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Analyzing Cleopatra: An In-Depth Essay Sample

One of the most famous women in ancient history, Cleopatra is associated with Egypt and considered its best-known monarch. Cleopatra was the one whom the gods chose. At least, that is exactly what she thought of herself: she was meant to be above people with their petty abominations and joys. She belonged to the goddess Isis. Cleopatra was her eyes and body on the earth. However, the gods do not have the right to weakness; their destiny is to rule and punish. Cleopatra was taught the whole story of her family of Ptolemies, Greeks from Macedonia, who won the crown of the pharaohs by chance. The glory of Cleopatra VII not only surpassed her father’s but also all the other Ptolemies’. When the Egyptian crown went to Cleopatra, the Ptolemies had lost almost all the conquered lands. Cleopatra managed to bring everything back, not by force of arms. The beloved Roman dictator Anthony presented lost lands with a broad gesture. Thanks to the efforts of Cleopatra, Egypt remained independent longer than all the Greek kingdoms in the north of Africa. However, ultimately, she lost everything, including Egypt and her own life. The death of Cleopatra, the fall of Egypt, the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire coincided. This can be considered a historical pattern.

Table of content

Although there are very few records of Cleopatra’s youth, there are some assumptions. “It was January in the year 69 B.C. when the third daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, king of Egypt, was born”. Every queen in the Ptolemaic dynasty was called Cleopatra, which meant ‘glorious by the father’. This was rather not a name but a title. Each Cleopatra was married to her brother and ruled together with him. The goddess Isis herself was married to her brother, the god Osiris. She blessed the incestuous kings. Although the former queens were glorious, they did not enter history because their actions were too common in those desperate times.

The young queen was disliked. It is believed that Cleopatra was too selfish and independent. She was not considered to be beautiful. “She is, by the way, a beauty in no way, shape, manner, or form”. In addition, she was versatile and gravitated toward European culture, which made her rather bored in Egypt. Roller said she was well-educated, which was unusual even for a royal woman of that time. She became a skilled orator, succeeding in public speaking. In addition, she knew many languages. She also possessed a talent for diplomacy.

Becoming a Queen

The main glory of Cleopatra was brought by three lovers – all the powerful politicians of Rome: Gnaeus Pompey, his rival in the power struggle; Gaius Julius Caesar, and Caesar’s successor at the top of power, Mark Antony. However, Cleopatra did not choose lovers. Fate did not give her any choice except between life and death. After the magnificent burial of King Avleth, according to his will, Cleopatra became the wife of a young brother, Dionysus, who was declared King Ptolemy XII. She became the princess of Egypt, Cleopatra VII. She had no intimate relationship with him as he was a ten-year-old boy. Nevertheless, Cleopatra considered him a perfect king since she wanted to rule Egypt herself.

Cleopatra was in her eighteenth year when the whole world lay at her feet and was against her. Before she could try on a crown with a snake, death in the humiliating guise of a eunuch fell behind her. Eunuch Potin, Dionysus’s tutor and the palace opposition’s leader, ruled the country on behalf of the boy. He was supported by the commander of the Egyptian army, Achilles. In the arsenal of Cleopatra, there was only one powerful mean – her female seduction skills, but it did not work for the eunuchs.

She turned to Pompey the Great for help. Thanks to the Roman patronage, she survived. If the conspirators killed her, they would give Pompey an excuse to introduce his legions, turning Egypt into a Roman province. The Ptolemaic palace had an exhausting, tense, three-year waiting between Potin and Cleopatra. They waited for the chance to destroy their rival. Cleopatra managed to outplay Potin, though.

Relationship with Julius Caesar

The powerful Roman conqueror Julius Caesar came to Egypt and demanded a return of huge debts. Just as Ptolemy XIII, Cleopatra did not want to pay the debts. She dressed in the most attractive outfits and ordered her servants to roll her up on a carpet and carry her to Caesar as a gift. The queen decided to seduce the Roman commander, and the next morning, after she did so, she celebrated the victory. Caesar fell in love with the young queen and promised he would not only forget about her debts but also make her brother reconcile with her. Julius Caesar returned the throne to his mistress. During the war, the young king drowned, trying to flee Egypt, when he escaped from Caesar’s troops. Since that time, Cleopatra has become the sole ruler of the state.

