martin luther king jr conclusion essay

Martin Luther King Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on martin luter king.

Martin Luther King Jr. was an African-American leader in the U.S. He lost his life while performing a peaceful protest for the betterment of blacks in America. His real name was Michael King Jr. He completed his studies and attained a Ph.D. After that, he joined the American Civil Right Movement. He was among one of the great men who dedicated their life for the community.

Reason for Martin Luther King to be famous

There are two reasons for someone to be famous either he is a good man or a very bad person. Martin Luther King was among the good one who dedicated his life to the community. Martin Luther King was also known as MLK Jr. He gained popularity after he became the leader and spokesperson of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Martin Luther King was an American activist, minister, and humanitarian. Also, he had worked for several other causes and actively participated in many protests and boycotts. He was a peaceful man that has faith in Christian beliefs and non-violence. Also, his inspiration for them was the work of Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. For his work in the field of civil rights, the Nobel Committee awarded him the Nobel Peace Prize.

He was a great speaker that motivated the blacks to protest using non-violence. Also, he uses peaceful strategies like a boycott, protest march , and sit-ins, etc. for protests against the government.

Impact of King

King is one of the renowned leaders of the African-American who worked for the welfare of his community throughout his life. He was very famous among the community and is the strongest voice of the community. King and his fellow companies and peaceful protesters forced the government several times to bend their laws. Also, kings’ life made a seismic impact on life and thinking of the blacks. He was among one of the great leaders of the era.

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Humanitarian and civil rights work

As we know that King was a civic leader . Also, he has taken part in many civil right campaigns and boycotts like the Bus Boycott, Voting Rights and the most famous March on Washington. In this march along with more than 200,000 people, he marched towards Washington for human right. Also, it’s the largest human right campaign in U.S.A. history. During the protest, he gave a speech named “I Have a Dream” which is history’s one of the renowned speeches.

Death and memorial

During his life working as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement he makes many enemies. Also, the government and plans do everything to hurt his reputation. Martin Luther King was assassinated in 1968. Every year the US celebrates his anniversary as Martin Luther King Jr. day in the US. Also, they honored kings’ memory by naming school and building after him and a Memorial at Independence Mall.

Martin Luther King was a great man who dedicated his whole life for his community. Also, he was an active leader and a great spokesperson that not only served his people but also humanity. It was due to his contribution that the African-American got their civil rights.

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In many respects, the civil rights movement was a great success. Successive, targeted campaigns of non-violent direct action chipped away at the racist power structures that proliferated across the southern United States. Newsworthy protests captured media attention and elicited sympathy across the nation. Though Martin Luther King Jr.’s charismatic leadership was important, we should not forget that the civil rights cause depended on a mass movement. As the former SNCC member Diane Nash recalled, it was a ‘people’s movement’, fuelled by grass-roots activism (Nash, 1985). Recognising a change in the public mood, Lyndon Johnson swiftly addressed many of the racial inequalities highlighted by the civil rights movement. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 led to meaningful change in the lives of many Black Americans, dismantling systems of segregation and black disenfranchisement.

In other respects, the civil rights movement was less revolutionary. It did not fundamentally restructure American society, nor did it end racial discrimination. In the economic sphere, in particular, there was still much work to be done. Across the nation, and especially in northern cities, stark racial inequalities were commonplace, especially in terms of access to jobs and housing. As civil rights activists became frustrated by their lack of progress in these areas, the movement began to splinter towards the end of the 1960s, with many Black activists embracing violent methods. Over the subsequent decades, racial inequalities have persisted, and in recent years police brutality against Black Americans, in particular, has become an urgent issue. As the protests triggered by the murder of George Floyd in May 2020 have demonstrated, many of the battles of the 1960s are still being fought.

Though King and other members of the civil rights movement failed to achieve their broader goals, there can be no doubting their radical ambitions. As Wornie Reed, who worked on the Poor People’s Campaign, explains in this interview, King was undoubtedly a ‘radical’ activist, even if the civil rights movement itself never resulted in a far-reaching social revolution.

Transcript: Video 4: Wornie Reed

This free course is an adapted extract from the Open University course A113 Revolutions [ Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. ( Hide tip ) ] . It is one of four OpenLearn courses exploring the notion of the Sixties as a ‘revolutionary’ period. Learn more about these OpenLearn courses here .

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Martin Luther King Jr.

By: History.com Editors

Updated: January 25, 2024 | Original: November 9, 2009

Martin Luther King Jr. was a social activist and Baptist minister who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. King sought equality and human rights for African Americans, the economically disadvantaged and all victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was the driving force behind watershed events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the 1963 March on Washington , which helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act . King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and is remembered each year on Martin Luther King Jr. Day , a U.S. federal holiday since 1986.

When Was Martin Luther King Born?

Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia , the second child of Martin Luther King Sr., a pastor, and Alberta Williams King, a former schoolteacher.

Along with his older sister Christine and younger brother Alfred Daniel Williams, he grew up in the city’s Sweet Auburn neighborhood, then home to some of the most prominent and prosperous African Americans in the country.

Did you know? The final section of Martin Luther King Jr.’s iconic “I Have a Dream” speech is believed to have been largely improvised.

A gifted student, King attended segregated public schools and at the age of 15 was admitted to Morehouse College , the alma mater of both his father and maternal grandfather, where he studied medicine and law.

Although he had not intended to follow in his father’s footsteps by joining the ministry, he changed his mind under the mentorship of Morehouse’s president, Dr. Benjamin Mays, an influential theologian and outspoken advocate for racial equality. After graduating in 1948, King entered Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, where he earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree, won a prestigious fellowship and was elected president of his predominantly white senior class.

King then enrolled in a graduate program at Boston University, completing his coursework in 1953 and earning a doctorate in systematic theology two years later. While in Boston he met Coretta Scott, a young singer from Alabama who was studying at the New England Conservatory of Music . The couple wed in 1953 and settled in Montgomery, Alabama, where King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church .

The Kings had four children: Yolanda Denise King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King and Bernice Albertine King.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

The King family had been living in Montgomery for less than a year when the highly segregated city became the epicenter of the burgeoning struggle for civil rights in America, galvanized by the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954.

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks , secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ), refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery bus and was arrested. Activists coordinated a bus boycott that would continue for 381 days. The Montgomery Bus Boycott placed a severe economic strain on the public transit system and downtown business owners. They chose Martin Luther King Jr. as the protest’s leader and official spokesman.

By the time the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional in November 1956, King—heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin —had entered the national spotlight as an inspirational proponent of organized, nonviolent resistance.

King had also become a target for white supremacists, who firebombed his family home that January.

On September 20, 1958, Izola Ware Curry walked into a Harlem department store where King was signing books and asked, “Are you Martin Luther King?” When he replied “yes,” she stabbed him in the chest with a knife. King survived, and the attempted assassination only reinforced his dedication to nonviolence: “The experience of these last few days has deepened my faith in the relevance of the spirit of nonviolence if necessary social change is peacefully to take place.”

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Emboldened by the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, in 1957 he and other civil rights activists—most of them fellow ministers—founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a group committed to achieving full equality for African Americans through nonviolent protest.

The SCLC motto was “Not one hair of one head of one person should be harmed.” King would remain at the helm of this influential organization until his death.

In his role as SCLC president, Martin Luther King Jr. traveled across the country and around the world, giving lectures on nonviolent protest and civil rights as well as meeting with religious figures, activists and political leaders.

During a month-long trip to India in 1959, he had the opportunity to meet family members and followers of Gandhi, the man he described in his autobiography as “the guiding light of our technique of nonviolent social change.” King also authored several books and articles during this time.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

In 1960 King and his family moved to Atlanta, his native city, where he joined his father as co-pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church . This new position did not stop King and his SCLC colleagues from becoming key players in many of the most significant civil rights battles of the 1960s.

Their philosophy of nonviolence was put to a particularly severe test during the Birmingham campaign of 1963, in which activists used a boycott, sit-ins and marches to protest segregation, unfair hiring practices and other injustices in one of America’s most racially divided cities.

Arrested for his involvement on April 12, King penned the civil rights manifesto known as the “ Letter from Birmingham Jail ,” an eloquent defense of civil disobedience addressed to a group of white clergymen who had criticized his tactics.

March on Washington

Later that year, Martin Luther King Jr. worked with a number of civil rights and religious groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a peaceful political rally designed to shed light on the injustices Black Americans continued to face across the country.

Held on August 28 and attended by some 200,000 to 300,000 participants, the event is widely regarded as a watershed moment in the history of the American civil rights movement and a factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

"I Have a Dream" Speech

The March on Washington culminated in King’s most famous address, known as the “I Have a Dream” speech, a spirited call for peace and equality that many consider a masterpiece of rhetoric.

Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial —a monument to the president who a century earlier had brought down the institution of slavery in the United States—he shared his vision of a future in which “this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'”

The speech and march cemented King’s reputation at home and abroad; later that year he was named “Man of the Year” by TIME magazine and in 1964 became, at the time, the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize .

In the spring of 1965, King’s elevated profile drew international attention to the violence that erupted between white segregationists and peaceful demonstrators in Selma, Alabama, where the SCLC and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) had organized a voter registration campaign.

Captured on television, the brutal scene outraged many Americans and inspired supporters from across the country to gather in Alabama and take part in the Selma to Montgomery march led by King and supported by President Lyndon B. Johnson , who sent in federal troops to keep the peace.

That August, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act , which guaranteed the right to vote—first awarded by the 15th Amendment—to all African Americans.

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

The events in Selma deepened a growing rift between Martin Luther King Jr. and young radicals who repudiated his nonviolent methods and commitment to working within the established political framework.

As more militant Black leaders such as Stokely Carmichael rose to prominence, King broadened the scope of his activism to address issues such as the Vietnam War and poverty among Americans of all races. In 1967, King and the SCLC embarked on an ambitious program known as the Poor People’s Campaign, which was to include a massive march on the capital.

On the evening of April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated . He was fatally shot while standing on the balcony of a motel in Memphis, where King had traveled to support a sanitation workers’ strike. In the wake of his death, a wave of riots swept major cities across the country, while President Johnson declared a national day of mourning.

James Earl Ray , an escaped convict and known racist, pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He later recanted his confession and gained some unlikely advocates, including members of the King family, before his death in 1998.

After years of campaigning by activists, members of Congress and Coretta Scott King, among others, in 1983 President Ronald Reagan signed a bill creating a U.S. federal holiday in honor of King.

Observed on the third Monday of January, Martin Luther King Day was first celebrated in 1986.

Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes

While his “I Have a Dream” speech is the most well-known piece of his writing, Martin Luther King Jr. was the author of multiple books, include “Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story,” “Why We Can’t Wait,” “Strength to Love,” “Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?” and the posthumously published “Trumpet of Conscience” with a foreword by Coretta Scott King. Here are some of the most famous Martin Luther King Jr. quotes:

“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.”

“Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.”

“The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.”

“Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed.”

“The time is always right to do what is right.”

"True peace is not merely the absence of tension; it is the presence of justice."

“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.”

“Free at last, Free at last, Thank God almighty we are free at last.”

“Faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase.”

“In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.”

"I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right, temporarily defeated, is stronger than evil triumphant."

“I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear.”

“Be a bush if you can't be a tree. If you can't be a highway, just be a trail. If you can't be a sun, be a star. For it isn't by size that you win or fail. Be the best of whatever you are.”

“Life's most persistent and urgent question is, 'What are you doing for others?’”

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The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Stanford University

Additional information:   https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/publications/king-papers

A comprehensive edition of the papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929 –1968) clergyman, activist, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a national icon in the history of American progressivism. A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, serving as its first president. With the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, in 1962, and organized nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that attracted national attention following television news coverage of the brutal police response. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. This edition of speeches, sermons, correspondence, and other papers of America’s foremost leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The project was initiated by the King Center in Atlanta before moving to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute at Stanford.

Seven completed volumes of a planned 14-volume edition

Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses the crowd at the Civil Rights March, August 28, 1963. National Archives.

