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Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Design: The Aftermath of Emotions, Feelings, and Ideology, not its National Interests 

• January 24, 2024
• CSS , Current Affairs , Daily Write-Ups , Featured , Opinions , Pakistan's External Affairs

Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Design | Daily Writeup | Opinions

The article is written by Captain Imran Khan , a student of Sir Syed Kazim Ali .

1-Introduction

  Foreign policy’s role in assuring a country’s national interests is extensive and critically important. However, in Pakistan’s case, the foreign policy’s design based on emotions, feelings, and ideology has overpowered the country’s other concerns today. It has distorted the political culture and robbed the country of all its national and international achievements, which- undoubtedly- could be preserved by the adoption of pragmatic foreign policy measures, like propagation of regionalism, economic development, unity of the Muslim Ummah, and adoption of the policy goals ordained in the constitution.

2-What are Pakistan’s significant foreign policy objectives and determinants based on its national interests?

• ✓ The preservation of the ideology of the state
• ✓ The development of the friendly relations internationally: Regional Stability
• ✓ The protection of national sovereignty and geo-strategic interests’ security: Defence and Nuclear Deterrence
• ✓ The consolidation of economic cooperation and utilization of natural resources: Human Development and Economic sustainability

4-Why is Pakistan’s foreign policy the aftermath of emotions, feelings, and ideology, not its national interests?

• ✓ Adverse historical experiences with the neighbouring countries
• ✓ Sovereignty dilemma after colonialism
• ✓ Identity conundrum due to clash of civilizations

5-What are its impacts on Pakistan?

• ✓ Augmenting level of nuclear proliferation
• ✓ Increasing perplexity in the diplomatic domains
• ✓ The mushrooming growth of the country’s political extremism  

6-What would be the suggestions to make a pragmatic foreign policy based on the national interests?

• ✓ To prefer regionalism over zero-sum gains
• ✓ To focus more on the country’s economic growth
• ✓ To unite the disintegrated Muslim world
• ✓ To follow the guidelines of foreign policy stringently

7-Critical Analysis

8-Conclusion

Answer to the Question

Foreign policy’s role in assuring a country’s national interests is wide and critically important. In Pakistan’s case, the foreign policy’s design as an outcome of emotions, feelings, and ideology has overpowered the country’s other concerns today. It has distorted the political culture and robbed the country of all its national and international achievements, which the adoption of pragmatic foreign policy measures could preserve. Marked with various reasons, historical adversaries with arch rivals, security apprehensions after decolonization, and identity crisis due to the clash of civilizations are some of them behind the formulation of Pakistan’s emotional foreign policy. As a result, nuclear proliferation, perplexed diplomatic relations, and interaction dilemmas due to political extremism have become the fate of the country, significantly tarnishing its image at the international level. However, adopting sagacious foreign policy measures in socio-economic and political domains would be fruitful for the stakeholders in formulating interest-based foreign policy.

  “The purpose of foreign policy is not to provide an outlet for our sentiments of hope and indignation; it is to shape real events in a real world.” (John F. Kennedy)

    Moving forward, every internationally recognized state formulates its foreign policy by preferring its national interests while dealing with all the states in the global village. In contrast, Pakistan formulates its foreign policy based on its strategic culture that is based on its religion and emotions. Keeping in view the then atrocities and inequalities, Quaid-e-Azam devised the objectives and determinants of Pakistan’s foreign policy after the independence, which has also been ordained in the constitution of Pakistan:

• ✓ First, the preservation of the Islamic ideology of the state, which originates in the boots of the Two Nation Theory, has been mentioned in  Articles 2 and 31 of the constitution of Pakistan .
• ✓ Second, Pakistan’s foreign policy aims to develop bonhomie relations with all the countries around the globe, especially her neighbours and the world’s hegemons.
• ✓ Pakistan should protect its national sovereignty by strengthening its military power as mentioned in  Article 39 of Pakistan’s Constitution  and geo-strategic interests, like Kashmir and water as a natural resource.
• ✓ Among many others, like the promulgation of social harmony as  ordained in Articles 33, 34, and 38 – the consolidation of economic cooperation at all fronts and proper utilization of natural resources- lastly- are some other foreign policy objectives ordained in  Article 40 of the Constitution of Pakistan . Thus, the main foreign policy objectives and determinants given by  Quaid-e-Azam , the founding father, explained in one of his speeches,

  “Preservation of sovereign independence and territorial integrity, socio-economic development, maintenance of Islamic identity while progressing as a modern and forward-looking democratic nation pursuing in solidarity with the international community the cause of global peace and security and making Pakistan a strong factor of regional and global stability.” 