Caesar was preparing to seize Dacia and Parthia, thus expanding the eastern borders of the Roman Empire. He intended to take charge of such a giant empire. After the war, he called a mistress with a little son whom Cleopatra named Ptolemy Caesarion in Rome. However, the Romans’ hatred for the stranger grew stronger and stronger. It was said that she was so attached to her Caesar that he supposedly seriously decided to become a pharaoh and move the capital of the Roman Empire to Alexandria. The dictator did not deny such rumors, which he paid with his life. Close associates killed Julius Caesar during the senate’s meeting. Caesar did not leave direct heirs. When his will was revealed, he was found to have appointed his nephew Octavian as successor, and no mention was made of Ptolemy Caesarion. The frightened Egyptian queen gathered and sailed to her homeland.

Relationship with Marc Anthony

After the death of Caesar, troubled times came to Egypt. To somehow save the country from the Roman troops that were quickly approaching, Cleopatra entered into a love affair with another Roman commander, Mark Antony, who competed with Octavian for domination over the Roman state. Simple and rude, yet handsome and passionate to female charms, Antony fell madly in love with the charming Egyptian and, forgetting about his lawful wife, spent all the time with his new mistress. Anthony’s wife fell ill from grief and suddenly died. The widower wished to make a new marriage with the Egyptian queen. Octavian was against it. He offered his sister – the intelligent, educated and kind Octavia. Mark Anthony soberly assessed his political interest and agreed. However, immediately after the wedding, the commander sailed to Syria, where a brilliant Cleopatra was. She did not like that the lover linked his life with another. To console her beloved, Anthony married her. As a wedding gift, Anthony presented Cyprus, Phenicia and Cilicia. Cleopatra was given the title of Queen of Kings. She gave birth to a son and a daughter from Anthony. Cicero states, “Anthony has become Osiris to Cleopatra’s Isis”. Three years passed, and Octavian decided to put an end to the dual power in the country. He went to war with Anthony. The fleet and the army of the rival were defeated. Anthony himself committed suicide by rushing to the sword.

Death and Defeat

Octavian wanted to imprison Cleopatra and “parade her through the streets of Rome in chains”. The Egyptian queen could not endure such disgrace and humiliation. She secretly made her way to her tomb, ordered the servant to bring a poisonous snake and wrapped it around her neck. A few hours later, Octavian received a message from Cleopatra. In it, the last queen of the Ptolemaic dynasty asked to be buried next to her last husband – Mark Anthony, not far from the royal palace.

Cleopatra’s death from a snake bite has a deep symbolic meaning. Since immemorial, the crown of pharaohs was adorned with the image of an aspid snake. The snake was the emblem of royal power. In the Egyptian cults, the reptile was also associated with the sun-god Ra. The snake’s bite was believed to have given immortality and attached man to the gods.

Role in History

Cleopatra played a crucial role in the history of Egypt. “She was a key player in events which shaped Western civilization, and even her death was a turning point in Europe’s history”. Cleopatra managed to rebuild the power and wealth of Egypt. The treasury was empty at the end of her father’s rule. Cleopatra restored and grew the wealth of her country. This achievement is sufficient to rank Cleopatra among history’s top rulers. Graham-Yooll emphasizes that Cleopatra was “a brilliant, vibrant and talented leader who could compete with men without an army”.

Cleopatra was the last queen of the Ancient Egypt. She came to power when the star of Egypt had already sunk. Realizing this, she struggled for the throne and independence of her state. She proved to be a very wise and subtle politician, betting on two of the greatest people of her time – Guy Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony. Cleopatra stands in line with the most famous politicians of her time. She led a ‘big game’, the rate at which the Egyptian throne and the freedom of her state were. Although she lost, the fact that she managed to keep Egypt’s independence from Rome for 20 years meant a lot.

📎 References:

1. Cicero, Tullius. Letter to J. W. Worthy. n.d. 2. Fletcher, Joann. Cleopatra the Great: The Woman behind the Legend. Harper Collins, 2011. 3. Graham-Yooll, Fred. Cleopatra’s Lost Treasure. Page Publishing, 2015. 4. Miller, Ron, and Sommer Browning. Cleopatra. Infobase Publishing, 2008. 5. Roller, Duane. Cleopatra: A Biography. Oxford University Press, 2010.