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The liberatory thought of Martin Luther King Jr. : critical essays on the philosopher King

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• Part I. King within Philosophical Traditions Chapter 1: Is Our Belief that Martin Luther King, Jr. is a Black Philosopher Justified? John McClendon Chapter 2: Dr. King's Philosophy of Religion: A Theology of Somebodiness George Yancy Chapter 3: Dr. King as Liberation Theologian and Existential Philosopher James B. Haile, III Chapter 4: King as Philosopher: An examination of the Influences of Hegelian Dialectics on King's Political Thought and Practice Stephen C. Ferguson Chapter 5: Martin Luther King, Jr. as a Social Movement Intellectual: Trailblazer or Torchbearer? Maurice St. Pierre Part II. King as Engaged Social and Political Philosopher Chapter 6: The Struggle for Loving Communities: Martin Luther King, Jr.s Agape and World House Richard A. Jones Chapter 7: King's Radical Vision of Community Robert E. Birt Chapter 8: Martin Luther King, Jr.: Toward a Democratic Theory Tim Lake Part III. King's Ethics of Nonviolence Chapter 9: Ethics as First Philosophy: King, Levinas and the Praxis of Peace Maria del Guadalupe Davison & Dr. Scott Davidson Chapter 10: Martin Luther King on Vietnam: King's Message Applied to the US Occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan Gail Presbey Chapter 11: Martin Luther King and Frantz Fanon: Reflections on the Politics and Ethics of Violence and Nonviolence Kathryn Gines Chapter 12: A Shocking Gap Made Visible: King's Pacifist Materialism and the Method of Nonviolent Change Greg Moses Chapter 13: Socrates, Gandhi and King: Politics of Civil Disobedience and the Ethics of
• Nonviolent Action Benjamin Arah Part IV. Hope Resurgent or Dream Deferred: Perplexities of King's Philosophical Optimism Chapter 14: Hope and Disappointment in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Political Theology:
• Eclipse of the Liberal Spirit Floyd Hayes III Chapter 15: The Aporia of Hope: King and Bell on the Ending of Racism Bill Lawson Chapter 16: The Concept of Hope in the Thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr. C.W. Dawson.
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Resurrecting King and Resurrection City: Opposing Memories of Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and a Forgotten Moment in His Legacy

Disclaimer: The following blog post is not a reflection of the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s opinion on the below topics.

By  Axell Boomer

Every year, come the third Monday of January, Americans flip through news channels reflecting on the legacy of Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. Individuals active on social media—depending on the political affiliations of their peers—view a long series of posts listing the bastardization of King’s memory on both sides of the aisle. In discussing fissures in American society, Daniel Rodgers’ Age of Fracture features a treatment of King’s legacy. Rodgers’ writes that “white conservative writers… absorb[ed] the figure who had been their most visible antagonist in the racial struggles of the 1950s and 1960s, Martin Luther King, Jr.” [1] Accordingly, conservatives renegotiated King as a colorblind activist, utilizing his legacy “against what they saw as the post-King course of the civil rights project.” [2] Rodgers’ marks this memory of King produced by conservatives as “a linguistic hijacking of the opposition’s rhetoric.” [3] This article will examine different efforts to memorialize King, first by the participants of Resurrection City—a protest event King helped conceptualize and organize which occurred months after his death—and secondly by contemporary politicians and the National Parks Service.

Resurrection City, a nonviolent encampment of the National Mall to protest economic injustice under the broader title of the Poor People’s Campaign (PPC), championed by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), was developed from a protest campaign originated by King. Terry Messman argues that King initially “aimed [the SCLC’s protest in Washington] at disrupting, and ultimately paralyzing, the… [U.S. government], unless and until it granted the Economic Bill of Rights.” [5] However, according to Messman, in the aftermath of King’s assassination, rioting “had taken the non-violent insurrection out of the realm of possibility,” nullifying King’s initial goals for the SCLC’s demonstration. [6] While Messman’s deterministic perspective on the conclusion of Resurrection City does not align with accounts from figures within the movement, it does signify that Resurrection City represented a transformative moment for the Civil Rights Movement in realizing King’s dream after his assassination.

A May 1, 1968 article from Soul Force, the official journal of the SCLC captures the mentality of the movement’s leaders. The article reports “the SCLC staff under the direction of Dr. Ralph Abernathy, were conscious of the admonitions to the disciples, friends and followers of the crucified and resurrected Jesus Chirst.” [7] Just as Jesus’s disciples in Galilee were called “to ‘Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature,’” the article explains, “so was the business of Martin Luther King Jr.’s disciples to go to Memphis and preach the gospel.” [8] In the wake of King’s assassination, SCLC leaders understood their mission within the context of Jesus’s crucifixion and assassination. Accordingly, these disciples afforded themselves the responsibility of spreading the Gospel. In time, they would deliver their martyr his own resurrection.

Soliciting financial support, the SCLC further declared their commitment to King’s memory following his murder. An advertisement seeking donations noted that money contributed to the SCLC “continue[d] the Nonviolent work of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.” [10] Moreover, the advertisement encouraged viewers to “Organize locally to go to Washington,” marking participation in Resurrection City alongside the goals of King. [11]

Three days before Resurrection City was terminated, Reverend Doctor Ralph Abernathy—the individual who led the SCLC and PPC in King’s absence—composed a statement reflecting on conditions in the encampment, as well as the goals of the demonstration. Abernathy signifies that King remained present in his mind, writing that he “came to Washington with a heavy heart… crushed by the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.” [12] The leader added that he was “saddened by outbursts of minor violence in and around Resurrection City,” but hoped Americans would grant their attention to “a greater evil” in America—“the evil of widespread poverty.” [13]

Writing less than a month after the end of Resurrection City, Abernathy remarks that King believed “if the government failed to meet the main demands of the Poor People’s campaign this summer, it would be a tragic failure for our nation.” [14] Abernathy states that Resurrection City had been a successful demonstration, as it underscored “the deeper issue of the poverty and exploitation that breed violence.” [15] While this position contests Messman’s belief that the demonstration was a failure following the loss of King, Abernathy admits that the goals of the Poor People’s Campaign were not fully accomplished, as “the government… failed to move meaningfully against the problem of poverty.” [16] In an effort to navigate and realize King’s goals and legacy, Abernathy highlighted the success of Resurrection City for raising awareness of impoverished Americans.

During the encampment on the National Mall, the Poor People’s Theatre delivered their own interpretation of King’s legacy, with a production titled Beautiful Dreamer . [17] One review of a later performance of the play in Scranton, Pennsylvania—while moderately condescending—lists Beautiful Dreamer as “a tribute to the late Dr. Martin Luther King that stresses the dedication of the martyred [Black] leader to non-violence.” [18] However, the reviewer emphasizes that play “isn’t the sort of presentation which emphasizes any individual,” instead surfacing the movement itself and the figures within it. [19] In remembering King and his martyrdom, the Poor People’s Theatre continued to champion the movement itself, and the challenges and injustices they fought.

Returning to Rodgers’ scholarship, and the conservative’s vision of King, the Trump Administration’s 1776 Report offered its own interpretation of King’s legacy. The Report considers King’s “I Have a Dream” speech a culmination of “America’s nearly two-century effort to realize fully the principles of the Declaration.” However, the 1776 Report claims that this fulfillment of America’s values was quickly spoiled by “programs that ran counter to the lofty ideals of the founders,” echoing the conservatives Rodgers analyzes in Age of Fracture , by using King to condemn “affirmative action.” [20] While other addresses Trump made in office admit the persistence of racism and inhumanity that plague America, the pseudo-history produced by his administration asserts that King provided a solution and realization of America’s ideals, only to be thwarted by his later constituents. [21]

In a similar but optimistic vein, the National Park Service’s website for the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial positions King as a figure who solved bigotry within America. Discussing King’s placement on the mall, the website describes King as standing between two other leaders in American history for civil rights—Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson. [22] The National Park Service explains that the King monument embodies “the final push for full and equal rights.” [23] Interestingly, the website’s page on King concludes with a section titled “Drum Major Quote Controversy,” referring “to a paraphrased quote” originally featured on the monument that some interpreted as falsely presenting King as egotistical. [24] The paraphrased quote, “I was a drum major for justice, peace and righteousness,” aligns with the website’s characterization of King—the leading figure who actualized America’s values.

On July 13, 1968, Maurice A. Dawkins spoke at the Lambda Kappa Mu’s 31st Anniversary Conference. As the Assistant Director at the Office of Economic Opportunity for Civil Rights—the organization the PPC sought to influence—Dawkins offered his own interpretation on the consequences and accomplishments of Resurrection City. Dawkins remarked that the leaders within Resurrection City “are seeking changes that will bring about the dream so nobly espoused by the late Martin Luther King,” demonstrating the legacy that the PPC both inherited and embodied. [25] Provocatively, Dawkins positions the encampment’s conclusion as “[t]he ‘assassination’ of the physical Resurrection City,” but asserts that the protest “birth[ed]… a spiritual concept.” [26] Resurrection City, Dawkins argued, provided a “state of mind,” further demonstrating Abernathy’s attitude that the protest delivered a salient image of poverty in America that would move Americans and their government to consider the economic inequalities present in their nation. [27]

The National Park Service’s website for King’s monument omits mention of King’s dedication to economic equality, despite his role as a founding member of the Poor People’s Campaign, and his initial part in organizing a mass encampment which occurred on the same National Mall on which the monument stands. Similarly, the 1776 Report forgets King’s involvement in economic justice—perhaps this is because these actions do not fit within the conservative’s vision of King. How can the legacy of Resurrection City live on when the legacies of its forefathers are rewritten? How can King’s dream be realized when it is diluted?

Conservatives muse patronizingly at marble monuments dedicated to King’s service. Wasn’t he such a good servant? Such a good servant, in fact, that conservatives can still use him today, to serve their own historical narratives. Monuments can communicate many things, but they often celebrate victories. Victory over tyranny, oppression. These monuments tell us that these battles are long over, that they were undoubtedly won after one “final push.” [29] Remembering King inside Resurrection City, the Poor People’s Theatre delivered Beautiful Dreamer , celebrating King’s accomplishments alongside the Civil Rights movement, meanwhile displaying the injustices Black Americans continued to endure. In contrast, federal commemorations of King deliver a monolithic panacea to our nation’s racial issues. What would best exemplify our nation’s dedication to King’s legacy—and the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement? A monument, or a bona fide commitment to an enduring equitable future?

[1] Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), 128.

[2] Ibid., 129.

[3] Ibid., 130.

[4] Aerial photo of the Resurrection City encampment.

[5] Terry Messman, “ The Poor People’s Campaign: Non-Violent Insurrection for Economic Justice ,” Race, Poverty & the Environment 14, no. 1 (2007): 31.

[6] Ibid., 32.

[7] Delta Ministry Series: Poor People’s Campaign—Promotional Materials, Etc. n.d. MS, Fannie Lou Hamer: Papers of a Civil Rights Activist, Political Activist, and Woman , Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, Archives Unbound (accessed March 30, 2024).

[9] A figure of what appears to be a seated Jesus Christ, reportedly found within Resurrection City ; Tina L. Ligon, “Resurrection City: The Continuation of King’s Dream,” June 26, 2018.

[10] Other Organization Series II: Southern Christian Leadership Conference. n.d. MS, Fannie Lou Hamer: Papers of a Civil Rights Activist, Political Activist, and Woman , Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, Archives Unbound (accessed March 27, 2024).

[12] PPC: Demands On OEO, May 1, 1968. May 1, 1968. MS, War on Poverty , National Archives (United States), Archives Unbound (accessed March 27, 2024).

[13] Ibid., 17-18.

[14] PPC: Internal Memos And Notices. April 3, 1968 – May 22, 1968. MS, War on Poverty , National Archives (United States), Archives Unbound (accessed March 27, 2024).

[15] Ibid., 28.

[17] Delta Ministry Series: Memoranda—May-November 1968. May-November 1968. MS, Fannie Lou Hamer: Papers of a Civil Rights Activist, Political Activist, and Woman , Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, Archives Unbound (accessed March 27, 2024).

[18] Delta Ministry Series: Press Releases, Etc. n.d. MS, Fannie Lou Hamer: Papers of a Civil Rights Activist, Political Activist, and Woman , Amistad Research Center, Tulane University, Archives Unbound (accessed March 27, 2024).

