introduction for an essay about solar power

Solar Energy Essay

500 words essay on solar energy.

Solar energy is the energy which the earth receives from the sun which converts into thermal or electrical energy. Moreover, solar energy influences the climate of the earth and weather to sustain life. It has great potential which we must use to our advantage fully. Through the solar energy essay, we will look at this in detail and know more about it carefully.

Importance of Solar Energy

Solar energy is very important as it is a clean and renewable source of energy. Thus, this means it will not damage the earth in any way. In addition, it is available on a daily basis. Similarly, it does not cause any kind of pollution.

As it is environment-friendly, it is very important in today’s world. It is so much better than other pollution sources of energies like fossil fuels and more. Further, it has low maintenance costs.

Solar panel systems do not require a lot of solar power energy. Moreover, they come with 5-10 years of warranty which is very beneficial. Most importantly, it reduces the cost of electricity bills.

In other words, we use it mostly for cooking and heating up our homes. Thus, it drops the utility bills cost and helps us save some extra money. Further, solar energy also has many possible applications.

A lot of communities and villages make use of solar energy to power their homes, offices and more. Further, we can use it in areas where there is no access to a power grid. For instance, distilling the water is Africa and powering the satellites in space.

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Uses of Solar Energy

In today’s world, we use solar energy for a lot of things. Firstly, we use solar power for many things as small as calculators to as big as power plants which power the entire city. We use the most common solar power for small things.

For instance, many calculators use solar cells to operate, thus they never run out of batteries. Moreover, we also have some watches which run on solar cells. Similarly, there are also radios which run on solar cells.

Thus, you see so many things run on solar power. All satellites run on solar power otherwise they won’t be able to function. Moreover, large desalinization plants make use of solar power if there is little or no freshwater.

In addition, many countries have solar furnaces. We also use solar power commercially and residentially. You will find its uses in transportation service too. In fact, soon, solar powers will also be out on the streets.

Conclusion of Solar Energy Essay

To sum it up, solar energy is a cost-effective means of energy which is quite useful for people that have huge families. When we install solar panels, we can get solar energy which will reduce electricity costs and allow us to lead a sustainable lifestyle. Thus, we must all try to use it well to our advantage.

FAQ of Solar Energy Essay

Question 1: What is solar energy in simple words?

Answer 1: Solar energy is basically the transformation of heat, the energy which is derived from the sun. We have been using it for thousands of years in numerous different ways all over the world. The oldest uses of solar energy are for heating, cooking, and drying.

Question 2: What are the advantages of solar energy?

Answer 2: There are many advantages of solar energy. Firstly, it is a renewable source of energy which makes it healthy. Moreover, it also reduces the electricity bills of ours. After that, we can also use it for diverse applications. Further, it also has low maintenance costs.

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Essay on Solar Energy

List of essays on solar energy in english, essay on solar energy – essay 1 (250 words), essay on solar energy – essay 2 (300 words), essay on solar energy – essay 3 (400 words), essay on solar energy – essay 4 (500 words), essay on solar energy – uses and methods – essay 5 (750 words), essay on solar energy – essay 6 (750 words), essay on solar energy – advantages and disadvantages – essay 7 (1000 words).

Solar energy is a form of renewable energy that is available without any limit and can be used for our need. Over decades and centuries, this type of energy is being used by living beings in one way or another to lead a smooth life.

Sun is the source of solar energy and this energy cannot be destroyed. This non-conventional form of energy does not pollute or affect any other things, which is also the reason to promote the use of solar energy in every field.

Uses of Solar Energy:

Solar energy is being used by the plants to make food through the process photosynthesis. This a natural process where plants along with carbon dioxide, water etc., prepare food using solar energy. This, in turn, will help us in getting healthier and tastier food for consumption. This is the natural way in which solar energy is utilized.

This growing world of technology and development has made the possibility of using this abundant form of energy in different technologically benefitting ways. Initially, the energy from the sun is trapped inside a cell called solar cell and is stored in them for using it as a replacement for electricity and other purposes.

This solar energy in the cell can be used to heat water, as a mode of energy to power up different equipment, etc., which are readily accessible in the market.

An advantage of this form of energy is that it is cost effective to use such products. Even though the initial installation costs are comparably higher, their maintenance and other expenses are very low.

Promoting the use of solar energy in replacement with many other technologies will help in the reduction of pollution as well as the destruction of many other non-renewable energies.

Solar energy is a renewable form of energy gotten from the sun that can be utilized for numerous purposes by humans. We can use solar energy in many different ways in our daily life, like for producing electricity, cooking food, as well as heating water.

Solar energy involves a very simple technique that reduces the expenses of energy consumption in comparison to the other sources of energy. It is available free of cost for all the people on earth.

Benefits of using Solar Energy:

The following are the benefits of using solar energy:

i. Solar energy is obtainable to use without any cost. Although you can buy devices and equipment for producing solar energy through sunrays, still its cost is quite less in comparison to our cost of energy requirements.

ii. Solar energy can be utilized in the remote and rural regions also where it is generally quite costly to set up an electric power grid.

iii. Solar energy might be widely utilized for charging equipment like solar cell batteries and calculators that need very less amount of energy.

iv. Solar energy does not create any type of pollution.

v. It is an unlimited renewable energy’s source that will never end.

Drawbacks of using Solar Energy

The following are the drawbacks of using solar energy:

i. You can use it during the daytime when there is abundant sunlight obtainable.

ii. The expenses of setting up panels and solar cells for producing solar energy are quite high.

iii. The quantity of energy produced in the solar power grid is quite less in comparison to the current power grids.

iv. You need big size land for setting the plants of solar energy for seizing the energy arriving through the sun.

The utilization of solar energy can become a boon to lots of people. However, the high cost of its equipment and devices stop people from using it. The government should take some steps to reduce the cost of solar energy’s equipment so that people can make the best use of it for their benefits.

The Sun is an almost endless source of energy that radiates over the Earth every day. This great heat lamp in the sky can help us gather the solar energy we need to further humanity towards their new goals. The frontier for our use of solar energy has opened up and every day brings a new idea or invention.

Being a student, I get my fair share of information from the faculty professors about the current state of our solar energy consumption and it brings me comfort to know that people have created several new inventions and concepts for the gathering of this endless source of heat and light. Since I am all for the “green revolution” in technology and architecture I will promote some of those concepts in this essay.

Photovoltaic Systems:

The photovoltaic systems for gathering solar energy uses several components in its arrangement. The most notable feature of this system is the solar panel. The panel collects the solar energy and turns it into DC current and then the solar energy converter transforms this into usable AC current. The system is practical and it has appeared on many households and businesses all over the world.

Concentrated Solar Power:

This system is for transforming solar energy into electricity utilizes the heath in sunlight. The system is based around the use of many reflective mirrors that concentrate the solar energy into one beam of light that is then used to power a classical power plant with turbines. This system is implemented in large-scale operations and it is effective in producing vast amounts of electricity like conventional power plants.

Solar Water Heating:

Solar water heating is one of those systems for solar energy collection that has been around for ages. Well, at least as long as we have been using different types of vessel, like black barrels, to heat up the water for every- day use. The new systems have gone through a technological remake and they are successfully utilized in many homes to heat all the water for the household. The solar energy is collected through solar heat transformers that then heat up water in the system.

Conclusion:

Solar energy is a blessing from the sky that can help us transform urban life and make more sustainable houses and families. The systems mentioned here are the main principles behind our use of solar energy and they are being worked on and transformed every day so we can use the power of the sun to its full potential.

The energy which we receive from the Sun in the form of heat and light is called solar energy. It is the driver of everything from the Earth’s climate to all forms of life on the Earth. Since the ancient times, we have been using solar energy for our own use. However, the researchers feel that we are yet to optimally use the solar energy.

Use of Solar Energy in Ancient Era:

The ancient people known to have executed the utilization of solar energy on a substantial scale were the Ancient Egyptians, who utilized it to warm their homes. They structured and assembled their homes with the goal that the structures hid away the sun’s warmth amid the day and afterwards discharged it around evening time. Their building procedures kept their homes hotter during the evening, as well as controlled a cooler temperature inside on hot days. Romans and Native Americans both utilized comparable innovations to warm their homes using solar energy, and additionally different sorts of structures like Roman bathhouses.