   Furthermore, Pakistan- unlike other states, formulated her foreign policy influenced by the past religious, social, and cultural emotions:

1-To begin with, Pakistan has borne the brunt of territorial subjugation and natural resources possession like hostilities owing to the hands of her two neighbours,  India and Afghanistan, at the time of independence. Kashmir conflict, water dispute, and Durand-line issue are the glaring examples in the case , thus proving the maxim that Pakistan has formulated its policy based on sentiments. 

2-Besides, after the long-lasting colonialism era, the tidal waves of sovereignty dilemma have also compelled Pakistan to become a conscious state. Nehru’s Leadership Model is best explained in words,”  A strong and powerful India capable of projecting its power in the region and outside is the guarantee of security and stability of the whole South Asia” , explicitly showing his manifest destiny nature like the colonialists, justifying the statement that Pakistan has ever focused on its national interests while formulating its foreign policy.

3-Last but not least, the country faced an identity crisis due to the clash of civilizations in the South-Asian land during the freedom struggle, which instilled insecurity and fear in the hearts of the commoners and compelled the stakeholders to stand for their values and dignity. Seen in the military’s role, the country always prefers designing its foreign policy based on sentiments rather than national interests.

  Taking a glance at its impacts on Pakistan, the country has plunged into the constant push-and-pull game of nuclear deterrence. Indeed, the guns versus butter factor has escalated so much that nuclear proliferation has become the order of the day, and Kashmir is the immediate nuclear flashpoint, raising the chances of a third world war in this multipolar world. Further, the diplomatic perplexities have increased to a greater extent. The prisoner’s dilemma of the stakeholders has been clearly shown in their decision-making, such as the United States (US) pressure on Pakistan, the Indo-Pacific tussle, the CPEC crisis, and the FATF grey-listing series. Among many other socio-economic internal strifes, the mushroom growth of the country’s political extremism has taken a toll, due to which the identity politics fumed with political bickering and victimization has now deteriorated the peace and order of the country.

  However, the policymakers should follow some pragmatic measures to make the country’s foreign policy based on national interests instead of emotions. To begin with, they have to prefer regionalism rather than zero-sum games to make the country’s standing more firm on the international platform. For instance, policymakers must build cooperation among others via hosting SAARC meetings with productive roadmaps and prefer political engagements rather than rivalries. Next, the stakeholders should focus on boosting the country’s economic growth by implementing different strategies, such as strengthening its tourism and sports and diversifying its export base. Besides this, the Muslim world must unite in today’s world and rejuvenate the OIC’s role by ending its politicization, which is necessary to counter Islamophobia and identity crisis. Lastly, the strict implementation of Article 40, ordained in the Constitution of Pakistan, delineating the country’s foreign policy guidelines, is the need of the hour to make the country more stable and prosperous. 

  In a robust diagnosis, Pakistan’s foreign policy roadmap is always interwoven based on the emotional stage. Based on the constant colonial fear, the stakeholders only focus on idiosyncrasy, adversities with other states, and territorial sovereignty’s insecurity while framing their policy instead of mainstreaming it towards the country’s national interests and regional collaboration. However, careful, insightful steps can help in the formulation of productive foreign policy, and it can also promise the country a better future on all socio-economic and political grounds.

  Making the country suffer on the wish and whims of a few idiosyncratic minds pushes it into the vortex of many other problems and declivities. So, the leaders holding the country’s reigns should focus on framing the foreign policy so that it helps the country raise itself at the regional and international level as an ally of everyone with a firm hold on its human development, economic sustainability, and political stability. Thus, running the state of affairs via these strategies will help the leaders formulate the foreign policy standing on the pillars of national interests only.         

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Best Books for Pakistan Affairs in CSS Preparation 2024

Table of Contents

Best Books for Pakistan Affairs in CSS Preparation:

When it comes to CSS (Central Superior Services) exams, a comprehensive understanding of Pakistan’s history, politics, and foreign policy is crucial. The Pakistan Affairs paper examines candidates’ knowledge of pre- and post-partition Pakistan, its constitutional development, political dynamics, and international relations. In this blog post, we will explore some highly recommended best books for Pakistan Affairs that can significantly aid in your preparation for the CSS exams. These books will help you to insight form all over the Pakistan Affairs which is sufficient for CSS Exam.

These books which is listed as best books for Pakistan Affairs in CSS Preparation are divided into two categories:

• Best Books for Pakistan Affairs (Pre-Partition)
• Best Books for Pakistan Affairs (Post Partition)

Let’s discuss one by one that how these books can cover whole syllabus of CSS.

1. Best Books for Pakistan Affairs (Pre-Partition):

A brief history of pakistan by james wynbrandt:.

