argument writing checklist

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Identifying and evaluating arguments.

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An argument differs from a description, a statement of belief or opinion, a hypothetical scenario, a command, or a mere set of facts. While each of these may have its own intents and purposes, an argument uses a series of statements to convince a listener or reader that certain facts, conditions, or positions are true.

Premises and Conclusions

An argument’s premise is an initial or foundational statement or assumption that sets forth the reason or evidence, and from which the conclusion of the argument follows. Often, the premises and the conclusions of an argument can be identified by the use of key words or phrases.

The following words and phrases might indicate a premise :

• as indicated by
• for the reason that
• in as much as
• may be inferred from
• seeing that

The following words and phrases might indicate a conclusion :

• accordingly
• entails that
• we may conclude
• it must be that
• it follows that
• consequently
• implies that
• as a result

Useful Questions for Evaluating an Argument

1. what assumptions does the writer make.

Does the writer assume that you will come to the text with certain knowledge, or that you will share certain of his or her values?

2. Does the writer have an agenda?

If the writer has a particular political slant, for example, where does it show through in the argument? Does it sway or influence his or her interpretations of the evidence? How?

3. How does the author use language?

What is the writer’s tone of voice? Are there specific words that you find intriguing, effective, ineffective, or downright bizarre? Are there specific rhetorical “moves” being made, effectively or ineffectively?

4. How convincing is the writer’s evidence?

Does it come from trustworthy and credible sources? Is it relevant? Does the writer interpret that evidence in a way that makes sense?

5. How convincing is the writer’s overall argument?

Do you think the writer accomplishes what she set out to accomplish? Depending on the assignment, your answer to this question may be your thesis!

Last revised: 7/2008 |  Adapted for web delivery: 2/2021

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Argumentative Essay Peer-Editing Checklist

I use the below checklist with my students so they can improve the drafts of their argumentative essays . Feel free to use it (or edit it as long as you don't redistribute it) if you find it useful for your class.  Note that there are APA-related questions.

There are two pages. The first page is for the prepared students who brought an essay draft to class to show their partners. The second page is for unprepared students who only have their essay in their heads (it's a verbal exercise). If your students are all prepared, then you can disregard the second page.

Peer-review Checklist Preview

Argumentative Essay Draft Peer-Editing Checklist

Pair-work : Answer the below questions based on your partner’s essay.

• The essay has a clear thesis statement presenting its stance at the end of the introduction paragraph. (YES/NO) If YES, write the essay’s thesis statement below:
• The essay presents a counter-argument to the author’s stance. (YES/NO) If YES, write the counter-argument points below:
• Can you easily find a refutation or response to each of the above points?

Point A: (YES/NO)

Point B: (YES/NO)

(Point C: (YES/NO))

• If YES, is the refutation persuasive? (YES/Somewhat/No)
• Does the essay ignore any obvious counter-arguments? (YES/NO) (Answer should be NO)
• Do the regular body paragraphs begin with a clear topic sentence that states the overall topic of the paragraph? (Example topic sentence: “ Furthermore, outsourcing can reduce company costs .” < If this were the topic sentence, then the whole paragraph would be about reducing costs.) (YES/NO)
• Does each paragraph have at least three sentences? (YES/NO)

If time allows…

• Does each in-text citation contain the author’s last name and the year of publication? (YES/NO)
• Count the number of authors cited. Do all of these authors appear in the References? (YES/NO)
• Are there any non-cited authors in the References? (YES/NO) (Answer should be NO)
• Are the References entries listed in alphabetical order?
• Do all sources accessed online have a DOI or URL?
• Are the sentences clear? Highlight the sentences you don’t understand.

Research Essay Worksheet – Verbal Explanation (Essay draft not Ready)

Part 1 (Pair Work) : Stance, Counter-argument, and Refutation

Present the below points to your partner about your essay. You do not need to write anything–explain it as clearly as possible verbally.

Stance/Thesis

• My essay argues that ….

Counter-argument

• Critics of this view argue that (1) ….
• Some people also might argue that (2) ….

Refutation/Response

• Point #1 is not (completely) true because ….
• Point #2 is not (completely) true because ….

Part 2 : Once finished, give feedback to each other. Consider the following points:

• Are the most obvious counter-arguments mentioned?
• Does the refutation address the specific points of the counter-argument?
• Is the refutation convincing

Part 3 : (Time Permitting) Verification of peer-reviewed sources

Paste a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources that you plan to use below.

Confirm with your partner that these sources are peer-reviewed, i.e. journal articles or published books.

Best of luck with your classes.

-- Peer-editing worksheet created by Matthew Barton (copyright) for Englishcurrent.com

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, how to write an a+ argumentative essay.

Miscellaneous

You'll no doubt have to write a number of argumentative essays in both high school and college, but what, exactly, is an argumentative essay and how do you write the best one possible? Let's take a look.

A great argumentative essay always combines the same basic elements: approaching an argument from a rational perspective, researching sources, supporting your claims using facts rather than opinion, and articulating your reasoning into the most cogent and reasoned points. Argumentative essays are great building blocks for all sorts of research and rhetoric, so your teachers will expect you to master the technique before long.