In the third century B.C., the Greeks left a mark on the world not for utilizing solar energy for local solace, but rather, supposedly, as a weapon of mass destruction. As per the researchers, a Roman maritime power was cruising to remove the Greek bastion of Syracuse. With the assistance of the Archimedes, the inventor, the Greeks are accounted for to have utilized exceptionally cleaned metal shields as mirrors to enhance and centre the beams of the sun and set fire to the propelling boats.

Advantages of Solar Energy:

The major advantage of solar energy is that it is a renewable source. It is available to us as long as the Sun is present which is expected to be for another 5 billion years. Hence it can be used abundantly for the benefit of everyone.

Secondly, the use of solar energy can also help us reduce our electricity bills. Moreover, the use of solar energy can help us reduce our dependency on non-renewable sources of energy such as coal and petroleum. Also, solar energy can be utilized for different purposes. You can produce electricity as well as heat. Solar energy can be utilized to create power in regions without the requirement of an electricity grid. Solar energy can likewise be coordinated into the materials utilized for structures.

Another advantage of solar energy is that it is a clean fuel. Use of solar energy does not cause any pollution and hence it is not harmful to the environment. Use of solar energy can help us reduce air pollution which for India, is a primary concern as on date. Also, India is a country having abundant sunlight all-round the year, hence, tapping of sunlight is not an issue. Of late, there has been an increase in the use of solar energy by the government as well as individuals. Efforts are on to reduce the setup costs of solar plants so as to help people move towards this clean and efficient fuel. Solar energy is the future of the country as it is the only energy which can help us overcome the environmental and energy-related issues our country has been facing since the last few years.

What is Solar Energy?

Solar energy is the energy contained in the sunlight in the form of photons. Life on earth is not possible without solar energy. All the microorganisms and single-celled organisms came into existence with the help of solar energy.

Plants have been using solar energy since the beginning. The leaves trap the solar energy and use it in the process of photosynthesis to prepare food. In this way, solar energy plays an essential role in the functioning of the food pyramid.

Solar energy is used by all the organisms, including both plants and animals. And human beings are no exceptions. First of all, the daylight brought in by the solar energy drives away the darkness and helps us finish all the chores easily.

Solar energy produces enough heat to dry out the washed clothes. It keeps us warm in the winters. Solar energy also plays an important role in diminishing the humidity and killing the harmful germs. Morning sunlight is known to strengthen our bones, improve our immunity, and help control many skin ailments.

On a larger level, solar energy has multiple other uses. For instance, concentrated solar power allows us to cook food. By converting the sunlight into accumulated solar energy, we can also produce electricity and charge our electrical devices.

Plus Points of Using Solar Energy:

But why prefer solar power when we have other sources of energy? The reasons are quite convincing actually. To begin with, the sun is a ball of fire. This fire is a result of the fusion reaction. That means, it is not going to burn out for millions of years to come.

Solar energy is a renewable form of energy which keeps getting replenished. So, it is safe to say that, depending on solar power would not deplete the earth of its natural resources. Moreover, using solar energy is an eco-friendly option for all of us, as it doesn’t cause any kind of pollution.

Solar energy offers as a great substitute to the other non-renewable resources, such as coal, wood, mineral oils, fossil fuels, etc. This puts a lesser load on the planet earth in various ways. Non-renewable sources are already getting exhausted at a rapid rate. They also cause pollution and hamper the life of all the living beings.

Most of all, meeting the needs with solar power also costs less. It is a cheaper and economical source of energy when compared to other conventional forms of energy. This is the reason why many developed countries are finally adopting a lifestyle based on solar power.

Methods to Use Solar Energy:

Solar energy can be trapped in several ways. One of the most effective technology is the use of solar power plants. These power plants are specifically designed for the purpose of electricity production on a larger level. Other appliances and technologies that work on solar energy are solar cookers, solar heaters, and solar cells. All these three types of solar appliances would be discussed one by one.

Starting with the solar cookers, these are the most revolutionary methods of cooking nowadays. Instead of using conventional fuels, such as gas, kerosene, or wood, solar cookers plainly work with the help of sunlight. These cookers have a glass lid which captures and concentrates all the sun rays to produce heat and cook food. Solar cookers are eco-friendly and economical means of cooking.

Solar heaters are the appliances that help in heating the water with solar energy. These devices work on the fluid-based technology. That means, either air or an anti-freezing fluid is put into the collector so that the water can be heated without any electricity.

The last and the third form is solar cells. These solar cells directly convert the solar light into electricity. Solar cells are especially popular in the areas where the supply from the power grid is less available. Many calculators, wrist watches, and similar systems work with this technology. Not only that, but the electricity produced by solar panels can also be stored in rechargeable solar batteries.

Solar energy is the future of the next generation. It is a safer, greener, and economical way of living life. It can be replenished and is a renewable source of energy which causes no pollution in the atmosphere. Solar energy also puts less burden on the other forms of non-renewable resources and protects the earth from various types of pollutions. As much as possible, we should all switch to using appliances based on solar power and save our planet earth.

Introduction:

Solar energy can simply be said to be the radiant heat and light that the sun produces and is harnessed through the use of a variety of technologies that are ever-evolving like photovoltaic, solar heating, solar architecture, thermal energy, artificial photosynthesis and power plants of molten salt. Solar energy is one very vital renewable energy source and the technologies of solar energy are widely categorized as either active solar or passive solar based on the manner of capture and distribution of the solar energy and how the solar energy is converted to solar power.

The techniques of active solar include using water heating that is solar, solar power that is concentrated and photovoltaic systems to harness solar energy. The techniques of passive solar include the design of space that will circulate air naturally, selection of materials that have light dispersing or thermal mass properties that are favourable and the orientation of a building towards the sun. Solar energy is a very appealing electricity source because solar energy is readily available in large magnitude. Research has shown that while the total consumption of energy all over the world annually is 559.8 EJ, the potential energy generation of solar energy is 1.575 EJ to 49,837 EJ which is a lot more than what is needed.

Potential of Solar Energy:

The potential of solar energy which can be used is quite different from the quantity of solar energy that is present close to the planet earth’s surface as a result of different factors like time variation, geography, available land and cloud cover, all limit the quantity of energy that can be acquired through solar sources.

The potential of solar energy is affected by geography because all the areas very close to equator get a greater quantity of radiation from the sun. The potential of solar energy can be greatly improved following the sun’s position through using photovoltaic in the areas that are not close to equator.

The potential of solar energy is affected by time variation because there is usually little or no solar radiation during the night on the earth’s surface that the solar panels can absorb. The potential of solar energy is also affected by cloud cover because incoming light can be blocked by clouds preventing it from reaching the earth’s surface from sun and this goes a long way in the reduction of the available light that solar cells can use.

The potential of solar energy is also affected by land availability because we can only set solar panels up for use on the land usually not in use and very suitable for the foxing of solar panels. It has been discovered that very suitable place to fix solar cells are roofs, since a lot of people have come to the realization that they also can directly collect energy from their houses through this means. We can also establish solar plants on areas of land which are not in use for business or other things.

Urban Planning and Architecture:

The design of buildings has been greatly influenced by sunlight ever since architectural history began. Methods of urban planning and solar architecture that is advanced were first used by the Chinese and Greeks; they made the orientation of the buildings they constructed to the south so that warmth and light can be provided.

Features of solar architecture like compact proportion ( ratio of surface area and volume), orientation, thermal mass and selective shading are all tailored to that particular environment and local climate so that spaces that are well can be produced and the building remains in a temperature range that is very comfortable. Ventilation systems, heating and solar lighting are all tied together in the solar design.

In the times of global warming and climate change as a result of the pollution of the atmosphere through the emission of smoke from the burning of fossil fuels, it is very important that alternative sources of energy that are renewable are gotten. Solar energy is one energy source that does not negatively affect the environment and cannot be exhausted.

When we develop solar energy and its technologies that are clean, inexhaustible and affordable, we are bound to enjoy benefits that are huge and long-term. Solar energy can go a very long way in increasing the energy security of a country as a result of reliance on inexhaustible, indigenous and largely non-import resource, reduce pollution, enhance sustainability, lower the prices of fossil fuels and lower the price and cost of curbing global warming. All of these advantages of solar energy are global.