“A Brief History of Pakistan” provides an insightful overview of Pakistan’s historical journey from ancient times to the present. It covers important events, influences, and the socio-political context that shaped the region before partition. This book is an excellent starting point for CSS candidates seeking a concise yet comprehensive understanding of Pakistan’s pre-partition history. This is one of the brief and best books for Pakistan Affairs for pre-partition perspective. Download Link for pdf: A Brief History of Pakistan by James Wynbrandt

Trek to Pakistan by Ahmad Saeed:

Ahmad Saeed’s “Trek to Pakistan” offers a unique perspective on pre-partition Pakistan. The author shares personal anecdotes and experiences that shed light on the social, cultural, and political aspects of the region. It provides valuable insights into the lives of people and the challenges they faced during that time. This is also one of the best books for Pakistan Affairs serves as a valuable resource for gaining a deeper understanding of the pre-partition era.

Pakistan: A Modern History  by Ian Talbot:

For a more detailed analysis of Pakistan’s history, “Pakistan: A Modern History” by Ian Talbot is highly recommended. This book explores various aspects of Pakistan’s development, including political, social, economic, and cultural dimensions. It offers an in-depth examination of key events, political transitions, and societal transformations leading up to the partition. This comprehensive account provides a solid foundation for CSS candidates studying pre-partition Pakistan. Download Link for Pdf:  Pakistan: A Modern History by Ian Talbot

Concise History of Pakistan by M. R. Kazmi:

“Concise History of Pakistan” by M. R. Kazmi is another valuable resource that covers the pre-partition era. It presents a comprehensive overview of the major political, social, and economic developments in the region. This book offers a balanced perspective, incorporating multiple viewpoints to provide readers with a holistic understanding of Pakistan’s history leading up to partition.

Read more:  Recommended Books for English Essay CSS 2024

2. Best Books for Pakistan Affairs (Post-Partition):

Constitutional and political history of pakistan by hamid khan:.

Hamid Khan’s book is a comprehensive guide to Pakistan’s constitutional and political history after partition. It explores the country’s constitutional development, the role of various institutions, and significant political events. This book provides in-depth analysis and critical insights into the challenges and successes of Pakistan’s political landscape. This is one of my favorite book regarding post-partition development of Pakistan. I must say one of the best books for Pakistan Affairs regarding Post-Partition. Download link for pdf:  Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan by Hamid Khan

Pakistan: A Hard Country  by Anatol Lieven:

Anatol Lieven’s “Pakistan: A Hard Country” offers a unique perspective on the complexities of contemporary Pakistan. It delves into various aspects of society, politics, economics, and culture, highlighting the challenges and dynamics that shape the country. This insightful book provides a nuanced understanding of Pakistan’s post-partition realities and is highly recommended for CSS candidates.

The Future of Pakistan by Stephen Cohen:

Stephen Cohen’s “The Future of Pakistan” focuses on the country’s future trajectory, analyzing key factors that will shape its political, social, and economic landscape. It explores critical issues such as governance, security, and regional dynamics. This book offers valuable insights for CSS candidates looking to understand the challenges and potential prospects for Pakistan’s future. Download link for Pdf:  The Future of Pakistan by Stephen Cohen

The Foreign Policy of Pakistan  by Abdul Sattar:

Abdul Sattar’s book provides a comprehensive analysis of Pakistan’s foreign policy since its inception. It explores the country’s relations with major powers, regional dynamics, and strategic challenges. This book is an essential resource for CSS candidates seeking to understand Pakistan’s foreign policy objectives, challenges, and historical context. Download Link Pdf:  The Foreign Policy of Pakistan by Abdul Sattar

Read more:  Recommended Books and Tools for Grammar and Precis CSS 2024

Conclusion:

To excel in the Pakistan Affairs paper of the CSS exams, a thorough understanding of Pakistan’s history, politics, and foreign policy is crucial. The recommended books, such as “A Brief History of Pakistan” by James Wynbrandt and “Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan” by Hamid Khan, provide valuable insights into pre- and post-partition Pakistan. Supplementing your knowledge with books like “Pakistan: A Hard Country” by Anatol Lieven and “The Foreign Policy of Pakistan” by Abdul Sattar will further deepen your understanding of contemporary Pakistan. Remember to approach your studies systematically, read critically, and apply your knowledge to practice questions to enhance your CSS preparation.