But if this sounds daunting, never fear! We'll show how an argumentative essay differs from other kinds of papers, how to research and write them, how to pick an argumentative essay topic, and where to find example essays. So let's get started.

What Is an Argumentative Essay? How Is it Different from Other Kinds of Essays?

There are two basic requirements for any and all essays: to state a claim (a thesis statement) and to support that claim with evidence.

Though every essay is founded on these two ideas, there are several different types of essays, differentiated by the style of the writing, how the writer presents the thesis, and the types of evidence used to support the thesis statement.

Essays can be roughly divided into four different types:

#1: Argumentative #2: Persuasive #3: Expository #4: Analytical

So let's look at each type and what the differences are between them before we focus the rest of our time to argumentative essays.

Argumentative Essay

Argumentative essays are what this article is all about, so let's talk about them first.

An argumentative essay attempts to convince a reader to agree with a particular argument (the writer's thesis statement). The writer takes a firm stand one way or another on a topic and then uses hard evidence to support that stance.

An argumentative essay seeks to prove to the reader that one argument —the writer's argument— is the factually and logically correct one. This means that an argumentative essay must use only evidence-based support to back up a claim , rather than emotional or philosophical reasoning (which is often allowed in other types of essays). Thus, an argumentative essay has a burden of substantiated proof and sources , whereas some other types of essays (namely persuasive essays) do not.

You can write an argumentative essay on any topic, so long as there's room for argument. Generally, you can use the same topics for both a persuasive essay or an argumentative one, so long as you support the argumentative essay with hard evidence.

Example topics of an argumentative essay:

• "Should farmers be allowed to shoot wolves if those wolves injure or kill farm animals?"
• "Should the drinking age be lowered in the United States?"
• "Are alternatives to democracy effective and/or feasible to implement?"

The next three types of essays are not argumentative essays, but you may have written them in school. We're going to cover them so you know what not to do for your argumentative essay.

Persuasive Essay

Persuasive essays are similar to argumentative essays, so it can be easy to get them confused. But knowing what makes an argumentative essay different than a persuasive essay can often mean the difference between an excellent grade and an average one.

Persuasive essays seek to persuade a reader to agree with the point of view of the writer, whether that point of view is based on factual evidence or not. The writer has much more flexibility in the evidence they can use, with the ability to use moral, cultural, or opinion-based reasoning as well as factual reasoning to persuade the reader to agree the writer's side of a given issue.

Instead of being forced to use "pure" reason as one would in an argumentative essay, the writer of a persuasive essay can manipulate or appeal to the reader's emotions. So long as the writer attempts to steer the readers into agreeing with the thesis statement, the writer doesn't necessarily need hard evidence in favor of the argument.

Often, you can use the same topics for both a persuasive essay or an argumentative one—the difference is all in the approach and the evidence you present.

Example topics of a persuasive essay:

• "Should children be responsible for their parents' debts?"
• "Should cheating on a test be automatic grounds for expulsion?"
• "How much should sports leagues be held accountable for player injuries and the long-term consequences of those injuries?"

Expository Essay

An expository essay is typically a short essay in which the writer explains an idea, issue, or theme , or discusses the history of a person, place, or idea.

This is typically a fact-forward essay with little argument or opinion one way or the other.

Example topics of an expository essay:

• "The History of the Philadelphia Liberty Bell"
• "The Reasons I Always Wanted to be a Doctor"
• "The Meaning Behind the Colloquialism ‘People in Glass Houses Shouldn't Throw Stones'"

Analytical Essay

An analytical essay seeks to delve into the deeper meaning of a text or work of art, or unpack a complicated idea . These kinds of essays closely interpret a source and look into its meaning by analyzing it at both a macro and micro level.

This type of analysis can be augmented by historical context or other expert or widely-regarded opinions on the subject, but is mainly supported directly through the original source (the piece or art or text being analyzed) .

Example topics of an analytical essay:

• "Victory Gin in Place of Water: The Symbolism Behind Gin as the Only Potable Substance in George Orwell's 1984"
• "Amarna Period Art: The Meaning Behind the Shift from Rigid to Fluid Poses"
• "Adultery During WWII, as Told Through a Series of Letters to and from Soldiers"

There are many different types of essay and, over time, you'll be able to master them all.

A Typical Argumentative Essay Assignment

The average argumentative essay is between three to five pages, and will require at least three or four separate sources with which to back your claims . As for the essay topic , you'll most often be asked to write an argumentative essay in an English class on a "general" topic of your choice, ranging the gamut from science, to history, to literature.

But while the topics of an argumentative essay can span several different fields, the structure of an argumentative essay is always the same: you must support a claim—a claim that can reasonably have multiple sides—using multiple sources and using a standard essay format (which we'll talk about later on).

This is why many argumentative essay topics begin with the word "should," as in:

• "Should all students be required to learn chemistry in high school?"
• "Should children be required to learn a second language?"
• "Should schools or governments be allowed to ban books?"

These topics all have at least two sides of the argument: Yes or no. And you must support the side you choose with evidence as to why your side is the correct one.