Solar energy is basically energy from the sun and is received on earth and can be transformed into other forms of energy. Solar energy is usually used to generate electric or thermal energy. The sun provides energy that influences the climate on earth and enables the sustenance of all forms of life. It is a natural source of energy and is freely available. Research into solar energy has been done in attempts to discover methods of harvesting energy from the sun and utilizing it. Some forms of energy that are already in use are in existence due to the sun. An example is wind energy, which is derived from the wind yet in nature, wind develops due to the highs and lows in temperature. The sun plays a central role in terms of energy that is being used in the world.

Applications of Solar Energy:

In the modern world, there are important applications of solar energy that are being used. Applications of solar energy are both domestic and industrial. Domestic uses of solar energy do not require harvesting large amount of solar energy compared to the industrial uses. Domestic applications include solar cookers, solar hot water systems and air conditioners whereas industrial applications of solar energy include electricity production.

Solar cooking is one of the applications in which solar energy is harvested and redirected to produce heat energy for cooking purposes. Solar water heaters have become common application that is being used everywhere. Water heating systems have been designed such that they harvest heating energy from the sun. The same principles have been applied in air conditioning, space cooling and heating and in solar vehicles. There has been generation of electricity from solar energy that enables lighting and other functions.

With the constantly growing advancements in technology and industrialization, there will be increased discovery in the applications of solar energy. Solar energy can pretty much be important in everything it is just that we do not know how to apply it.

Solar energy has been used widely across the world and its importance has been realized. Solar energy is inexhaustible and renewable. Solar energy will never get depleted at any point in life and that is why it is an important source of energy in the world. The applications of solar energy continually use energy that is renewable without much struggle.

Solar energy is free of expenses because it is naturally acquired. The only costs incurred are those related to the applications and structuring. However, the cost of these equipment is lower compared to the cost of using other sources of energy.

Solar energy does not cause any form of environmental pollution. The process of generating solar energy does not involve any chemicals or products that may cause the pollution of the environment. It is a clean form of energy and its use promotes environmental cleanliness.

Due to the ease of availability of solar energy, it can be used in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas, people are usually challenged because installation of electricity is a problem but with the use of solar energy, most people have an access to electricity and saves on the cost.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy:

In as much as solar energy is important and advantageous, there are some factors that render it disadvantageous. One of those factors is the limitation to daytime use. Solar energy can only be maximized during the day because the sun shines at daytime. Also, the equipment used to harvest solar energy are expensive and delicate. Thee equipment include panels, solar collectors and solar cells. All these equipment are very delicate and require much care to avoid damaging them because the replacement costs are high.

Solar energy require large spaces to collect enough energy for use in various solar applications. The collection of solar energy has to cover a large area through the use of large solar panels, solar collectors and cells so that more adequate energy can be collected.

Solar energy is dependent on the sun and cannot be deployed where there is minimal sunshine. This means that solar energy is limited to areas with ample amounts of sun energy. During seasons like winter, the use of solar energy is totally impossible and therefore other forms of energy have to be sought.

Solar energy can never be an independent source of energy in the world. It is basically an alternative source of energy upon convenience i.e., during summer, specifically during the day. In your summer house you can opt to use solar energy and then use electricity during the rest of the seasons. For those countries who do not experience seasonal changes in climate, it is very convenient and it can be an independent source of energy for them.

The use of solar energy is specific to devices that do not consume large amounts of current e.g., in calculators.

Solar energy is an important source of energy. Advancements in technology has led to innovations of applications of solar energy that are of great help to human beings. It has been a great era of modern society whereby solar energy has been appreciated through its applications. The uses of solar energy are similar to those of other sources of energy. Everything has its pros and cons and solar energy is no different. The pros of solar energy outweigh the cons and that is why its use has been maintained over the years. However, the limitations of solar energy should not be ignored. These limitations are somehow disrupting the expansion of solar energy use in the world. It is important that solar energy is used widely as a form of energy because of its environmental-friendly characteristic. Other forms of energy especially fuels highly pollute the environment. Not only does saving the environment a priority in using solar energy but also the fact that solar energy is free, renewable and inexhaustible. What a great deal?

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Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Solar Energy — The Power of Solar Energy: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Future Prospects

The Power of Solar Energy: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Future Prospects

Categories: Solar Energy

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Published: Mar 8, 2024

Words: 622 | Page: 1 | 4 min read

The mechanisms of solar energy, the benefits of embracing solar energy, challenges to overcome, looking towards a solar-powered future.

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Solar Energy

Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun. It is necessary for life on Earth, and can be harvested for human uses such as electricity.

Earth Science, Engineering, Physics

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Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the sun . Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun. Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen atoms violently collide in the sun’s core and fuse to create a helium atom. This process, known as a PP (proton-proton) chain reaction, emits an enormous amount of energy. In its core, the sun fuses about 620 million metric tons of hydrogen every second. The PP chain reaction occurs in other stars that are about the size of our sun, and provides them with continuous energy and heat. The temperature for these stars is around 4 million degrees on the Kelvin scale (about 4 million degrees Celsius, 7 million degrees Fahrenheit). In stars that are about 1.3 times bigger than the sun, the CNO cycle drives the creation of energy. The CNO cycle also converts hydrogen to helium, but relies on carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (C, N, and O) to do so. Currently , less than two percent of the sun’s energy is created by the CNO cycle. Nuclear fusion by the PP chain reaction or CNO cycle releases tremendous amounts of energy in the form of waves and particles. Solar energy is constantly flowing away from the sun and throughout the solar system . Solar energy warms Earth, causes wind and weather , and sustains plant and animal life. The energy, heat, and light from the sun flow away in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The electromagnetic spectrum exists as waves of different frequencies and wavelengths. The frequency of a wave represents how many times the wave repeats itself in a certain unit of time. Waves with very short wavelengths repeat themselves several times in a given unit of time, so they are high-frequency. In contrast, low-frequency waves have much longer wavelengths. The vast majority of electromagnetic waves are invisible to us. The most high-frequency waves emitted by the sun are gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation (UV rays). The most harmful UV rays are almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere . Less potent UV rays travel through the atmosphere, and can cause sunburn. The sun also emits infrared radiation , whose waves are much lower-frequency. Most heat from the sun arrives as infrared energy. Sandwiched between infrared and UV is the visible spectrum, which contains all the colors we see on Earth. The color red has the longest wavelengths (closest to infrared), and violet (closest to UV) the shortest. Natural Solar Energy Greenhouse Effect The infrared, visible, and UV waves that reach Earth take part in a process of warming the planet and making life possible—the so-called “greenhouse effect.” About 30 percent of the solar energy that reaches Earth is reflected back into space. The rest is absorbed into Earth’s atmosphere. The radiation warms Earth’s surface, and the surface radiates some of the energy back out in the form of infrared waves. As they rise through the atmosphere, they are intercepted by greenhouse gases , such as water vapor and carbon dioxide.

Greenhouse gases trap the heat that reflects back up into the atmosphere. In this way, they act like the glass walls of a greenhouse. This greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm enough to sustain life. Photosynthesis Almost all life on Earth relies on solar energy for food, either directly or indirectly. Producers rely directly on solar energy. They absorb sunlight and convert it into nutrients through a process called photosynthesis. Producers, also called autotrophs , include plants, algae, bacteria, and fungi. Autotrophs are the foundation of the food web . Consumers rely on producers for nutrients. Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and detritivores rely on solar energy indirectly. Herbivores eat plants and other producers. Carnivores and omnivores eat both producers and herbivores. Detritivores decompose plant and animal matter by consuming it. Fossil Fuels Photosynthesis is also responsible for all of the fossil fuels on Earth. Scientists estimate that about three billion years ago, the first autotrophs evolved in aquatic settings. Sunlight allowed plant life to thrive and evolve. After the autotrophs died, they decomposed and shifted deeper into the Earth, sometimes thousands of meters. This process continued for millions of years. Under intense pressure and high temperatures, these remains became what we know as fossil fuels. Microorganisms became petroleum, natural gas, and coal. People have developed processes for extracting these fossil fuels and using them for energy. However, fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource . They take millions of years to form. Harnessing Solar Energy Solar energy is a renewable resource , and many technologies can harvest it directly for use in homes, businesses, schools, and hospitals. Some solar energy technologies include photovoltaic cells and panels, concentrated solar energy , and solar architecture . There are different ways of capturing solar radiation and converting it into usable energy. The methods use either active solar energy or passive solar energy . Active solar technologies use electrical or mechanical devices to actively convert solar energy into another form of energy, most often heat or electricity. Passive solar technologies do not use any external devices. Instead, they take advantage of the local climate to heat structures during the winter, and reflect heat during the summer. Photovoltaics Photovoltaics is a form of active solar technology that was discovered in 1839 by 19-year-old French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. Becquerel discovered that when he placed silver-chloride in an acidic solution and exposed it to sunlight, the platinum electrodes attached to it generated an electric current. This process of generating electricity directly from solar radiation is called the photovoltaic effect, or photovoltaics.

