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Essay on the Digestive System (For Students) | Human Physiology

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In this essay we will discuss about the digestive system in humans. After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Organs of Digestive System 2. Accessory Glands for Digestion of Foods.

Essay # 1. Organs of Digestive System:

Digestion means simplification of complex foods. It is the process of breaking various foodstuff into simple products. The complex foods like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are converted into glucose, amino acids and fatly acids respectively by the action of digestive enzymes. These simple substances enter into the blood circulation after absorption and then they are utilized by the body.

Digestive system consists of two main organs:

(1) Alimentary Canal

(2) Digestive Glands

1. Alimentary Canal:

This is also known as digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract. It is a long tube of varying diameter which begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. The length of this tube is about 8-9 meters. It opens at both the ends. The alimentary canal starts at the mouth into which cavity, the glands of the mouth pour the juice. As it passes backwards, it spreads into a funnel shaped cavity called-pharynx.

The tube then narrows into a soft muscular tube about ten inches in long, called the food pipe or gullet. This passes down the neck into the chest. It then opens into the stomach by piercing the diaphragm. The stomach is a large bag lying a little to the left under the diaphragm. It has two openings, one where the food pipe ends and the other where the intestines begin. The alimentary canal narrows again and passes into the small intestine which is about twenty two feet in length.

The first ten inches of the small intestine is called as Duodenum which forms a ‘C’ shaped loop. The rest of the small intestine is like a coiling tube, whose ends opens into a wide but comparatively short tube known as large intestine. It is about six feet long. The last part of the Large Intestine is known as Anus.

2. Digestive Glands:

Various digestive glands help in the digestion of foods.

(1) Salivary glands in the mouth,

(2) Gastric glands in the stomach

(3) Pancreas,

(5) Intestinal glands in small intestine.

All these digestive glands secrete digestive juices containing different enzymes which digest carbohydrate, protein and fatly foods.

Digestive juices:

Five digestive juices are secreted from digestive glands of the body. The enzymes present in these juices help in the digestion of different types of foods.

These juices are:

1. Salivary juice from salivary glands in mouth.

2. Gastric juice from Gastric glands in the stomach.

3. Pancreatic juice from Pancreas.

4. Intestinal juice from Small Intestine.

5. Bile juice from Liver.

Why so many digestive juices are necessary for digestion of food?

There are three reasons for the presence of so many digestive juices:

1. One digestive juice cannot digest three types of foods i.e. proteins, fats, and carbohydrates up to their completion.

2. One digestive juice cannot digest one particular type of food up to its completion, because food cannot remain in one place for a longer period of time.

3. The medium of action of enzymes present in different digestive juices are different. Some act on acidic medium and some on alkaline medium.

Digestion in Different Parts of Alimentary Canal:

The alimentary canal consists of the following organs in which foods are digested:

2. Oesophagus

4. Duodenum

5. Small Intestine

6. Large intestine

The mouth cavity is the front spread out end of the food pipe. The sides of the cavity are formed by the cheeks, the roof by the palate, and the floor by the tongue. When closed, it is bound in-front by the upper and the lower sets of teeth meeting in the middle. The opening at the back of the mouth is known as throat on each side of which there is a mass of tissue called tonsils. In the outside of the mouth cavity there is a slit like opening which is bounded by two soft movable lips.

Digestive System Essay

Digestive System Of The Digestive System

Digestive System After dissecting the rat, we learned that the rat’s body has many complex systems. To begin, the digestive system contains a group of organs that work together to convert food taken in from the body and converts it to energy and basic nutrients to feed the cells in the body. The digestive system includes the mouth, pyloric valve or sphincter, caecum, small intestine, colon (large intestine), duodenum, retrum, and stomach. The salivary glands, liver, and pancreas are glands that

The Digestive System And The Function Of The Digestive System

alimentary canal is where the digestive system takes place; it has different components in order for food to be thoroughly processed. The digestive system is composed of an enteric nervous system and has four layers of tissues; the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. Food enters through the mouth and passes through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and the large intestine before exiting the body through the anal canal. This occurs within the digestive system in four main steps; ingestion

Digestive Systems And The Digestive System Essay

When choosing between what system to write about, I thought the digestive system would be a good topic because food is probably one of my favorite things, not only cause it tastes good but because it gives me the energy to do all the things I need to do throughout the day. We talked in class about how you should always get the nutrients from food and never from supplements, which I’ve always tried to do. So, what is the digestive system? The digestive system is an assortment of organs that performs

The Digestive System : The Function Of The Digestive System

The digestive system has the function of digestion and absorption. This means that the digestive system breaks down food into small molecules that will be absorbed and used by the body. But this process can only be completed with the help of multiple organs – the esophagus, the stomach, and the colon, to name a few. First is the mouth, where the salivary glands, tongue, and teeth are located (fig 2). The salivary glands produce saliva, which helps break down food. The teeth cut and grind the food

Digestive System

The Digestive system: The stomach related framework is comprised of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract—likewise called the stomach related tract—and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a progression of empty organs participated in a long, bending tube from the mouth to the butt. The empty organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, throat, stomach, small digestive system, internal organ—which incorporates the rectum—and butt. Sustenance enters the mouth and goes to the rear-end

The Digestive System ( The )

The Digestive System The premise of the digestive system is to turn food into energy and get rid of waste. This system has two main functions, digestion and absorption. One of the system’s major parts is called the digestive tract or alimentary canal. The digestive tract is an ongoing tube that has two openings. One opening is the mouth and the other aperture is the anus. The alimentary canal consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. This canal also

Difference Between Digestive System And Digestive System

What the digestive system does The digestive system is when the body does to break down food. Firstly, it enters the mouth and is broken down by the teeth of the animal and saliva. Then it travels along the oesophagus to the stomach. Then in the stomach for further breaking down, it is broken down by hydrochloric acid and enzymes. The acid breaks down bacteria and the food material into smaller molecules. Once this is complete it then moves onto the small intestine. Enzymes are secreted from the

