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Global Health Care, Essay Example

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Introduction

Global health care is a challenging phenomenon that supports the development of new perspectives and approaches to solving global health concerns, including nutrition, infectious disease, cancer, and chronic illness. It is important to address global health as a driving force in international healthcare expenditures because it represents an opportunity for clinicians throughout the world to collaborate and to address global health concerns to achieve favorable outcomes. Global healthcare in the modern era includes the utilization of technology to support different population groups and to address different challenges as related to global health problems that impact millions of people in different ways. These challenges demonstrate the importance of large-scale efforts to eradicate disease, to prevent illness, and to manage disease effectively through comprehensive strategies that encourage communication and collaboration across boundaries.

Global health care incorporates a number of critical factors into play so that people throughout the world are given a chance to live and to lead a higher quality of life. The World Health Organization (WHO) is of particular relevance because this organization supports global health initiatives and large-scale impact projects throughout the world (Sundewall et.al, 2009). The WHO recognizes the importance of developing strategies to address global health concerns by pooling resources in order to ensure that many population groups are positively impacted by these initiatives (Sundewall et.al, 2009). The WHO also collaborates with government bodies throughout the world to address specific concerns that are relevant to different population groups, such as infectious diseases, many of which ravage populations in a significant manner (Fineberg and Hunter, 2013). In this context, it is observed that global health has a significant impact on populations and their ability to thrive, given the high mortality rates of some diseases in less developed nations (Fineberg and Hunter, 2013). Therefore, it is expected that there will be additional frameworks in place to accommodate the needs of populations and the resources that are required to achieve favorable outcomes (Fineberg and Hunter, 2013).

In addition to the WHO, there are many other international organizations that support global health and disease in different ways. For example, The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) supports large-scale global health efforts to support the world’s children (imva.org, 2013). UNICEF works in conjunction with many governments and other sources of funding in order to accomplish its objectives related to child health and wellbeing (imva.org, 2013). UNICEF spends significant funds on many focus areas, including the preservation of child health, nutrition, emergency support, and sanitation in conjunction with local water supplies (imva.org, 2013). In addition, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provides support in many areas, including a primary focus on healthcare in developing nations (imva.org, 2013).

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory is essential in satisfying the objectives of global health because it supports an understanding of the issues related to cultural diversity and how they impact healthcare practices throughout the world (Current Nursing, 2012). This theory embodies many of the differences that exist in modern healthcare practices and supports a greater understanding of the issues that are most relevant on a global scale (Current Nursing, 2012). This theory is applicable because it represents a call to action to consider cultural differences when providing care and treatment to different population groups, but not at the expense of the quality of care that is provided (Current Nursing, 2012). In many countries, the provision of care is largely dependent on cultural diversity and customs, which is essential to a thriving healthcare system; however, diversity must also incorporate the concept of providing maximum care for an individual in need of treatment (Current Nursing, 2012).

Professional nursing is highly relevant to global health because nurses address some of the most critical challenges in providing care and expanding access to treatment for millions of people throughout the world. However, it is also important for nurses working with global health initiatives to recognize the importance of these directives and to consider ways to improve quality of care without compromising principles or other factors in the process. These efforts will ensure that nurses maximize their knowledge and understanding of global health and its scope in order to achieve positive outcomes for people in desperate need of healthcare services throughout the world. Nurses must collaborate with small and large-scale organizations regarding global health issues so that population needs are targeted and are specific. These efforts will ensure that patients are treated in areas where healthcare access is severely limited.

Global health represents a significant set of challenges for clinicians throughout the world. It is important to recognize these concerns and to take the steps that are necessary to provide patients with the best possible outcomes to achieve optimal health. The scope of global health concerns is significant; therefore, it is important to address these concerns and to take the steps that are necessary to collaborate and promote initiatives to fight global health problems. When these objectives are achieved using the knowledge and expertise of nurses, it is likely that there will be many opportunities to treat patients and to educate them regarding positive health. With the assistance of large global organizations, nurses play an important role in shaping outcomes for women throughout the world.

Current Nursing (2012). Transcultural nursing. Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/transcultural_nursing.html

Fineberg, H.V., and Hunter, D. J. (2013). A global view of health – an unfolding series. T he New England Journal of Medicine, 368(1), 78-79.

Imva.org (2013). Bilateral agencies. Retrieved from http://www.imva.org/Pages/orgfrm.htm

Sundewall, J., Chansa, C., Tomson, G., Forsberg, B.C., and Mudenda, D. (2009). Global health initiatives and country health systems. The Lancet, 374, 1237.

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Essay on Global Health Issues And Concerns

Students are often asked to write an essay on Global Health Issues And Concerns in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Global Health Issues And Concerns

What is global health.

Global health is about keeping people all over the world safe from sickness. It means doctors and leaders work together to fight diseases that can spread from country to country. It’s not just about one place; it’s about everyone, everywhere.

Common Diseases

Many countries face illnesses like malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis. These diseases make lots of people very sick and can spread easily. Doctors try to stop these diseases by giving out medicine and teaching people how to stay healthy.

Health Care for All

Some places don’t have enough doctors or hospitals. People in these areas can’t always get the help they need when they are sick. It’s important for richer countries to help poorer ones so everyone can see a doctor.

Eating and Drinking Right

Getting the right food and clean water is a big problem in some places. Without these, people can get very sick. Healthy food and water help kids grow strong and stay healthy.

Working Together

To solve these health problems, countries must work together. Sharing knowledge and resources can make a big difference. When countries help each other, they can make the world a healthier place for everyone.