Today, photovoltaics is probably the most familiar way to harness solar energy. Photovoltaic arrays usually involve solar panels , a collection of dozens or even hundreds of solar cells. Each solar cell contains a semiconductor , usually made of silicon. When the semiconductor absorbs sunlight, it knocks electrons loose. An electrical field directs these loose electrons into an electric current, flowing in one direction. Metal contacts at the top and bottom of a solar cell direct that current to an external object. The external object can be as small as a solar-powered calculator or as large as a power station. Photovoltaics was first widely used on spacecraft. Many satellites , including the International Space Station (ISS), feature wide, reflective “wings” of solar panels. The ISS has two solar array wings (SAWs), each using about 33,000 solar cells. These photovoltaic cells supply all electricity to the ISS, allowing astronauts to operate the station, safely live in space for months at a time, and conduct scientific and engineering experiments. Photovoltaic power stations have been built all over the world. The largest stations are in the United States, India, and China. These power stations emit hundreds of megawatts of electricity, used to supply homes, businesses, schools, and hospitals. Photovoltaic technology can also be installed on a smaller scale. Solar panels and cells can be fixed to the roofs or exterior walls of buildings, supplying electricity for the structure. They can be placed along roads to light highways. Solar cells are small enough to power even smaller devices, such as calculators, parking meters, trash compactors, and water pumps. Concentrated Solar Energy Another type of active solar technology is concentrated solar energy or concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP technology uses lenses and mirrors to focus (concentrate) sunlight from a large area into a much smaller area. This intense area of radiation heats a fluid, which in turn generates electricity or fuels another process. Solar furnaces are an example of concentrated solar power. There are many different types of solar furnaces, including solar power towers , parabolic troughs, and Fresnel reflectors. They use the same general method to capture and convert energy. Solar power towers use heliostats , flat mirrors that turn to follow the sun’s arc through the sky. The mirrors are arranged around a central “collector tower,” and reflect sunlight into a concentrated ray of light that shines on a focal point on the tower. In previous designs of solar power towers, the concentrated sunlight heated a container of water, which produced steam that powered a turbine . More recently, some solar power towers use liquid sodium, which has a higher heat capacity and retains heat for a longer period of time. This means that the fluid not only reaches temperatures of 773 to 1,273K (500° to 1,000° C or 932° to 1,832° F), but it can continue to boil water and generate power even when the sun is not shining. Parabolic troughs and Fresnel reflectors also use CSP, but their mirrors are shaped differently. Parabolic mirrors are curved, with a shape similar to a saddle. Fresnel reflectors use flat, thin strips of mirror to capture sunlight and direct it onto a tube of liquid. Fresnel reflectors have more surface area than parabolic troughs and can concentrate the sun’s energy to about 30 times its normal intensity. Concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The largest facility in the world is a series of plants in Mojave Desert in the U.S. state of California. This Solar Energy Generating System (SEGS) generates more than 650 gigawatt-hours of electricity every year. Other large and effective plants have been developed in Spain and India.

Concentrated solar power can also be used on a smaller scale. It can generate heat for solar cookers , for instance. People in villages all over the world use solar cookers to boil water for sanitation and to cook food. Solar cookers provide many advantages over wood-burning stoves: They are not a fire hazard, do not produce smoke, do not require fuel, and reduce habitat loss in forests where trees would be harvested for fuel. Solar cookers also allow villagers to pursue time for education, business, health, or family during time that was previously used for gathering firewood. Solar cookers are used in areas as diverse as Chad, Israel, India, and Peru. Solar Architecture Throughout the course of a day, solar energy is part of the process of thermal convection , or the movement of heat from a warmer space to a cooler one. When the sun rises, it begins to warm objects and material on Earth. Throughout the day, these materials absorb heat from solar radiation. At night, when the sun sets and the atmosphere has cooled, the materials release their heat back into the atmosphere. Passive solar energy techniques take advantage of this natural heating and cooling process. Homes and other buildings use passive solar energy to distribute heat efficiently and inexpensively. Calculating a building’s “ thermal mass ” is an example of this. A building’s thermal mass is the bulk of material heated throughout the day. Examples of a building’s thermal mass are wood, metal, concrete, clay, stone, or mud. At night, the thermal mass releases its heat back into the room. Effective ventilation systems—hallways, windows, and air ducts—distribute the warmed air and maintain a moderate, consistent indoor temperature. Passive solar technology is often involved in the design of a building. For example, in the planning stage of construction, the engineer or architect may align the building with the sun’s daily path to receive desirable amounts of sunlight. This method takes into account the latitude , altitude , and typical cloud cover of a specific area. In addition, buildings can be constructed or retrofitted to have thermal insulation, thermal mass, or extra shading. Other examples of passive solar architecture are cool roofs, radiant barriers , and green roofs . Cool roofs are painted white, and reflect the sun’s radiation instead of absorbing it. The white surface reduces the amount of heat that reaches the interior of the building, which in turn reduces the amount of energy that is needed to cool the building. Radiant barriers work similarly to cool roofs. They provide insulation with highly reflective materials, such as aluminum foil. The foil reflects, instead of absorbs, heat, and can reduce cooling costs up to 10 percent. In addition to roofs and attics, radiant barriers may also be installed beneath floors. Green roofs are roofs that are completely covered with vegetation . They require soil and irrigation to support the plants, and a waterproof layer beneath. Green roofs not only reduce the amount of heat that is absorbed or lost, but also provide vegetation. Through photosynthesis, the plants on green roofs absorb carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. They filter pollutants out of rainwater and air, and offset some of the effects of energy use in that space. Green roofs have been a tradition in Scandinavia for centuries, and have recently become popular in Australia, Western Europe, Canada, and the United States. For example, the Ford Motor Company covered 42,000 square meters (450,000 square feet) of its assembly plant roofs in Dearborn, Michigan, with vegetation. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the roofs reduce stormwater runoff by absorbing several centimeters of rainfall.

Green roofs and cool roofs can also counteract the “ urban heat island ” effect. In busy cities, the temperature can be consistently higher than the surrounding areas. Many factors contribute to this: Cities are constructed of materials such as asphalt and concrete that absorb heat; tall buildings block wind and its cooling effects; and high amounts of waste heat is generated by industry, traffic, and high populations. Using the available space on the roof to plant trees, or reflecting heat with white roofs, can partially alleviate local temperature increases in urban areas. Solar Energy and People Since sunlight only shines for about half of the day in most parts of the world, solar energy technologies have to include methods of storing the energy during dark hours. Thermal mass systems use paraffin wax or various forms of salt to store the energy in the form of heat. Photovoltaic systems can send excess electricity to the local power grid , or store the energy in rechargeable batteries. There are many pros and cons to using solar energy. Advantages A major advantage to using solar energy is that it is a renewable resource. We will have a steady, limitless supply of sunlight for another five billion years. In one hour, Earth’s atmosphere receives enough sunlight to power the electricity needs of every human being on Earth for a year. Solar energy is clean. After the solar technology equipment is constructed and put in place, solar energy does not need fuel to work. It also does not emit greenhouse gases or toxic materials. Using solar energy can drastically reduce the impact we have on the environment. There are locations where solar energy is practical . Homes and buildings in areas with high amounts of sunlight and low cloud cover have the opportunity to harness the sun’s abundant energy. Solar cookers provide an excellent alternative to cooking with wood-fired stoves—on which two billion people still rely. Solar cookers provide a cleaner and safer way to sanitize water and cook food. Solar energy complements other renewable sources of energy, such as wind or hydroelectric energy . Homes or businesses that install successful solar panels can actually produce excess electricity. These homeowners or businessowners can sell energy back to the electric provider, reducing or even eliminating power bills. Disadvantages The main deterrent to using solar energy is the required equipment. Solar technology equipment is expensive. Purchasing and installing the equipment can cost tens of thousands of dollars for individual homes. Although the government often offers reduced taxes to people and businesses using solar energy, and the technology can eliminate electricity bills, the initial cost is too steep for many to consider. Solar energy equipment is also heavy. In order to retrofit or install solar panels on the roof of a building, the roof must be strong, large, and oriented toward the sun’s path. Both active and passive solar technology depend on factors that are out of our control, such as climate and cloud cover. Local areas must be studied to determine whether or not solar power would be effective in that area. Sunlight must be abundant and consistent for solar energy to be an efficient choice. In most places on Earth, sunlight’s variability makes it difficult to implement as the only source of energy.