The Digestive System Is A Unique Process Of The Digestive System

Nutrition BIO-151 Chapter 3 Digestion Cheyenne De Jong October 8, 2017 The digestive system is a group of organs that work together. It is responsible for taking whole foods and turning them into energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow and repair itself. Today, I will explain how the digestive system performs this unique process. I’m having a loaded tuna sandwich with lettuce, tomato, cheese and mayonnaise. The bread of my sandwich is mostly carbohydrates. Carbs are the sugars

Digestive System D2

D2 how the digestive system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system all link together How the digestive system works? Food moves through the GI tract. Digestion starts in the mouth with chewing and finishes in the small intestine. As food passes through the GI tract, it mixes with digestive juices, causing large molecules of food to break down into smaller molecules. The body absorbs these smaller molecules through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream, which delivers them

Disadvantages Of The Digestive System

The digestive system is a severely underrated part of the human body. For most people, the digestive system is just something that gives them diarrhea after they eat poorly. Little do they know, that the digestive system is the key part to fueling our bodies. The digestive system is how you break down and absorb much needed nutrients. This is how we “fuel” our body. Our body breaks down the food we eat into manageable pieces, and then we are able to absorb it into our bloodstream so that it can be

Digestive System Essays (Examples)

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Digestive system diseases and disorders the digestive.

Digestive System Diseases and Disorders The digestive system is made up of the "digestive tract" -- which is, according to the National Institutes of Health, a "series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus" -- and additional organs that are part of the system that helps humans "break down and absorb food" (National Institutes of Health -- NIH, 2009). If something goes wrong in the digestive system it can have serious consequences for the individual. This paper identifies some of the disorders that are associated with the digestive system. The organs that are part of the digestive system include the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach, the small and large intestines (the large intestine is also called the "colon"), the rectum and the anus (NIH, p. 1). The digestive system is one of the most important parts of the human body because food intake is….

Works Cited

Medline Plus. (2010). Digestive System. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved May 7, 2011,

from http://www.nim.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivesystem.html.

Medline Plus. (2010). Foodborne Illnesses. National Library of Medicine / National Institutes of Health. Retrieved May 7, 2011, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodborneillness.html .

National Digestive Disease Information Clearinghouse. (2010). Your Digestive System and How

Digestive System the Gastrointestinal System Extends From

Digestive System The gastrointestinal system extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small and large intestine, rectum and the anus. The digestive system also includes other organs responsible for digestion, namely the liver, gall bladder and the pancreas. By way of the peristaltic movements of the tract and enzymes secreted from these organs, food is digested and absorbed; to be either stored in the body, or used as energy. Nerves and blood vessels also play a major role in the digestive system. (Kumar, 2007) Diseases of the digestive system are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately ten percent of all general practitioner consultations in the United Kingdom are due to digestive problems, with a majority resulting from diarrhea. In the United States, approximately $85.5 billion are spent on GI and liver diseases. (Boon, 2006) The highest cost per year is 9.3….

REFERENCES:

Nicholas A. Boon, Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, John A.A. Hunter. Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine (2006). India, Elsevier.

Kumar Abbas, Fausto Mitchel. Robbins Basic Pathology (2007).India: Elsevier.

RS, Sandler, JE, everhart, & M, Donowitz. (2002). The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. National Institutes of Health, 122(5), Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11984534

Press Releases. (2011, March 2). Dent introduces bill to support colorectal cancer. Retrieved from http://dent.house.gov/index.cfm?p=PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=ee8261a6-50d9-407d-bc0c-e06dc6e0e0ab&ContentType_id=c6ec3657-dc1e-476f-8d55-369892a8b74d&Group_id=7a83093f-b0df-4c08-affb-9f5cf4ef7c2a

Digestive System Understanding the Mechanisms

It is also at this point that other organs begin to play a major role in the digestive process. The pancreas, located adjacent to the small intestine, secretes several enzymes that variously break down carbohydrates much further than they were broken down in the mouth or the proteins that began to met their demise in the stomach (NDDIC 2008). The liver produces a bile that breaks down fats and makes the constituent parts into small enough droplets that they can be suspended in water and utilized in chemical processes in the body (NGS 2010). All of this digestion takes place in the duodenum. The small intestine continues, however, and throughout the entire small intestine are countless villi, or little finger-like hills that greatly increase the inner surface area of the smooth-muscled tube that is the small intestine (Discovery 2000). It is through the cells of these villi that the nutrients,….

Discovery. (2000). "Your digestive system." Accessed 30 September 2010. http://yucky.discovery.com/flash/body/pg000126.html

Enchanted Learning. (2010). "Human digestive system." Accessed 30 September 2010. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/digestive/

NDDIC. (2008). "Your digestive system and how it works." Accessed 30 September 2010. http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/

NGS. (2010). "digestive system." Accessed 30 September 2010. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/digestive-system-article.html

Digestive System Digestion Overview Without

The blood and lymph systems are also vital to digestion's efficacy, transporting nutrients to the cells of the body where they are needed (Smith & Morton 2001). Again, most of the "action" of the accessory organs and their products takes place in the small intestine where the major work of both breaking down and absorbing nutrients takes place (SUNY 2010). It is here that the enzymes secreted by the pancreas and liver arrive to do their work, and it is through the small intestine -- and primarily through the duodenum -- that carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats) as well as other vitamins and mineral nutrients reach the lymph and circulatory systems that carry them throughout the body where they are useful (MNSU 2010). Pancreatic amylase, one of the enzymes secreted by the pancreas, continues the breakdown of starches that begins in the mouth, converting these carbohydrates into maltose (SUNY 2010).….

Advameg. (2010). "Digestion and absorption." Accessed 30 September 2010. http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Diab-Em/Digestion-and-Absorption.html

Gillson, S. (2005). "Absorption and transportation of nutrients." Accessed 30 September 2010. http://heartburn.about.com/od/understandingheartburn/a/digestivesystem_2.htm

MNSU. (2010). "Digestive system." Minnesota state university. Accessed 30 September 2010. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/digestive/index.shtml

Smith, M. & Morton, D. (2001). The digestive system. Philadelphia: Elseiver.