250 Words Essay on Global Health Issues And Concerns

What are global health issues.

Global health issues are health problems that affect many people across the world. These issues do not stop at country borders. They spread from one country to another and can affect anyone, no matter where they live.

Common Health Problems

One big health problem is infectious diseases. These are illnesses like the flu, HIV, and coronavirus. They can spread quickly and make lots of people sick. Another problem is not having enough food, which makes people weak and more likely to get sick.

Why Do These Problems Happen?

Many things cause global health issues. Poor countries might not have enough doctors or hospitals. Some places have dirty water, which can make people sick. Also, in crowded cities, diseases can spread faster because people are close together.

What Can We Do?

To fix these problems, countries need to work together. Doctors and medicines should be available for everyone. Clean water and good food are important too. Also, we need to teach people how to stay healthy and stop diseases from spreading.

By sharing knowledge and helping each other, we can fight global health issues. It’s important for all countries to join hands and make sure everyone can live a healthy life. When we all help, we can make the world a better place for everyone.

500 Words Essay on Global Health Issues And Concerns

What are global health issues.

When we talk about global health issues, we mean sicknesses and health problems that affect many people all over the world. These issues can spread from one country to another and impact lots of lives. It’s like when someone at school gets a cold, and soon many other students have it too. But on a much bigger scale, it can be more serious diseases that doctors and scientists are trying to stop.

Common Diseases Around the World

One big problem is diseases that spread quickly, like the flu or COVID-19. These can make a lot of people sick at the same time. There are also diseases like malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes, and it’s very common in some parts of the world. Many people, especially kids, can get very sick or even die if they catch these diseases.

Getting Medicine and Doctors to Everyone

In some places, it’s hard for people to get to a doctor or a hospital. They might live too far away, or there might not be enough doctors where they live. Also, some medicines are too expensive for people to buy. This means that even if there is a cure for a sickness, not everyone can get it. It’s like when you need a pencil for class, but the store is too far away, or the pencil is too costly.

Eating Healthy and Staying Clean

Being healthy isn’t just about medicine. It’s also about having clean water, good food, and a safe place to live. Some people don’t have clean water to drink or bathe in, and this can make them sick. If they don’t have good food to eat, they can become weak and more likely to catch diseases. It’s important for everyone to have these basic things to stay healthy.

Helping Each Other Out

Countries and organizations around the world are working together to solve these problems. They send doctors and nurses to places where there aren’t enough, and they help make medicines more affordable. They also teach people how to stay healthy, like washing their hands and eating the right foods. It’s like when your class works together on a project, and everyone helps out.

Even if we’re just kids, there’s a lot we can do to help. Learning about these issues is the first step. We can also help raise money or donate to organizations that are working to make things better. And we can be thankful for what we have, like clean water and good schools, and think about how we can share with others who don’t have as much.

In short, global health issues are big problems, but if we all work together, we can make the world a healthier place for everyone. It’s about sharing what we have and caring for each other, no matter where we live.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Current and Emerging Issues in Global Health: An Introduction to Special Journal Collection

Hamisu m. salihu.

1 Center of Excellence in Health Equity, Training and Research, Baylor College of Medicine, 3701 Kirby Drive, 700 Houston, Texas 77098, USA

Romuladus E. Azuine

2 The Center for Global Health and Health Policy, Global Health and Education Projects, Inc., P. O. Box 234, Riverdale, Maryland 20738, USA

We are thrilled to present this special collection of articles entitled “ Current and Emerging Issues in Global Health .” This special collection pursued three main goals. First, the collection presents an opportunity for innovation. Second, it presents an opportunity to engage the field and community around a common theme. Finally, the collection provides a reality-check for the journal editors to support the field in evaluating the extent to which we have collectively attempted to confront the global maternal and child health (MCH) issues of our time regardless of where in the world we live. Unique to this special collection is the geographical spread of the article submissions. We have articles and contributions from researchers and research groups from three continents in a single edition: Africa, Asia and North America, making the articles opportunities for cross-fertilization of ideas across the global North and South. Public health is passing through a seismic transformation. Whether at the global, national, state, and local levels, disease outbreaks, patient demographics, and health technology have changed the global health landscape in a way never imagined. Our hope is that papers in this special collection will spark new ideas for invention, improved patient care, and transform population health.

We are thrilled to present this special collection of articles on “Current and Emerging Issues in Global Health.” Over the last six months when the call for papers for this special collection was issued, the field of global maternal and child health (MCH) and HIV/AIDS has been agog with interest. The support from leading researchers, graduate students, pre-and-post-doctoral researchers from far and near bore testimony on the need for a curated, cutting-edge, collection of peer-reviewed articles around a common and shared theme. The International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) is an applied and translational global health journal; so the idea of a special collection is at the center of the journal’s global health mission and objectives. 1 The collection captures three main goals for the journal. First, it presents an opportunity for innovation; second, it presents an opportunity to engage the field and community around a common theme; and finally, it is a moment of reality-check for the journal editors to support the field in evaluating the extent to which we have collectively attempted to confront the global MCH issues of our time.