Agua Caliente The Agua Caliente Solar Project, in Yuma, Arizona, United States, is the world's largest array of photovoltaic panels. Agua Caliente has more than five million photovoltaic modules, and generates more than 600 gigawatt-hours of electricity.

Green Chicago Millennium Park in Chicago, Illinois, United States, has one of the most expansive green roofs in the world almost 100,000 square meters (more than a million square feet). Vegetation at ground level covers 24.5 acres of an underground parking garage, and includes gardens, picnic areas, and an outdoor concert facility.

Solar Decathlon The Solar Decathlon is a biannual international event presented by the U.S. Department of Energy. Teams compete to design, build, and operate the most attractive, effective, and energy-efficient solar-powered house.

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Essay on Solar Energy

Students are often asked to write an essay on Solar Energy in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Solar Energy

Introduction to solar energy.

Solar energy is power from the sun. It’s a renewable resource, meaning it won’t run out. It’s also clean, producing no pollutants.

How Solar Energy Works

Solar panels capture sunlight. The cells in the panels turn this into electricity. This electricity can power homes, schools, and more.

Benefits of Solar Energy

Solar energy is good for the environment. It reduces reliance on fossil fuels, which cause pollution. It’s also free after installation, saving money.

Solar energy is a clean, renewable power source. It’s an excellent choice for a sustainable future.

Also check:

10 Lines on Solar Energy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy
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250 Words Essay on Solar Energy

Introduction.

Solar energy, a renewable and abundant source of power, is harnessed from the sun’s rays. Its utilization has been a topic of global interest due to the escalating need for sustainable energy sources.

Working of Solar Energy

Solar power works by converting sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic (PV) cells, composed of semiconductor materials, absorb photons from sunlight. This absorption instigates an electric field across the layers, causing electricity to flow.

Advantages of Solar Energy

Solar energy offers numerous benefits. It is a renewable resource, unlike fossil fuels which are finite. It reduces electricity bills as sunlight is free. Moreover, solar power systems can sell surplus energy back to the grid. It also has minimal environmental impact, producing no greenhouse gases during operation.

Challenges in Solar Energy

Despite its advantages, solar energy has some obstacles. The initial cost of solar panels and installation is high, though it pays off over time. Solar power is also dependent on weather conditions and daylight hours, making it less reliable in certain regions or times.

Future of Solar Energy

The future of solar energy is promising. With advancements in technology, the efficiency of solar panels is improving, and costs are decreasing. Researchers are exploring ways to store solar energy effectively, making it more reliable.

Solar energy, a clean and renewable source of power, holds immense potential in mitigating our dependence on fossil fuels. Despite challenges, its future is bright, promising a sustainable energy future.

500 Words Essay on Solar Energy

Introduction: embracing the sun.

Solar energy, the abundant, clean, and renewable source of power, is the beacon of hope in our quest for sustainable energy solutions. It is harnessed using a variety of technologies, such as solar photovoltaic cells and solar thermal collectors, which convert the sun’s rays into usable electricity or heat.

The Science Behind Solar Energy

The sun emits photons, which are particles of light. When these photons hit a solar cell, they knock electrons loose from their atoms. When conductors are attached to the positive and negative sides of a cell, it forms an electrical circuit. When electrons flow through such a circuit, they generate electricity. This process of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called the photovoltaic effect.

Solar energy is a sustainable choice as it reduces reliance on fossil fuels, which are finite resources. It mitigates the harmful emissions that contribute to climate change, promotes energy independence, and can be deployed across the globe. Moreover, the cost of solar panels has decreased dramatically over the past decades, making it an increasingly affordable option for individuals and businesses.

Challenges in Harnessing Solar Energy

Despite its numerous advantages, solar energy is not without its challenges. The most significant constraint is the intermittent nature of solar power. Solar energy production is dependent on sunlight, which is not available during the night and can be less reliable during cloudy weather or in less sunny regions. To counter this, energy storage systems such as batteries are used, but these can add significant costs and technical complexities.

The Future of Solar Energy

As technology continues to advance, the efficiency of solar energy systems will undoubtedly improve. A promising area of research is perovskite solar cells, which are potentially cheaper and more efficient than current silicon-based cells. Moreover, the integration of solar power with other renewable sources and the development of smart grids can help overcome the issues of intermittency.

Conclusion: Towards a Solar-Powered Future

Solar energy holds immense promise for a sustainable future. The challenges it faces are not insurmountable, and with continued research and innovation, solar power could become a mainstay of global energy production. It is incumbent upon us, as a society, to continue to explore and invest in this clean, renewable source of power.

Despite the obstacles, the benefits of solar energy far outweigh its drawbacks. Its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, provide energy security, and create jobs, all while harnessing a resource that is both abundant and free, makes it an essential component of our sustainable energy future.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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How to cite a blog, sun: the earth’s most vital source of alternative energy essay sample, example.

Solar technology utilizes the Sun’s energy to produce electricity and does not rely on the continual mining of raw materials. Consequently, this does not result in the annihilation of ecosystems, as witnessed in the extraction of fossil fuels. For instance, in the river Niger Delta, an ongoing irresponsible and excessive oil extraction can be witnessed. As a result of this activity, the mass extinction of fish has been observed in the region, as well as the abandonment of whole villages where people used to live on fishing (Nelson, 2008, p. 63). Another well-known incident is the BP oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico, which spilled over a million cubic meters of crude oil. Using solar energy does not imply releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere; the energy production process for it is free from any gas, smoke, or other chemical waste.

Solar energy , unlike other sources of conventional energy, is free from monthly or other charges, except the first installation and maintenance fees. Operational costs are also negligible. Solar energy does not require costly and ongoing raw materials, such as coal or oil, and unlike conventional power production, operational labor is redundant. Professor Richards Hans from the University of South Calgary (2012) notes that the prices of fossil fuels keep increasing and the production price per watt of solar energy has reduced by 60% in the past five years (p. 29). This, together with the fact that solar energy power plants may be independent from the national energy grid, is a significant advantage for people in isolated localities; solar energy is more cost-effective and practical for self-reliant societies, or those who live in rural or isolated areas. It is practical since it is much cheaper to install solar energy systems than putting up power lines; it is cost-effective due to conventional sources of energy depending on a variety of factors, like transportation of petroleum and frequent maintenance.

Those with divergent views on solar energy insist the cost of installing solar energy system is higher compared to conventional sources of energy (Demirbas, 2008. P.38). They also argue that solar panels require excessive amounts of space for installation, and this might hinder its application in limited space, such as urban areas. According to Professor Ayhan Demirbas from the University of North Seattle (2008), the reason why installation costs are relatively higher is due to solar panels being made from materials that have exorbitant costs (p.38). However, as solar energy becomes more and more competitive due to shortages facing other sources of power, prices are expected to come down. Governments seeking to cut down carbon emissions may also subsidize the cost of installation.

Solar energy has the potential of becoming the most significant source of energy in the nearest future. Since there are no chemicals or gases involved in energy production on solar plants, this type of energy can be considered one of the cleanest. Solar energy is also cheap and practical. Solar plants may be constructed off the national energy grid, which is beneficial for small self-reliant societies, and they do not require monthly or other charges. Those disputing the viability of solar energy as an alternative to fossil fuel insist that installing solar panels is expensive and requires plenty of space. However, government subsidies and other measures are likely to reduce said costs, and the problem of free space is also in the process of resolving. On the whole, it is clear that fossil fuel deposits are getting lower and lower each day. Therefore, increasing numbers of people will continue to embrace solar energy as the best alternative to fossil fuels.

