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Your essay’s conclusion should contain:

• A rephrased version of your overall thesis
• A brief review of the key points you made in the main body
• An indication of why your argument matters

The conclusion may also reflect on the broader implications of your argument, showing how your ideas could applied to other contexts or debates.

For a stronger conclusion paragraph, avoid including:

• Important evidence or analysis that wasn’t mentioned in the main body
• Generic concluding phrases (e.g. “In conclusion…”)
• Weak statements that undermine your argument (e.g. “There are good points on both sides of this issue.”)

Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.

The conclusion paragraph of an essay is usually shorter than the introduction . As a rule, it shouldn’t take up more than 10–15% of the text.

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In a short paper—even a research paper—you don’t need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that brings your readers back to your thesis or main idea and reminds your readers where you began and how far you have traveled.

So, for example, in a paper about the relationship between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, Vanessa Roser begins by introducing readers to the fact that researchers have studied the relationship between the two conditions and then provides her explanation of that relationship. Here’s her thesis: “While socialization may indeed be an important factor in RS, I argue that individuals with ADHD may also possess a neurological predisposition to RS that is exacerbated by the differing executive and emotional regulation characteristic of ADHD.”

In her final paragraph, Roser reminds us of where she started by echoing her thesis: “This literature demonstrates that, as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Highlight the “so what”  

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Leave your readers with the “now what”  

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

• What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?  
• What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?  
• Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?  
• What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?  
• What larger context might my argument be a part of?  

What to avoid in your conclusion  

• a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.  
• a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.  
• an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.  
• fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
• picture_as_pdf Conclusions

Essential Conclusion Transition Words to Master English Writing

By: Author ESLBUZZ

Posted on Last updated: September 5, 2023

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Hello and welcome! Today, we will explore the importance of conclusion transition words and how they can be used to effectively summarize and conclude a piece of writing. We will provide a comprehensive list of transition words and phrases that are commonly used in conclusions, along with examples of how they can be used in sentences. By the end of this article, you will have a better understanding of how to use conclusion transition words to create a strong and effective conclusion to your writing.

Conclusion Transition Words

Understanding Conclusion Transition Words

What are transition words.

Transition words are also known as discourse markers or connectives. They are words or phrases that signal a shift or connection between ideas. They help to create coherence and flow in writing and speaking by showing the relationship between different parts of a text.

Why are Transition Words Important?

Transition words are important because they help to create a clear and organized structure in writing and speaking. They make it easier for the reader or listener to follow along and understand the main points of the text. Additionally, using transition words can help to improve vocabulary and writing skills.

What are Conclusion Transition Words?

Conclusion transition words are words or phrases that are used to signal the end of a discussion or the conclusion of an argument. These words help to summarize the main points and provide closure to the reader or listener. Some examples of conclusion transition words include “in conclusion,” “to sum up,” “finally,” “in summary,” and “to conclude.” These words help to signal that the writer or speaker is wrapping up their thoughts and bringing the discussion to a close.

Examples of Transition Words in Context

Here are some example sentences that use transition words:

• Firstly, I would like to thank everyone for coming to my presentation.
• In addition to his academic achievements, John is also an accomplished musician.
• However, despite these challenges, we were able to complete the project on time.
• Therefore, it’s important to consider the environmental impact of our actions.
• In conclusion, I believe that the benefits of exercise outweigh the risks.

Focusing on Conclusion Transition Words

Conclusion transition words are phrases or words that indicate that you are about to conclude your writing. They signal to the reader that you are summarizing your thoughts and bringing your piece to a close.

Here are some commonly used conclusion transition words to help you wrap up your writing:

Using Conclusion Transition Words in Your Writing

Here are some examples of how to use them in a sentence:

• In conclusion, it’s important to remember that…
• In brief, the main takeaway from this piece is…
• To sum up, the key points to remember are…
• In summary, the main argument of this piece is…
• To conclude, it’s clear that…
• To summarize, the main points of this piece are…

Conclusion Paragraphs and Concluding Words

In addition to using conclusion transition words, it’s important to write a strong conclusion paragraph. This paragraph should summarize the main points of your piece and leave the reader with a clear understanding of your argument.

Concluding words can also be used to signal the end of your piece.