The idea of a special journal collection on emerging global health issues was timely. At the beginning of 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a list of 10 threats to global health for the year. 2 They include: (1) air pollution and climate change, (2) non-communicable diseases, (3) threat of a global influenza pandemic, (4) fragile and vulnerable settings, such as regions affected by drought and conflict, (5) antimicrobial resistance, (6) Ebola and high-threat pathogens, (7) weak primary care, (8) vaccine hesitancy, (9) Dengue, and (10) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Each of the above global threats is real, far-reaching, and supported by overwhelming data and evidence. Few examples. Climate change, natural and human-made health stressors, influence human health and disease in multiple ways. The health effects of climate change include increased respiratory and cardiovascular disease, injuries and premature deaths related to extreme weather events, changes in the prevalence and geographical distribution of food- and water-borne illnesses and other infectious diseases, and threats to mental health. 3 An American Academy of Pediatrics’ primary care research network study reported that almost 12% of caregivers had moderate or high vaccine hesitancy and that a high proportion of caregivers held inaccurate beliefs about vaccines. 4 These are but a few of the real issues confronting global health.

Public health is passing through a seismic transformation. Whether at the global, national, state, and local levels, disease outbreaks, patient demographics, and health technology have changed the global health landscape in a way never imagined. Diverse health outbreaks have transformed global health. There is no doubt that shifting boundaries, ennobled by migration, have lifted the boundaries for disease outbreaks, such as Ebola, Zika virus, measles, and the pandemic flu. 5 From Avian Flu, to Zika, to drug-resistant bacteria, the world faces a host of dangerous pathogens and potential epidemics. 5 Consequently, public health is now center-stage at national security discourses culminating in the burgeoning field of global health security preparedness. With about 70% of the world’s countries not fully prepared for an outbreak, it is evident that we face dangerous gaps in public health systems across the globe. 5

In total realization of these changing landscapes, we now have a cadre of public health professionals who found themselves engaging a changed demographics like never before. Demographic shifts and societal changes are intensifying pressures on health systems and demanding new directions in the delivery of healthcare. 6 In addition, aging populations in both emerging and developed nations are driving up the demand for healthcare. Health care professionals, unlike ever known in history, now agree that the “patient is king.” The “Google-ennobled patients” come to medical visits armed with questions for their healthcare practitioners making dialogue and a meeting of the minds inevitable. Given that all information is not always accurate, evidence-informed, or simply ready for patient consumption, the healthcare professional goes the extra mile of further empowering the patient with accurate information and bursts prevalent myths and misinformation. The empowered-patient-era has led to the realization that one-size-fits-all no longer suffices. It bears testimony to the long-held aspirations for precision medicine and precision healthcare practice that addresses the needs of patients according to their individual circumstances, which is pertinent in accelerating biomedical research and improving population health and health disparities. 7 The Google-ennobled patient is but one of the realities of technological incursion into healthcare presenting phenomenal opportunities but significant unanswered questions that warrant continued investigations.

The purpose of the special collection was to highlight and support emerging scientific innovations in the fields of global MCH and HIV/AIDS. The articles in the special collection lived up to this goal. They are diverse and make for a good reading touching on a wide range of contemporary topics dealing with issues that directly or indirectly influence MCH populations or people living with HIV/AIDS. Accordingly, we have high-quality articles that discuss childhood obesity and their social determinants; maternal and feto-infant survival in both developing (Nigeria, India and Malawi) and in developed (United States) settings. The role of the father during pregnancy, a concept that is increasingly gaining acceptance as an essential ingredient for favorable pregnancy outcomes, is also highlighted in this edition. Articles on HIV/AIDS report findings regarding two very important issues that determine success or failure of current efforts toward control of the HIV epidemic: stigma and HIV vaccine. The article by Aliyu et al., for example, demonstrates that stigma prevented sufficient adherence to anti-retroviral treatment among pregnant women enrolled in a prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) trial in rural North Central Nigeria. A paper by Alio et al. explores factors that could influence HIV vaccine acceptance among black men and transgender persons in Western New York. Unique to this special collection is the geographical spread of the article submissions. We have articles and contributions from research groups from three continents in a single edition: Africa, Asia and North America.

Our profound gratitude goes to the editorial management and support teams in Washington, DC led by Mr. Brownmagnus U. Olivers for their diligence and indefatigable work in helping us make this special collection a reality. We thank all our authors for their painstaking commitment in addressing the multiple reviews from the guardianship of Guest Editor Dr. Salihu to assemble a profound collection of papers that will stand the test of time and challenge existing paradigms in global health policy and practice. Our ultimate hope is that papers in this collection spark new ideas for invention, improved patient care, and transformation of population health. We are grateful to reviewers for their diligence and support of this special collection. We invite you to enjoy the read. We look forward to receiving your letters and comments on the papers in this collection.

Open access
Published: 07 April 2020

What is global health? Key concepts and clarification of misperceptions

Report of the 2019 GHRP editorial meeting

Xinguang Chen 1 , 2 ,
Hao Li 1 , 3 ,
Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III 4 ,
Abu S. Abdullah 5 , 6 ,
Jiayan Huang 7 ,
Charlotte Laurence 8 ,
Xiaohui Liang 1 , 3 ,
Zhenyu Ma 9 ,
Zongfu Mao 1 , 3 ,
Ran Ren 10 ,
Shaolong Wu 11 ,
Nan Wang 1 , 3 ,
Peigang Wang 1 , 3 ,
Tingting Wang 1 , 3 ,
Hong Yan 3 &
Yuliang Zou 3