Bibliography

Nelson, Vaughn. (2008). Introduction to Renewable Energy. Chicago: Springer.

Bode, Henning. (2005). Sustainable Development and Innovation in the Energy Sector. New York: Amherst International.

Hans, Richard. (2012). Alternative Energy. Chicago. HillCrest Publishers Ltd.

Demirbas, Ayhan. (2008). Solar Energy: A Realistic Fuel Alternative for Tomorrow. Chicago: Springer.

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How to write a research paper on solar energy: a graduate-level guide 0.

How many types of paper do you think a college student should know? Apart from writing essays, discussion posts, and replies, a person pursuing an undergraduate and graduate degree should be conversant with a format or outline of scientific papers, research proposals, and dissertations. This know-how assists a student in coherently organizing and structuring his or her ideas.

As such, this article aims to offer insightful tips on how to make a research paper on solar energy meet proficient or distinguished criteria on the rubric. In other words, this graduate-level guide provides a clear distinction between this type of writing and a general essay.

Solar Energy Research Paper: A Recommended Structure

When you review several research papers on solar energy, you’ll notice that an abstract appears before other sections. However, it’s important to note that a student should write it after completing the paper. Why should you adhere to this rule? Very simple, it’s because an abstract summarizes the key arguments of a research paper. This section, according to Naval Postgraduate School , differs from an executive summary in terms of length and information included. In particular, an abstract ranges from 100 to 200 words, while an executive summary might be 2 to 5 pages. What does this mean? A student might include citations in an executive summary.

So, when writing a research paper on solar energy, you should ensure that its abstract contains concise statements about the following:

The significance of the research
The research question
The scientific method used to answer the research question
The findings

Introduction

If you pride yourself on the knowledge of how to write a perfect essay, this section shouldn’t be a problem for you. When writing a solar energy research paper, you should present comprehensive theories underlying the problem. Take a close look at this paragraph.

Even though the discovery of fossil fuel to substitute wood charcoal promoted industrialization and economic development, it has presented multiple challenges to the environment and human health. According to Zoghi et al. (2017), as cited by Choifin et al.’s (2021) article, “most of the energy sources that are currently relied on are limited and will run out due to increasing demand” (p. 1). Due to the supply deficit of fossil fuel, many countries opt to purchase cheap fossil fuels. However, such petroleum contains high octane that reduces the lifespan of vehicle engines. As a consequence, nations end up with piles of scrap and heavy metals that pollute the environment. The country can remedy this problem if it implements renewable energy sources such as solar, hydropower, and wind power, among many other options. According to Biçen, Szczutkowski, and Vardar (2018), “solar energy, which is an almost infinite energy source that does not have a negative effect on the environment, is utilized in two ways as “Thermal Systems” and “Electrical Systems”.”

After reading this introduction, you’ll notice that the presented theoretical background of the problem contains scholarly pieces of evidence. Afterwards, it offers the significance of the research by highlighting why countries should adopt renewable sources of energy such as solar.

Literature review

When writing a solar energy research paper, you should consider reviewing studies on the same subject. In this case, you can explore topics on the latest trends and the future. Take a look at the below literature review.

The expansion of solar energy solutions worldwide is attributable to its high demand. According to Solar Energy Industries Association [SEIA] (n.d.), this sector has experienced approximately 24% yearly growth over the past ten years. About 26 million houses benefit from over 149 gigawatts (GW) because of the federal financial support through the solar Investment Tax credit. Another reason for the expansion of this sector, according to Choifin et al. (2021), a suitable solution for the supply deficit of electricity is renewable energy sources (RE).

Ideally, your literature review should present arguments on different topics. Each paragraph should have at least two citations with ideas that build on a central theme. Depending on the length of your research paper, a literature review should contain several paragraphs.

Methodology

Unlike a dissertation that a student has several weeks or months to complete, your professor might want you to complete a research paper on solar energy within days. As such, the recommended design would be a systematic review. In this case, you need to select a few journals on the topic of interest. How can you do this? Considering that you require access to articles with the latest information on solar energy, you can consider contacting professional services like CustomWritings to get your write my research paper request processed by expert writers. The reason for opting for a research paper writer on this website to assist you in systematic review concerns their experience of using online databases.

While most systematic reviews on solar technology tend to be qualitative, you can opt to utilize mixed design. In this case, you can get some figures from the articles and conduct an extensive analysis to reveal some trends or patterns. At this point, you can consider including tables or graphs on the usage of renewable sources over the years.

Discussions

After presenting the results, you need to support the trends and patterns with scholarly sources. You can find relevant articles by searching solar energy research paper topics on the web. The length of the discussion depends on your knowledge of interpreting results and summarizing evidence-based findings.

While writing this section, you should ensure that it doesn’t look or structured similar to the abstract. As such, a student should summarize the main points of the study and the research implications. In some papers, you can combine discussion and conclusion. You can add recommendations in this section.

References

Regardless of your format, you should place all the materials cited in the paper in this section.

Write a Research Paper on Solar Energy: Dos and Don’ts

Use headings and subheadings . Unlike most essays, your research paper should have clear sections. This strategy facilitates the organization of ideas.
Define terms. Considering that you are most likely to apply technical writing in research papers, you should consider providing definitions of the vocabulary and figures used. This strategy is important when it comes to the result section.
Cite all borrowed ideas . The rationale for citing and referencing concerns eliminating intentional plagiarism.
Let the research question guide the writing process . This strategy ensures that you stay on the topic.
Fabricate the results. Since most research papers on solar energy tend to utilize secondary data, some students might provide fake data.
Overuse ‘I”. Although personal opinions are necessary when writing a research paper, you should devise a way of presenting them.
Introducing new results. When writing a discussion of a research paper, you should stick to your result. In other words, you should not get a source with similar information and just paraphrase. Make sure the information you are looking for either supports or challenges your results.

Even though this article offers a standard structure for writing a research paper on solar energy, students should understand that any deviation in instruction is unacceptable. What does this mean? Some professors might require students to only look at the impact and consequences of solar energy. Such a research paper might have only two headings. It’s because of this reason you should always consult a research paper service if anything is unclear!

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Yale Climate Connections

An introduction to the state of solar power in the U.S.

A bit of solar power history

Through most of the 20th century, efforts to tap solar energy focused on the sun’s thermal properties. Commercially introduced in California in 1909, water-heating solar collectors achieved greater status in the wake of the 1973 oil embargo, when President Jimmy Carter installed a much-heralded solar array on the White House, producing hot water for its laundry and cafeteria.

The technology for reliably converting sunlight to electricity emerged from Bell Labs in the 1950s, but the expense of manufacturing photovoltaic, or PV, cells confined them to high-value uses such as remote radio transmission and the space program. It was only with a dramatic drop in the price of silicon PV cells, from $76 per watt in 1977 to a fraction of a dollar in recent years, that PV has come into widespread use.

How solar photovoltaic panels work

Most photovoltaic panels today use crystalline silicon as a semiconductor. These panels have multiple rows of cells, chemically treated to create positive and negative electric charges. When the sun strikes a cell, it creates a direct (DC) current that is then inverted to alternating (AC) current, the dominant form of electricity in the U.S. and many other countries.

About 5% of solar panels sold globally are “thin film” photovoltaics. Instead of constructing a module from multiple cells, thin-film PV manufacturers apply one or more semiconductor compounds just a few microns thick to the surface of a single substrate. Historically, thin-film photovoltaics have been cheaper to manufacture but less efficient than crystalline silicon at converting the sun’s energy to electricity, but today’s thin film technology is quickly catching up .

Multi-junction cells can capture a much greater share of the sun’s energy than conventional solar cells. Instead of relying on a single semiconductor such as silicon, multi-junction cells have several layers, each with a semiconductor compound that responds to a different part of the light spectrum. Though costly, this technology may come into broader commercial use in the coming years.

Rooftop solar is changing how U.S. consumers get electricity

According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, solar arrays on America’s rooftops could generate enough electric power to offset 39% of our present electricity needs. We have a long way to go to realize that potential, however. In 2018, rooftop arrays, solar parking canopies, and other “distributed” solar systems supplied approximately 30 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity – little more than 0.7% of total U.S. power generation.