Reptiles Nervous and Digestive Systems

nervous and digestive systems at reptiles, emphasizing their main characteristics and briefly compare them to the nervous and digestive systems at other vertebrates. In this sense, referring to the reptilian nervous systems, many authors have found common basis and similarities between the nervous systems of reptiles and other higher vertebrates, including mammals These similarities manifest themselves both in the form of anatomical and physiological resemblances. The main difference between the reptilian brain and that of higher vertebrates such as mammals relates to "the size of the cerebral hemispheres" As such, the reptilian nervous system is formed of two different components: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is composed of all nervous tissues and structures that do not actually belong to the CNS. As at other vertebrates, the brain, constituent part….

Bibliography

1. Adaptive Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive System of the Lizard. On the Internet at http://137.222.110.150/calnet/irish_cal/exotics/reptiles/lizards/digestive%20system.html

2. Digestive System of Snakes Class Reptilia Order Squamata. On the Internet at http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/terry.derting/cva_atlases/Stephsnake/snakepage3.htm

3. Wyneken, Jeanette and Mader, Douglas R. Reptilian Neurology: Anatomy, Function and Clinical Applications.

4. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopaedia Britannica Premium Service. On the Internet at http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=38471& ; query=brain& ct=eb

Human Digestive System Is Composed of Multiple

Human digestive system is composed of multiple parts, including the mouth (pharynx, throat, palate, tongue, teeth), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, bowels, and many more. The sole purpose of the digestive system is to break down foods that are eaten, so that the food might be absorbed into the bloodstream. The existence of a digestive system sets animals apart from plants. Digestion consists of a physical and chemical breakdown of food. Because of the complexity and large size of the digestive system, diseases that can interfere this body system are numerous and varied in their modes of transmission, their symptoms, their treatments, and their possible short-term and long-term effects. This paper will focus on three such diseases: Cirrhosis of the liver (caused by viral Hepatitis), hookworm disease (caused by hookworms), and cholera (caused by Vibrio cholerae). The large size of the digestive system, along with the diverse….

Carson-Dewitt, Rosalyn S. "Hookworm Disease." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 1999 [Online edition] Accessed July 1, 2002 http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/g2601/0006/2601000682/p1/article.jhtml

Center for Disease Control (CDC). "Hookworm Infection Fact Sheet." Updated 08/15/99 [Online edition] Accessed July 3, 2002 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/hookworm/factsht_hookworm.htm

McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Press. 1976. 369 pages

Palmer, Melissa. Hepatitis and Liver Disease: What you need to know.New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc. 2000. 457 pages

Digestive Disorders

Digestive Disorders: Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome It is important to note that in some instances, the symptoms patient present could be tied to a myriad of disorders. This has in some quarters led to misdiagnoses. Both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) present a number of similar symptoms. IBD includes a number of inflammatory conditions whereby sections of a person’s digestive system are attacked by his or her immune system. The said conditions are inclusive of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. IBS, on the other hand, “is a problem that affects the large intestine” (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2018). In essence, the movement of food in the intestines is enhanced by the relaxation and contraction of the intestines. When the said contraction as well as relaxation does not follow the normal pattern, symptoms of IBS are likely to present. In basic terms, the pathophysiology of….

Digestive Processes

Lipids and Proteins Lipids Lipids are fats and they are important to our health. When chemically digesting these lipids or fats, these molecules are broken down into smaller ones that can be more readily passed through the digestive system and into the bloodstream. This fat is transformed into triglycerides and can be used by the body for energy at a later time. Lipids like almost all food is first mechanically digested by the mouth. During this process the first chemical reaction begins when the saliva begins to break down the fat. As the fat is digested, enzymes called lipases within the mouth and stomach break the bonds of the lipid molecules an prepare them for absorption. The gall bladder and pancreas becomes involved in this process as bile salts are released from these organs and secreted in the small intestine. These chemicals signal to further digest the food by breaking down the molecules….

Digestive Disorder Diverticulitis Patient History the Patient

Digestive Disorder: Diverticulitis Patient history The patient is a 37-year-old female with a family history of colorectal cancer mandating regular colonoscopies before the age of 40. The patient's diverticulosis was discovered during a routine colonoscopy at age 35. She was asymptomatic for 2 years, but developed diverticulitis at age 37. When she began experiencing significant pain her lower left abdominal area, she suspected diverticulitis, called her gastroenterologist who referred her to the emergency room for a cat scan, which confirmed the diagnosis, and then given a course of antibiotics, which resolved the issue. Diverticulitis "Diverticulitis develops when feces become trapped in pouches (diverticula) that have formed along the wall of the large intestine. This allows bacteria to grow and cause an infection or inflammation and pressure that may lead to a small perforation or tear in the wall of the intestine. Peritonitis, an infection of the lining of the abdominal wall, may develop if….

Davis B.R. & Matthews, J.B. (2006). Diverticular disease of the colon. In M. Wolfe et al., eds., Therapy of Digestive Disorders, 2nd ed., pp. 855-859. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

Maconi, G., Barbara, G., Bosetti, C., Cuomo, R., & Annibale, B. (2011). Treatment of diverticular disease of the colon and prevention of acute diverticulitis: A systematic review. Dis. Colon Rectum, 54(10), 1326-38.

Martin, S.T., & Stocchi, L. (2011). New and emerging treatments for the prevention of recurrent diverticulitis. Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol., 4, 203-212.

Unlu, C., Daniels, L., Vrouenraets, B.C., & Boermeester, M.A. (2011). A systematic review of high-fibre dietary therapy in diverticular disease. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. doi: 10.1007/s00384-011-1308-3. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-011-1308-3

Tissue Maturation Body System Effects

e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity. As a result daily tasks once taken for granted become progressively more difficult, and eventually impossible, to perform. In illustration, a great deal of muscle force is required to simply stand up or to climb stairs. Therefore, skeletal system is relying upon the reserve capacity of the heart to provide the endurance needed to perform such activities. If an elderly person does not engage in some sort of endurance-based activities, he or she will not have the cardiac reserve capacity needed for daily tasks. More importantly, diminished capacity may not counteract illnesses or diseases. Although strength-based activities help the cardiac reserve, it may not benefit the skeletal system. "While resistance exercise promotes fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscles, the explosive power of….