Global Health Research and Policy volume 5 , Article number: 14 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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The call for “W orking Together to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind” requires us to improve people’s health across the globe, while global health development entails a satisfactory answer to a fundamental question: “What is global health?” To promote research, teaching, policymaking, and practice in global health, we summarize the main points on the definition of global health from the Editorial Board Meeting of Global Health Research and Policy, convened in July 2019 in Wuhan, China. The meeting functioned as a platform for free brainstorming, in-depth discussion, and post-meeting synthesizing. Through the meeting, we have reached a consensus that global health can be considered as a general guiding principle, an organizing framework for thinking and action, a new branch of sciences and specialized discipline in the large family of public health and medicine. The word “global” in global health can be subjective or objective, depending on the context and setting. In addition to dual-, multi-country and global, a project or a study conducted at a local area can be global if it (1) is framed with a global perspective, (2) intends to address an issue with global impact, and/or (3) seeks global solutions to an issue, such as frameworks, strategies, policies, laws, and regulations. In this regard, global health is eventually an extension of “international health” by borrowing related knowledge, theories, technologies and methodologies from public health and medicine. Although global health is a concept that will continue to evolve, our conceptualization through group effort provides, to date, a comprehensive understanding. This report helps to inform individuals in the global health community to advance global health science and practice, and recommend to take advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China.

“Promoting Health For All” can be considered as the mission of global health for collective efforts to build “a Community of Shared Future for Mankind” first proposed by President Xi Jinping of China in 2013. The concept of global health continues to evolve along with the rapid development in global health research, education, policymaking, and practice. It has been promoted on various platforms for exchange, including conferences, workshops and academic journals. Within the Editorial Board of Global Health Research and Policy (GHRP), many members expressed their own points of view and often disagreed with each other with regard to the concept of global health. Substantial discrepancies in the definition of global health will not only affect the daily work of the Editorial Board of GHRP, but also impede the development of global health sciences.

To promote a better understanding of the term “ global health” , we convened a special session in the 2019 GHRP Editorial Board Meeting on the 7th of July at Wuhan University, China. The session started with a review of previous work on the concept of global health by researchers from different institutions across the globe, followed by free brainstorms, questions-answers and open discussion. Individual participants raised many questions and generously shared their thoughts and understanding of the term global health. The session was ended with a summary co-led by Dr. Xinguang Chen and Dr. Hao Li. Post-meeting efforts were thus organized to further synthesize the opinions and comments gathered during the meeting and post-meeting development through emails, telephone calls and in-person communications. With all these efforts together, concensus have been met on several key concepts and a number of confusions have been clarified regarding global health. In this editorial, we report the main results and conclusions.

A brief history

Our current understanding of the concept of global health is based on information in the literature in the past seven to eight decades. Global health as a scientific term first appeared in the literature in the 1940s [ 1 ]. It was subsequently used by the World Health Organization (WHO) as guidance and theoretical foundation [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Few scholars discussed the concept of global health until the 1990s, and the number of papers on this topic has risen rapidly in the subsequent decade [ 5 ] when global health was promoted under the Global Health Initiative - a global health plan signed by the U.S. President Barack Obama [ 6 ]. As a key part of the national strategy in economic globalization, security and international policies, global health in the United States has promoted collaborations across countries to deal with challenging medical and health issues through federal funding, development aids, capacity building, education, scientific research, policymaking and implementation.

Based on his experience working with Professor Zongfu Mao, the lead Editors-in-Chief, who established the Global Health Institute at Wuhan University in 2011 and launched the GHRP in 2016, Dr. Chen presented his own thoughts surrounding the definition of global health to the 2019 GHRP Editorial Board Meeting. Briefly, Dr. Chen defined global health with a three-dimensional perspective.

First, global health can be considered as a guiding principle, a branch of health sciences, and a specialized discipline within the broader arena of public health and medicine [ 5 ]. As many researchers posit, global health first serves as a guiding principle for people who would like to contribute to the health of all people across the globe [ 5 , 7 , 8 ].

Second, Dr. Chen’s conceptualization of global health is consistent with the opinions of many other scholars. Global health as a branch of sciences focuses primarily on the medical and health issues with global impact or can be effectively addressed through global solutions [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Therefore, the goal of global health science is to understand global medical and health issues and develop global solutions and implications [ 7 , 9 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].

Third, according to Dr. Chen, to develop global health as a branch of science in the fields of public health and medicine, a specialized discipline must be established, including educational institutions, research entities, and academic societies. Only with such infrastructure, can the professionals and students in the global health field receive academic training, conduct global health research, exchange and disseminate research findings, and promote global health practices [ 5 , 15 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].

Developmentally and historically, we have learned and will continue to learn global health from the WHO [ 1 , 4 , 24 , 25 ]. WHO’s projects are often ambitious, involving multiple countries, or even global in scope. Through research and action projects, the WHO has established a solid knowledge base, relevant theories, models, methodologies, valuable data, and lots of experiences that can be directly used in developing global health [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Typical examples include WHO’s efforts for global HIV/AIDS control [ 13 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], and the Primary Healthcare Programs to promote Health For All [ 33 , 34 ].

The definition of Global Health

From published studies in the international literature and our experiences in research, training, teaching and practice, our meeting reached a consensus-global health is a newly established branch of health sciences, growing out from medicine, public health and international health, with much input from the WHO. What makes global health different from them is that (1) global health deals with only medical and health issues with global impact [ 35 , 5 , 36 , 10 , 14 , 2 ] the main task of global health is to seek for global solutions to the issues with global health impact [ 7 , 18 , 37 ]; and (3) the ultimate goal is to use the power of academic research and science to promote health for all, and to improve health equity and reduce health disparities [ 7 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 38 ]. Therefore, global health targets populations in all countries and involves all sectors beyond medical and health systems, although global health research and practice can be conducted locally [ 39 ].