[20] The President’s Advisory 1776 Commission, “ The 1776 Report ,” January 2021, 15.

[21] “ President Donald J. Trump Proclaims the 50th Anniversary of the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ,” U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Brazil, accessed March 27, 2024.

[22] “ Building the Memorial ,” National Park Service, accessed March 27, 2024.

[24] ​​Ibid; Eyder Peralta, “ A Paraphrased Quote Stirs Criticism of MLK Memorial ,” NPR , August 31, 2011.

[25] Lambda Kappa Mu Sorority, Inc., July 10-13, 1968. July 10, 1968 – July 13, 1968. MS, War on Poverty , National Archives (United States), Archives Unbound (accessed March 30, 2024).

[26] Ibid., 15.

[28] A tent featured within Resurrection City echoing the words of Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King Jr.

[29] “Building the Memorial.”

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How public attitudes toward martin luther king jr. have changed since the 1960s.

About eight-in-ten American adults (81%) say civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. has had a positive impact on the United States, according to a Pew Research Center report that comes ahead of the 60th anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . This majority includes nearly half of Americans (47%) who say King’s impact has been very positive. Just 3% say his impact on the country has been negative.

Sixty years after Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech at the March on Washington, Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to determine how views of King have changed over time in the United States.

This analysis uses data from a 2023 Center survey as well as data from Gallup surveys conducted in May 1963, August 1964, May 1965, August 1966, May 1969 and August 2011. The Center survey polled 5,073 U.S. adults from April 10 to April 16, 2023. Everyone who took part is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. Address-based sampling ensures that nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the Pew Research Center survey questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

However, views of King haven’t always been so positive.

In May 1963, only about four-in-ten Americans (41%) had a favorable opinion of King, according to a Gallup survey . That included just 16% who viewed him highly favorably, rating him +4 or +5 on a scale of -5 (most unfavorable) to +5 (most favorable). The survey was conducted shortly after King’s Birmingham Campaign , which led the Alabama city to remove signs enforcing segregation of restrooms and drinking fountains and to desegregate lunch counters.

King’s favorable ratings remained about the same in Gallup surveys conducted in 1964 and 1965. But by August 1966, only a third of Americans had a favorable view of the civil rights leader. More than six-in-ten (63%) viewed him unfavorably, including 44% who viewed him highly unfavorably.

Gallup’s survey questions about King between 1963 and 1966 coincided with his civil rights work in a variety of areas:

• In August 1963, King delivered the “I Have a Dream” speech during the March on Washington.
• In June 1964, he demanded equal treatment at a segregated Florida restaurant, an act that led to his arrest.
• In December 1964, he received the Nobel Peace Prize and pledged the full financial award to civil rights efforts.
• In March 1965, he led a civil rights march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery.
• In June 1966, he completed fellow civil rights leader James Meredith’s March Against Fear after Meredith was wounded by a White gunman.
• In August 1966, he was hit by a rock while marching through an all-White neighborhood in Chicago as part of the Chicago Freedom Movement. The movement sought to expand civil rights work to northern U.S. cities.

King was assassinated in April 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. Gallup did not ask Americans to rate King again until August 2011, when the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial was officially dedicated in Washington, D.C. By then, views of King had changed dramatically, as 94% of Americans had a favorable opinion of him. Americans were also broadly supportive of the memorial: 91% approved of it and 70% were at least somewhat interested in visiting it, according to the Gallup survey.

Racial differences in views of King

Throughout the mid-1960s, Black Americans had much more favorable views of King than White Americans did. In the May 1963 Gallup survey, for example, 92% of Black Americans but only 35% of White Americans had a favorable opinion of the civil rights leader.

As more White Americans learned who King was over the next three years, a higher share of them viewed him unfavorably. Around four-in-ten White adults (41%) had an unfavorable view of King in May 1963 – a figure that rose to 69% by August 1966.

In 1969, Gallup asked Black adults in the U.S. whether they thought King’s beliefs about nonviolence had gained or lost support since his assassination a year earlier. About half of Black Americans (52%) said they thought King’s beliefs had lost support, while 30% said his beliefs had gained support.

By 2011, White Americans’ attitudes toward King had become much more positive. Fully 100% of Black adults and 93% of White adults had a favorable opinion of him, and majorities of both Black and White Americans (96% and 65%, respectively) had highly favorable views of him.

Views of racial equality after King

More than 40 years after King’s assassination, Americans were still divided on whether his dream of racial equality had been realized. In the 2011 Gallup survey, 51% of Americans said King’s dream had been realized, while 49% said it had not.

Pew Research Center’s new report, which uses survey data from April 2023, finds that Americans are similarly divided today about whether the U.S. has made progress on racial equality over the last 60 years.

About half of U.S. adults (52%) say that the country has made a great deal or a fair amount of progress, while 33% say it has made some progress and 15% say it has not made much or any progress. But Black Americans are more pessimistic: Just 30% say the U.S. has made a great deal or a fair amount of progress, compared with 58% of White adults. And 32% of Black adults say the country has made little or no progress, compared with 11% of White adults.

Note: Here are the Pew Research Center survey questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

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On this day in 1968

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March 28, 1968

Martin Luther King Jr. made his last march. Joined by Ralph Abernathy and James Lawson, King led a march of sanitation workers in Memphis. 

More than 1,300 workers had gone on strike after the deaths of two workers, Echol Cole and Robert Walker, who took shelter in the back of the truck to avoid the frigid February rain. The white driver had refused to allow the two men into the cab of the truck. Cole and Walker wound up getting crushed. 

“The two men’s deaths left their wives and children destitute,” Michael K. Honey wrote in “Going Down Jericho Road.” “A funeral home held the men’s bodies until the families found a way to pay for their caskets.” 

On strike, workers, who qualified for food stamps, demanded better pay and better conditions. The city refused to recognize their union and, in response, hired strikebreakers. 

King spoke to them and others gathered: “You are reminding, not only Memphis, but you are reminding the nation that it is a crime for people to live in this rich nation and receive starvation wages.” 

King wound up halting the march when some broke windows and looted. He halted the march and vowed to have a nonviolent protest on April 5. He didn’t live to see that day.

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by Jerry Mitchell, Mississippi Today March 28, 2024

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Martin Luther King Jr. Biographer Wins American History Prize

The New-York Historical Society honor goes to Jonathan Eig, whose “King: A Life” presents the civil rights leader as a brilliant, flawed 20th-century “founding father.”

By Jennifer Schuessler

Jonathan Eig, the author of “King: A Life,” has been named the winner of the New-York Historical Society’s 2024 Barbara and David Zalaznick Book Prize, which is awarded annually for the best work of American history or biography.

Billed as the first major biography of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in decades, Eig’s book draws on recently declassified government records and other new sources to take a panoramic yet intimate look at Dr. King. The book places him in the context of the many figures, inside and outside the civil rights movement, who shaped his thinking and actions.

The biography, almost 700 pages long, shows a young King struggling to establish himself in the shadow of his father, a prominent Baptist preacher and community leader in Atlanta. As King and his movement grew, Eig shows him in a complicated dance with white leaders like President Lyndon B. Johnson, who sometimes supported and sometimes hampered him, and with more radical Black activists who increasingly saw him as dedicated to an outmoded form of “ respectability politics .”

While hailing King as “one of America’s founding fathers,” Eig doesn’t stint on his personal struggles and flaws, including his marital infidelities and posthumous revelations of plagiarism in his doctoral dissertation. Reviewing the biography last year in The New York Times, Dwight Garner called it “a very human, and quite humane, portrait” that is “worthy of its subject.”

The historical society’s prize, which comes with a cash reward of $50,000, honors books that are accessible to a general readership. It generally focuses on works of political history that keep founders, presidents and other prominent figures at the center of the frame, if not always in a celebratory way. Last year’s winner was “G-Man,” Beverly Gage’s biography of J. Edgar Hoover, who as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation worked to undermine Dr. King , authorizing wiretaps of his home and office and planting bugs in his hotel rooms.

In a statement, the historical society’s board chair, Agnes Hsu-Tang, called Eig’s biography of Dr. King “a deft, multidimensional portrayal” that avoids hagiography, showing how “America — and its many founders — can be both heroic and imperfect.”

Other past winners of the prize include Alan Taylor , Drew Gilpin Faust and Jill Lepore.

Jennifer Schuessler is a culture reporter covering intellectual life and the world of ideas. She is based in New York. More about Jennifer Schuessler

What would Martin Luther King, Jr. think of America 56 years after his assassination?

“All of the healers have been killed or betrayed.” – Gil Scott-Heron, “ Winter in America ”

By 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was flailing. Like W.E.B. DuBois, Paul Robeson, and others he had been abandoned by many leaders of the NAACP and other Black legacy organizations. He was still hounded by the U.S. government as J. Edgar Hoover and COINTELPRO continued efforts to destroy Black leaders and resistance to racial inequality. He was struggling to hold together his own coalition of lieutenants like Ralph Abernathy, Jesse Jackson, Andrew Young, Hosea Williams and others, who all quickly went their separate ways after King’s death.

King hadn’t had a major victory in years and his popularity had plummeted. As he neared death, almost 75% of Americans disapproved of him , labeling him a race-baiting troublemaker. Painfully for him, even a majority of Black people didn’t support him. Those closest to King wondered how he could go on as he tumbled into depression.

The immediate past provided no encouragement in 1968. Medgar Evers had been shot to death in his Jackson, Mississippi driveway in June 1963. King’s simultaneous rival and comrade Malcolm X was murdered just over a year and a half later in New York. The Black Power Movement had been born a few years earlier and its leaders were already targeted, persecuted and, at times, marked for death.

More Ricky Jones: Yes, Black athletes should disrupt March Madness in defense of diversity. They won’t.

W.E.B. DuBois , one Black America’s greatest intellectuals, had given up 7 years earlier. He wrote to his friend Grace Goens in September of 1961, “I just cannot take any more of this country’s treatment. Chin up, and fight on, but realize that American Negroes can’t win.” DuBois left for Ghana the next month and never returned. He died the day before the 1963 March on Washington , a mere two months after Evers.

King’s 13 years on the frontlines of America’s Civil Rights War ended when he was murdered in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. He was only 39 years old.

King did not live to see racist anti-Black politicians and pundits misuse his words arguing people should “not be judged by the color of their skin, but the content of their character” to oppose Black progress. He did not live to see the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for which he fought for so fiercely weaponized by the U.S. Supreme Court and attorneys general like Kentucky’s Russell Coleman to justify the legal destruction of affirmative action, diversity initiatives, and set the fight for racial equality back decades. King did not live to see the Voting Rights of 1965 of which he was so proud gutted and rendered little more than a “dead letter” by the Shelby County v. Holder ruling in 2013. Since then, racial voting disparities in America have increased exponentially.        

King was a brave man born out of the Black radical tradition

King did not live to see cowardly Black free-riders (not Freedom Riders) who will not open their mouths in defense of their people benefit from his sacrifice and suffering. He did not live long enough to see the Ward Connerlys, Clarence Thomases , Candace Owens and Daniel Camerons of the world. He didn’t live to see Tim Scott skinning, grinning, and genuflecting before Donald Trump as he bastardized the words of Fannie Lou Hamer. He did not live long enough to see a Black man running for governor of North Carolina proudly proclaim that Black people owe America reparations . Nor did King live long enough to see a Black president or the unrelenting white backlash that has followed him.

Listen up, Louisville. Mattie Jones has advice for today's racial justice leaders.

The searing truth-telling writer James Baldwin didn’t see most of it either. He outlived King by 21 years, eventually dying in 1987 during the racial onslaught of the Reagan era. He was only 63. For those decades, Baldwin was the one left behind. He lived long enough to bear witness to the grief, pain, and white retribution that followed his friends’ murders. What Baldwin saw was neither pretty nor encouraging. He damningly reflects on America in Raoul Peck’s Oscar-nominated documentary I am not your Negro, “I’m terrified at the moral apathy – the death of the heart which is happening in my country. These people have deluded themselves for so long that they really don’t think I’m human. I base this on their conduct, not on what they say. And this means that they have become, in themselves, moral monsters.” 