• Ancient History

The tragic reality of Cleopatra's life

Cleopatra VII, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, is one of the most enduring figures from ancient history.

Her life and reign have been the subject of countless works of art, literature, and film, yet the true story of her rise to power is often overshadowed by the myths and legends that surround her.

Cleopatra's story is one of political intrigue, strategic alliances, and a relentless pursuit of power. It is a story that takes place against the backdrop of a rapidly changing world, where the old order of the Hellenistic kingdoms was giving way to the rising power of Rome.

Through a combination of her intelligence, charisma, and political acumen, Cleopatra was able to navigate these turbulent times and secure her place as one of the most influential figures of her era.

Early Life and Ascension to the Throne

Cleopatra VII was born in 69 BC into the Ptolemaic dynasty, a Hellenistic royal family that ruled Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great.

The Ptolemies, of Macedonian-Greek origin, maintained their power in Egypt for nearly three centuries, despite the political instability and family infighting that often characterized their rule.

Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes, and she was educated in royal tradition to prepare for her future role.

She was highly intelligent and was one of the few Ptolemies to learn the Egyptian language, in addition to Greek, which was spoken by the ruling elite.

She also studied various subjects such as philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy, and was known for her sharp intellect and persuasive charm.

Upon the death of her father in 51 BC, the 18-year-old Cleopatra and her 10-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII, were co-regents as per the tradition of the time.

However, it was a tumultuous co-rule, with Cleopatra striving for sole control. Her brother's advisors, sensing her ambition, turned Ptolemy XIII against her, leading to Cleopatra's brief exile.

Cleopatra, however, was not one to be easily defeated. She gathered an army and returned to Egypt, coinciding with the arrival of Julius Caesar in pursuit of his rival Pompey.

Recognizing an opportunity, Cleopatra allied herself with Caesar, which resulted in Ptolemy XIII's defeat in the ensuing civil war.

With her brother's death, Cleopatra reclaimed the throne, this time alongside another younger brother, Ptolemy XIV, whom she also outlived.

Cleopatra's Dramatic Reign

Cleopatra's reign, which spanned from 51 BC to 30 BC, was marked by political maneuvering, strategic alliances, and a deep understanding of the needs and traditions of her people.

As a ruler, she was known for her intelligence, charisma, and political savvy, which she used to maintain her power and protect Egypt's interests.

One of the key aspects of Cleopatra's rule was her ability to navigate the complex political landscape of the time.

She lived in an era when Rome was expanding its power, and she understood the importance of aligning herself with Rome to ensure Egypt's independence.

This led to her alliances with Julius Caesar and later with Mark Antony, which not only helped her maintain her power but also brought significant benefits to Egypt.

Under Cleopatra's rule, Egypt experienced a period of stability and prosperity. She undertook major economic reforms, improved trade, and commissioned several building projects, including the construction of temples and other public works.

She also promoted the Egyptian religion and presented herself as the reincarnation of the goddess Isis, which helped her gain the support of her subjects.

Cleopatra's reign was also marked by her efforts to preserve Egypt's culture and traditions in the face of increasing Roman influence.

She was the first of the Ptolemaic rulers to learn the Egyptian language, and she often dressed in traditional Egyptian attire, even when she was in Rome.

Her Relationships with Caesar and Mark Antony

Cleopatra's relationship with Julius Caesar began when she was trying to regain her throne from her brother, Ptolemy XIII.

She famously had herself smuggled into Caesar's presence, wrapped in a carpet, to ask for his support.

Caesar was captivated by her intelligence and charm, and he agreed to help her. Their alliance was solidified both politically and personally, resulting in a son, Caesarion.

With Caesar's support, Cleopatra regained her throne. She then visited Rome as a recognized ally, where she was given a golden statue in the temple of Venus Genetrix, a sign of her unique status.

Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, however, put Cleopatra and her son in a precarious position.

After Caesar's death, Cleopatra aligned herself with Mark Antony, one of the members of the Second Triumvirate that ruled Rome.