Bailey, R. (2011). Muscle tissue. About.com Guide. Retrieved from http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa022808a.htm

Carpi, A. (1999). Basic anatomy - tissues & organs. Retrieved from http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/14-anatomy.htm

Lakatta, E.G. (1994). Cardiovascular reserve capacity in healthy older humans. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 6(4): 213-23.

Courtesy of Musculartory System BlogSpot

Human Circulatory System and Oyster

"An electrical analogue of the entire human circulatory system ." Medical Biological and Engineering and Computin 2.2 (1964): 161-166. SpingerLink. eb. 15 Nov. 2010. Inlander, Charles B.. The people's medical society health desk reference: information your doctor can't or won't tell you - everything you need to know for the best in health care. New York: Hyperion, 1995. Print. Jodrey, Louise, and Karl ilbur. "Studies on Shell Formation. IV. The Respiratory Metabolism of the Oyster Mantle." Biological Bulletin 108.3 (1955): 346-358. JSTOR. eb. 15 Nov. 2010. Ruppert, E.E., and Karen Carle. "Morphology of metazoan circulatory systems." Zoomorphology 103.3 (1983): 193-208. SpringerLink. eb. 15 Nov. 2010. Southgate, Paul C., and John S. Lucas. The pearl oyster . Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2008. Print. "The onders of the Seas: Mollusks." Oceanic Research Group. N.p., n.d. eb. 15 Nov. 2010. . eight, Ryan, John Viator, Charles Caldwell, and Allison Lisle. "Photoacoustic detection of metastatic melanoma cells in the human….

Arnaudin, Mary, and Joel Mintzes. "Students' alternative conceptions of the human circulatory system: A cross-age study." Science Education 69.5 (2006): 721-733. Wiley Online Library. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.

De Pater, L, and JW Van Den Burg. "An electrical analogue of the entire human circulatory system ." Medical Biological and Engineering and Computin 2.2 (1964): 161-166. SpingerLink. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.

Inlander, Charles B.. The people's medical society health desk reference: information your doctor can't or won't tell you - everything you need to know for the best in health care. New York: Hyperion, 1995. Print.

Jodrey, Louise, and Karl Wilbur. "Studies on Shell Formation. IV. The Respiratory Metabolism of the Oyster Mantle." Biological Bulletin 108.3 (1955): 346-358. JSTOR. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.

Performance Reward System An Organization Can Achieve a

Performance/Reward System: An organization can achieve a competitive edge only and only with the help of its employees. Therefore, it is necessary that right employees are selected then trained and developed and a performance-based reward system. The question then comes to the performance measurement system. In a furniture retail store where I work they stick to the old practice of a meeting of top managers and supervisor who sit down annually and critically review the performance of all customer service personnel. They carry out a thorough examination of employee performance with respect to the goal set for them by the management. In this setting where only goals are there to guide employees and performance appraisal system is vague and subjective, most employees are just interested in meeting their targets and they do not strive to exceed their employers expectations. Performance evaluation should be an evaluation and development tool with the help….

Sims, R. (2002). Organizational Success through Effective Human Resources Management. Quorum Books. Westport, CT.

Kreiner, J. (2000). Examining the human Body. The Washington Times. March 18.

Prasad, S., Tata, J., & Thorn, R. (1999). The Influence of Organizational Structure on the Effectiveness of TQM Programs. Journal of Managerial Issue. Vol. 11.

China's Healthcare System China Is

" More unfavorable publicity came in June when Jintao had to undergo medical checkups to ensure he was SARS-free when meeting President Bush and other G-8 leaders in France. There is little doubt that China's international standing was clearly badly damaged by its government's mishandling of the SARS epidemic. On July 21, 2004, Dr. Bates Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, stated official Chinese estimates show China now has roughly 840,000 persons living with the HIV virus and as of the end of 2003, only 62,159 persons had been tested and officially confirmed to be HIV-positive. "The remaining HIV-positive individuals in China, estimated at 780,000 persons or more, are not known to public health authorities, and the individuals themselves probably do not know their status, posing significant risks for the further spread of HIV." Yet, outside observers believe that the number….

China. World Health Organization. http://www.wpro.who.int/chips/chip01/chn.htm . Accessed 16 November 2004 review of evidence: China's path to better health and development. World Health

Organization. http://www.google.com/u/who?q=cache:dMwKxNx4q4YJ:www.who.int/entity/macrohealth/action/en/ShanghaiPaperRevJuly2004.pdf+china's+health+care+system&hl=en&ie=UTF-8. Accessed 16 November 2004

The Specter of SARS: China's failure to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome has economic causes and consequences. World and I. 01 July 2003; Pp.

Rask, Kolleen J. Healthcare Reform in Transitional China: Its Impact on Accounting and Financial Management. Research in Healthcare Financial Management. 01 January 2001; Pp.

Main Systems of Human Body

The circulatory or cardiovascular system is responsible for moving nutrients, wastes and gases between body cells, transporting blood across the whole body and battling disease (Circulatory System). Its principal elements are the heart, numerous blood vessels, and blood. The heart forms the circulatory system's core. This 2-sided, 4-chambered pump which distributes blood to various arteries comprises of the right and left ventricles, and right and left atria. The ventricles, situated within the heart's lower half, are responsible for pumping blood to the whole body (away from our heart), whilst the atria, situated within the heart's upper half are in charge of receiving blood from different parts of the human body. The right and left ventricles pump de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood, respectively; de-oxygenated blood is pumped to lungs while oxygenated blood is pumped to the remainder of the human body (smith, 2013). These 4 chambers are connected to one another by means….

Lymphatic System Is a Sub-System of the

Lymphatic system is a sub-system of the circulatory system. It contains a network of nodes, or vessels and filters, which remove toxins from the body. The role of the lymphatic system in the homeostasis of the body is that it serves as the primary drainage for all of the body's other systems, removing all toxins and excess fluids. It is a major defense against disease and also helps carry nutrients throughout the body. The lymphatic system does not circulate blood. Lymph is its primary fluid and is formed from fluids surround cells throughout the body and passed into lymph vessels. If this fluid were not removed or filtered, the result would be toxins accumulating in the body. This would create swelling and also prevent the body from fighting against infection and disease. Disorders or complications originated in the lymphatic system create serious illness in the body. This is because this system works….