As a branch of medical and health sciences, global health has three fundamental tasks: (1) to master the spatio-temporal patterns of a medical and/or health issue across the globe to gain a better understanding of the issue and to assess its global impact [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]; (2) to investigate the determinants and influential factors associated with medical and health issues that are known to have global impact [ 15 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]; and (3) to establish evidence-based global solutions, including strategies, frameworks, governances, policies, regulations and laws [ 14 , 15 , 28 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].

Like public health, medicine, and other branches of sciences, global health should have three basic functions : The first function is to generate new knowledge and theories about global health issues, influential factors, and develop global solutions. The second function is to distribute the knowledge through education, training, publication and other forms of knowledge sharing. The last function is to apply the global health knowledge, theories, and intervention strategies in practice to solve global health problems.

Understanding the word “global”

Confusion in understanding the term ‘global health’ has largely resulted from our understanding of the word “global”. There are few discrepancies when the word ‘global’ is used in other settings such as in geography. In there, the world global physically pertains to the Earth we live on, including all people and all countries in the world. However, discrepancies appear when the word “global” is combined with the word “health” to form the term “global health”. Following the word “global” literately, an institution, a research project, or an article can be considered as global only if it encompasses all people and all countries in the world. If we follow this understanding, few of the work we are doing now belong to global health; even the work by WHO are for member countries only, not for all people and all countries in the world. But most studies published in various global health journals, including those in our GHRP, are conducted at a local or international level. How could this global health happen?

The argument presented above leads to another conceptualization: Global health means health for a very large group of people in a very large geographic area such as the Western Pacific, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Along with this line of understanding, an institution, a research project or an article involving multi-countries and places can be considered as global, including those conducted in countries involved in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) [ 26 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. They are considered as global because they meet our definitions of global health which focus on medical and health issues with global impact or look for global solutions to a medical or health issue [ 5 , 7 , 22 ].

One step further, the word ‘global’ can be considered as a concept of goal-setting in global health. Typical examples of this understanding are the goals established for a global health institution, for faculty specialized in global health, and for students who major or minor in global health. Although few of the global health institutions, scholars and students have conducted or are going to conduct research studies with a global sample or delivered interventions to all people in all countries, all of them share a common goal: Preventing diseases and promoting health for all people in the world. For example, preventing HIV transmission within Wuhan would not necessarily be a global health project; but the same project can be considered as global if it is guided by a global perspective, analyzed with methods with global link such as phylogenetic analysis [ 52 , 53 ], and the goal is to contribute to global implications to end HIV/AIDS epidemic.

The concept of global impact

Global impact is a key concept for global health. Different from other public health and medical disciplines, global health can address any issue that has a global impact on the health of human kind, including health system problems that have already affected or will affect a large number of people or countries across the globe. Three illustrative examples are (1) the SARS epidemic that occurred in several areas in Hong Kong could spread globally in a short period [ 11 ] to cause many medical and public health challenges [ 54 , 55 ]; (2) the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS [ 13 ]; and the novel coronavirus epidemic first broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan and quickly spread to many countries in the world [ 56 ].

Along with rapid and unevenly paced globalization, economic growth, and technological development, more and more medical and health issues with global impact emerge. Typical examples include growing health disparities, migration-related medical and health issues, issues related to internet abuse, the spread of sedentary lifestyles and lack of physical activity, obesity, increasing rates of substance abuse, depression, suicide and many other emerging mental health issues, and so on [ 10 , 23 , 36 , 42 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. GHRP is expecting to receive and publish more studies targeting these issues guided by a global health perspective and supports more researchers to look for global solutions to these issues.

The concept of global solution

Another concept parallel to global impact is global solution . What do we mean by global solutions? Different from the conventional understanding in public health and medicine, global health selectively targets issues with global impact. Such issues often can only be effectively solved at the macro level through cross-cultural, international, and/or even global collaboration and cooperation among different entities and stakeholders. Furthermore, as long as the problem is solved, it will benefit a large number of population. We term this type of interventions as a global solution. For example, the 90–90-90 strategy promoted by the WHO is a global solution to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic [ 61 , 62 ]; the measures used to end the SARS epidemic is a global solution [ 11 ]; and the ongoing measures to control influenza [ 63 , 64 ] and malaria [ 45 , 65 ], and the measures taken by China, WHO and many countries in the world to control the new coronaviral epidemic started in China are also great examples of global solutions [ 66 ].

Global solutions are also needed for many emerging health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, internet abuse, drug abuse, tobacco smoking, suicide, and other problems [ 29 , 44 ]. As described earlier, global solutions are not often a medical intervention or a procedure for individual patients but frameworks, policies, strategies, laws and regulations. Using social media to deliver interventions represents a promising approach in establishment of global solutions, given its power to penetrate physical barriers and can reach a large body of audience quickly.

Types of Global Health researches

One challenge to GHRP editors (and authors alike) is how to judge whether a research study is global? Based on the new definition of global health we proposed as described above, two types of studies are considered as global and will receive further reviews for publication consideration. Type I includes projects or studies that involve multiple countries with diverse backgrounds or cover a large diverse populations residing in a broad geographical area. Type II includes projects or studies guided by a global perspective, although they may use data from a local population or a local territory. Relative to Type I, we anticipate more Type II project and studies in the field of global health. Type I study is easy to assess, but caution is needed to assess if a project or a study is Type II. Therefore, we propose the following three points for consideration: (1) if the targeted issues are of global health impact, (2) if the research is attempted to understand an issue with a global perspective, and (3) if the research purpose is to seek for a global solution.