Here are some examples of concluding words to end your writing:

• To conclude

Comprehensive List of Conclusion Transition Words

Here is a list of conclusion transition words with their meanings:

Here are some example sentences that show how to use conclusion transition words in context:

• Example: “In conclusion, it is clear that climate change is a pressing issue that requires immediate action.”
• Finally: “Finally, after months of hard work, we were able to launch our new product.”
• Ultimately: “Ultimately, it was the team’s dedication and perseverance that led to our success.”
• Thus: “Thus, we can see that the data supports our hypothesis.”
• Overall: “Overall, the study found that there was a significant correlation between exercise and mental health.”
• In the final analysis: “In the final analysis, it was the company’s lack of transparency that led to the public’s distrust.”
• All things considered: “All things considered, the event was a success.”
• Therefore: “Therefore, we recommend that the company invest in renewable energy sources.”
• All in all: “All in all, it was a great vacation.”
• In the end: “In the end, it was the small details that made all the difference.”
• In a word: “In a word, the experience was unforgettable.”
• Given these points: “Given these points, it is clear that we need to make some changes to our strategy.”
• Generally speaking: “Generally speaking, people are more productive in the morning.”
• As a result: “As a result, we were able to increase our profits by 20%.”
• Noted: “Noted, we will take your feedback into consideration for future projects.”
• After all: “After all, it’s the thought that counts.”
• In the long run: “In the long run, investing in our employees will pay off.”
• For the most part: “For the most part, the study found that there was no significant difference between the two groups.”
• As has been noted: “As has been noted, there are still some unanswered questions regarding the effectiveness of the treatment.”
• On balance: “On balance, the pros outweigh the cons.”
• Usually: “Usually, I prefer to work alone.”
• By and large: “By and large, the event was a success.”
• Consequently: “Consequently, we had to make some changes to our plans.”
• Clearly: “Clearly, the data shows that there is a strong correlation between smoking and lung cancer.”
• Lastly: “Lastly, I would like to thank everyone for their hard work and dedication.”
• As shown above: “As shown above, there is a clear trend in the data.”

Using Conclusion Transition Words Effectively

Short and summarize.

When writing a conclusion, it is important to keep it short and summarize the main points of the paper. Using conclusion transition words such as “in summary” or “in brief” can help you achieve this. These words signal to the reader that you are summarizing the main points of the paper and preparing to conclude.

Remember to use the right conclusion transition words based on the formality of the writing. Here’s a simple guide:

• Informal: “So, yeah,” “Anyway,” “Well, that’s all for now,” “That’s it,” “Catch you later”
• Neutral: “In conclusion,” “To summarize,” “To sum up,” “Finally,” “In summary”
• Formal: “Thus,” “Therefore,” “Hence,” “Consequently,” “Accordingly”

Order and Connection

When using conclusion transition words, it is important to use them in a logical order that connects the main points of the paper. For example, you can use words like “therefore” or “hence” to connect the main points of the paper to the thesis statement. This helps the reader understand the connection between the main points and the overall purpose of the paper.

Purpose and Clarification

Conclusion transition words can also be used to clarify the purpose of the paper. For example, you can use words like “in order to” or “for the purpose of” to clarify the main idea of the paper. This helps the reader understand the purpose of the paper and the main points that support it.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some common conclusion transition words for essays?

Some common conclusion transition words for essays are “in conclusion,” “to sum up,” “finally,” “in summary,” “to conclude,” and “as a result.”

How can using transition words improve the clarity of my writing?

Using transition words can improve the clarity of your writing by helping to guide the reader through your ideas and making connections between them. They can also help to create a sense of flow and coherence in your writing.

What is the purpose of using transition words in writing?

The purpose of using transition words in writing is to help the reader follow your ideas and understand the connections between them. They can also help to create a sense of flow and coherence in your writing.

What are some examples of transitional phrases used in academic writing?

Some examples of transitional phrases used in academic writing are “on the other hand,” “in contrast,” “furthermore,” “moreover,” “in addition,” “nevertheless,” and “however.”

How can I effectively use transition words in the conclusion of my essay?

To effectively use transition words in the conclusion of your essay, you should choose words that help to summarize your main points and bring your argument to a close. Some effective transition words for conclusions include “in conclusion,” “to sum up,” and “finally.”

What are some commonly used transitional words and phrases for body paragraphs?

Some commonly used transitional words and phrases for body paragraphs include “firstly,” “secondly,” “in addition,” “furthermore,” “moreover,” “on the other hand,” “in contrast,” and “nevertheless.”

Some common conclusion transition words for essays are \"in conclusion,\" \"to sum up,\" \"finally,\" \"in summary,\" \"to conclude,\" and \"as a result.\"

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Some examples of transitional phrases used in academic writing are \"on the other hand,\" \"in contrast,\" \"furthermore,\" \"moreover,\" \"in addition,\" \"nevertheless,\" and \"however.\"

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To effectively use transition words in the conclusion of your essay, you should choose words that help to summarize your main points and bring your argument to a close. Some effective transition words for conclusions include \"in conclusion,\" \"to sum up,\" and \"finally.\"

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Some commonly used transitional words and phrases for body paragraphs include \"firstly,\" \"secondly,\" \"in addition,\" \"furthermore,\" \"moreover,\" \"on the other hand,\" \"in contrast,\" and \"nevertheless.\"

Overall, using transition words and phrases can greatly improve the clarity and coherence of your writing. By guiding the reader through your ideas and making connections between them, you can create a more effective and engaging piece of writing.