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• Foreign Policy: Kashmir Issue and the Dynamics of International Relations By Sheraz Zaka

Imran Khan has urged Pakistanis to come out of their homes, offices and workplaces every week for half an hour to show solidarity with the Kashmiri people fighting Indian occupation. One expected him to tell the nation about his government’s latest initiatives on the diplomatic and political fronts to mobilise international support for the Kashmiri struggle for the right of self-determination. More importantly, what are the options for Pakistan to deal with the worsening crisis? We cannot move the international community into action by raising the spectre of a possible nuclear conflagration. Undoubtedly there has been unprecedented coverage in the western media of Indian brutalities and human rights violations that exposes Modi’s claim of normality returning to the occupied territory. But that is not sufficient to compel other countries to stand with the Kashmiri people. The international community’s silence over the lockdown of more than eight million people and the suppression of their fundamental democratic rights may be driven by geopolitical and economic considerations, but it also reflects our diplomatic failure. Even Pakistan’s closest allies in the Muslim world are not willing to express any sympathy for the plight of the Kashmiri people, leave aside condemning Modi’s annexation of a disputed territory. It is not surprising that the UAE has honoured the Indian prime minister with its highest national award. Interestingly, Iran is one of the few Muslim countries to have spoken out for the Kashmiri people. Surely India’s growing economic power has helped it expand its influence in the Gulf region, but our own diplomatic shortcomings have also been a factor in us losing our clout in what was once considered Pakistan’s staunchest support base. The only solace for us is a statement issued by the OIC contact group expressing concern over the situation in Kashmir. We must be very careful not to exaggerate the US role in resolving the Kashmir problem. Barring a few official comments expressing concern over recent developments in Kashmir, there has not been any condemnation of the Indian action It was indeed a diplomatic success for Pakistan when the UN Security Council held a meeting on the Kashmir issue for the first time in over 50 years. The statement by the UN Secretary General on Kashmir is also significant. But there is still no sign of international pressure on the Indian government to stop human rights violations in the disputed territory. For that there was a need for a more aggressive diplomatic initiative. It is a right decision by the government to raise the issue at the UN’s Human Rights Committee in Geneva. The committee has previously released two reports on the human rights situation in Kashmir. The censure of the Indian action by the UN committee would certainly be a moral victory for the Kashmiri people, but for that a lot of lobbying and diplomatic work is needed. However, the option of taking the Kashmir issue to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as indicated by the prime minister, should be reconsidered. Firstly, there is the question about the court’s jurisdiction over the dispute. Secondly, any such move would need the consent of both parties in the conflict. The public announcement by the Pakistani leadership to go to the ICJ without even examining the ramifications of such a move is typical of the government’s impulsiveness on crucial policy decisions. We must be very careful not to exaggerate the US role in resolving the Kashmir problem. Barring a few official comments expressing concern over recent developments in Kashmir, there has not been any condemnation of the Indian action. It is a similar situation with the other Western countries. China is one of the few countries that have come out with a categorical statement criticising the Indian action. With limited options Pakistan needs to up its diplomatic efforts. There is also a need to forge a national consensus on our Kashmir policy. Political instability at home would not help to meet serious diplomatic challenges. While Pakistan’s diplomatic and political support is crucial, it will be the struggle of the Kashmiri people that could ultimately push the international community to act. It is evident that even the use of massive force by India has failed to put down the Kashmiri resistance. It has been three weeks since a lockdown was imposed on the disputed territory. There have been few examples in recent times of such a protracted freedom struggle. Modi’s virulent nationalism has widened the political and social fault lines in India. For Pakistan it is important not to see Kashmir as a territorial dispute, but a struggle for the right of self- determination. The fact is that a coherent policy is needed to tackle this issue and raise it at the international level. The unfortunate truth is that we have not succeeded on the international front to convince the world to take action against Indian barbarity in Kashmir. India has even managed to deflect international criticism despite the fact that its human rights abuses in IHK have been highlighted in the international media. Though this is partly due to Pakistan’s inability to project the Kashmir cause positively in the international arena, it is also due to India’s economic prowess. Sadly, in a world governed by realpolitik, might is right and the cries of the weak are often smothered by the strong. Previous governments have been equally ineffective in projecting the Kashmir cause. But if the prime minister wants to change the status quo, there must be a robust and cohesive policy to counter India’s belligerent attitude in IHK and convince the international community that violence against Kashmiris is unacceptable. Holding rallies in the country will not be enough; our best diplomatic hands need to be mobilised to brief global capitals of the situation in IHK, so that the world – specifically those states who claim to be champions of human rights – can convince India to back off in the held region. The voice of Kashmiris needs to echo around the world, and their fundamental rights must be defended. The writer is a constitutional lawyer, teacher and a human rights activist Source: https://dailytimes.com.pk/456828/foreign-policy-kashmir-issue-and-the-dynamics-of-international-relations/

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