Current political and social anti-Blackness has grown more and more brazen in America and, unfortunately, there are no Kings or Baldwins left to fight it. What would Baldwin, King, and their fellow warriors think of America today? The “Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute’s Baldwin-King Project,” which I founded, will wrestle with that question on the 56 th anniversary of King’s death on Thursday, April 4 th at Roots 101 African American Museum in Louisville, Kentucky at 5 pm. We hope you will join us! I encourage you to REGISTER FOR THIS FREE EVENT HERE.

Dr. Ricky L. Jones is the Baldwin-King Scholar-in-Residence at the Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute and Professor of Pan-African Studies, University of Louisville. His column appears bi-weekly in the Courier-Journal. Follow him on Facebook, LinkedIn, Threads, and X.

Yuri Orlov in his own words

The Vernon W. Hughes Memorial Lecture, 21 May 2009, Brookhaven National Laboratory

" The Political Ideas of Soviet Scientists in the 1950s and 1960s " Presentation at the Harvard Sakharov conference, 2008.

" Sakharov's Explanation of the Asymmetric Universe and the Search for the Neutron Electric Dipole Moment " October 2008.

The posting also includes Orlov's complete publications list as a still-active research physicist, his 2009 Vernon Hughes Memorial Lecture at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and never-before-published video of Orlov's White House meeting with President Ronald Reagan in 1986.

The documents include detailed KGB, Communist Party Central Committee and Politburo documents, together with parallel CIA and White House assessments, that suggest how courageous human rights activism by leading Soviet scientists like Orlov as early as 1956 fundamentally threatened the repressive Soviet system while setting the stage for the late 1980s perestroika / glasnost period that ended the Cold War.

The documents show that through organizing the Moscow Helsinki Group (with Lyudmila Alexeyeva) in May 1976, Orlov institutionalized human rights monitoring based on the principles in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, signed by the USSR and even published in Pravda . Multiple other Helsinki groups soon followed throughout Eastern and Western Europe, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, contributing enormous intellectual capital to the international human rights movement and to social processes that culminated in the peaceful revolutions of 1989. The Moscow Helsinki Group remains the oldest still-functioning human rights organization in Russia, and Orlov subsequently became honorary chairman of the International Helsinki Federation.

Orlov survived multiple repressions by the authorities: fired from his Moscow physics institute and denounced in Pravda for his 1956 speech, he was effectively banned from working in the main institutes and had to pursue his scientific career in distant centers such as Yerevan and Novosibirsk, where sympathetic physicists supported him. In 1972 Orlov came back to Moscow at the Terrestrial Magnetism Institute but soon lost his job there for the multiple sins of co-founding the first Soviet chapter of Amnesty International and speaking out against the persecution of fellow physicist Andrei Sakharov.

Arrested by the KGB in February 1977 for his Helsinki Group initiative, Orlov suffered through KGB prisons, a three-day farce trial in 1978, years in hard labor camps at Perm-35 and -37, and internal exile in Siberia, before being deported from the Soviet Union in 1986. According to Anatoly Chernyaev's notes of the Soviet Politburo session of September 22, 1986, President Reagan had only agreed to have a summit with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at Reykjavik, Iceland (it would take place in October), on the conditions that the Soviets release imprisoned American journalist Nicholas Daniloff (he was traded for Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov, jailed in New York), and "if there was a positive response" to American demands for action on a list of 25 Soviet dissidents imprisoned or in internal exile. Of that list, Chernyaev's notes show Gorbachev ordered the release of only Orlov, saying "we should not agree to more than Daniloff and Orlov in one month. The people will not understand us. We also have our limits."

President Reagan received Orlov at the White House on October 7, 1986, only days after Orlov's arrival in the U.S. and three days before the beginning of the Reykjavik summit. According to Orlov's account in his memoirs, Dangerous Thoughts: Memoirs of a Russian Life (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991), Reagan told him that the U.S. had asked for the Soviets to release Andrei Sakharov and let him immigrate to Boston, but the Soviets had said impossible because Sakharov knew too many nuclear weapons secrets. Orlov advised Reagan not to ask for Sakharov's emigration but only for his release, to stay in the Soviet Union but freely. For the next several months (and years), Orlov traveled and spoke throughout Europe and the U.S. to bring attention to the remaining dissidents in the USSR, who were subsequently released "like drops of blood squeezed from a stone."

Orlov went on to serve as a Visiting Fellow in 1988 at CERN, the European nuclear research center, and as Senior Scientist starting in 1987 in the Nuclear Studies Laboratory at Cornell University, where he became Professor of Physics and Government in 2008. While his early physics research in the USSR had focused on the design of particle accelerators, including a proton synchrotron at his institute (the Heat Engineering Laboratory, subsequently ITEP) in Moscow and the electron synchrotron at the Yerevan Physics Institute in Armenia, Orlov's work at CERN and in the U.S. focused on elementary particle spin physics and measurement of subatomic particles, as well as the foundations of quantum mechanics.

The Brookhaven National Laboratory's famous Muon (g-minus-2) Collaboration (now at Fermilab) recruited Orlov in 1987 based on his early publications from Yerevan about particles in magnetic fields (g-2 rings), and he later became a founding member of Brookhaven's Electric Dipole Moment Collaboration. These collaborations have produced experimental results that suggest "new physics beyond the Standard Model," according to Orlov's friend and colleague Vernon Hughes, to whom Orlov paid tribute in an eloquent 2009 memorial lecture. As a Brookhaven statement from 2002 explains, "The g-2 value measures the effects of three of the four forces known to exist in the universe — the strong force, the electromagnetic force, and the weak force (but not the fourth force, gravity) — on a characteristic of these particles known as 'spin,' which is somewhat similar to the spin of a toy top." For more details on Orlov's physics career, see the Cornell Physics Department web page .

Orlov received his first visa to return to the USSR in June 1989 in the middle of Gorbachev's glasnost and nationally televised sessions of the newly elected Congress of Peoples' Deputies — including Andrei Sakharov. Orlov's remarkable visit, recounted in the memoir Dangerous Thoughts , included reunions with his children and human rights activists, and even a speech on the platform of the Luzhniki sports complex where the nascent "Memorial" association held massive public meetings chaired by "my physicist friend" Lev Ponomaryov, who had helped keep Orlov alive in exile.

After continued visa drama, Orlov also returned to Moscow in May 1990 for the International Helsinki Federation's annual meeting, as the IHF's honorary chairman. Orlov's continued engagement with the international human rights struggle was dramatically highlighted at the 30th anniversary celebration in 2006 of the founding of the Moscow Helsinki Group, and will be the subject today of a birthday party hosted in Moscow by the ombudsman of the Russian Federation — Orlov will attend by Skype from Ithaca, New York. Yuri Orlov continues to live at the cutting edge both of physics and human rights.

THE DOCUMENTS

Document 1 : Yuri Orlov's Statement at the Party Meeting of the Heat Engineering Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 23 March 1956.

Source: Yuri Orlov's personal archive

In 1956, Yuri Orlov is a junior scientist at a very prestigious lab in Moscow-the future Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics of the Academy of Sciences. A genuine believer in democratic socialism, he takes the results of the XX Congress of the Soviet Communist Party (CPSU) to heart and welcomes Nikita Khrushchev's speech denouncing Joseph Stalin's cult of personality and political repressions. He thinks that there should be wide discussion of the speech. Along with several other researchers, he challenges Party members to reflect on Stalinism and the way Soviet society reacted to it. Orlov's presentation at the meeting is stunningly direct and fearless. He condemns the Stalin period as "a shameful page in the history or our country" and questions the democratic nature of the Soviet regime. Here a rising nuclear scientist comes out as a human right activist at heart. This statement would soon cost him his Moscow career.

Document 2 : Report by I. O. Shmelev, Head of the Political Department of the Heat Engineering Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences to the CC CPSU, 31 March 1956

Source: Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), Fond 4, opis 16, delo 24

The head of the Political Department of the lab immediately grasps the importance and sensitivity of what happened at the Party meeting and sends a report all the way to the Central Committee of the CPSU. He summarizes statements by several outspoken Communists who shared Orlov's views and calls Orlov the main instigator, the "leader of the choir." In the report, Shmelev presents himself as the voice of reason at the Party meeting trying to rein in Orlov and his supporters. Shmelev suggests that the perpetrators be punished by expulsion from the Party and from the lab, and proposes to disband the primary Party organization and conduct educational ideological work among the scientists. The report provides a marvelous vignette of the life of a Moscow Party organization in the early post-Stalin years, where mass fear still reigned and destalinization efforts were only superficial.

Document 3 : Draft Resolution of CC CPSU about Hostile Outbursts at the Meeting of the Party Organization of the Heat Engineering Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the Results of the XX Congress of the CPSU Prepared by Comrades Mezentsev, Churaev, Shmelev, Belyaev, Furtseva, Shepilov, Suslov, undated, circa 4 April 1956.

This draft resolution condemns the statements by Orlov and his supporters at the Party meeting and suggests strong measures to punish the perpetrators. The significance of this draft is that it was prepared at a very high level-among the authors are the Ekaterina Furtseva, First Secretary of the Moscow City Party Bureau, the first woman member of the Politburo and future Minister of Culture of the Soviet Union; Mikhail Suslov, full member of Politburo in charge of ideology; and Dmitry Shepilov, member of the Presidium and future Foreign Minister. The draft outlines punitive measures against Orlov and his supporters and organizational measures against the Party group of the lab. The authors also suggest that the author of the report published above-Shmelev, the head of the political department of Orlov's lab-be fired for failing his responsibilities. His diligence in writing the report did not help him, nor did contributing to this draft resolution.

Document 4 : Resolution of the Presidium of the CC CPSU "About Hostile Outbursts at the Meeting of the Party Organization of the Heat Engineering Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the Results of the XX Congress of the CPSU," 5 April 1956. Strictly Secret.

Source: Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), Fond 3, opis 14, delo 13

The importance of the incident at the Heat Engineering Lab is underscored once again by the fact that a resolution was passed by the highest ruling party body, the CC CPSU Presidium, condemning the "outbursts" and ordering the expulsion of Orlov, Avalov, Nesterov and Schedrin from the Party and from the lab. The resolution approved the draft and measures to disband and re-subordinate the primary Party cell to root out the emerging dissent. The resolution actually reaffirms the correctness of the general Party line and the impermissibility of deviations from it, which shows the limits of Khrushchev's destalinization.

Document 5 : Yuri Andropov, Chairman of the KGB, Memorandum to the Politburo, 29 December, 1975.

Source: U.S. Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Dmitrii A. Volkogonov Papers, Reel 18, Container 28

Yuri Andropov gives the Politburo an alarming report on dissent in the USSR in connection with criticisms of Soviet human rights abuses by the French and Italian Communist parties. The main thrust of Andropov' report is how to keep the internal opposition in check in the aftermath of the signing of the Helsinki agreement and the following increase of international pressure on the USSR. He gives the number of political prisoners as 860; the number of people who received "prophylactic treatment" in 1971-74 as 63,108; and states that there are many more "hostile elements" in the country, and that "these people number in the hundreds of thousands." Andropov concludes that the authorities will have to continue to persecute and jail dissidents notwithstanding the foreign attention. This document sets the stage and provides a good preview of what would happen after the Moscow Helsinki Group (MHG) was founded in May 1976.

Document 6 : KGB Memorandum to the CC CPSU, "About the Hostile Actions of the So-called Group for Assistance of Implementation of the Helsinki Agreements in the USSR," 15 November 1976.

The KGB informs the Politburo about the activities of the MHG for the first time six months after its founding. The report gives a brief history of the human rights movement in the USSR as seen from the KGB. Andropov names each founding member of the group and charges it with efforts to place in doubt Soviet sincerity in implementing the Helsinki Accords. The document also alleges MHG efforts to receive official recognition from the United States and reports on its connections with the American embassy.

Document 7 : Helsinki Monitoring Group, "Special Notice," 2 December 1976.

Source: Memorial Society, Moscow, Archive of History of Dissent, Fond 101, opis 1, Box 2-3

This notice, one of a series by the MHG publicizing official Soviet misconduct, testifies to the increasing harassment of members of the group by the KGB. This time it is the son of co-founding member Malva Landa who has been warned that he might lose his job. The document is signed by Lyudmila Alexeyeva, Orlov and other leading MHG members.