Antony, like Caesar, was captivated by Cleopatra. Their alliance was also both political and personal, resulting in three children.

Antony spent the winter of 41-40 BC in Alexandria, a period known as "the Alexandrian Winter," where he was said to have been seduced by Cleopatra's lifestyle.

He granted her much of the eastern part of the Roman Empire, and she in turn supported his campaigns.

Cleopatra's Downfall and Death

The final years of Cleopatra's life were marked by political turmoil and personal tragedy.

Her alliance with Mark Antony, while initially beneficial, ultimately led to her downfall.

The Battle of Actium in 31 BC was a decisive moment in Cleopatra's reign. Antony and Cleopatra faced off against Octavian, Antony's rival in Rome.

Despite their combined forces, Antony and Cleopatra were defeated. This loss marked a significant turning point, as it shifted the balance of power in the Roman world and signaled the end of Cleopatra's influence.

After the defeat at Actium, Antony and Cleopatra retreated to Alexandria. Antony, believing a false report that Cleopatra had died, fell on his own sword. Cleopatra, upon hearing of Antony's death, was said to have been inconsolable.

Facing the prospect of being paraded in defeat through the streets of Rome, Cleopatra chose to end her own life.

The exact circumstances of her death remain a mystery, but the most widely accepted story is that she died by the bite of an asp or by poison on August 12, 30 BC.

The End of a Free Egypt

With Cleopatra's death, the Ptolemaic dynasty came to an end. Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, and Octavian, later known as Augustus, became the first Roman Emperor.

Cleopatra's son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, was executed by Octavian, extinguishing the last direct link to the Ptolemaic line.

Cleopatra's downfall and death marked the end of an era. Despite her tragic end, she is remembered as a powerful and influential queen who left a lasting impact on the world.

Her story continues to captivate and inspire, serving as a testament to her strength, intelligence, and determination.

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76 Cleopatra Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best cleopatra topic ideas & essay examples, 👩🏾 good research topics about cleopatra, ✍️ interesting topics to write about cleopatra, ❓ questions about cleopatra.