Brown, P. (2005). Lymphatic system: Unlocking the drains. Nature, 436(7050), 456-458. doi:10.1038/436456a.

Could you provide some essay topic ideas related to Primate Behavior?

Topic Idea 1: Primate Social Structure and Hierarchies - Discuss the diverse social structures observed in primate species, ranging from egalitarian to strictly hierarchical systems. - Analyze the factors contributing to the formation and maintenance of social hierarchies in primates, such as dominance, kinship, and alliances. - Explore the mechanisms used by primates to communicate social status, such as vocalizations, body language, and facial expressions. - Investigate the implications of social hierarchies on the behavior, mating strategies, and reproductive success of individual primates. Topic Idea 2: Primate Communication and Language - Discuss the various modes of communication employed by primates, including vocalizations, gestures, facial expressions, and....

how to take care of digestive system

1. Eat a balanced diet: Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins in your diet to ensure your digestive system has all the nutrients it needs to function properly. 2. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to help keep your digestive system running smoothly and prevent constipation. 3. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help improve digestion and keep your bowels moving regularly. 4. Limit processed foods: Processed foods are often high in added sugars and unhealthy fats, which can negatively impact your digestive system. Try to limit your intake of processed foods and opt for whole,....

Research Paper

Agriculture

Digestive System Diseases and Disorders The digestive system is made up of the "digestive tract" -- which is, according to the National Institutes of Health, a "series of hollow organs…

It is also at this point that other organs begin to play a major role in the digestive process. The pancreas, located adjacent to the small intestine, secretes…

Health - Nutrition

The blood and lymph systems are also vital to digestion's efficacy, transporting nutrients to the cells of the body where they are needed (Smith & Morton 2001). Again,…

Medical / Medicine

Digestive Disorders: Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome It is important to note that in some instances, the symptoms patient present could be tied to a myriad of disorders.…

Lipids and Proteins Lipids Lipids are fats and they are important to our health. When chemically digesting these lipids or fats, these molecules are broken down into smaller ones that can…

e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity.…

Literature Review

" More unfavorable publicity came in June when Jintao had to undergo medical checkups to ensure he was SARS-free when meeting President Bush and other G-8 leaders in France. There…

Lymphatic system is a sub-system of the circulatory system. It contains a network of nodes, or vessels and filters, which remove toxins from the body. The role of the…