Document 8 : Memo from Andropov to CC CPSU, "About Measures to End the Hostile Activity of Members of the So-called Group for Assistance in the Implementation of the Helsinki Agreements in the USSR," 5 January 1977.

After the two informational reports above, the KGB started to get serious about terminating the activities of the MHG. This report charges that the group is capable of inflicting serious damage to Soviet interests, that in recent months group members have stepped up their subversive activities, especially through the dissemination of samizdat documents (and particularly the MHG reports), undermining Soviet claims to be implementing the Helsinki Final Act. The Procuracy would later develop criminal charges to put an end to these activities.

Document 9 : Resolution of the Secretariat of the CC CPSU, "On Measures for the Curtailment of the Criminal Activities of Orlov, Ginsburg, Rudenko and Ventslov," 20 January 1977.

Source: The Bukovsky Archive, Soviet Archives at INFO-RUSS http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/buk.html , Folder 3.2

Following the recommendations of the KGB report above, and another report submitted by Andropov on January 20, the CC CPSU Secretariat decides to "intercept and curtail the activities" of Orlov, Ginzburg, Rudenko and Ventslov of the MHG, and the Ukrainian and Lithuanian Helsinki groups. All four would be arrested soon after the resolution.

Document 10 : Memo from Secretary of State Cyrus Vance to President Jimmy Carter, 14 February 1977.

Source: Carter Presidential Library

In this memo for the President, Secretary Vance reveals the increasing problems Soviet Jews are facing when attempting to emigrate. There have been increased difficulties in receiving invitations to immigrate from abroad through the Soviet mail and no prominent Jewish emigration cases have been resolved in the past month. Additionally, one disturbing development is the showing of an "anti-Zionist" movie on Soviet national television and the appearance of several articles in the national press that discourage potential emigrants from applying to emigrate.

Document 11 : Extract from CC CPSU Politburo Meeting, "About the Instructions to the Soviet Ambassador in Washington for His Conversation with Vance on the Question of 'Human Rights'," 18 February 1977.

Source: Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), Fond 89, Opis list 25, Document 44

After Orlov and Alexander Ginzburg are arrested and Lyudmila Alexeyeva goes into exile, and anticipating the visit of Secretary of State Vance to Moscow in March, the Politburo discusses a rebuff to the Carter administration on human rights issues. Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin is instructed to meet with Vance and inform him of Soviet "bewilderment" regarding Carter administration attempts to raise the issue of Ginzburg's arrest. Dobrynin should explain to administration officials that human rights is not an issue of inter-state relations but an internal matter in which the United States should not interfere.

Document 12 : Memo from Jody Powell to President Carter, "Soviet Dissidents," 21 February 1977.

White House Press Secretary Jody Powell advises President Carter that he should reach out to the Soviets informally, either in a phone call with Dobrynin or through National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, prior to his upcoming meeting with Vladimir Bukovsky in order to prevent a public reaction on their part and forcing the President into a position of having to avoid the appearance of backing down. The President must convey to the Soviets that it is necessary for him to build domestic political support for arms control and détente more generally. Additionally, Powell argues, the American people will not "support a policy that abandons our position in support of basic human rights." The Soviets, he says, "are sophisticated enough to understand that the domestic political flexibility we need to make progress in other areas is enhanced by your position on human rights."

Document 13 : Cable from the U.S. Embassy in Warsaw to the Secretary of State, "U.S. Government Initiatives on behalf of Human Rights in the USSR," 7 March 1977.

This cable details the actions taken by the U.S. government in order to fight for human rights in the Soviet Union. They consist of a balanced implementation of the Helsinki Final Act, discussion at the Belgrade CSCE Review Meeting of human rights violations by the Soviets, the dispatch of diplomatic observers to the trials of activists, U.S. assistance to private groups promoting human rights in the USSR, support for the right of emigration, and efforts to secure the release and emigration of imprisoned activists.

Document 14 : Memo from Secretary of State Vance to President Carter, 23 May 1977.

In this memo, Vance states the flow of Jewish emigrants from the Soviet Union has remained constant, despite the fact the Soviets have stepped up their harassment of Jewish activists. Recently, prominent Soviet Jews have had their apartments searched, been called in for questioning by the KGB, and been named in the press as being "anti-Soviet." At the same time, several Jewish "refuseniks" have been allowed to emigrate. The Soviets have employed this mix of tactics in order to allow Jews to continue to emigrate so that they will not be called out for cutting off emigration opportunities, while still ensuring that emigration is risky and discouraged.

Document 15 : National Security Council, Global Issues [Staff], to Zbigniew Brzezinski, U.S. National Security Advisor, "Evening Report," 7 June 1977.

This report to their boss by the staff of the Global Issues directorate of the National Security Council on their daily activities includes a remarkable initial paragraph describing internal U.S. government discussions of the Moscow Helsinki Group (called here "the Orlov Committee"). Staffer Jessica Tuchman says a State Department-hosted group of experts agree that "the hidden bombshell in the whole human rights debate with the USSR" is the fact that the nationalist movements in the Soviet Union all see human rights activism as just the "first step" to autonomy-thus the real threat to the Soviet government.

Document 16 : White House Memorandum, 24 June 1977.

This memorandum discusses a letter from Congressman Lester Wolff that condemns the Soviets for the arrest of Anatoly Shcharansky and the persecution of Orlov, and urges the White House to push for closer monitoring of government compliance with the provisions of Helsinki. The memo warns that taking too harsh a stance against the Soviets at this point could create complications.

Document 17 : Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, "The Evolution of Soviet Reaction to Dissent," 15 July 1977.

This document traces the Soviet government's response to dissident activity especially in light of their agreement to the human rights provisions outlined in Basket III of the Helsinki accords. The authors note that the Soviet Union signed the accords assuming it would not result in an increase in internal opposition, but that instead the Basket III provisions have provided a rallying point for dissent. The analysis also suggests that internal protests sparked by food shortages and the open criticism of the Eurocommunists, including the French and Spanish Communist parties, are further causes of the current Soviet crackdown on internal opposition. The document mentions political unrest in Eastern Europe as well as the new human rights campaign by the United States government-which has prompted dissidents to make their appeals directly to the U.S.-as reasons for Soviet anxiety. Next, it outlines the Soviet government's much harsher measures against dissidents in the wake of the Helsinki accords. These include the arrests of members of the Helsinki Watch Group, the cutting off of access to the West, and accusations of espionage leveled at dissidents. Further, it concludes that the Soviet government's increased anxiety over dissent is the result of a variety of factors, including the approach of the Belgrade conference and their general fears of increased Western contact leading to popular discontent and a variety of alleged social vices.

Document 18 : State Department Minutes, "Meeting of the Interagency Coordinating Committee," 6 December 1977.

In this meeting, Vance's chief Soviet affairs adviser Marshal Shulman opens by exploring the dichotomy in Soviet actions. On the one hand, SALT and Comprehensive Test Ban (CTB) negotiations are going well and the Soviet attitude is positive, and it is clear that they want an agreement. However at the same time, the Soviet Union is guilty of many individual cases of regressive and repressive behavior, including the cases of Orlov, Shcharansky, and Ginzburg. The tone of U.S.-Soviet relations, he notes, may be affected by these circumstances. However, for the most part, current negotiations are moving forward reasonably well.

Document 19 : Memo from Joyce Starr to Arthur Goldberg, "Update on Shcharansky and Kuznetsov cases," 31 January 1978.

Source: The Carter Presidential Library

This memorandum contains a list of facts about the Shcharansky trial and the imprisonment of Edward Kuznetsov, communicated to Arthur Goldberg (U.S. Ambassador to the Belgrade Conference on Human Rights) from White House staffer Joyce Starr's meetings with Avital Shcharansky and Sylva Zalmanson, Kuznetsov's wife. Starr writes that despite the claims of the Moscow court, Shcharansky's mother has not been allowed to see him, and that she has been told by the court and by the KGB that it is a closed trial and that she will not have permission to see him until after the sentencing. She continues, writing that the Moscow court has refused to show the decree that extended Shcharansky's trial for six months and that the Soviets are acting in conflict with their own laws on criminal procedure. According to Soviet law, Shcharansky ought to be consulted regarding the selection of a lawyer, but instead his mother has been given this task. Starr adds that over 100 people have been questioned about the Shcharansky case, including a prisoner blackmailed to testify against him. Finally, Starr notes that the only lawyer in the Soviet Union who agreed to take the case was subsequently exiled. She adds a note on Kuznetsov, who was force-fed as a result of his hunger strike, indicating that his relatives' requests to see him have been repeatedly denied.

Document 20 : Central Intelligence Agency, National Foreign Assessment Center, "Human Rights Review, 5-11 May, 1978," 12 May 1978.

In the "Human Rights Review for May 5-11, 1978," the Central Intelligence Agency's National Foreign Assessment Center states that Orlov may go on trial within a week and will most likely be charged with the same general offense as Ginzburg. Both dissidents were arrested in February of the previous year, but few details into the investigation of Orlov have been publicly released.

Document 21 : Secretary of State, to American Embassy Moscow, "Statement on Orlov," 18 May 1978.

This public statement from the State Department's noon press briefing, sent by cable to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow and Consulate in Leningrad, uses the strongest language to date on the Orlov case, no doubt informed by Alexeyeva and other Orlov colleagues in exile. Here, the U.S. "strongly deplores" Orlov's conviction and calls it a "gross distortion of internationally accepted standards," since the activities for which he is being punished are simply the monitoring of Soviet performance under the Helsinki Final Act.

Document 22 : Central Intelligence Agency, National Foreign Assessment Center, "Human Rights Review, 12-18 May, 1978," 19 May 1978.

The National Foreign Assessment Center states that Orlov was convicted on May 18 for engaging in "anti-Soviet activity." The court has passed down the maximum sentence of seven years in a Soviet labor camp, plus five years of internal exile. "His conviction was to be expected, but the proceedings were a travesty," the report notes, "as access to the courtroom was limited and Orlov was not allowed to call defense witnesses and was continually interrupted by the presiding judge. The prosecution claimed that Orlov disseminated fabricated and slanderous information about the Soviet Union to foreign sources, but made no mention of his leadership of the 'Helsinki Group'."

Document 23 : Central Intelligence Agency, National Foreign Assessment Center, "Human Rights Review, 19-25 May, 1978," 26 May 1978.

The National Foreign Assessment Center reports that, while international attention is focused on the trials of Orlov and Georgian dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the Soviet Union is taking other anti-dissident steps as well. For example, the leader of the psychiatric abuse monitoring committee, Aleksandr Podrabinek, was arrested, supposedly for failing to report a crime against the state. Additionally, Jewish "refusenik" Iosif Begun was arrested for illegally residing in Moscow, and one of the leaders of the dissident workers' "free trade union," Paplavskiy, was tried and sentenced to one year in a labor camp for vagrancy. Finally, several dissidents protesting outside the Orlov trial were detained for questioning. The Party organ Pravda has printed articles that suggest Orlov and Shcharanskiy both were working for U.S. intelligence services.

Document 24 : "Background Memorandum: Shcharanskiy Case" and "Statement By Department Spokesman: Shcharanskiy Trial," June 1978.

The "Background Memorandum" reports that the investigation period of the Shcharansky case is over, but charges still have not been made public. Soviet "evidence" of his illegal activities include his connections to physician Sanya Lipavskiy and Los Angeles Times correspondent Robert Toth and other alleged acts against Soviet interests. The "Statement by Department Spokesman" expresses great concern for Shcharansky, given how long he has been held without trial and that he was denied legal counsel. This raises doubts in the minds of State Department officials about the fairness of Shcharansky's trial and the protection of his human rights. The U.S. will stand up to protect his rights, the document notes, especially after Soviet press accusations of engaging in espionage on behalf of the United States.

Document 25 : Central Intelligence Agency, National Foreign Assessment Center, "Human Rights Review, 26 May-1 June, 1978," 2 June 1978.

In this edition of "Human Rights Review," the National Foreign Assessment Center states that Soviet authorities are maintaining pressure on dissidents in the wake of the Orlov and Gamsakhurdia trials. Orlov's wife has not been allowed to see him and, the daughters of imprisoned Ukrainian Baptist leader Georgiy Vins have been refused permission to immigrate to Canada. Many Jewish refuseniks and other dissidents have carried out acts of individual protest, including hanging protest banners from apartments and even threatening public self-immolation.