Though still a minor contributor to our overall electric supply, distributed solar generation is bringing about a revolution in the way Americans produce and consume electricity. Utility companies and cooperatives have long been the dominant providers of electricity to U.S. consumers, relying primarily on central generating stations using fossil fuels, nuclear power, and large-scale hydro. Yet today, net-metering laws in many states require utilities to compensate customers for the surplus electricity they generate at their homes and businesses. This has led to fractious debates , with utilities arguing that they are being inadequately compensated for the distribution lines and backup power that they still provide to all customers.

Utilities are building large solar farms

Utilities may not be fans of distributed solar, but many of them are busy building their own solar installations. They are doing so, in part, to comply with renewable electricity standards that call for a minimum percentage of retail electricity sales in many states to come from renewable sources. According to the Berkeley Lab , these standards catalyzed roughly half of all U.S. renewable electricity capacity and generation from 2000 to 2017.

Federal policies have also given a boost to solar power. A 30% investment tax credit, in effect since 2006, has been instrumental in drawing investment capital to utility-scale solar projects. It has also made solar more affordable to homeowners and businesses – at least those with sufficient tax liability. The tax credit is slated to be phased out , however, scaling down to 10% for utility-scale and commercial projects in 2022, when residential solar will no longer receive a tax credit at all.

The tax credit’s phase-out may slow overall investment in solar, but utilities are expected to continue building large-scale PV projects. According to Lazard , the levelized cost of utility-scale PV is $36 to $46 per megawatt, making it competitive in many locations with combined cycle gas ($35-$81 per megawatt) and far cheaper than new nuclear power ($109-$191 per megawatt).

While PV is unquestionably the dominant solar power resource, the sun’s thermal properties have come into play at a few concentrating solar power facilities in the Southwest. Crescent Dunes , in the Nevadan desert, uses more than 10,000 heliostats – giant rotating mirrors – to capture the sun’s heat in molten salt, used for steam power generation. The stored heat allows electricity to be generated when it’s needed, not just when the sun is shining. This form of solar power, however, is three to four times as costly as photovoltaics, so its future prospects are limited.

The environmental impact of solar power

Solar power, like any energy resource, has environmental impacts. Utility-scale projects, in particular, can be challenging given the amount of land required for large-scale electricity production. To avoid encroaching on natural and wooded areas, converting unproductive farmland to solar is one common approach. Brownfields – abandoned mines, waste sites, and other industrial properties – offer promising solar sites too. And some developers are looking to reservoirs and sewage ponds as possible sites for floating solar arrays .

On pristine and non-pristine lands, wildlife protection is essential , both during and after construction of large solar plants. The desert tortoise , listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, has been a particular point of tension between project developers and nature conservationists in the Southwest.

Regulators in a few states are just beginning to reckon with how to provide end-of-life care to solar hardware – a problem that will become more acute as PV expands and current installations age. The European Union, way ahead in implementing a comprehensive recycling regime for solar panels, is setting the pace in this key area.

On the brighter side is the significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions that solar energy’s widespread adoption can yield. Both solar PV and concentrating solar power have a much smaller life-cycle carbon footprint than conventional power generation.

Balancing supply and demand

Solar power, like wind, is variable. Just as sunny days may yield more electricity than consumers require, the absence of solar-generated electrons when the sun isn’t shining calls for other means of keeping pace with power needs.

Demand response is one such tool. When energy demand would otherwise outstrip the supply of clean power, customers can authorize their electric utility to pause or slow the operation of air conditioners, water heaters, swimming pool pumps, refrigerator defrosters, and other appliances. When there is adequate electricity on the grid, those same appliances can be programmed to run freely.

Broadening the grid’s geographical reach can also help stabilize a power supply that is heavily reliant on renewable energy. Wind power from sparsely populated Wyoming , for example, can help meet California’s end-of-day electric needs when millions of people return home and busy themselves with dinner preparations and other household chores. But that alone won’t ensure a balanced grid.

That’s where energy storage comes into play. For decades, utilities have relied on pumped hydro as a means of storing surplus electricity. Water is pumped into an elevated reservoir during periods when the grid has more power than it needs. Then, when demand warrants it, gravity-fed hydro turbines feed electricity back to the grid.

More compact, more scalable, and more easily sited than pumped storage, lithium ion batteries are quickly becoming the preferred power storage technology. At the household scale , batteries can capture electricity from a rooftop PV array during daylight hours, releasing that power to the grid or using it at home in the evening to charge an electric vehicle. On a larger scale, multiple megawatts of electricity can be stored by on-site batteries at commercial buildings or utility-scale solar plants. This approach has been pioneered in Hawaii , where the nation’s highest electricity prices make still-expensive battery installations economically viable.

Solar is a super-abundant resource, but its stepped-up use calls for fundamental changes in the way we generate, store, and use electricity. The dimensions and dynamics of an economy substantially fueled by renewable energy are just beginning to take shape.

Philip Warburg, an environmental lawyer and former president of the Conservation Law Foundation, is the author of Harness the Sun: America’s Quest for a Solar-Powered Future .

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics

1.1 overview of photovoltaic technology.

Photovoltaic technology, often abbreviated as PV, represents a revolutionary method of harnessing solar energy and converting it into electricity. At its core, PV relies on the principle of the photovoltaic effect, where certain materials generate an electric current when exposed to sunlight. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the key principles underlying PV technology, exploring the fundamental concepts of solar radiation, semiconductor physics, and the intricate mechanisms that facilitate the transformation of sunlight into a usable electrical power source.

The section begins by delving into the basic structure of photovoltaic cells, emphasizing the significance of semiconductor materials in capturing and converting sunlight. Readers will gain insights into the intricate processes at the atomic and molecular levels, understanding how photons energize electrons and initiate the flow of electrical current. With a focus on the various types of PV cells, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film technologies, this section lays the foundation for a deeper exploration of the design and construction aspects in subsequent chapters.

The Photovoltaic Effect

As photons, the fundamental particles of light, collide with other materials, they bestow their energy upon electrons, liberating them from their atomic confines and setting in motion a flow of electrical charge.

The photoelectric effect is described by the following equation:

E is the energy of the emitted electron,
ℎ is Planck’s constant (6.626×10 −34 J⋅s),
f is the frequency of the incident light,
ϕ is the work function of the material, representing the minimum energy required to liberate an electron.

This equation elucidates that for photoemission to occur, the energy of the incident photons (ℎ ⋅f ) must be greater than or equal to the work function of the material ( ϕ ). If the energy of the photons surpasses the work function, the excess energy contributes to the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons.

Fundamental Concepts: Solar Radiation and Semiconductor Physics

To comprehend the intricate choreography of the photovoltaic effect, one must first grasp the fundamental concepts of solar radiation and semiconductor physics. Solar radiation, the radiant energy emitted by the sun, serves as the primary source of energy for PV systems. Understanding the characteristics of solar radiation, including its intensity, spectrum, and variability, becomes paramount in optimizing the performance of photovoltaic cells.

Semiconductor physics, the bedrock of PV technology, unveils the secrets of materials that act as conduits for the photovoltaic effect. Semiconductor materials, typically crystalline silicon, pave the way for the efficient capture and conversion of sunlight into electricity. This section delves into the atomic and molecular levels of semiconductors, providing readers with a microscopic view of the materials that form the backbone of PV cells.

Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like non-metals). The conductivity of a semiconductor can be controlled and modified, making it a key component in the field of electronics. The most common semiconductors are silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), although there are many other materials that exhibit semiconductor properties.

Here are key characteristics and features of semiconductors:

Conductivity: Semiconductors have conductivity levels between conductors and insulators. They can conduct electricity under certain conditions but can also act as insulators under different conditions.
Band Gap: Semiconductors have a band gap, an energy range in which no electrons can exist. This band gap is critical in determining the conductivity of the material. There are two types of semiconductors based on their band gap: intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic Semiconductors: Pure semiconductors with no intentional impurities. Silicon and germanium are intrinsic semiconductors.
Extrinsic Semiconductors: Semiconductors intentionally doped with impurities to alter their electrical properties. This process introduces charge carriers, either electrons or holes, enhancing conductivity. Extrinsic semiconductors are more commonly used in electronic devices.

In semiconductor physics, P-type (positive-type) and N-type (negative-type) materials are two distinct types of semiconductors that play a crucial role in the operation of electronic devices, including solar cells and transistors. These materials are typically made of semiconductors like silicon or germanium.