An illustrative example of Type I studies is the epidemic and control of SARS in Hong Kong [ 11 , 67 ]. Although started locally, SARS presents a global threat; while controlling the epidemic requires international and global collaboration, including measures to confine the infected and measures to block the transmission paths and measures to protect vulnerable populations, not simply the provisions of vaccines and medicines. HIV/AIDS presents another example of Type I project. The impact of HIV/AIDS is global. Any HIV/AIDS studies regardless of their scope will be global as long as it contributes to the global efforts to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030 [ 61 , 62 ]. Lastly, an investigation of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in a country, in Nepal for example, can be considered as global if the study is framed from a global perspective [ 44 ].

The discussion presented above suggests that in addition to scope, the purpose of a project or study can determine if it is global. A pharmaceutical company can target all people in the world to develop a new drug. The research would be considered as global if the purpose is to improve the medical and health conditions of the global population. However, it would not be considered as global if the purpose is purely to pursue profit. A research study on a medical or health problem among rural-to-urban migrants in China [ 57 , 58 , 60 ] can be considered as global if the researchers frame the study with a global perspective and include an objective to inform other countries in the world to deal with the same or similar issues.

Think globally and act locally

The catchphrase “think globally and act locally” presents another guiding principle for global health and can be used to help determine whether a medical or public health research project or a study is global. First, thinking globally and acting locally means to learn from each other in understanding and solving local health problems with the broadest perspective possible. Taking traffic accidents as an example, traffic accidents increase rapidly in many countries undergoing rapid economic growth [ 68 , 69 ]. There are two approaches to the problem: (1) locally focused approach: conducting research studies locally to identify influential factors and to seek for solutions based on local research findings; or (2) a globally focused approach: conducting the same research with a global perspective by learning from other countries with successful solutions to issues related traffic accidents [ 70 ].

Second, thinking globally and acting locally means adopting solutions that haven been proven effective in other comparable settings. It may greatly increase the efficiency to solve many global health issues if we approach these issues with a globally focused perspective. For example, vector-borne diseases are very prevalent among people living in many countries in Africa and Latin America, such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya [ 45 , 71 , 72 ]. We would be able to control these epidemics by directly adopting the successful strategy of massive use of bed nets that has been proven to be effective and cost-saving [ 73 ]. Unfortunately, this strategy is included only as “simple alternative measures” in the so-called global vector-borne disease control in these countries, while most resources are channeled towards more advanced technologies and vaccinations [ 16 , 19 , 74 ].

Third, thinking globally and acting locally means learning from each other at different levels. At the individual level, people in high income countries can learn from those in low- and mid-income countries (LMICs) to be physically more active, such as playing Taiji, Yoga, etc.; while people in LMICs can learn from those in high income countries to improve their hygiene, life styles, personal health management, etc. At the population level, communities, organizations, governments, and countries can learn from each other in understanding their own medical and health problems and healthcare systems, and to seek solutions for these problems. For example, China can learn from the United States to deal with health issues of rural to urban migrants [ 75 ]; and the United States can learn from China to build three-tier health care systems to deliver primary care and prevention measures to improve health equality.

Lastly, thinking globally and acting locally means opportunities to conduct global health research and to be able to exchange research findings and experiences across the globe; even without traveling to another country. For example, international immigrants and international students present a unique opportunity for global health research in a local city [ 5 , 76 ]. To be global, literature search and review remains the most important approach for us to learn from each other besides conducting collaborative work with the like-minded researchers across countries; rapid development in big data and machine learning provide another powerful approach for global health research. Institutions and programs for global health provides a formal venue for such learning and exchange opportunities.

Reframing a local research study as global

The purpose of this article is to promote global health through research and publication. Anyone who reads this paper up to this point might already be able to have a clear idea on how to reframe his/her own research project or article to be of global nature. There is no doubt that a research project is global if it involves multiple countries with investigators of diverse backgrounds from different countries. However, if a research project targets a local population with investigators from only one or two local institutions, can such project be considered as global?

Our answer to this question is “yes” even if a research study is conducted locally, if the researcher (1) can demonstrate that the issue to be studied or being studied has a global impact, or (2) eventually looks for a global solution although supported with local data. For example, the study of increased traffic accidents in a city in Pakistan can be considered as global if the researchers frame the problem from a global perspective and/or adopt global solutions by learning from other countries. On the other hand, a statistical report of traffic accidents or an epidemiological investigation of factors related to the traffic accidents at the local level will not be considered as global. Studies conducted in a local hospital on drug resistance to antibiotics and associated cost are global if expected findings can inform other countries to prevent abuse of antibiotics [ 77 ]. Lastly, studies supported by international health programs can be packaged as global simply by broadening the vision from international to global.

Is Global Health a new bottle with old wine?

Another challenge question many scholars often ask is: “What new things can global health bring to public health and medicine?” The essence of this question is whether global health is simply a collection of existing medical and health problems packaged with a new title? From our previous discussion, many readers may already have their own answer to this question that this is not true. However, we would like to emphasize a few points. First, global health is not equal to public health, medicine or both, but a newly emerged sub-discipline within the public health-medicine arena. Global health is not for all medical and health problems but for the problems with global impact and with the purpose of seeking global solutions. In other words, global health focuses primarily on mega medical and health problems that transcend geographical, cultural, and national boundaries and seeks broad solutions, including frameworks, partnerships and cooperation, policies, laws and regulations that can be implemented through governments, social media, communities, and other large and broad reaching mechanisms.