But there are also plenty of other ways to frame an argumentative essay as well:

• "Does using social media do more to benefit or harm people?"
• "Does the legal status of artwork or its creators—graffiti and vandalism, pirated media, a creator who's in jail—have an impact on the art itself?"
• "Is or should anyone ever be ‘above the law?'"

Though these are worded differently than the first three, you're still essentially forced to pick between two sides of an issue: yes or no, for or against, benefit or detriment. Though your argument might not fall entirely into one side of the divide or another—for instance, you could claim that social media has positively impacted some aspects of modern life while being a detriment to others—your essay should still support one side of the argument above all. Your final stance would be that overall , social media is beneficial or overall , social media is harmful.

If your argument is one that is mostly text-based or backed by a single source (e.g., "How does Salinger show that Holden Caulfield is an unreliable narrator?" or "Does Gatsby personify the American Dream?"), then it's an analytical essay, rather than an argumentative essay. An argumentative essay will always be focused on more general topics so that you can use multiple sources to back up your claims.

Good Argumentative Essay Topics

So you know the basic idea behind an argumentative essay, but what topic should you write about?

Again, almost always, you'll be asked to write an argumentative essay on a free topic of your choice, or you'll be asked to select between a few given topics . If you're given complete free reign of topics, then it'll be up to you to find an essay topic that no only appeals to you, but that you can turn into an A+ argumentative essay.

What makes a "good" argumentative essay topic depends on both the subject matter and your personal interest —it can be hard to give your best effort on something that bores you to tears! But it can also be near impossible to write an argumentative essay on a topic that has no room for debate.

As we said earlier, a good argumentative essay topic will be one that has the potential to reasonably go in at least two directions—for or against, yes or no, and why . For example, it's pretty hard to write an argumentative essay on whether or not people should be allowed to murder one another—not a whole lot of debate there for most people!—but writing an essay for or against the death penalty has a lot more wiggle room for evidence and argument.

A good topic is also one that can be substantiated through hard evidence and relevant sources . So be sure to pick a topic that other people have studied (or at least studied elements of) so that you can use their data in your argument. For example, if you're arguing that it should be mandatory for all middle school children to play a sport, you might have to apply smaller scientific data points to the larger picture you're trying to justify. There are probably several studies you could cite on the benefits of physical activity and the positive effect structure and teamwork has on young minds, but there's probably no study you could use where a group of scientists put all middle-schoolers in one jurisdiction into a mandatory sports program (since that's probably never happened). So long as your evidence is relevant to your point and you can extrapolate from it to form a larger whole, you can use it as a part of your resource material.

And if you need ideas on where to get started, or just want to see sample argumentative essay topics, then check out these links for hundreds of potential argumentative essay topics.

101 Persuasive (or Argumentative) Essay and Speech Topics

301 Prompts for Argumentative Writing

Top 50 Ideas for Argumentative/Persuasive Essay Writing

[Note: some of these say "persuasive essay topics," but just remember that the same topic can often be used for both a persuasive essay and an argumentative essay; the difference is in your writing style and the evidence you use to support your claims.]

KO! Find that one argumentative essay topic you can absolutely conquer.

Argumentative Essay Format

Argumentative Essays are composed of four main elements:

• A position (your argument)
• Your reasons
• Supporting evidence for those reasons (from reliable sources)
• Counterargument(s) (possible opposing arguments and reasons why those arguments are incorrect)

If you're familiar with essay writing in general, then you're also probably familiar with the five paragraph essay structure . This structure is a simple tool to show how one outlines an essay and breaks it down into its component parts, although it can be expanded into as many paragraphs as you want beyond the core five.

The standard argumentative essay is often 3-5 pages, which will usually mean a lot more than five paragraphs, but your overall structure will look the same as a much shorter essay.

An argumentative essay at its simplest structure will look like:

Paragraph 1: Intro

• Set up the story/problem/issue
• Thesis/claim

Paragraph 2: Support

• Reason #1 claim is correct
• Supporting evidence with sources

Paragraph 3: Support

• Reason #2 claim is correct

Paragraph 4: Counterargument

• Explanation of argument for the other side
• Refutation of opposing argument with supporting evidence

Paragraph 5: Conclusion

• Re-state claim
• Sum up reasons and support of claim from the essay to prove claim is correct

Now let's unpack each of these paragraph types to see how they work (with examples!), what goes into them, and why.

Paragraph 1—Set Up and Claim

Your first task is to introduce the reader to the topic at hand so they'll be prepared for your claim. Give a little background information, set the scene, and give the reader some stakes so that they care about the issue you're going to discuss.

Next, you absolutely must have a position on an argument and make that position clear to the readers. It's not an argumentative essay unless you're arguing for a specific claim, and this claim will be your thesis statement.

Your thesis CANNOT be a mere statement of fact (e.g., "Washington DC is the capital of the United States"). Your thesis must instead be an opinion which can be backed up with evidence and has the potential to be argued against (e.g., "New York should be the capital of the United States").

Paragraphs 2 and 3—Your Evidence

These are your body paragraphs in which you give the reasons why your argument is the best one and back up this reasoning with concrete evidence .