Document 26 : White House Memorandum from Joyce Starr to Robert Lipshutz and Stuart Eizenstat, "Human Rights Policy and Coordination," 18 June 1978, and "CSCE: Failure of U.S. Diplomacy," and "Ambassador Arthur Goldberg," 19 June 1978.

In "Human Rights Policy and Coordination," Starr critiques the U.S. for failing to consolidate control and coordination of its human rights policy within the White House. She proposes that the solution to this problem is to have a high visibility person in the White House assume responsibility. In "CSCE: Failure of U.S. Diplomacy," Starr states that the U.S. embassies in Eastern Europe have failed to convey CSCE priorities, including human rights, to their host governments. Even though both the U.S. and Soviet governments have signed onto the Helsinki Protocol, the U.S. has not given specific explanations of precise expectations to the Soviet Union. She urges that this be done immediately. Finally, in "Ambassador Arthur Goldberg," Starr conveys that the Ambassador has accepted the President's request for him to serve as a member of the World Court.

Document 27 : Central Intelligence Agency, National Foreign Assessment Center, "Human Rights Review, 16-22 June, 1978," 23 June 1978.

The National Foreign Assessment Center states that in Poland, the dissident Movement for the Defense of Human and Civil Rights (RUCH) is adopting a more combative stance. Recently-elected members to Opinia , RUCH's publication, have stated that they would favor taking more aggressive actions, but no specific steps have been indicated. For the past two years, the dissidents have won concessions from the regime, but a more aggressive approach by them may lead to the regime taking stronger countermeasures as well. Additionally, the recent sentencing of Orlov has led to protests from much of the European scientific community. These Soviet human rights violations may jeopardize future European-Soviet scientific exchanges, but they also further increase the sensitivity of European scientists to the plight of their Soviet counterparts.

Document 28 : Memorandum from Joe Aragon to Hamilton Jordan, "Human Rights," 7 July 1978.

This memorandum discusses Soviet treatment of dissidents, as monitored by Joyce Starr. Aragon notes that the overall Soviet campaign against dissidents continues despite Carter's forceful public stance on human rights. He writes that if anything dissidents have become further shut out of Soviet society since Carter came to office. He specifically mentions the Helsinki group, and Slepak, Orlov, Shcharansky, Nadel and Ginzberg as dissidents in need of United States help. He goes in depth into the Slepak case and the state of his family, characterizing Slepak as the Soviet equivalent of a Martin Luther King, Jr. However, he writes that while the administration so far has made public statements in support of the dissidents, it has failed to act on the diplomatic level. Aragon concludes that Carter cares deeply about human rights, but that this reputation is at risk due to the failure of low-level officials to follow through on the initiatives outlined in the Helsinki Final Act. Aragon calls for a meeting in which he and others will discuss a course of action for the President.

Document 29 : Statement by Secretary of State Vance, 8 July 1978.

In a July 8, 1978, statement on the Shcharansky and Ginzberg cases, Secretary Vance condemns the trials for their lack of justice and due process. He says that to petition and criticize one's own government is a fundamental human right as acknowledged by international law and the Soviet government itself. Vance says he will continue to negotiate a SALT II agreement with the Soviet Union because it is vital for world peace, but notes that he has requested several other members of the U.S. government to cancel trips to the Soviet Union in light of these trials. Vance concludes that this struggle to win basic human freedoms will be a long-term one for the administration.

Document 30 : CC CPSU Politburo Session, Conference with Members of the Politburo and Assistants in Preparation for the Reykjavik Summit. 22 September 1986.

Source: Archive of the Gorbachev Foundation, Moscow.

Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze reports to the Politburo on his talks in Washington and informs the Soviet leadership about Reagan's decision to accept Mikhail Gorbachev's invitation to meet in Reykjavik on the condition that American journalist Nicholas Daniloff, accused of spying against Moscow, is released, and some "positive action" is taken on the U.S. list of 25 leading Soviet dissidents, including Orlov. Gorbachev accepts the conditions and sets forth his main ideas for the summit. It is decided that Orlov will be released within a month to make the Reykjavik summit possible and that other dissidents will be released later. Daniloff will be exchanged for Soviet spy Gennadi Zakharov. This shows that Orlov was released in direct connection with the Reykjavik summit, not as part of the exchange for Daniloff, as reported at the time.

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The committee’s foundation was in 1972 under the auspices of the Conference of NGOs. It was formed in preparation for the International Women’s Year, 1975, and the UN Decade of women, 1975-1985, including the Initial World Conference on Women held in Mexico City in 1975 (UN Women, 2021). I support...

The Treatment of the Patient with Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Vincent Brody  67 years old. Has a 50-year history of smoking 2 packs a day. Admitted with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Related to stress and pain experienced as a result of COPD exacerbation Priority Nsg Diagnosis # 1 Risk for respiratory distress symptoms: Subjective data: “This cough...

The Battle of Thermopylae: Herodotus’ and Miller’s Depiction

The Greek historian Herodotus is one of the main sources of historical narrators of those events that took place many centuries ago. Therefore, the writer was able to describe the Battle of Thermopile, but the reliability of this account is questionable. Research shows that “Herodotus frequently finds the answer to...

• Advertising
• Performance

“The Mysterious Stranger” Novel by Mark Twain

“The Mysterious Stranger” by Mark Twain is a novel revolving around humanity and its greatest sins. Introducing Satan as one of the main characters, the author reveals the lack of morals as one of the main shortcomings affecting everyone. Through his words, Twain describes the sins and problems the majority...

Tracking the Air Cargo Industry’s Response to Russia’s War on Ukraine

Russia’s war in Ukraine is one of the most devastating events in the XXI century. Besides causing thousands of human tragedies and destroying local infrastructure, it is changing the global economy forever. The global supply chain of goods is one of the spheres deeply affected by the war. Due to...

Water Scarcity Issue and Environment

The concept of the hydrologic cycle is, perhaps, known by everyone over the age of eight. The fact that the three states of H2O, i.e., the solid (an ice cube), the liquid (water) and the gaseous ones (vapor) can be observed daily in the everyday environment makes the hydrologic cycle...

Note-Taking Styles of College Students

There is a variety of note-taking styles, out of which every learner can pick the most suitable one. The overall aim of the note-taking process is to grasp the main ideas of what one hears so that one could restore the information later. Structuring one’s writing may be enhanced via...

Health Outcomes and Factors in Miami-Dade County

Health Rankings in Miami-Dade Miami-Dade (DA) County is ranked the second out of 67 counties of Florida regarding the length of life (mortality) and the fifth in the list of morbidity in 2019. The primary causes of premature death are cardiovascular issues, malignant neoplasms, type 2 diabetes, and cerebrovascular diseases...

Medicare and Medicaid Role in Meeting Health Care Needs

Medicare and Medicaid are health insurance programs for US citizens. Medicare offers health coverage for people over 65, people with disabilities, and end-stage renal disease. Medicare services include hospital coverage – Medicare Part A, health insurance – Medicare Part B, and prescription drug coverage – Medicare Part D (Medicare program,...

The Use of Data Collection: Personal Experiences

Nowadays, the collection and application of data by big companies is a well-known fact everybody has to face. This common corporate practice, however, has its pros and cons. On one hand, the usage of data can help to significantly improve the user experience and make operations more efficient, on the...

Sin of Betrayal in Alighieri’s “Divine Comedy”

Canto 34 of Dante’s Inferno part of Divine Comedy describes Dante and Vergil meeting the three ultimate sinners: Judas, the traitor of Christ, and Brutus and Cassius, who betrayed Caesar. The pass that Dante is talking about is the gateway to Hell – the Underworld, where the sinners go after...

DIscussion of Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic

Aldo Leopold advocates for land ethics and not environmental laws due to experiences with legal restrictions whereby individuals find means of evading surveillance and arrest. Thus, he calls for values and a moral sense of right and wrong regarding environmental conservation (Millstein, p. 394). Ethics are distinct from human legislation...

Surveillance for Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Blastomycosis

Outbreak There are endemic areas in the United States for coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis, so the disease pattern varies. Endemic cases are predominantly in males, attributed to outdoor work and low protective equipment. In addition, hospitalization often occurs in the late stages of disease progression, and patients with early symptoms...

• Historical Figures

The Consensus Model and the Advanced Practice Nurse’ Role

There are several population focused roles authorized by the Nurse Practice Act. In Florida, the Nurse Practice Act considers the following roles: certified nurse midwives, clinical nurse specialists, certified nurse practitioners, psychiatric nurses, and certified registered nurse anesthetists (Nurse Practice Act, 2018). An advanced practice registered nurse may prescribe and...

Animal Research and Ethical Treatment

It sounds cruel if we take into consideration only the part of research involving keeping animals in cages and doing experiments on them without their consent. Surely, the positive outcomes of such research in most cases outnumber the disadvantages (Brody, 2012). Still, we should keep in mind that when we...

US Corporate Executive’s Cultural Shock in China

The case under consideration investigates the situation in which Rick, an American corporate executive, experiences culture shock when he finds himself assigned to the company’s China branch. The problem is that Rick is unfamiliar with the country’s cultural norms and traditions. Thus, this case study aims to investigate how the...

American Psychological Association’s View on Court Judgments

Many times courts indulge in passing critical judgments that lead to lose of individuals lives without paying much attention to human rights. Such courts claim that, the evidence provided against the convicts, to be more than enough to ticket an individual into death sentence. However, it is necessary for the...

On the Benefits of a Private Social Security System

Although the current social security system has been used for decades in the U.S., it has gained quite a lot of notoriety due to the scarce amounts of financial support that it offers people after they retire. Therefore, the development of a new system has been overdue (Bridgen and Meyer...

Review of the Essay “Lifeboat Ethics” by Garrett Hardin

Garrett Hardin wrote an essay in which he explained his ideas about the global distribution of resources and inequality between countries. This work is quite radical since Hardin talks about decisions that can be too harsh for certain states and people. The main idea of ​​the essay is the need...

Contribution of Prisons to US Racial Disparities

Summary The American prison system has a high incarceration rate, with most of the individuals in reformatory facilities. However, it is impaired by discrimination and disproportionation, with Blacks and Latinos being the most affected groups. The statistics described in the article “The Contribution of Prisons and Jails to US Racial...

Apple Inc.’s Products and Factors of Demand

Price Price is commonly considered one of the factors strongly affecting demand for specific products. For Apple Inc., whose goods are sold worldwide, this parameter is critical to take into account, as shown in Figure 1. As the results in India demonstrate, a decrease in price is directly related to...

Senior Management Teams and Their Purpose

The senior management teams are composed of the executive members of an organization having the top-most rank in the organization. They have the role of leadership and management within the organization. The role of management is achieved when the team plans, organizes, directs, controls, and staffs all the resources of...

Characteristics or Elements of Self-Control

Self-control is an inhibitory control element, which underscores the capacity to regulate or control one’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions when triggered and tempted. Mamayek et al. (2016) distinguish this conceptualization as a cognitive process deemed essential in modulating a person’s deportment to attain specific objectives. Furthermore, Mamayek et al. (2016)...

• Globalization
• Ancient History

LPN and RN; Standards of Practice

The main difference between licensed practical nurses (LPN) and registered nurses (RN) is the education required. RN course takes two or three years to get a degree or diploma, while the LPN standard only demands a year of studies and a certificate (Wisconsin Administrative Code, 2018). Education determines the set...

Criminological Conflict Theory by Sykes

Sykes identified three important elements, which he used to elucidate the criminological conflict theory. First, Sykes highlighted the existence of profound skepticism towards any theory associated with crimes and is not connected to any biological or psychological approach. He also argued that sociological theories have insufficient communization (Bystrova & Petter,...

Probiotics Use by a Patient on Antibiotics

Within the digestive system, there are about 100 trillion bacteria, both good and harmful, which are referred to as the gut microbiota (Harvard Health Publishing). Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a type of harmful bacteria that can cause anything from diarrhea to life-threatening colon inflammation. Jane became among the unlucky...