Second, global health needs many visions, methods, strategies, approaches, and frameworks that are not conventionally used in public health and medicine [ 5 , 18 , 22 , 34 ]. They will enable global health researchers to locate and investigate those medical and health issues with global impact, gain new knowledge about them, develop new strategies to solve them, and train health workers to deliver the developed strategies. Consequently, geography, history, culture, sociology, governance, and laws that are optional for medicine and public health are essential for global health. Lastly, it is fundamental to have a global perspective for anyone in global health, but this could be optional for other medical and health scientists [ 40 , 41 ].

Global Health, international health, and public health

As previously discussed, global health has been linked to several other related disciplines, particularly public health, international health, and medicine [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 18 , 22 ]. To our understanding, global health can be considered as an application of medical and public health sciences together with other disciplines (1) in tackling those issues with global impact and (2) in the effort to seek global solutions. Thus, global health treats public health sciences and medicine as their foundations, and will selectively use theories, knowledge, techniques, therapeutics and prevention measures from public health, medicine, and other disciplines to understand and solve global health problems.

There are also clear boundaries between global health, public health and medicine with regard to the target population. Medicine targets patient populations, public health targets health populations in general, while global health targets the global population. We have to admit that there are obvious overlaps between global health, public health and medicine, particularly between global health and international health. It is worth noting that global health can be considered as an extension of international health with regard to the scope and purposes. International health focuses on the health of participating countries with intention to affect non-participating countries, while global health directly states that its goal is to promote health and prevent and treat diseases for all people in all countries across the globe. Thus, global health can be considered as developed from, and eventually replace international health.

Challenges and opportunities for China to contribute to Global Health

To pursue A Community with a Shared Future for Mankind , China’s BRI , currently involving more than 150 countries across the globe, creates a great opportunity for Chinese scholars to contribute to global health. China has a lot to learn from other countries in advancing its medical and health technologies and to optimize its own healthcare system, and to reduce health disparities among the 56 ethnic groups of its people. China can also gain knowledge from other countries to construct healthy lifestyles and avoid unhealthy behaviors as Chinese people become more affluent. Adequate materials and money may be able to promote physical health in China; but it will be challenging for Chinese people to avoid mental health problems currently highly prevalent in many rich and developed countries.

To develop global health, we cannot ignore the opportunities along with the BRI for Chinese scholars to share China’s lessons and successful experience with other countries. China has made a lot of achievements in public health and medicine before and after the Open Door Policy [ 49 , 78 ]. Typical examples include the ups and downs of the 3-Tier Healthcare Systems, the Policy of Prevention First, and the Policy of Putting Rural Health as the Priority, the Massive Patriotic Hygiene Movement with emphasis on simple technology and broad community participation, the Free Healthcare System for urban and the Cooperative Healthcare System for rural residents. There are many aspects of these initiatives that other countries can emulate including the implementation of public health programs covering a huge population base unprecedented in many other countries.

There are challenges for Chinese scholars to share China’s experiences with others as encountered in practice. First of all, China is politically very stable while many other countries have to change their national leadership periodically. Changes in leadership may result in changes in the delivery of evidence- based intervention programs/projects, although the changes may not be evidence-based but politically oriented. For example, the 3-Tier Healthcare System that worked in China [ 79 , 80 ] may not work in other countries and places without modifications to suit for the settings where there is a lack of local organizational systems. Culturally, promotion of common values among the public is unique in China, thus interventions that are effective among Chinese population may not work in countries and places where individualism dominates. For example, vaccination program as a global solution against infectious diseases showed great success in China, but not in the United States as indicated by the 2019 measles outbreak [ 81 ].

China can also learn from countries and international agencies such as the United Kingdom, the United States, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations to successfully and effectively provide assistance to LMICs. As China develops, it will increasingly take on the role of a donor country. Therefore, it is important for Chinese scholars to learn from all countries in the world and to work together for a Community of Shared Future for Mankind during the great course to develop global health.

Promotion of global health is an essential part of the Working Together to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind. In this editorial, we summarized our discussions in the 2019 GHRP Editorial Board Meeting regarding the concept of global health. The goal is to enhance consensus among the board members as well as researchers, practitioners, educators and students in the global health community. We welcome comments, suggestions and critiques that may help further our understanding of the concept. We would like to keep the concept of global health open and let it evolve along with our research, teaching, policy and practice in global health.

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The work is funded by the journal development funds of Wuhan University.

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Chen XG wrote the manuscript. LI H organized the meeting, collecting the comments and editing the manuscript. Lucero-Prisno DE integrated all the comments together. Abdullah AS, Huang JY, Laurence C, Liang XH, Ma ZY, Ren R, Wu SL, Wang N, Wang PG and Wang Tt all participated in the discussion and comments of this manuscript. Laurence C and Liang XH both provided language editing. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript

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Chen, X., Li, H., Lucero-Prisno, D.E. et al. What is global health? Key concepts and clarification of misperceptions. glob health res policy 5 , 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00142-7

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Global Health Problems and Their Impact

The global community faces problems every day. Some problems are related to the economical situation in the world whereas others are aimed at developing methods of treatment of global health problems. In this respect, there are different approaches to the same problems and, in this case, the global community should make an effort to overcome the problems in a unified way using coordinating mutual attempts in the way of reaching a common goal.