The argument supporting the thesis of an argumentative essay should be one that can be supported by facts and evidence, rather than personal opinion or cultural or religious mores.

For example, if you're arguing that New York should be the new capital of the US, you would have to back up that fact by discussing the factual contrasts between New York and DC in terms of location, population, revenue, and laws. You would then have to talk about the precedents for what makes for a good capital city and why New York fits the bill more than DC does.

Your argument can't simply be that a lot of people think New York is the best city ever and that you agree.

In addition to using concrete evidence, you always want to keep the tone of your essay passionate, but impersonal . Even though you're writing your argument from a single opinion, don't use first person language—"I think," "I feel," "I believe,"—to present your claims. Doing so is repetitive, since by writing the essay you're already telling the audience what you feel, and using first person language weakens your writing voice.

For example,

"I think that Washington DC is no longer suited to be the capital city of the United States."

"Washington DC is no longer suited to be the capital city of the United States."

The second statement sounds far stronger and more analytical.

Paragraph 4—Argument for the Other Side and Refutation

Even without a counter argument, you can make a pretty persuasive claim, but a counterargument will round out your essay into one that is much more persuasive and substantial.

By anticipating an argument against your claim and taking the initiative to counter it, you're allowing yourself to get ahead of the game. This way, you show that you've given great thought to all sides of the issue before choosing your position, and you demonstrate in multiple ways how yours is the more reasoned and supported side.

Paragraph 5—Conclusion

This paragraph is where you re-state your argument and summarize why it's the best claim.

Briefly touch on your supporting evidence and voila! A finished argumentative essay.

Your essay should have just as awesome a skeleton as this plesiosaur does. (In other words: a ridiculously awesome skeleton)

Argumentative Essay Example: 5-Paragraph Style

It always helps to have an example to learn from. I've written a full 5-paragraph argumentative essay here. Look at how I state my thesis in paragraph 1, give supporting evidence in paragraphs 2 and 3, address a counterargument in paragraph 4, and conclude in paragraph 5.

Topic: Is it possible to maintain conflicting loyalties?

Paragraph 1

It is almost impossible to go through life without encountering a situation where your loyalties to different people or causes come into conflict with each other. Maybe you have a loving relationship with your sister, but she disagrees with your decision to join the army, or you find yourself torn between your cultural beliefs and your scientific ones. These conflicting loyalties can often be maintained for a time, but as examples from both history and psychological theory illustrate, sooner or later, people have to make a choice between competing loyalties, as no one can maintain a conflicting loyalty or belief system forever.

The first two sentences set the scene and give some hypothetical examples and stakes for the reader to care about.

The third sentence finishes off the intro with the thesis statement, making very clear how the author stands on the issue ("people have to make a choice between competing loyalties, as no one can maintain a conflicting loyalty or belief system forever." )

Paragraphs 2 and 3

Psychological theory states that human beings are not equipped to maintain conflicting loyalties indefinitely and that attempting to do so leads to a state called "cognitive dissonance." Cognitive dissonance theory is the psychological idea that people undergo tremendous mental stress or anxiety when holding contradictory beliefs, values, or loyalties (Festinger, 1957). Even if human beings initially hold a conflicting loyalty, they will do their best to find a mental equilibrium by making a choice between those loyalties—stay stalwart to a belief system or change their beliefs. One of the earliest formal examples of cognitive dissonance theory comes from Leon Festinger's When Prophesy Fails . Members of an apocalyptic cult are told that the end of the world will occur on a specific date and that they alone will be spared the Earth's destruction. When that day comes and goes with no apocalypse, the cult members face a cognitive dissonance between what they see and what they've been led to believe (Festinger, 1956). Some choose to believe that the cult's beliefs are still correct, but that the Earth was simply spared from destruction by mercy, while others choose to believe that they were lied to and that the cult was fraudulent all along. Both beliefs cannot be correct at the same time, and so the cult members are forced to make their choice.

But even when conflicting loyalties can lead to potentially physical, rather than just mental, consequences, people will always make a choice to fall on one side or other of a dividing line. Take, for instance, Nicolaus Copernicus, a man born and raised in Catholic Poland (and educated in Catholic Italy). Though the Catholic church dictated specific scientific teachings, Copernicus' loyalty to his own observations and scientific evidence won out over his loyalty to his country's government and belief system. When he published his heliocentric model of the solar system--in opposition to the geocentric model that had been widely accepted for hundreds of years (Hannam, 2011)-- Copernicus was making a choice between his loyalties. In an attempt t o maintain his fealty both to the established system and to what he believed, h e sat on his findings for a number of years (Fantoli, 1994). But, ultimately, Copernicus made the choice to side with his beliefs and observations above all and published his work for the world to see (even though, in doing so, he risked both his reputation and personal freedoms).

These two paragraphs provide the reasons why the author supports the main argument and uses substantiated sources to back those reasons.

The paragraph on cognitive dissonance theory gives both broad supporting evidence and more narrow, detailed supporting evidence to show why the thesis statement is correct not just anecdotally but also scientifically and psychologically. First, we see why people in general have a difficult time accepting conflicting loyalties and desires and then how this applies to individuals through the example of the cult members from the Dr. Festinger's research.