• Cleopatra and Her Influence on the Ptolemaic Dynasty C and he left the will that he allowed Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII, her younger brother, to rule the kingdom and Cleopatra was directed to wed her brother and deputy ruler because of the Egyptians’ […]
• “Anthony and Cleopatra” by William Shakespeare It would be correct to add though that Cleopatra is the dominating presence in the play, however, Cleopatra, Antony and Enobarbus have tragic elements of grandeur, nobility, fateful misjudgments and a fall from the heights […] We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Do Antony and Cleopatra Transcend the East-West Divide in Their Relationship? This piece of work gives a critical analysis of the play, Antony and Cleopatra, with much emphasis given to the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra. From the play, it is palpable that the relationship between […]
• Cleopatra’s Life, From Her Ascension to the Throne to Solemn Death The bond between Antony and Cleopatra continued to strengthen and resulted in the return of most of Egypt’s empires that had been conquered by the Romans.
• Queen Elizabeth I and Cleopatra as Female Leaders She led her country with a lot of zeal and determination to give the best and rectify the shortcomings of her predecessors.
• “Antony and Cleopatra” and “Coriolanus” by Shakespeare According to Aristotle, the tragedy of the hero is as a result of his weakness becoming superior hence, he shows frailness in his judgment.
• “Cleopatra” Movie by Joseph L. Mankiewicz The movie spans the last years of Egypt before it became a Roman province, with the political intrigue around it and the emotional intrigue that Cleopatra stirred with her wit, beauty, and ambition.
• Roles in Diplomacy: Cleopatra and Hatshepsut The reemergence of Nubia and the Kushites, which were the allies of Hyksos, was a major threat to the survival of the kingdom and Hatshepsut was expected to take a strong action to salvage the […]
• Rulers From Different Cultures: Cleopatra and Wu Zetian The main difference was the family background of Cleopatra and Wu Zhao. The second cultural divergence was the governments of the two countries in which Cleopatra and Wu Zhao ruled.
• “Since Cleopatra Died” by Neil Powell Therefore, the misuse of tense and context in Shakespeare can drastically change the meaning of any of his plays, even among the characters in the plays themselves.
• “Cleopatra” by Michael Grant Life of Cleopatra is still one of the most captivating subjects in a world’s history. In the introduction to Cleopatra the author designates the main thesis of his work.
• Cleopatra: Heartless Oppressor or Conscientious Goddess Caesar was embroiled in a civil war against the Roman general, Pompey, who had fled to Egypt with the hope of garnering support from Cleopatra’s brother and Pharaoh at the time, namely, Ptolemy-XIII, whereby the […]
• Cleopatra – The Queen of Egypt The queen wanted the assistance of Caesar, and thus she found a way of going to the Regal citadel to speak to Caesar and request for her cause for action.
• Cleopatra: The Last Queen of Egypt Cleopatra was the only female ruler in prehistoric times to customarily govern autonomously- not simply as an heir to her late husband- but to a great extent; she attempted to rescue and save a dying […]
• Cleopatra’ and Caesar’ Relationship It must be noted though that based off historical accounts the relationship between Cleopatra and Julius Caesar was bound to fail even before it started due to the volatile combination of their personalities and the […]
• Character Analysis: Enobarbus in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra
• Comparative Study Between Antony and Cleopatra and Romeo and Juliet
• Comparison of Wealth in Antony and Cleopatra and The Tempest
• Analysis Of The Movie ‘Cleopatra’
• Analysis of the Significant Woman on Egypt’s Last Pharaoh, Cleopatra
• How was Cleopatra portrayed through art, particularly the Renaissance?
• How Does Act 1 of Antony and Cleopatra Prepare the Reader for Tragedy?
• How Shakespeare Makes The Audience Aware Of Cleopatra’s Infinite Variety In The Opening Act?
• Nefertiti and Cleopatra, Famous and Powerful but Very Different
• Comparison Of Pharaoh Cleopatra And Tang Empress Wu Zetian
• Conflict Between Public and Private Life in the Story of Cleopatra
• What Does the Passage Tell Us About Plutarch s View of the Relationship Between Anthony Cleopatra?
• What Do Representations of Cleopatra in Film and on Television Tell Us About How Her Reputation Changed over Time?
• What impression does Dio give of the relationship between Cleopatra and Antony?
• Who Is Cleopatra?
• Why Was Cleopatra And The Reason The Egyptian Empire Fell?
• Biography and Life Work of Cleopatra, an Egyptian Queen
• History of the Reign of Cleopatra in Egypt in 51 BC
• Caesar and Cleopatra’s Affair at the Expense of Calphurnia
• Cleopatra and Mark Antony
• Cleopatra and the Role of Women in Ancient Societies
• Cleopatra’s Beauty Explained by History
• Who Emerges As The Most Powerful Figure Throughout The Play?
• How Does Shakespeare Construct The Conditions For Tragedy In Antony And Cleopatra?
• Love and Politics in Antony And Cleopatra
• Octavian, Anthony and Cleopatra: Propaganda and the Myth
• Political Interests Of Antony And Cleopatra
• Main Characteristics of Tragedy in the Dramatic and Literary Sense Applied to Anthony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare
• Relationships Between Men and Women in Paradise Lost
• Which Egyptian Queen made the greatest contribution to her country Hatshepsut or Cleopatra?
• What Ultimately Made Cleopatra Attractive?
• What Type of Ruler Was Cleopatra?
• How Was Cleopatra Successful?
• How Does Shakespeare Depict Cleopatra?
• Why Was Cleopatra a Strong Woman?
• Who Was the Real Cleopatra?
• How Did Cleopatra Make an Impact on Society?
• How Does Shakespeare Construct the Conditions for Tragedy in Antony and Cleopatra?
• What Does the Passage Tell Us About Plutarch’s View of the Relationship Between Antony and Cleopatra?
• How Was Cleopatra Educated?
• Was Cleopatra a Feminist?
• How Was Cleopatra Described?
• What Lessons Can We Learn From Cleopatra?
• How Does the Conflict Between Roman Duty and Egyptian Sensuousness Develop the Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra?
• Did Cleopatra Benefit Egypt?
• Why Is Cleopatra an Icon?
• What Impression Does Dio Give of the Relationship Between Cleopatra and Antony?
• How Does Shakespeare Present the Idea of Cleopatra as a Powerful Character?
• How Do We Know Cleopatra Existed?
• Was Cleopatra’s Tomb Found?
• Which Egyptian Queen Made the Greatest Contribution to Her Country: Hatshepsut or Cleopatra?
• Why Was Cleopatra Famous?
• How Has Cleopatra Changed the World?
• What Were Cleopatra’s Major Accomplishments?
• Was Cleopatra a Successful Ruler?
• What Makes Cleopatra Great?
• How Did Cleopatra Impact Egypt?
• Does Cleopatra Deserve Her Reputation as a Seductress?
• How Did Cleopatra Impact the Modern World?
• Was Cleopatra More of an Egyptian or Greek Monarch?
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Home — Essay Samples — History — Cleopatra — An Introduction to the History of Cleopatra the Seventh, Queen of Egypt