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Essay: Digestive system

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A digestive system is a collection of organs working together to transform food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the body. Food moves through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) (Inge et al,2008). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestines and large intestines. In addition to this there are several additional organs that help your body to digest food but food does not pass through them, these are excretion called accessory organs. Accessory organs of the digestive system are the teeth, the tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas. To provide energy and nutrients to the body, six major roles take place in the digestive system, these are absorption, digestion, ingestion, mixing and movement and secretion. Most common foods that contain mostly carbohydrates are potatoes, bread, cereals, rice and pasta and should make up about a third of the food you eat (NHS, 2016). Many of these foods contain starch, which can be digested, and fibre, which the body cannot digest. The digestible carbohydrates are broken into simpler molecules by enzymes in the saliva, a fluid produced by the pancreas, and in the lining of the small intestine. Starch is digested in two steps: The first is an enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic fluid breaks the starch into molecules called maltose; The second is when an enzyme in the lining of the small intestine (maltase) splits the maltose into glucose molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body (Toole and Toole, 2015). Table sugar is another carbohydrate that must be digested to be useful. An enzyme in the lining of the small intestine digests table sugar into glucose and fructose, each of which can be absorbed from the intestinal cavity into the blood. Milk contains yet another type of sugar, lactose, which is changed into absorbable molecules by an enzyme called lactase, also found in the intestinal lining. However there are some that are lactose intolerant and this happens when they have digested milk or milk based products, their body reacts with symptoms such as bloating, diaoreah and gas. Some people think that being lactose intolerant it is an allergy (Niddk, 2016). This is not the case. There are two further conditions which may Protein Further digestion of the protein is completed in the small intestine. Here, several enzymes from the pancreatic fluid and the lining of the intestine carry out the breakdown of large protein molecules into small molecules called amino acid. These small molecules can be absorbed from the hollow of the small intestine into the blood and then be carried to all parts of the body to build the walls and other parts of cells. Fats Fat molecules are a rich source of energy for the body. The first step in digestion of a fat such as butter is for the bile acids to combine with the fatty acids and cholesterol and to help these molecules to move into the cells of the mucosa. In these cells the small molecules are formed back into large molecules, most of which pass into vessels (called lymphatics) near the intestine. These small vessels carry the reformed fat to the veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to storage depots in different parts of the body. Vitamins The large, hollow organs of the digestive system contain muscle that enables their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can force food and liquid and can mix the contents within each organ. Typical movement of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine is called peristalsis. The action of peristalsis looks like an ocean wave moving through the muscle. The muscle of the organ produces a narrowing and then propels the narrowed portion slowly down the length of the organ. These waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ. Water and Salt Food enters the oral cavity. Within the mouth are many organs that help in the digestion of food, tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx. The Digestion System As the food enters the oral cavity. The teeth are hard organs found along the anterior and lateral edges of the mouth. Teeth are living organs and contain blood vessels and nerves under the dentin in a soft region known as the pulp. Teeth are used for cutting and grinding food into smaller pieces. The tongue is located on the inferior portion of the mouth just posterior. It is a small organ made up of several pairs of muscles covered in a thin, bumpy, skin-like layer. The outside of the tongue contains many rough papillae for gripping food as it is moved by the tongue’s muscles. The taste buds on the surface of the tongue detect taste molecules in food and connect to nerves in the tongue to send taste information to the brain. The tongue also helps to push food toward the posterior part of the mouth for swallowing. Surrounding the mouth are 3 sets of salivary glands. The salivary glands are accessory organs that produce a watery secretion known as saliva. Saliva helps to moisten food and begins the digestion of carbohydrates. The body also uses saliva to lubricate food as it passes through the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. The pharynx, or throat, is a funnel-shaped tube attached to the posterior end of the mouth. The pharynx is responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus. The pharynx also plays an important role in the respiratory system, as air from the nasal cavity passes through the pharynx on its way to the larynx and eventually the lungs. Because the pharynx serves two different functions, it contains a flap of tissue known as the epiglottis that acts as a switch to route food to the esophagus and air to the larynx (Innerbody, 2016). The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach that is part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length. At the inferior end of the esophagus is a muscular ring called the lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter. The function of this sphincter is to close at the end of the esophagus and trap food in the stomach. The stomach is a muscular sac that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the diaphragm. In an average person, the stomach is about the size of their two fists placed next to each other. This major organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. The stomach also contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth. The small intestine is a long, thin tube about 1 inch in diameter and about 10 feet long that is part of the lower gastrointestinal tract. It is located just inferior to the stomach and takes up most of the area in the abdominal cavity. The entire small intestine is coiled like a hose and the inside surface is full of many ridges and folds. These folds are used to maximize the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. By the time food leaves the small intestine, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from the food that entered it. The liver is a roughly triangular accessory organ of the digestive system located to the right of the stomach, just inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the small intestine. The liver weighs about 3 pounds and is the second largest organ in the body. The liver has many different functions in the body, but the main function of the liver in digestion is the production of bile and its secretion into the small intestine. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just posterior to the liver. The gallbladder is used to store and recycle excess bile from the small intestine so that it can be reused for the digestion of subsequent meals. The pancreas is a large gland. it is about 6 inches long and connected to the duodenum pointing to the left wall of the abdominal cavity. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion of foods. The large intestine is a long, thick tube about 6.5 cm in diameter and about 1.35m long. It is located just inferior to the stomach and wraps around the superior and lateral border of the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients. Feces in the large intestine exit the body through the anal canal. The digestive system is responsible for taking whole foods and turning them into energy and nutrients to allow the body to function, grow, and repair itself. The six primary processes of the digestive system include ingestion of food, secretion of fluids and digestive enzymes, mixing and movement of food and wastes through the body, digestion of food into smaller pieces, absorption of nutrients and excretion of wastes The first function of the digestive system is ingestion, or the intake of food (Innerbody, 2016). The mouth is responsible for this function, as it is the orifice through which all food enters the body. The mouth and stomach are also responsible for the storage of food as it is waiting to be digested. This storage capacity allows the body to eat only a few times each day and to ingest more food than it can process at one time. In the course of a day, the digestive system secretes around 7 liters of fluids. These fluids include saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and bile. Saliva moistens dry food and contains salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Mucus serves as a protective barrier and lubricant inside of the GI tract. Hydrochloric acid helps to digest food chemically and protects the body by killing bacteria present in our food. Enzymes are tiny biochemical machines that disassemble large macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into their smaller components. Finally, bile is used to mix large masses of lipids into tiny globules for easy digestion. The digestive system uses three main processes to move and mix food, Swallowing is the process of using smooth and skeletal muscles in the mouth, tongue, and pharynx to push food out of the mouth, through the pharynx, and into the esophagus (Innerbody, 2016). Peristalsis is a muscular wave that travels the length of the GI tract, moving partially digested food a short distance down the tract. It takes many waves of peristalsis for food to travel from the esophagus, through the stomach and intestines, and reach the end of the GI tract. Segmentation occurs only in the small intestine as short segments of an intestine contract like hands squeezing a toothpaste tube. Segmentation helps to increase the absorption of nutrients by mixing food and increasing its contact with the walls of the intestine. Digestion is the process of turning large pieces of food into its component chemicals. Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. This mode of digestion begins with the chewing of food by the teeth and is continued through the muscular mixing of food by the stomach and intestines. Bile produced by the liver is also used to mechanically break fats into smaller globules. While food is being mechanically digested it is also being chemically digested as larger and more complex molecules are being broken down into smaller molecules that are easier to absorb. Chemical digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase in saliva splitting complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates. The enzymes and acid in the stomach continue chemical digestion, but the bulk of chemical digestion takes place in the small intestine thanks to the action of the pancreas. The pancreas secretes an incredibly strong digestive cocktail known as pancreatic juice, which is capable of digesting lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. By the time food has left the duodenum, it has been reduced to its chemical building blocks—fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides, and nucleotides. Once food has been reduced to its building blocks, it is ready for the body to absorb. Absorption begins in the stomach with simple molecules like water and alcohol being absorbed directly into the bloodstream. Most absorption takes place in the walls of the small intestine, which are densely folded to maximize the surface area in contact with digested food. Small blood and lymphatic vessels in the intestinal wall pick up the molecules and carry them to the rest of the body. The large intestine is also involved in the absorption of water and vitamins B and K before feces leave the body. The final function of the digestive system is the excretion of waste in a process known as defecation. Defecation removes indigestible substances from the body so that they do not accumulate inside the gut. The timing of defecation is controlled voluntarily by the conscious part of the brain, but must be accomplished on a regular basis to prevent a backup of indigestible materials. Figure 1 Diagram of the digestion system When food enters the duodenum, the pancreas releases enzymes to help break down fat, protein and carbohydrate (Enzymeesentials, 2016). The gall bladder releases bile, which has been produced by the liver, to help further break fats down into a form that can be absorbed by the intestines. The small intestine is lined with villi, which provide a large surface area enabling the absorption of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into the bloodstream (Pickering, 2002). The small intestine also plays a key role in regulating blood glucose levels. The small intestine contains a number of receptive cells which detect the presence of macronutrients and secrete hormones which instructs the pancreas on how much insulin and glucagon to release. Gluten sensitivity or intolerance is a condition that causes a person to respond after ingesting gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. The symptoms can vary and can include gastrointestinal problems, joint pain, fatigue, and depression. These can also be very similar to the condition celiac disease. A further test can be carried out to identify which is the correct diagnosis (Gluten-free living, 2016). Figure 1: Role of Nutrients of the Body Carbohydrates Examples Diagram of structure with name Description of structure Role in the body Examples Starch Glucose Cellulose Figure 2 Carbohydrates Glucose Monosaccharide: Known as Simple sugar Disaccharide: Are also called double sugar, any substance that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars linked to each other. Disaccharides are crystalline water-soluble compounds. Starch: A starch molecule is a polysaccharide assembled from the simple sugar glucose; it can contain large amounts varying from five hundred to several hundred thousand glucose molecules joined by covalent bonds into a single structure. Carbohydrates are a source of energy for the body. They can be converted more readily into glucose, the form of sugar that’s transported and used by the body. Cooking starch-containing items result in the hydration of starch molecules and the swelling of starch granules, increasing the rate and enhancing the enzymatic breakdown of starch. Amylases also convert starch to glucose. Proteins Examples Enzymes Antibodies Hormones Collagen Keratin Cell Receptors Figure 3 Proteins (Analitik, 2016) Amino Acid, R Group Amino-acid: Always contain Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and can also carry sulphur. These are used in protein synthesis. Primary structure: Secondary structure: Tertiary structure: Quaternary structure: Lipids Examples Figure 4 Lipids (Info-please, 2016) Lipid Lipid: Phospholipid: There are two classes of phospholipids. The first are the glycerophospholipids, which are themselves subdivided into two groups. Phosphatides are molecules composed of glycerol substituted with two fatty acid esters. Three alcohols that form phosphatides are choline, ethanolamine, and serine. The second are sphingolipids (Mandal. 2014). Sphingolipids have a long-chain or sphingoid base, such as sphingosine, to which a fatty acid is connected by an amide bond. Sphingomyelin is one of the most copious sphingolipids in animal tissues. Sphingomyelin is a significant building block of membranes Steroid: Bibliography