The next paragraph continues to use more detailed examples from history to provide further evidence of why the thesis that people cannot indefinitely maintain conflicting loyalties is true.

Paragraph 4

Some will claim that it is possible to maintain conflicting beliefs or loyalties permanently, but this is often more a matter of people deluding themselves and still making a choice for one side or the other, rather than truly maintaining loyalty to both sides equally. For example, Lancelot du Lac typifies a person who claims to maintain a balanced loyalty between to two parties, but his attempt to do so fails (as all attempts to permanently maintain conflicting loyalties must). Lancelot tells himself and others that he is equally devoted to both King Arthur and his court and to being Queen Guinevere's knight (Malory, 2008). But he can neither be in two places at once to protect both the king and queen, nor can he help but let his romantic feelings for the queen to interfere with his duties to the king and the kingdom. Ultimately, he and Queen Guinevere give into their feelings for one another and Lancelot—though he denies it—chooses his loyalty to her over his loyalty to Arthur. This decision plunges the kingdom into a civil war, ages Lancelot prematurely, and ultimately leads to Camelot's ruin (Raabe, 1987). Though Lancelot claimed to have been loyal to both the king and the queen, this loyalty was ultimately in conflict, and he could not maintain it.

Here we have the acknowledgement of a potential counter-argument and the evidence as to why it isn't true.

The argument is that some people (or literary characters) have asserted that they give equal weight to their conflicting loyalties. The refutation is that, though some may claim to be able to maintain conflicting loyalties, they're either lying to others or deceiving themselves. The paragraph shows why this is true by providing an example of this in action.

Paragraph 5

Whether it be through literature or history, time and time again, people demonstrate the challenges of trying to manage conflicting loyalties and the inevitable consequences of doing so. Though belief systems are malleable and will often change over time, it is not possible to maintain two mutually exclusive loyalties or beliefs at once. In the end, people always make a choice, and loyalty for one party or one side of an issue will always trump loyalty to the other.

The concluding paragraph summarizes the essay, touches on the evidence presented, and re-states the thesis statement.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay: 8 Steps

Writing the best argumentative essay is all about the preparation, so let's talk steps:

#1: Preliminary Research

If you have the option to pick your own argumentative essay topic (which you most likely will), then choose one or two topics you find the most intriguing or that you have a vested interest in and do some preliminary research on both sides of the debate.

Do an open internet search just to see what the general chatter is on the topic and what the research trends are.

Did your preliminary reading influence you to pick a side or change your side? Without diving into all the scholarly articles at length, do you believe there's enough evidence to support your claim? Have there been scientific studies? Experiments? Does a noted scholar in the field agree with you? If not, you may need to pick another topic or side of the argument to support.

#2: Pick Your Side and Form Your Thesis

Now's the time to pick the side of the argument you feel you can support the best and summarize your main point into your thesis statement.

Your thesis will be the basis of your entire essay, so make sure you know which side you're on, that you've stated it clearly, and that you stick by your argument throughout the entire essay .

#3: Heavy-Duty Research Time

You've taken a gander at what the internet at large has to say on your argument, but now's the time to actually read those sources and take notes.

Check scholarly journals online at Google Scholar , the Directory of Open Access Journals , or JStor . You can also search individual university or school libraries and websites to see what kinds of academic articles you can access for free. Keep track of your important quotes and page numbers and put them somewhere that's easy to find later.

And don't forget to check your school or local libraries as well!

#4: Outline

Follow the five-paragraph outline structure from the previous section.

Fill in your topic, your reasons, and your supporting evidence into each of the categories.

Before you begin to flesh out the essay, take a look at what you've got. Is your thesis statement in the first paragraph? Is it clear? Is your argument logical? Does your supporting evidence support your reasoning?

By outlining your essay, you streamline your process and take care of any logic gaps before you dive headfirst into the writing. This will save you a lot of grief later on if you need to change your sources or your structure, so don't get too trigger-happy and skip this step.

Now that you've laid out exactly what you'll need for your essay and where, it's time to fill in all the gaps by writing it out.

Take it one step at a time and expand your ideas into complete sentences and substantiated claims. It may feel daunting to turn an outline into a complete draft, but just remember that you've already laid out all the groundwork; now you're just filling in the gaps.

If you have the time before deadline, give yourself a day or two (or even just an hour!) away from your essay . Looking it over with fresh eyes will allow you to see errors, both minor and major, that you likely would have missed had you tried to edit when it was still raw.

Take a first pass over the entire essay and try your best to ignore any minor spelling or grammar mistakes—you're just looking at the big picture right now. Does it make sense as a whole? Did the essay succeed in making an argument and backing that argument up logically? (Do you feel persuaded?)

If not, go back and make notes so that you can fix it for your final draft.

Once you've made your revisions to the overall structure, mark all your small errors and grammar problems so you can fix them in the next draft.

#7: Final Draft

Use the notes you made on the rough draft and go in and hack and smooth away until you're satisfied with the final result.