Wrongful Death Lawsuit: Case Study

A wrongful death claim permits the patient’s family to file a case against the nurse liable for the patient’s death. A circumstance such as medical malpractice can give rise to a wrongful death lawsuit. The suit allows the surviving family members to sue the nurse for damages when the patient...

The Work of a Journalist During Investigation

Nowadays, journalists are no longer regarded as neutral entities; hence, it is not a wonder that respondents are unwilling to provide information. Moreover, grabbing the attention of the editor Zach was not easy; I pitched five times before I could receive his response though Collins’ advice was helpful. Even though...

Hawaiian Mythology and Genealogy of Gods

Genealogy is considerably more than that for native Hawaiians; it is how they communicate with one another. According to traditional views, Native Hawaiians are particularly bonded to the land, or ‘o ka pae ‘aina Hawai’i, as the ancestral lands and the older cousin of Hawaiians. Native Hawaiians have traditionally educated...

Thompson’s Lamp Paradox as a Philosophical Puzzle

Since the beginning of time, paradoxes have fascinated both scientists and laypeople, igniting debate. Some have not yet been resolved or cannot be resolved in general, while others appear paradoxical because the solutions defy logic. In science, the emergence of any new field of understanding often starts with discovering previously...

Visual Learning and Ways to Apply It

The test What is Your Learning Style? gave me the following scores: Auditory: 25%; Visual: 40%; Tactile: 35%. It means that I am predominantly a visual learner. I have known before that I remember things better when I visualize them. I can memorize the position of a text fragment in...

Nursing Role in Community Health Practice Settings

A community nurse may work in both clinical and non-clinical settings. For instance, in a hospital providing ambulatory care, they may play every role associated with the profession. As a clinician, they aim to promote health by applying their therapeutic skills and knowledge, striving to improve the overall community health...

WHO’s Global Campaign to Combat Ageism

Ageism is a highly prevalent worldwide issue that affects both younger and older people. For that reason, The World Health Organization (WHO) launched a broad campaign aimed at combating this problem with the primary goal of providing equal opportunities to the population across the world. WHO defines ageism as discriminative...

• Climate Change
• Christianity
• American Politics

Benefits of Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering implies the scientific practice of adding DNA to living organisms to create new traits that do not exist naturally. In recent years, it has attracted particular attention as a substantive number of people believe that natural processes should not be interfered with. However, from a personal perspective, genetic...

Osteoporosis: Causes and Treatment

Osteoporosis is one of the most common chronic bone diseases of the metabolic system. It is characterized by the increased bone fragility. The development of osteoporosis is associated with age. Due to the aging of the general population, osteoporosis is becoming an important public health issue (Sozen et al., 2017)....

Factors That Caused Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder among the young males and females. Therefore, for this paper, I will be finding out the various effects of Schizophrenia on the young adults. Among the effects that will be further investigated include victims withdrawing from their peers and relatives, dropping out of school...

Standard of Care in Healthcare System

Standard of care regulates the extent of the caution that the medical provider should follow to ensure patients’ safety. In situations when the standard of care is breached, causing negative implications for the victim’s health, the case can be tried in court. In the first step of the discussions of...

Vaccination and Its Economic Implications

Vaccination is created to prevent the spread of various diseases. Child vaccination is an example of positive consumption externalities, as it not only protects the vaccinated child but also reduces the chances of the spread of infections in society (“Externality,” n.d.). Vaccination has become one of the most influential scientific...

British Colonization of America

Ronald Tanaki created the concept of two frontiers to describe the two places where Britain was actively acting during the colonization period – America and Ireland. Those places were crucial parts in the creation of the dichotomy between British “civilization” and the “savagery” of others (Tanaki 39). British colonizers considered...

From Medical Practice to Daily Life Study

The paper “From bio to NBIC – From medical practice to daily life” identifies three technical trends that point to major developments in nano-tech. First of all, breakthroughs in the medical field have been seen, ranging from neuromodulation techniques to molecular medicine. It is expected that machine intelligence (e.g., brain...

Strategies for Persuasiveness: “Letter From Birmingham Jail”

Introduction Analyzing Martin Luther King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” it is possible to state that this work is highly credible, trustworthy, and persuasive. In this letter, using various strategies, Dr. King tries to convince his audience explaining to readers why Blacks’ non-violent demonstrations for civil right are essential (Marshall, 2016)....

Motorola: Absorption Costing and Variable Costing

Motorola is a manufacturer of smartphones, which it supplements with a unique system of accessories. As such, it uses cost-based pricing, with each unit costing a set amount of money to produce and selling at a fixed price. It can use either absorption or variable costing for its financial statements,...

COVID-19: Historical Lens and Wellness

Looking at events using historical lenses can be beneficial for gaining an in-depth understanding of issues. Currently, one of the central wellness problems discussed in the media is the COVID-19 pandemic. While the central problem today is to find a cure or a vaccine for the disease, it is also...

• Nursing Theory

Behavioral Disturbances in Dementia

Dementia can lead to a wide variety of psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety. The symptoms of depression are apathy, isolation, social withdrawal, impaired thinking, and concentration on the negative side of life (Kitching, 2015). The symptoms can be managed both pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. The usual pharmacological treatments include anti-depressants;...

Urological Disorders in the Older Adult

One of the more common problems in older adults is urinary incontinence. Various etiologies can impact urinary incontinence, including bladder infection and urinary retention. Urinary retention is the inability to voluntarily void urine can both acute and chronic. Acute urinary retention is an emergency that requires decompression of the bladder...

Performance of Tesla Shares

Tesla, an American electric car manufacturer, hit record highs. According to Tesla, Inc. (TSLA) (2021), in 2020, the value of Tesla shares has grown almost tenfold – from $ 88.6 in early 2020 to $ 864.2 on January 27, 2021. Shead (2021) notes that much of this growth was driven...

Whirlpool in the Sea off the Coast of Scotland Near Ayrshire Due to Waste Water

Description: Stunning drone images near Lendalfoot in South Ayrshire captured a glimpse of a mammoth whirlpool off the Scottish west coast. According to the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), the phenomenon is linked to recent rainwater that came into contact with wastewater, forming leachate (as cited in Parsons, 2021). The...

Demonstrating Intermodal Containerised Transport in North-West Europe

The video demonstrates intermodal transportation in North- West Europe by using two containers. The movie is about a multimodal experience comprising shipping two containers along the East-West corridor in North Europe using two different transport chains. The aim was to highlight the alternatives available to multimodal clients and show the...

Worker-Employer Relationship According to Bible

Introduction Job is an influential part of a person’s life, and employees and employers must build good relationships. The Bible refers to such relations as interactions between a slave and a master. It offers various guides and advice to improve their cooperation and make it beneficial to both sides. While...

Simón Bolívar, The Jamaica Letter

The selected primary source is The Jamaica Letter, written by Simón Bolívar. The document was written when he was exiled to Jamaica in 1815. The content of the letter focuses on the unification of Latin American colonies to form a republican form of government. The text makes me wonder and...

Business Life Cycle: Business Growth

Maturity is the stage in a company’s life cycle during which it reaches its prime form. Stability in all aspects of a business organization is another way to describe the discussed stage. All operations, processes, and initiatives happen as they should, and emergencies rarely happen (Ford, 2022). During this phase,...

Seamless Implementation of Electronic Medical Records

Meaningful Use Meaningful use is a program developed by Medicare and Medicaid designed to provide incentives for the use of electronic health records with the aim of improvement of patient care. It is implemented in three stages: promotion of electronic health record adoption, emphasis on care coordination and patient information...

Human Resource Planning and Return on Investment

There are many processes any organization has to consider when it tries to identify the goals and achieve them in a required period. Human resources planning is one of such processes. It is a kind of link that exists between HR management and strategic planning. People can use this process...

Arsen Petrosyan’s Live Duduk Concert in Yerevan

Arsen Petrosyan’s live duduk concert took place in 2016 in Yerevan, Armenia. His contribution to the popularization of Armenian folk music can hardly be overestimated. Perhaps that is why he is often called the keeper of his people’s musical heritage. Having once chosen one of the most mysterious musical instruments,...

Information Assurance and the Role of Time

Cyber security and information assurance refer to steps taken to protect networks and computer systems from being disrupted as well as preventing unauthorized access (Sara, 2008). Cyber security and information assurance aim at providing three things: integrity, confidentiality and availability (Knapp, 2009). Integrity is enhanced through ensuring that users are...

Public Health Interventions and Economics: Malaria

The case study advocated for the use of treated mosquito nets as an effective intervention for preventing malaria-related maternal deaths. An independent cost-effectiveness analysis of the intervention reveals that using treated mosquito nets is an effective intervention for reducing maternal deaths. The cost of a mosquito net is low, compared...

Meaningful Use Policy in Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

Recovery audit contractors (RACs) and electronic health records (EHRs) include highly sensitive information that should be managed carefully to avoid adverse outcomes. Careless management of this information can lead to leaks of private data, which may lead to significant legal and image problems. Thus, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services...

Violent Crime, Its Forms and Patterns

Rape is a sexual assault characterized by penetration into a vagina, anus, or mouth with a penis without the consent of the person. The causes of rape were studied extensively by Lalumière and Lalumière (2005) based on human and non-human behavior. The researchers concluded that rapists are usually not deprived...

Aspects of IT Project Management

While analyzing this post, there is no doubt that the author successfully described the importance of IT project synergy with overall business aspects, such as strategy or categorization. Moreover, he clearly demonstrated the evolution of project selection methods, such as “focusing on broad organizational needs, categorizing the projects, using a...

Geopolitics, Land Use, and Environmental Impact

Land use refers to an economic practice of the natural environment’s transformation into the built environment through the management of semi-natural areas. The term, in general, includes people’s activities interacting with different terrestrial ecosystems. Various uses of land have different consequences for the environment, such as increased or lowered CO2...

Philosophical Thought and Its Levels in Nursing

Introduction In medicine, as well as in general philosophy, there are different levels of philosophical thought. Without structure, understanding, and comprehension of various philosophical thoughts would be extremely limited. In this brief summary, we shall go over the four levels of philosophical thought, which are Metaparadigms, Conceptual Models, Theories, and...

Ability-to-Pay Impact on Healthcare Level

The idea of delivering the services of the best quality possible is central to the philosophy of any healthcare facility. However, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has set certain limitations concerning the quality of care for the U.S. citizen depending on their income. Although the idea of healthcare service quality...

Chapter 11 of Special Educator’s Guide to Collaboration

This article discusses the importance of connections between teachers and the families of their students. It explores the dynamics of relationships between teachers and family members, and offers insights on how to address the challenges encountered. The article explores the importance of teacher-family collaboration in education, comprehension of family diversity...

Hospital Information Management Systems

Hospital information management systems (HIMSs) are vital for improving healthcare quality. Currently, healthcare organizations need to deal with a large amount of data that needs to be distributed among a wide variety of stakeholders. According to Ross and Venkatesh (2016), a HIMS is “an integrated information system which improves patient...

Wounded Veterans Do Not Receive Proper Care: News Release

BOSTON – American veterans put their lives on the line to save us from enemies. However, when they return to civilian life, they find the transition difficult due to psychological and financial restraints. Boston’s Annual Wounded Vet Bike Run is aimed to support wounded veterans, gathering money for housing modifications,...

Non-Profit Organization: Financial Sustainability

The financial sustainability of a non-profit organization refers to the ability to maintain financial capacity within the organization over a long time. The financial capacity consists of the financial resources within the organization that aid in the achievement of objectives (Francois & Francois, 2014, p. 118). Therefore, the organization’s financial...

Regulations and Facility Design

Introduction The United States has a complex and intricate system of federal, state, and local regulations that have a profound influence on facility design. All three levels of government are responsible for enacting and enforcing regulations that dictate how a facility must be designed and constructed, as well as the...

Gain and Loss of Contingencies

According to FACB Accounting Standards Codification (n.d.), ASC 450 “Contingencies” covers the three topics of gain contingencies, loss contingencies, and overall. Gain contingencies are claims for the reduction in a liability or rights to receive an asset. It is noted (450-30) that the codification provides “guidance for the recognition and...