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Conclusion Transition Words: Definition and Useful Examples

Transitions, in general, are parts of a speech that link one idea to another to achieve a smoother connection. They’re essential in presenting a logical relationship between concepts in a text. Transitional words can either be additive, adversative, causal, or sequential. A type of transition that falls under the sequential category is the conclusion transition words. When writing an essay or article, ending the whole text with a powerful conclusion creates an impact on the readers. It helps you summarize the entire essay clearly and concisely. It provides closure to the readers and reminds them of the key points that they have to remember. To effectively write a conclusion, you’ll need appropriate conclusion transition words. This helps you deliver the take away of the content in a polished manner.

Conclusion Transition Words

Definition of conclusion transition words.

Conclusion transitions are typically used to introduce a summarized text or restate the whole point of the previous ideas. Since summaries are meant to be brief, correct use of helpful transitional words is needed. These types of transitions allow you to put together the mentioned ideas in a generalized form. They are most likely written at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph. But occasionally, some are found in the middle or at the end of a statement. There’s a long list of conclusion transition words and phrases that you may use to effectively create your conclusion. A broad vocabulary of such terms is beneficial to avoid redundancy and monotony . The next section shall enumerate the most common transitions used in writing a conclusion.

Examples of Conclusion Transition Words

Conclusion transitions most often come in phrases. However, some single words can also be used. All of which aim to start or accompany a statement that expresses a generalized or final thought. Feel free to go through the succeeding list of transition words and phrases. Sample sentences are also provided to show how the conclusion transitions are used.

• In conclusion
• In the final analysis
• In the long run
• To conclude
• For the most part
• Given these points
• Generally speaking
• All things considered
• As has been noted
• As a final point
• You sang from the heart, and you have a lovely voice. You had your own technique, and you nailed it.  Overall , you’ve shown a fantastic performance.
• Those studies,  altogether , indicate that exercise is good for the body.
• Lastly , review all the tips mentioned above and apply them to your workout routines.
• The man,  ultimately , has learned from his mistakes.
• Thus , it can be taken that the story is for those who should acknowledge their wrongdoings and apologize for them.
• The bride looked lovely, and the groom was dashing. The reception was well planned. Everyone was giving the newlyweds their best wishes.  All in all , the wedding was wonderful.
• After all , there are only two types of people in the world: the one who likes you and the one who doesn’t.
• In summary , the boy in the story became successful despite his financial struggles.
• In conclusion , the experiment has a significant amount of errors.
• In short , the entire project failed to reach its goals.
• Some people get discouraged when they’re in the middle of a challenge. Others get motivated amidst any kind of pressure.  In the end , it’s all about how you handle stress.
• To sum up , there are many causes of eye damage. But the ways on how to prevent it are just as many.
• He wasn’t inside the house during the incident. He was working, and his employer has attested to that. There is even a video of him being at this workplace during that time.  Given these points , it can be inferred that the man is not guilty.
• The coach could have taken a time-out. The team only needed one successful behind-the-arc shot. Though they weren’t able to do it, the hard work they put into the last quarter was very commendable. It was a good fight,  all things considered .
• As has been noted , conclusions should be impactful and concise.
• As a final point , transitions are helpful devices in creating conclusions that effectively generalize everything that has been said.

Conclusion Transition Words | Infographic

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Transitions Can Be Experienced Differently

Have you ever heard the expression, “The only constant is change,” and thought that sounded just like life in Early Head Start? Although we work toward providing continuity with families and staff, sometimes things just change.  Transition  means that something is changing. Not all transitions are equal, and everyone experiences them differently. There are big transitions like the birth of a baby or joining or leaving a program option. Smaller daily transitions might include changing activities in a classroom or socialization and beginning or ending a home visit. Every day there are many small transitions for infants and toddlers. Think about how many times a day very young children start an activity, stop an activity, wash hands, eat, go outside, go inside, go to sleep, wake up, and so much more! Because transitions are such a huge part of every infant and toddler’s day, it’s important that we make the best of them.

Think of how hard change can be for you as an adult. That might give you some idea of how it can affect infants and toddlers. Of course, we are all different. One person might love change and find it exciting, whereas another dreads the same upcoming change! Each child in your program is an individual and will experience transitions in their own way. In this News You Can Use, we look at ways to support some of the different kinds of transitions that go on in Early Head Start.