A checklist for your final draft:

• Formatting is correct according to your teacher's standards
• No errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation
• Essay is the right length and size for the assignment
• The argument is present, consistent, and concise
• Each reason is supported by relevant evidence
• The essay makes sense overall

#8: Celebrate!

Once you've brought that final draft to a perfect polish and turned in your assignment, you're done! Go you!

Be prepared and ♪ you'll never go hungry again ♪, *cough*, or struggle with your argumentative essay-writing again. (Walt Disney Studios)

Good Examples of Argumentative Essays Online

Theory is all well and good, but examples are key. Just to get you started on what a fully-fleshed out argumentative essay looks like, let's see some examples in action.

Check out these two argumentative essay examples on the use of landmines and freons (and note the excellent use of concrete sources to back up their arguments!).

The Use of Landmines

A Shattered Sky

The Take-Aways: Keys to Writing an Argumentative Essay

At first, writing an argumentative essay may seem like a monstrous hurdle to overcome, but with the proper preparation and understanding, you'll be able to knock yours out of the park.

Remember the differences between a persuasive essay and an argumentative one, make sure your thesis is clear, and double-check that your supporting evidence is both relevant to your point and well-sourced . Pick your topic, do your research, make your outline, and fill in the gaps. Before you know it, you'll have yourself an A+ argumentative essay there, my friend.

What's Next?

Now you know the ins and outs of an argumentative essay, but how comfortable are you writing in other styles? Learn more about the four writing styles and when it makes sense to use each .

Understand how to make an argument, but still having trouble organizing your thoughts? Check out our guide to three popular essay formats and choose which one is right for you.

Ready to make your case, but not sure what to write about? We've created a list of 50 potential argumentative essay topics to spark your imagination.

Courtney scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT in high school and went on to graduate from Stanford University with a degree in Cultural and Social Anthropology. She is passionate about bringing education and the tools to succeed to students from all backgrounds and walks of life, as she believes open education is one of the great societal equalizers. She has years of tutoring experience and writes creative works in her free time.

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Argument Writing

Description.

In this unit, students are introduced to the skills, practices, and routines of argument writing by working collaboratively with their peers to examine argument models, plan for their writing, and gather evidence. Students independently practice writing and revising and also engage in peer review to revise their work. Throughout the unit, the class will construct an Argument Writing Checklist, which students will use to guide their drafting, review, and finalization. By the end of the unit, students will have produced fully developed arguments.

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In This Unit

• lesson 1: Introduction to Argument Writing
• lesson 2: Effective Argument Writing: Purpose and Audience
• lesson 3: Argument Writing: Analyzing the Prompt
• lesson 4: Argument Writing: Claims and Evidence
• lesson 5: Argument Writing: More Claims and Evidence
• lesson 6: Argument Writing: Processing the Information
• lesson 7: Argument Writing: Drafting an Outline
• lesson 8: Argument Writing: Drafting Body Paragraphs
• lesson 9: Argument Writing: Drafting an Introduction
• lesson 10: Argument Writing: Drafting a Conclusion
• lesson 11: Argument Writing: Getting Feedback
• lesson 12: Finalizing Argument Papers
• lesson 13: Argument Writing: Reflecting on the Writing Process

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• Checklist for academic essays | Is your essay ready to submit?

Checklist for Academic Essays | Is Your Essay Ready to Submit?

Published on December 2, 2014 by Shane Bryson . Revised on July 23, 2023.

An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that aims to present a convincing argument using evidence, analysis and interpretation. It always has an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

When you’ve finished writing your essay, use this checklist to evaluate your work.

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Table of contents

Other interesting articles, checklist: essay.

My essay follows the requirements of the assignment (topic and length ).

My introduction sparks the reader’s interest and provides any necessary background information on the topic.

My introduction contains a thesis statement that states the focus and position of the essay.

I use paragraphs to structure the essay.

I use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph.

Each paragraph has a single focus and a clear connection to the thesis statement.

I make clear transitions between paragraphs and ideas.

My conclusion doesn’t just repeat my points, but draws connections between arguments.

I don’t introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.

I have given an in-text citation for every quote or piece of information I got from another source.

I have included a reference page at the end of my essay, listing full details of all my sources.

My citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required citation style .

My essay has an interesting and informative title.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (e.g. font, page numbers, line spacing).

Your essay meets all the most important requirements. Our editors can give it a final check to help you submit with confidence.

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If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
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• False cause fallacy
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Bryson, S. (2023, July 23). Checklist for Academic Essays | Is Your Essay Ready to Submit?. Scribbr. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/essay-checklist/

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Shane Bryson

Shane finished his master's degree in English literature in 2013 and has been working as a writing tutor and editor since 2009. He began proofreading and editing essays with Scribbr in early summer, 2014.

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Persuasive, Opinion, and Argument Writing: Tips, Checklist, and Cheat Sheet

How do you teach young minds to write persuasive arguments? It’s easy! You teach your students strategies, techniques, concepts, and vocabulary. Then your students prewrite, write, and rewrite. After your students finish writing, how do you know if your students have written an effective argument? Well, you can simply give them your opinion, or you can evaluate it using criteria.