Serving Vulnerable Populations: Meals on Wheels

When it comes to caring for vulnerable populations, considering such characteristics as ethnicity, age, gender, and other socioeconomic factors is imperative. In the case of 66-year-old African American woman, JK, with hypertension, asthma, and type 2 diabetes, the largest barrier is her being located in a food desert and being...

The Fourth Amendment and National Security

It is a widely known issue that the U.S. National Security Agency possesses too much power regarding the spying and monitoring process, which directly violates the Fourth Amendment. The dominant of the American legal system, which considers that such an approach justifies the general safety, is more aggressive and dismissive...

Negative Partisanship Increasing Reasons

Introduction Partisanship describes one’s devotion to a particular political party or movement, often based on the similarity of beliefs. This devotion can be both a positive and a negative force, informing one’s voting decisions in various ways. The problem arises when one’s vote is informed not by an agreement on...

Why Is Diversion Used in Juvenile Cases?

Diversion is a particular intervention practice of postponed prosecution under which youthful defendants or offenders are redirected to specific prevention and treatment programs supervised by private or public agencies. In such a way, young persons gain an opportunity to demonstrate that they are law-abiding. The central objective of these programs...

Social Capital Decline and Role of Digital Media

Social capital is a highly controversial topic due to its complexity of measurement and ambiguity in understanding. According to Putnam (1993), one of the most famous scholars on social capital, its three main components are trust and other social values, moral obligations and norms, and social networks of citizen activity....

Traditional Cultural Expressions in Africa

It is made from woven sisal fibers with decorations of different colors to signify social status and also purpose it is intended for. The item of expression is referred to as a ‘Kiondo’. A brightly colored Kiondo was used to attend dowry ceremonies, and the number of different colors used...

Will Artificial Intelligence Replace Humans?

Technology has taken a dramatic leap forward in the last 100 years, taking center stage in every industry. All the people in the world face technological advances: some are more affected by them, while others are confused by technology. Nevertheless, progress is happening almost every day, and the leading player...

How Color Affects the Desire to Buy

A number of factors, many of which interconnect, regulate consumer behaviors and change how people act. As a term, consumer behavior refers to the combination of actions, decisions, views a person holds when buying, using or disposing of products (Panaitescu). Depending on how products are presented, packaged, advertised or showcased,...

Strategic Planning in Airlines

Strategic planning and development in the airlines are crucial because it provides the structure and capacity to be flexible and adaptable in a dynamic environment that is constantly evolving. In the airline, the executive team is responsible for providing a strategic plan for creating guiding organizational principles, formulating the strategic...

The US Subprime Mortgage Crisis

The US subprime mortgage has not only had an affect in the USA but also has spread across the globe. Thus, the direct risk exposure has spread well beyond the USA to Asian and European market. It has become essential to adapt a dynamic risk management tool to contain credit...

Federal Budget Process and Its Stages

Operating vs. capital budget A budget is a quantitative plan or statement that gives the details of projected expenditures during a certain period (Rabin, 2003). A typical budget contains details such as costs, expenses, revenues, sales volumes, and cash flows. An operating budget is a detailed statement of estimated revenues...

Manifest Destiny and American Expansionism

The term “Manifest Destiny” was coined in 1845; however, it was only a concise expression which embodied the mindset of the society, evolving through years. The concept reflected both the pride of American Nationalism and the idealistic perception of the social structure, which was connected with the strong religious influence....

Socialism Ideology Benefiting the Public Good

Under the ideology of socialism, a ruling class of social planners, intellectuals, and bureaucrats decides what is right for people and what they want. The coercive power of the state is then used for regulating, redistributing, and taxing the wealth of individuals who work to sustain their living. In many...

African-American President’s Influence on Black Community

Barack Obama being elected as the first African-American US president became a symbolic event for the entire country. It was especially valuable because such a turn must further prove the development of racial equality in the USA. Thus, the African-American community faced the election most actively and with the highest...

The Guiding Principles of Restorative Justice

Restorative justice is an alternative view of the punishment of the offender and compensation for the harm of the victim, which rejects the classic criminal law approach to only punish the criminal. In other words, justice for the sake of justice is not the primary goal of law for the...

Philosophy of the Concept of Solipsism and How It Differs From Others

Throughout history, humans have tried to make sense of the world around them. Through observation, discussion, and theory crafting, individuals have managed to present specific ideas on the nature of broader concepts. Practices that study the fundamental aspects of human existence can be called philosophy. Many great minds have combined...

Identifying Health Care Fraud and Abuse

Health care fraud is a significant bother for all stakeholders, even though not everyone realizes it. On the one hand, fraud and abuse are associated with an increased cost of care. According to Drabiak and Wolfson (2020), up to 10% of all healthcare costs are associated with fraudulent reimbursement claims....

Two Genres of Music: Rap Music and Jazz Music

Works Cited Gioia, Ted. Music: A subversive history. Hachette UK, 2019. Finkelstein, Sidney Walter. Jazz: A people’s music. Pickle Partners Publishing, 2018.

The End-Of-Life Care Regarding Covid-19 Patients

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is impossible to have end-of-life person-centric treatment at home and in care homes. Visors and facemasks users find it challenging to read or hear soft vocal sounds and crucial instruments for empathic communication. The pandemic has put a tremendous burden on the resources of treatment....

Relationship Between Poverty and Health People in 2020

Poverty affects the health of individuals in that it leads to limited access to income, making the poor socially isolated, experience a lot of stress and have few educational opportunities. In return, this causes poor health, which increases risk factors for diseases. The health outcome depends on environmental factors and...

Trends Prediction of Big and Fusion Data

The article gives an overview analysis of the trend of big data in terms of increasing storage. Tang, Ma, and Luo (2020) mention that the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) is accelerating the creation of quintillion bytes of data. The article indicates that big data is generated by...

Panopticism and Michel Foucault on Education

Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, writer, and political activist whose theories mainly revolved around the relationship between power and knowledge. Foucault’s thoughts have significantly influenced people, particularly on cultural and communication studies, as well as sociology. Educational institutions, specifically schools, are understood as panoptic spaces by social researchers. They...

The Logic of a Systematic Approach

Any organizational process is based on the logic of a systematic approach (Teece, 2018). Systems theory assumes that a system consists of interdependent and interconnected parts that interact during the workflow (Gordon, 2022). Contributing to each other, the elements stimulate the well-coordinated work of the organization without failures and weak...

Biological Theory of Aging

Response to the Statement of the Patient As a matter of fact, not all the diseases are genetic. The mother and the father of the patient could have had the tendency to diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis; however, due to a number of factors, namely healthy...

Policy Action for Veterans’ Health Care

When it comes to providing high-quality and affordable care for the US veterans, it is crucial to consider all aspects of this multi-faceted issue. On the one hand, using the expertise of Nurse Practitioners in giving health care to veterans is a viable decision while on the other hand, there...

Transgender Disorders and Homosexuality

Both groups of factors – genetic and environmental – impact people’s choice of sexual orientation. There is a lot of evidence of both the genetic mechanisms’ and surroundings’ influence on people’s sexual preferences. However, between the two, the environment more responsible for such a choice. While some researchers consider genetic...

Racism in Nivea’s “White Is Purity” Ad Campaign

In its recent international marketing campaign, Nivea used an advertisement to promote an antiperspirant that provoked a discussion in the media (Figure 1). Even though the advertisement’s image did not provoke any questions, the slogan “White is purity” was regarded by the public as rather racist, as mentioned in social...

Gender Stereotypes: Research Question

Gender stereotypes are common for any country even if it is an egalitarian society where women are seen as equals to men. Females are still seen as passive and submissive. It is believed that women should focus on domestic issues being ‘good’ mothers and wives. More and more females try...

Psychology and Mass Communication Theories

There are several mass communication theories that try to explain various influences as well as dynamics surrounding the diverse types of mass media and their effects on the public. The cultivation theory developed by George Gerbner attempts to identify the manipulation of television on the viewers’ perception of the environment...

Health Providers and Information Sharing

With the introduction of innovative information management tools for sharing patient data with providers and keeping it secure from third parties, the process of communication within the healthcare context has changed significantly. On the one hand, the levels of patients’ data security have risen noticeably, even with the presence of...

Animal Poaching: Threat to the Biological Diversity

Animal poaching – killing and capturing animals in their natural habitats in order to use them or their body parts for profit or protect crops or livestock – poses an imminent threat to the biological diversity. This issue has been a problem for many years as traditional monitoring techniques proved...

Management of Automotive Design and Development

Problem Definition The occurrence of variation in bore-diameter of B.G collar components is a recurrent multi-response optimization issue. In a boring operation, the B.G collar-component dimension of a roller-bearing superseded tolerance. Objective It is hoped to reduce to minimal the bore-diameter variation of the B.G collar component. The collar component...

Major Factors That Undermined U.S. Reconstruction Efforts Following the Civil War

In general, Reconstruction aimed to restore the Union, enact progressive legislation, transform Southern society, and provide civil rights to former slaves. However, regardless of positive intentions and all efforts, U.S. Reconstruction was undermined in Confederate states and may be regarded as a failure. First of all, Southern states did not...

Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment in Career Counselling

Introduction Career interventions take various forms, such as career assessment, counseling, and group counseling, among others. Essentially, career interventions enable a) an individual to understand their interests and personalities, b) integrate occupational and personal knowledge in true reasoning to achieve a significant career decision, and c) acquire vocational information. Purpose...

Analysis of the Industrial Revolution

Technological progress has always tended to improve the lives of people. Britain is considered to be the birthplace of the industrial revolution. Despite the fact that the population of Britain was much smaller than in other European countries, there were several reasons why the industrial revolution began in England. The...

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Latah County Human Rights Task Force

Strengthening the bonds of community to embrace diversity and reject bigotry..

Welcome to the Latah County Human Rights Task Force webpage!

Congratulations to the 2023-2024 MLK Art and Essay Contest winners!

This year’s theme was FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND OUR LIBRARIES

The winners for the Art Contest were Cece Rose Ristene (St. Mary’s), Eduarda Gurge (Moscow Charter), Quinten Rowley (Moscow Charter), Hayley Cohee (Moscow Charter),

The winners for the Essay Contest included Cordelia Haley (Lena Whitmore), Leo Johnson (St. Mary’s), Fern Newlan (St. Mary’s), Catherine Apt (McDonald), Amy Zhou (Moscow Charter School), Naya Lee (Lena Whitmore), Emily Scout Heward (Lena Whitmore), Nora Algarni (Moscow Middle School), Lillian Camin, (Moscow Middle School), and Morgan Apt (Moscow High School).

A little about us and ways to become involved!

Our 2023 Martin Luther King, Jr. Breakfast on January 21st was a great success with an excellent presentation by Dr. Scott Finnie. A video of the Breakfast, including the Rosa Parks Awards and Dr. Finnie’s speech is now available here: 2023 Breakfast and Friends of Human Rights .

The Rosa Parks Award winners are available here: 2023 Rosa Parks Award Winners | Latah County Human Rights Task Force (humanrightslatah.org)

The Art and Essay Contest winners are available here: 2023 Art and Essay Contest Winners | Latah County Human Rights Task Force (humanrightslatah.org)

Dr. Scott Finnie’s Keynote address at the 2023 MLK Jr. Breakfast:

AREA RESPONSE TO ANTISEMITISM

Check out the recent Palouse Pride Day under Recent Events here: Palouse Pride Day 2021

Our mission:  To work for social justice for all people by supporting diversity, respect, and inclusiveness, while opposing bigotry, harassment, and discrimination.

Please click our Announcements tab for current or upcoming events. (For upcoming events visit: Upcoming Events )

These are annual events that the Task Force currently sponsors:

• Martin Luther King Art and Essay Contest – January
• Presentation of Rosa Parks Human Rights Achievement Awards – January
• Human Rights Day at the Moscow Farmer’s Market – September (Visit: HR Day )
• Great Moscow Food Drive – August
• Human Rights Education Programs for Area Schools – throughout the school year

and we encourage you to attend or support us in these events.

Meetings of the Latah County Human Rights Task Force are generally held the second Thursday of each month, and you are welcome to attend.

Please visit our Facebook page: Facebook

If you are interested in joining, volunteering, or attending a meeting, please see our Contact Us page: Contact Us