Individualizing Transitions

Lupe has always been very careful to maintain her routine in her family child care program. She has just joined an Early Head Start program and will be enrolling her first child. The child development specialist, Rosa, has noticed that Lupe keeps to a schedule for all children and is working with her towards individualizing each child’s experiences starting with transitions.

When Lupe looked closely at her daily schedule, she realized that there were a lot of changes going on each day. Any time children go from one activity to another, they are experiencing a transition. There is a big difference between transitions that children choose for themselves and those imposed on them by adults. For example, rather than having a designated snack time, offer an “open snack” where older toddlers can wash hands and sit at the table when they are hungry. Rosa assures Lupe that making changes like this is not only responsive to children but also increases one-on-one time. Now Lupe realizes that, while some children are busy playing, she can sit with a few at a time while they are hungry.

Young infants determine their own schedules. Working together with families, group care should attempt to match the home routine. Pay close attention to each baby’s cues, and respond when they are hungry, tired, bored, or wet. You probably already do this—especially when it comes to diapers. Although there are certain requirements that diapers be changed every two hours, if a child needs a new diaper after an hour, of course you would change it!

When each child’s schedule is individualized, it is much easier to meet the needs of children within a group care situation. Imagine how would you feel if your day was that full of other people telling you to stop activities you are enjoying, or eat when you weren’t hungry? It’s no wonder that transitions can be a difficult time of day for infants, toddlers, families, and caregivers. Just think—every time you ask a 2-year-old to do something, it gives them the opportunity to say their favorite word: “No!”

Whether you work with young children on home visits, in your own home, or in a center, here are some ways to individualize transitions:

• Give infants warning when things are about to change. Even a very young infant may feel more comfortable if someone gets on their level and says, “Are you ready for a clean diaper?” instead of swooping down to lift them to the changing table. If children say “no” or indicate that they are not ready, let them know that they have a few more minutes to play and then it will be time for a new diaper.
• Give toddlers a few minutes’ notice before it is time to change activities. Take a moment to let toddlers know, “You have five more minutes to play so finish up what you are doing.” Then, “You have two minutes left to play; we’re just about to clean up.” Even before they have a real sense of time, these warnings will prepare toddlers for transitions and leave them more likely to cooperate.
• For children who need a little extra help around transitions try getting down to their level, make sure you have their attention, and let them know it will be time to move on to something else soon.
• Create a signal that engages children, such as clapping your hands in a rhythm that they can join. Use that signal to let them know it’s time to move to a new activity in a fun, positive manner.
• When possible, provide them with an acceptable option. You might say, “Do you want to put the toys on the shelf or in this basket?"

Estelle and Shari, co-teachers in an Early Head Start classroom, tell the children that it is time for an art activity. All eight eager toddlers run over to the art table. Estelle carefully pours paint and glue into small cups, searches for eight brushes, and sets out paper for the children. Shari is putting newspaper down to protect the table. In the short time that it takes the teachers to get ready, a few children begin hitting each other, another few get up and walk away, and the remaining children are whining. Before the materials are even on the table, the activity has lost its appeal.

Estelle and Shari are great teachers who are trying to provide a lovely art experience for the children in their classroom. What is the problem here? Although they planned the  experience , they forgot to plan the  transition ! Young children’s excitement for an activity is unlikely to last if they have to wait. Estelle and Shari brought this experience up with their education manager, Carla. Together, the three of them decided to split responsibilities at times like these. They planned to have one teacher set up the materials while the other teacher reads a book and sings songs with the children. The very first time they tried this plan in their classroom, they had a successful experience! As soon as children knew about the activity, the paint was ready for them to use.

Reducing the amount of time young children are expected to wait for food, activities, or even in a line to wash hands will make these transitions much smoother. Infants and toddlers are still learning about being patient, and you can help. If a child is calmly sitting at the table before lunch, mention that they are being, “so patient.” That way, the next time you ask that child to be patient, she’ll know just what you mean!

Sometimes waiting just cannot be avoided. Maybe the kids are dressed and ready to go outside but another group is still straggling. When these situations come up, be prepared with a few songs and fingerplays to keep children engaged while they wait. This will be much more fun and effective than asking such young children to stand patiently in a line.

When Transitions are Challenging

Annabelle has been attending Susan’s family child care program for over a year. Although she is nearing her third birthday, she still struggles whenever something out of the ordinary happens. Just the other day when they decided to take a “nature walk” in the park, Annabelle had a tantrum about leaving the house. Susan is very patient, but she still wonders why everything seems so difficult for this child and how she might help Annabelle cope with change.