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The Digestive System and Its Functions Essay

One of the most significant components of human life is digestion, because namely during this process, the necessary proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and other useful ingredients enter the body. That is why the proper functioning of the human digestive system serves as the basis for full-fledged life support during the main processes in the digestive tract. Moreover, the digestive system is also responsible for the water-electrolytic balance, regulating the rate of fluid intake from food. The functions of the gastrointestinal tract can be summarized as follows (Hoffman 9-14):

Motor function. Due to the middle (muscle) membrane of the digestive tract, muscle contraction-relaxation, food taking is carried out, following chewing, swallowing, mixing, and moving food along the digestive canal.
Secretory function is carried out due to the digestive juices, that are produced by the glandular cells located in the mucous membrane (inner) of the canal. These secrets contain enzymes (reaction accelerators) that carry out the chemical processing of food (hydrolysis of food substances).
Excretory function provides the secretion of metabolic products by the digestive glands in the gastrointestinal tract.
Absorption function ‑ the process of assimilation of nutrients through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood and lymph.

The gastrointestinal tract is a convoluted tube that begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. The digestive system includes the following: the oral cavity with organs located in it and the adjacent large salivary glands; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small and large intestine; liver; pancreas (Rogers 15).

The oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus located in the area of the human head, neck, and chest cavity have a relatively straight direction. In the oral cavity, food enters the throat, where there is a cross of digestive and respiratory tracts. Then the esophagus comes, through which food mixed with saliva enters the stomach. In the oral cavity, the primary processing of food occurs, which consists of its mechanical grinding with the help of the tongue and teeth and turning into a food lump.

The salivary glands secrete saliva, the enzymes of which start the breakdown of carbohydrates in food (Smith and Morton 29). Then, through the throat and esophagus, food enters the stomach, where it is digested under the influence of gastric juice.

The stomach is a thick-walled muscle sac located under the diaphragm in the left half of the abdominal cavity. By reducing the walls of the stomach, its contents are mixed. Many glands concentrated in the mucous wall of the stomach secrete gastric juice containing enzymes and hydrochloric acid. After this, partially digested food enters the anterior part of the small intestine ‑ the duodenum.

The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the duodenum, food is exposed to the action of pancreatic juice, bile, and also the juice of the glands located in its wall. In the jejunum and ileum, the final digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into the blood occurs. Undigested residues enter the colon. Here they are accumulated and are subject to removal from the body in the form of feces. The initial part of the colon is called the blind, and the appendix is following it.

Digestive glands include salivary glands, microscopic glands of the stomach and intestines, pancreas, and liver. The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is located on the right under the diaphragm (Rogers 42). Bile is produced in the liver, which flows through the ducts into the gall bladder, where it accumulates and enters the intestine as needed. The liver retains toxic substances and protects the body from poisoning. The pancreas also belongs to the digestive glands that secrete juices and turn complex nutrients into simpler and more soluble in water. It is located between the stomach and the duodenum. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates; 1–1.5 liters of pancreatic juice is secreted per day (Hoffman 30).

The correct sequential operation of the elements of the digestive system in time and space is ensured by regular processes of various levels. Enzymatic activity is characteristic of each section of the digestive tract and is maximum at a certain pH value of the medium. For example, in the stomach, the digestive process is carried out in an acidic environment.

Acidic content passing into the duodenum is neutralized, and intestinal digestion occurs in a neutral and slightly alkaline environment created by secrets secreted into the intestine ‑ bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal secretions, which inactivate gastric enzymes (Smith and Morton 24). Intestinal digestion occurs in a neutral and slightly alkaline environment, first in the type of abdominal and then parietal digestion, ending with the absorption of hydrolysis products ‑ nutrients.

The degradation of nutrients by the type of cavity and parietal digestion is carried out by hydrolytic enzymes, each of which has specificity expressed to one degree or another. A set of enzymes in the secretions of the digestive glands has specific and individual characteristics, adapted to the digestion of the food that is characteristic of this region, and those nutrients that prevail in the diet.