Ideally, the strategies, techniques, concepts, and vocabulary that you teach your students are the criteria that you use to evaluate their writing.

Start with the end in mind. At a minimum, this checklist will ensure that all teachers and all writers start with the end in mind. In this checklist, I approach persuasion, opinion, and argument in many different ways: I point out the ideals, the goals, a few pitfalls to avoid, a few different approaches, a few techniques, a few strategies, a few models, and I use lots of important vocabulary words.

By the way, if you teach beginning writers or struggling writers and you want to get results that make sense to your students, be sure to check out Pattern Based Writing: Quick & Easy Essay . It’s the fastest, most effective way to teach students organized multi-paragraph essay writing… Guaranteed!

========================================================

25 Techniques for Persuasive, Opinion, and Argument Writing

1.   The writer clearly explains the issue, and the writer clearly states his or her position on the issue. The writer provides clear evidence supporting his or her position.

2.   The writer states his or her position in the form of a debatable thesis statement, and the writer places the thesis statement at the end of the introduction.

3.   Receptive or Neutral Audience : The writer states his or her position at the beginning and then argues for and proves the validity of that position.

4.   Hostile Audience: The writer clearly states the issue in the beginning but does not clearly state what position he or she is arguing for. Although the writer discusses both sides of the issue, the facts and evidence lead to one clear winner—the arguer’s position.

5.   The writer presents claims and reasons and provides support, evidence, and proof for those claims and reasons.

6.   The writer provides evidence for all claims and reasons: a) facts, b) statistics, c) quotes from authority, d) examples, e) incidents/events, and f) personal experiences.

7.   The writer made identifiable claims: a) claims of fact, b) claims of definition, c) claims of value, d) claims of cause and effect, e) claims about solutions or policies.

8.   The writer’s argument is logical, valid, and sound. The writer avoids all forms of logical fallacy. The writer treats the other side of the issue fairly by making concessions, but in the end, the writer is still able to demolish the other side of the argument.

9.   The writer’s conclusion contains a compelling call to action and/or a powerful summary of the main points supporting the writer’s position.

10.   The writer combines giving claims and reasons with whatever other organizational patterns help make the point clear: e.g., problem-solution, pro vs. con with a recommendation, cause-and-effect with a call to action, etc. The writer’s goal is to create an effective argument, not follow a rigid formula.

11.   The writer maintains a persuasive focus. All roads lead to Rome.

12.   The writer effectively addresses and dismantles the other side of the argument. The writer predicts the opposing side’s counterclaims and refutes them proving them invalid. The writer does not accidentally provide ammunition against his or her own argument by addressing the opposing side’s argument but ineffectively refuting it. If the writer brings up the other side’s argument, the writer effectively destroys it. This is similar to the lawyer’s maxim, “Never ask a question you don’t already know the answer to.”

13.   The writer is powerfully set upon persuading an audience of real people who see things differently or who are uninformed. The writer communicates his or her argument with sincerity of purpose.

14.   The writer skillfully uses Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle: 1) appeals to logic/reason, 2) appeals to emotion, and 3) appeals to ethics/credibility/character. In short, the writer uses persuasive evidence (facts, statistics, etc.), along with persuasive stories, anecdotes, language, and rhetorical devices.

15.   The writer skillfully structures his or her argument using Aristotle’s Five-Step Persuasion Formula: 1) introduction, 2) narration/background, 3) confirmation 4) refutation/concession, 5) summation.

16.   The writer creates an effective argument structure using a persuasive argument formula: e.g., PPE: Point, Proof, Explanation.

17.   The writer effectively communicates benefits and consequences:

a. The reader sees how agreeing with the writer or taking the required action will benefit the reader. b. The reader sees how disagreeing with the writer or failing to take action will cost the reader.

18.   The writer used heightened language or rhetorical devices to stir the emotions and persuade the reader: e.g., “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” “I have a dream.”

19.   The writer ended with a memorable and quotable takeaway.

20.   The writer uses an appropriate and effective format for the specific persuasive genre: advertisement, poster, essay, etc.

21.   The writer used various elements of Robert Cialdini’s Six Principles of Influence : 1) reciprocity, 2) commitment and consistency, 3) social proof, 4) liking, 5) authority, 6) scarcity.

22.   The writer’s evidence is relevant and convincing. The evidence clearly connects to and supports the writer’s claims and reasons.

23.   The writer knows the difference between opinions, arguable claims, reasons, reasoning, evidence, and proof. The writer uses them as tools to create and organize an effective and logical argument.

24.   The writer anticipates the other side’s claims, objections, and counterclaims, and preemptively refutes them. The writer skillfully communicates what he or she is arguing for and against.

25.   The writer understands the difference between mere opinions and claims that are appropriate for academic argument (arguable or debatable claims). Regardless of whether the writer has provided an opinion or an arguable claim, the writer provides reasons and support.

a) Opinion: Orange is my favorite color. It’s definitely the best color.

b) Arguable Claim: Highway construction workers should be required to wear bright orange jumpsuits so that drivers will see them.