However, I decided to choose the disease that was confined to the third world and developing countries, and now the rest of the world including developed countries is affected. This disease is called dengue fever; it became more ‘international’ after the development of tourism, different international programs on assistance and cooperation, and missions aimed at the establishment of economic and political relations between countries. But I think that tourism now remains one of the main reasons for the spread of this disease.

The nursing practice area should be prepared in accordance with the increasing number of cases when people fall ill and do not know the symptoms and possible algorithm of actions in similar situations. In this respect, people that come from exotic countries that are most frequently are those of the third world should bear in mind the possibility of falling ill. A complex approach should be used to overcome difficulties relevant to global health problems and international methods of treating those. As some countries can fail to take preventive measures in the treatment of dengue fever, nurses should not exclude the possibility of their patients being a carrier of various viruses. For instance, dengue fever should be treated correspondingly to its nature and prevented in numerous cases, whenever possible.

Dengue fever can be considered one of the global health problems that should be treated by a complex approach appropriate for the international community members. Besides, not only nurses but doctors, “sanitarians, law enforcement, media, lawyers”, and representatives of other related areas should take part in the treatment and preventive measures, as reported by Benjamin (n.d.). In this respect, nurses can gain experience while collaborating with members of the complex approach team including the acquisition of skills necessary for the treatment of global health problems and anticipation in international programs.

Thus, regarding the current situation in the global health sector, the US government should take measures appropriate for the public health community sector such as “Put more resources into achieving [goals]; focus on activities for achieving them; hold certain people accountable if goals are not met” (Benjamin, n.d.).

Dengue fever is a serious disease “[w]ith more than one-third of the world’s population living in areas at risk for transmission, dengue infection is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, 2010). As you can see, this problem requires resources that are taken in accordance with the situation contrasted to those when people use resources at hand.

Thus, the study by Maurer & Smith (2005) emphasizes the importance of specific preparation for nurses to deal with global health problems adequately (p.3). In other words, all possible algorithms should be taken into account and a special solution must be found for each problem. This means that every person, every member of the team should take a global approach while visualizing the situation and weighing up all pros and cons of various decisions.

As suggested by Benjamin (n.d.), more emphasis should be given to the role of the public in solving global health problems. So, it is necessary to inform the population about different diseases and encourage them to react immediately to the symptoms and take appropriate measures for preventing some diseases. Knowledge can be the most effective as the most destructive weapons while dealing with global health problems. In other words, there is a vague difference between informing people about some diseases and effects produced by certain vaccines and making people panic. In this respect, a nurse is a member of the global community and a professional that solves global health problems adequately.

Benjamin, G. (Executive director). (n.d.) Scope of community/public health . The practice of population-based care week 1. Web.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010). Dengue. Web.

Maurer, F. A., & Smith, C. M. (2005). Community/public health nursing practice: health for families and populations . 3 rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences.

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115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best global issues topic ideas & essay examples, ✍️ global issues essay topics for college, 📌 good essay topics on global issues, 💡 interesting topics to write about global issues, ❓ global issues questions.

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World Health Day 2024: Frontiers in Public Health presents: "My Health, My Right"

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World Health Day 2024 presents an opportunity to delve into the theme "My Health, My Right," as designated by the World Health Organization (WHO). This Research Topic aims to explore and analyze various aspects of health equity, individual rights, and their intersection within the broader context of global health. Key areas of interest include but are not limited to: Health Equity: Investigating disparities in access to healthcare services, resources, and outcomes among different populations and regions. Human Rights and Health: Exploring the relationship between human rights frameworks and the realization of health rights, including issues such as healthcare access, informed consent, privacy, and discrimination. Social Determinants of Health: Examining how social, economic, and environmental factors influence health outcomes and contribute to health inequalities. Health Policy and Governance: Assessing the effectiveness of policies, strategies, and governance structures in promoting health equity and upholding the rights of individuals to health. Community Empowerment and Participation: Exploring initiatives that empower communities to advocate for their health rights, participate in decision-making processes, and contribute to improving health outcomes. Health Education and Literacy: Evaluating the role of health education, literacy, and empowerment in promoting individual agency, informed decision-making, and the realization of health rights. Innovative Approaches and Interventions: Highlighting innovative approaches, interventions, and best practices aimed at addressing health disparities, promoting health equity, and safeguarding health rights. Ethical Considerations: Addressing ethical dilemmas and considerations related to health equity, individual rights, and the provision of healthcare services, particularly in diverse cultural and socio-economic contexts. This Research Topic welcomes original research articles, reviews, perspectives, and commentaries that contribute to advancing understanding, knowledge, and solutions related to promoting health equity and individual rights on World Health Day 2024. Contributions from diverse disciplines, including public health, medicine, social sciences, ethics, law, and policy, are encouraged to provide comprehensive insights into this important global health issue.

Keywords : Health Equity, Human Rights and Health, Social Determinants of Health, Community Empowerment and Participation, Ethical Considerations

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Current and Emerging Issues in Global Health: An Introduction to Special Journal Collection

Romuladus E. Azuine

What is global health? Key concepts and clarification of misperceptions

A brief history

The definition of Global Health

Understanding the word “global”

The concept of global impact

The concept of global solution

Types of Global Health researches

Think globally and act locally

Reframing a local research study as global

Is Global Health a new bottle with old wine?

Global Health, international health, and public health

Challenges and opportunities for China to contribute to Global Health

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Global Health Research and Policy

Global Health Problems and Their Impact

115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

World Health Day 2024: Frontiers in Public Health presents: "My Health, My Right"

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