An Introduction to The History of Cleopatra The Seventh, Queen of Egypt

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Published: Nov 20, 2018

Words: 528 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

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Introduction, ruler of egypt, inspiration.

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The East End still needs more housing that is affordable

A rendering of Concern Housing’s Liberty Garden’s community in Southampton. Credit: Concern Housing

You might think mindless NIMBYism would be declining in the face of the well-documented housing shortage crisis. Young people have become refugees from Long Island’s East End — not because they want to, but because they must find a community that has places they can afford to live. Many schools are seeing a reduction in students. East End businesses are starving for staff and finding it harder to maintain profitability without raising prices, resulting in more inflation. East End food pantries are still busy because after paying rent, gas, heating, and other necessities, there’s not enough left over for food.

Interest rates are up more than 100% since 2019, home prices have risen 30-to-50%, and year-round rental prices spiked as much as 200%. Local residents make up most of our human infrastructure jobs on the East End: teachers, firefighters, EMTs, hospital and health care workers, town and village employees, farmers, fishers, artists, and those who work in the tourism industry.

Those who have been priced out and want to keep their jobs here have created a trade parade, bringing traffic that clogs our major east/west arteries from 5 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily. While $5-million, 5,000-square-foot homes continue to pop up like daisies, workforce apartments remain illegal to build. We know how to create sustainable, environmentally sound, attractive multifamily properties, from duplexes and fourplexes to 16 and 32-apartment developments.

Now that the Community Housing Fund, passed by referendum in November 2022, is starting to collect funds in Southold, Shelter Island, East Hampton, and Southampton towns, advisory boards and town boards are searching for effective ways to use the money. But the stubborn issue of restrictive, single-family-only zoning and a loud and vocal minority of opponents continue to be obstacles to many of the best solutions.

This guest essay reflects the views of Michael Daly, founder of East End YIMBY.

As I’ve heard at local meetings for years, local developers and business people are eager to create workforce housing to attract and maintain staff, but the time and money required to overcome the zoning blockade are simply too great. So development is the province of deeper-pocketed developers.

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Consider Concern Housing's Liberty Gardens on County Road 39 in Southampton, now six years into the permitting process for a proposed workforce and veteran-supportive housing development. One of the most highly respected affordable and supportive housing nonprofits in New York has incurred expenses of over $2 million, hardly a price tag a local developer could afford. The proposal has been reduced from 60 to 50 apartments, environmental review is complete, and still opponents are on fire. Things that have been said at public meetings are astounding. The false narrative, race and class-baiting, fearmongering, and lies are shocking.

In 1988, Congress passed the Fair Housing Amendments Act to prohibit discriminatory housing practices based on disability and familial status.

Economically, morally, ethically, and legally, how can anyone not support these apartments? This “east of the canal” development is within walking distance of local businesses and public transportation and likely will reduce traffic because workers will now live closer to their jobs and not be part of the trade parade.

Officials in villages, towns, counties, and many states are figuring out that the loud and vocal minority is just that. Studies on Long Island and nationwide consistently show that 60-75% of community members see the need for more housing and support zoning changes to accomplish that. Most Southampton Town residents are counting on our town board to recognize that, too, so Concern Housing can move forward with the construction of Liberty Gardens.

This guest essay reflects the views of Michael Daly, founder of East End YIMBY.