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EL Education Curriculum

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• ELA 2019 G8:M4:U2:L10

Write a Literary Argument Essay: Analyze a Model

In this lesson, daily learning targets, ongoing assessment.

• Technology and Multimedia

Supporting English Language Learners

Materials from previous lessons, new materials, closing & assessments, you are here:.

• ELA 2019 Grade 8
• ELA 2019 G8:M4
• ELA 2019 G8:M4:U2

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Focus Standards:  These are the standards the instruction addresses.

• W.8.1, W.8.4

Supporting Standards:  These are the standards that are incidental—no direct instruction in this lesson, but practice of these standards occurs as a result of addressing the focus standards.

• RI.8.1, RI.8.4, RI.8.10, W.8.10, SL.8.1, L.8.4, L.8.6
• I can find the gist of a model essay. (RI.8.1)
• I can identify the parts of a model argument essay and explain the purpose of each. (W.8.1)
• I can generate criteria for an effective argument essay. (W.8.1, W.8.4)
• Opening A: Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 10 (W.8.1)
• Work Time B: Annotated, color-coded model argument essay (W.8.1, W.8.4)
• Work Time C: Argument Writing checklist (RI.8.1, W.8.1)
• Model Argument Essay: "How  Farewell to Manzanar Conveys Jeanne's Youth"
• Argument Writing checklist
• Argument Writing anchor chart
• Reread the Paint an Essay lesson plan to review the color-coding and the purpose behind each choice of color.
• Strategically group students into pairs for the work in this lesson, with at least one strong reader per pair.
• Ensure there is a copy of Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 10 at each student's workspace.
• Post the learning targets and applicable anchor charts (see Materials list).

Tech and Multimedia

• Work Times A, B, and C: Prepare a device with a projector to display Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 10, Model Argument Essay: "How  Farewell to Manzanar Conveys Jeanne's Youth," and Argument Writing checklist, or prepare devices for students if they will be using digital versions of these documents.
• Continue to use the technology tools recommended throughout previous modules to create anchor charts to share with families; to record students as they participate in discussions and protocols to review with students later and to share with families; and for students to listen to and annotate text, record ideas on note-catchers, and word-process writing.

Supports guided in part by CA ELD Standards 8.II.A.1 and 8.II.A.2.

Important Points in the Lesson Itself

• To support ELLs, this lesson introduces a new model essay and invites students to use the Painted Essay® to analyze its structure. Work with the Painted Essay® will help students understand the content and structure of the model essay, which students will apply when writing their own literary argument essays. Students will work together to identify the characteristics of an argument essay using a checklist, as they have done with previous genres of writing. This consistent pattern of reading a model essay for gist, coding elements of the essay using the Painted Essay®, and using a checklist to analyze the characteristics of the essay sets students up for success in navigating the nuanced differences among different types of essays and allows them to focus on key differences by minimizing distractions that might come from acclimating to a new process.
• ELLs may find it challenging to identify the characteristics of an argument essay and of argumentation, in general. Draw students’ attention to how language is used within the model to present claims and provide reasoning. Encourage students to annotate their essays as they identify criteria from the Argument Writing checklist . If time allows, refer back to previous essays that students have written, and invite students to compare and contrast the similarities and differences among different types of essays.
• counterclaim, main claim, naivete (A)

(A): Academic Vocabulary

(DS): Domain-Specific Vocabulary

• Paint an Essay lesson plan (for teacher reference) (from Module 1, Unit 3, Lesson 6)
• Painted Essay® template (one for display; from Module 1, Unit 3, Lesson 6, Work Time B)
• Academic word wall (one for display; from Module 1, Unit 1, Lesson 1, Work Time A)
• Characteristics of Argument Writing anchor chart (example for teacher reference) (from Module 2, Unit 3, Lesson 4, Closing and Assessment A)
• Characteristics of Argument Writing anchor chart (one for display; from Module 2, Unit 3, Lesson 4, Closing and Assessment A)
• Painted Essay® template (one per student; from Module 1, Unit 3, Lesson 6, Work Time B)
• Vocabulary logs (one per student; from Module 1, Unit 1, Lesson 2, Opening A)
• Device with projector (see Technology and Multimedia)
• Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 10 (answers for teacher reference)
• Model Argument Essay: "How  Farewell to Manzanar Conveys Jeanne's Youth" (example for teacher reference)
• Argument Writing checklist (example for teacher reference)
• Homework: Argument Essay Structure (answers for teacher reference) (see Homework Resources)
• Device (optional; one per student; see Technology and Multimedia)
• Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 10 (one per student)
• Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 10 ▲
• Model Argument Essay: “How  Farewell to Manzanar Conveys Jeanne’s Youth” (one per student and one for display)
• Colored pencils (red, yellow, blue, green; one of each per student)
• Argument Writing checklist (one per student and one for display)
• Homework: Argument Essay Structure (one per student; see Homework Resources)

Each unit in the 6-8 Language Arts Curriculum has two standards-based assessments built in, one mid-unit assessment and one end of unit assessment. The module concludes with a performance task at the end of Unit 3 to synthesize students' understanding of what they accomplished through supported, standards-based writing.

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