Annabelle is a child who has trouble going from one place or activity to another. Her mom, Candace, describes her as battling every transition all day long! How well a child handles moving through the day depends a lot on a child’s temperament and personality. For children who are really struggling, there are some things that can help:

• Create and stick to a routine that is similar both at home and in child care. This does not mean that children must eat, sleep, and play at the same time every day, but when things regularly flow in the same order, young children feel a sense of security in knowing how each day will unfold.
• If the day turns out to have a change of plans, be sure to give as much warning as possible and describe what the new or different experience will be.
• Make a simple picture schedule. A piece of paper with photos or hand drawings of playing, eating, and napping would be good for the morning. Keep it very simple and refer to each activity. You might tell children, “Right now, we are having a snack; here is the picture of some food! Next, we are going to play outside—see the picture of our playground?”
• Focus on the experiences of the next activity. When Susan explained to Annabelle that they would take a walk and look for bugs and leaves, she was excited to go. She was able to focus on what they were going to do instead being upset about leaving the house.

Coming and Going

Ten-month-old Jackson is just starting in Arlene’s classroom. When his father, Matt, drops him off in the morning, Jackson’s wails can be heard down the hall. Matt finds it very upsetting to leave Jackson when he is so upset. One morning, he decides to wait until Jackson isn’t looking and then sneaks out. Later, Arlene lets Matt know that, as tough as it is to watch Jackson struggle through a goodbye, sneaking out does not make the transition easier for him. In fact, it can make a child more nervous. Arlene suggests some ideas to help both Matt and Jackson cope with this stage of development.

Anyone who has ever had to hand over a crying baby of their own will understand how distressing this is for a parent or family member. Both the caregiver and the parent can do a lot to ease this difficult transition. It is important that both adults stay calm and reassuring. When a baby senses that his parent trusts the caregiver, it will be easier for the baby to trust her too.

Why not sneak out? When parents sneak out, they may think their baby will not notice—but they are wrong. The baby might look up expecting to see her daddy, and he’s gone! This can be scary and confusing for a baby. A child may become clingier during goodbyes because she anticipates and worries about her parent disappearing. Instead, help parents create a “goodbye ritual” that is the same every time. Maybe a parent sings a song or reads a short book, gives a hug and kiss, and then leaves with a cheerful “Have a great day.” Here are some other ways to help the parent and child cope:

• Make sure you warmly greet the family whenever they come into the room.
• Offer to hold the child while his parent or family member is leaving.
• Offer to call or text the parent once the child calms down.
• Acknowledge how hard it is for a parent or family member to leave a baby who seems so upset.
• Find out what the families’ caregiving routines are and try to hold, feed, sing to, and comfort the baby in a similar way. i
• Have family photos available that the child can carry, hug, and kiss.

Home visitor Anna is leaving 18-month-old Joseph’s house. Every week when it is time for her to leave, Joseph throws himself down on the floor, crying and screaming. His mother, Yvette, apologizes again to Anna, who assures her it is OK. On their next visit, Anna and Yvette think together about what might help Joseph through saying goodbye at the end of her visit. Yvette mentions that Joseph seems to do better when he knows what is coming next. They decide to try giving Joseph a few warnings before Anna says she must leave. Anna even sets an egg timer for the last five minutes of her visit. When the timer dings and it is time to go, Joseph is prepared and knows what is going to happen. Anna reminds him that she will come back to play with him again soon, and although he cries a bit, he does much better than he did during the previous weeks as she waves to him on her way out.

A home visitor might be met by a child with great joy on their arrival, but when it is time to go, it can be hard for a child to end their special time! They have just spent the time being the center of their home visitor and family’s attention, and now they must let that go. Providing warnings as Yvette and Anna did for Joseph can help a child understand what is happening and what’s coming next.

Toddlers can benefit from being reminded of what is coming up next. Often during the toddler years, children can understand much more than they can tell you, especially children who are bilingual.

This means that they can’t always ask, “What’s going on around here?” even if they feel confused. When you let them know what is coming next, you are not only easing their confusion but also helping their language development with words and ideas like “next,” “later,” and “soon.”

Transitions can be some of the most frustrating times of the day for families, caregivers, and especially very young children. They rely on you to provide a sense of safety and continuity as their environment, caregivers, and activities change. When adults provide as much stability as possible, along with intentional planning, children will be better able to cope with life’s little and big transitions.

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Resource Type: Article

National Centers: Early Childhood Development, Teaching and Learning

Age Group: Infants and Toddlers

Series: News You Can Use

Last Updated: April 1, 2024

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