Each digestion department has its internal environment, which serves as the basis for the functions assigned to it. The organs of the gastrointestinal tract, together with the auxiliary glands, gradually break down each component of the food, separating what the body needs and sending the rest of the absorbed food to waste. If at any of these stages a malfunction occurs, the organs and systems do not receive enough energy resources and, therefore, cannot fully perform their functions, causing an imbalance of the whole organism. Violations of the normal functioning of the digestive system can lead to the development of several diseases.

Works Cited

Hoffman, Gretchen. Digestive System . Benchmark Books, 2008.

Rogers, Kara. The Digestive System . Rosen Education Service, 2010.

Smith, Margaret E., and Dion G. Morton. The Digestive System: Systems of the Body Series . Churchill Livingstone, 2011.

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The Digestive System

The digestive system is comprised of complex glands and organs which take part in the digestion of food. For the body to utilize food, it has to break the food into tiny particles that can easily be absorbed. Additionally, the body has to ensure excretion of the waste from the digestive system. Particularly, most digestive organs are tube-like and highly coiled to reduce the speed of flow of food for maximum digestion and absorption of the nutrients. The digestive system essentially is long with twisting tube running right from the mouth all the way to the anus. It also encompasses other organs outside the tube such as pancreas and liver which secret digestive juices.

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Effects of aging on the digestive system

Aging has minimal effects on the functioning of digestive system. As people grow older though, there are a number of age-related problems that affect the normal functioning of the digestive system. That is, the efficiency of the digestive system slows down with age due to several reasons which include damaged tissues that occur as a result lack of new cells formation. Secondly, the digestive tract muscle becomes less efficient, stiffer, and weaker: the decrease in number of smooth muscle along the tract makes the movement of food very slow. This is attributed to lack of strong contraction of the muscles aiding in the movement of food.

Physiology and normal function of the digestive system

Digestive system is made up of various organs that help in the breakdown of the chemical food components. Particularly, food breakdown happens through the use of digestive juices. The first organ is buccal cavity which forms the entry point of food into the system. In this buccal cavity, food is turned and mixed with large amounts of saliva using the tongue. Then, the food is mechanically broken down using the teeth. Chemically, salivary enzymes break down simple sugars to smaller particles. Notably, the oesophagus connects the mouth and the stomach which allows rhythmical movement of food along it in wave-like motion. This motion is caused by circular and longitudinal muscle contraction. Stomach forms the widest section of the digestive tract and stores food for around two to six hours. Here, food is mixed with different hormones and enzymes such as pepsinogen and gastric acid to help in protein digestion. The partly digested food mixed with gastric acid forms chyme.

The small intestine comprises jejunum, ileum, and duodenum. Digestion is completed in the duodenum through the help of pancreatic juice, bile, and other secretions occurring within the small intestine. Absorption of digested food occurs in the ileum. The final organ is large intestine which comprises colon, caecum, appendix, and rectum. It forms the section where some electrolytes and water are absorbed from the food. It also contains many microbes such as Klebsiella which help in the digestion process. The solid wastes are stored in the rectum where they stay until they are excreted through the anus. The normal functions of the digestive system are conversion of food into nutrients that are essential to the body, absorption of these nutrients into the body, and movement of waste or undigested food particles outside the body.

Common disorders of the digestive system

Disorders of the digestive system normally cause a lot of discomfort to a number of affected persons. The most common symptoms associated with various disorders include vomiting, nausea, constipation, and cramps. The symptoms vary with their actual causes thus it is very difficult diagnosing the disorders. There are three common disorders associated with digestive system. The first one is irritable bowel syndrome which is chronic and affects both small and large intestine. The disorder occurs due to slower or faster movement of food within the colon. The colon thus does not absorb the required amount of water leading to constipation or diarrhea. The disorder affects different people in different kinds of ways. Treatments include dietary changes in order to limit the consumption of foods likely to trigger flare-up and lifestyle changes aimed at reducing stress.

Inflammatory bowel disease is the other disorder. It occurs when either the large or the small intestine is inflamed. The swelling cause symptoms for example stomach cramps, diarrhea, and bloat. There are two basic types of inflammatory bowel disease, the ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. The Crohns disease affects any part of the digestive tract. It makes the affected walls to thicken thus developing cobblestone-like outer surfaces. The ulcerative colitis affects the colon only. Those having ulcerative colitis develop ulcers on the lining of their colon. The ulcer leads to tearing of the colon lining and results into bloody diarrhea, stomach, and weight loss. In most cases, the disease is controlled through surgery. The final disorder is celiac disease which occurs due to overreaction of the body to gluten. The reaction damages the lining of the small intestine thus interfering with overall digestion process. Celiac disease is incurable but can easily be controlled through consumption of gluten free foods.

Pathophysiology of diseases associated with each system

Heartburn occurs due to the weakened valve between the stomach and oesophagus allowing stomach acid to regurgitate into oesophagus. This causes chest pains. Jaundice causes yellowing of skin and at same time causes the whiteness of the victims eyes. It results from blocked ducts which are supposed to deliver bile into the intestine. The other disease is portal hypertension which results from chronic alcoholism. It results in a damaged liver and obstruction of the blood flowing through the veins of the liver. This causes rising pressure of the blood between the liver and the gastrointestinal tract enlarging the veins within the umbilicus.

Peritonitis is another digestive system disease that is caused by inflammation of the abdominal cavity lining. The symptoms indicating the disease are referred to as peritoneal signs. These include tender abdomen, gurgles, rigid abdominal muscles, and rebound pain. Finally, esophageal varix which is the bulging of veins found on the oesophagus wall results from alcoholism. The pressure that builds within these veins causes their bursts and at times can lead to fatal bleeding.

From the discussion, it is evidenced that aging has a number of negative effects on the digestive system. These effects generally result to reduced efficiency of the digestive system and as such cause problems for instance constipation. The common digestive disorders which include celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome are primarily caused by the individuals lifestyles and kinds of foods that they occasionally consume. Therefore, living healthy lifestyles and eating of foods which are good for the digestive system can easily help in controlling these disorders. The pathophysiology of most diseases of the digestive system is the alteration of most of the organs within the digestive tract. This affects the normal functioning of these organs thus affecting the overall digestion process. Prevention of these diseases is essential since most of them are incurable and fatal at the same time.

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