P-type Material

Doping with Acceptors: P-type semiconductors are created by introducing certain impurity atoms, known as acceptors, into the crystal lattice of the semiconductor material. Common acceptors include boron (B) in silicon.
Formation of “Holes”: The introduction of acceptor atoms creates an excess of “holes” in the semiconductor crystal lattice. A hole is essentially a vacant position where an electron could exist. These holes behave as positive charge carriers.
Hole Mobility: In P-type materials, the predominant charge carriers are positive holes. When an external voltage is applied, these holes move through the material, contributing to the flow of electric current. However, it’s important to note that electrons (negative charge carriers) also exist in P-type materials, but they are in the minority.
Represented Symbolically: The symbol for P-type semiconductors is often indicated by adding a “+” sign, such as S i + .

N-type Material

Doping with Donors: N-type semiconductors result from the introduction of certain impurity atoms, known as donors, into the semiconductor crystal lattice. Common donors include phosphorus (P) in silicon.
Excess Electrons: Donor atoms create an excess of free electrons in the crystal lattice. These free electrons become the predominant charge carriers in N-type materials.
Electron Mobility: When an external voltage is applied, these free electrons move through the material, contributing to the electric current. Although holes (positive charge carriers) also exist in N-type materials, they are in the minority.
Represented Symbolically: The symbol for N-type semiconductors is often indicated by adding a “-” sign, such as S i − .

P-N Junction

When a P-type semiconductor is brought into contact with an N-type semiconductor, a P-N junction is formed. At the junction, electrons from the N-type material diffuse into the P-type material, recombining with holes. This creates a depletion zone with a net negative charge on the P-type side and a net positive charge on the N-type side. The resulting electric field opposes further electron diffusion, establishing an equilibrium.

The P-N junction is fundamental in semiconductor devices, serving as the basis for diodes, transistors, and solar cells. Understanding the behavior of P-type and N-type materials is crucial for designing and optimizing the performance of these devices in various electronic applications.

The Atomic Ballet: How Photons Energize Electrons

As readers embark on a journey into the heart of photovoltaic technology, they witness the mesmerizing atomic ballet where photons infuse electrons with energy, liberating them from their stable orbits. This dance, governed by the laws of quantum mechanics, forms the crux of the photovoltaic effect. Technical terms such as bandgap energy, where electrons transition between energy levels, and absorption spectra, dictating the wavelengths of light absorbed, become the language through which engineers communicate with the quantum realm.

The chapter unravels the intricacies of energy band diagrams, illustrating how semiconductor materials create an environment conducive to the efficient conversion of solar energy. Terms like valence bands and conduction bands take center stage, defining the energy states of electrons and their pivotal role in the generation of electric current. This microscopic perspective equips readers with a profound understanding of the inner workings of photovoltaic cells.

Types of Photovoltaic Cells: Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, and Thin-Film Technologies

With the foundation laid in the realm of semiconductor physics, the chapter navigates towards the tangible manifestations of PV technology—photovoltaic cells. These cells, the building blocks of solar panels, come in various forms, each with its unique characteristics and applications.

Monocrystalline cells, characterized by a single crystal structure, emerge as the epitome of efficiency. Their uniform composition facilitates the smooth flow of electrons, maximizing the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Polycrystalline cells, composed of multiple crystals, strike a balance between efficiency and cost-effectiveness, offering a pragmatic solution for diverse applications. Thin-film technologies, employing layers of semiconductor materials, provide flexibility and affordability, opening avenues for innovative designs and applications.

Technical terms such as efficiency ratings, fill factor, and degradation rates become crucial metrics in evaluating and comparing these different types of cells. Engineers navigate the trade-offs between efficiency and cost, selecting the most suitable technology for specific contexts. The chapter, through diagrams and calculations, unravels the intricacies of these technologies, laying the groundwork for informed decision-making in the design and construction of photovoltaic systems.

Timeline of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Development

Photovoltaic Effect Discovered: Becquerel’s initial discovery is serendipitous; he is only 19 years old when he observes the photovoltaic effect.
First Solar Cell: Fritts’ solar cell, made of selenium and gold, boasts an efficiency of only 1-2%, yet it marks the birth of practical solar technology.
Einstein’s Photoelectric Effect: Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect wins him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
First Practical Silicon Solar Cell: The first silicon solar cell, with an efficiency of 4%, is primarily used in space applications, including powering satellites.
Energy Crisis Drives Interest: Solar energy gains attention during the oil crises, and President Jimmy Carter installs solar panels on the White House in 1979.
Emergence of Thin-Film Technology: Exxon, in 1985, achieves a breakthrough in thin-film technology, setting a new efficiency record for that era.

1990s – 2000s:

Efficiency Improvements: In 2009, researchers achieve a milestone with a solar cell boasting 41.6% efficiency, a significant leap from earlier technologies.

2000s – 2020s:

Grid Integration and Policy Support: Germany’s Renewable Energy Act of 2000 kickstarts a solar boom, making it a global leader in installed solar capacity.
Cost Reduction and Mass Adoption: By 2019, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) reports that solar is the cheapest source of electricity in history.

Present (2020-2023):

Rapid Growth and Innovation: Solar power costs drop further; Saudi Arabia, known for oil, aims for 58.7 gigawatts of solar capacity by 2030.
Advancements in Energy Storage: Tesla’s Gigafactories, focused on energy storage, strive to revolutionize solar adoption by making energy storage more accessible.
Research and Development: In 2022, researchers unveil transparent solar cells, paving the way for integration into windows and other surfaces.

1.2 Historical Development

The historical development of solar photovoltaics is a fascinating journey that spans centuries. From the early experiments in the 19th century to the cutting-edge technologies of the present day, this section provides a chronological narrative of the milestones that shaped the evolution of PV technology. Beginning with the discovery of the photovoltaic effect by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839, the narrative progresses through significant breakthroughs, such as the invention of the first solar cell by Charles Fritts in 1883 and the development of silicon solar cells in the 1950s.

Early Experiments and the Discovery of the Photovoltaic Effect

The foundational discovery that laid the groundwork for solar PV technology was the photovoltaic effect, first observed by the French physicist Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839. Becquerel, while investigating the behavior of different materials when exposed to light, noted that certain materials generated an electric current when illuminated. This phenomenon, known as the photovoltaic effect, was the key to unlocking the potential of solar energy for electricity generation.

The First Solar Cell

Building upon Becquerel’s discovery, the American inventor Charles Fritts made a significant leap forward in 1883 by constructing the first working solar cell. Fritts used a thin layer of selenium coated with a layer of gold to create a device that could convert light into electricity. While Fritts’ solar cell had a relatively low efficiency, his work laid the foundation for future developments in the field.

Einstein’s Contribution

The theoretical understanding of the photovoltaic effect received a boost in the early 20th century with Albert Einstein’s work on the photoelectric effect. Einstein’s explanation of how light interacts with materials at the atomic level provided a theoretical framework for understanding the generation of electricity from light. This theoretical insight paved the way for further advancements in solar cell technology.

Silicon Solar Cells and the Space Race

The real breakthrough for solar PV technology came in the 1950s with the development of silicon solar cells. Bell Labs, in 1954, produced the first practical silicon solar cell, marking a significant improvement in efficiency and paving the way for commercial applications. The initial applications were primarily in space exploration, as solar cells became crucial for powering satellites and spacecraft during the space race.

1970s: Growth and Diversification

The 1970s witnessed a surge in research and development efforts, driven by growing environmental concerns and the quest for alternative energy sources. Solar cells found applications beyond space exploration and began to be used in remote power systems, such as lighthouses and communication towers. The oil crises of the 1970s also contributed to increased interest in solar energy as a means of achieving energy independence.

1980s: The Rise of Thin-Film Technology

The 1980s saw the emergence of thin-film solar cell technology as a viable alternative to traditional crystalline silicon cells. Thin-film cells, made from materials like amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide, offered advantages such as flexibility and lower manufacturing costs. This diversification of materials and technologies contributed to the growing accessibility of solar PV systems.

1990s and 2000s: Efficiency Improvements and Grid Integration

Advancements in materials science and engineering led to steady improvements in the efficiency of solar cells during the 1990s and 2000s. Research focused on enhancing the performance of silicon cells and exploring new materials with better light-absorbing properties. The integration of solar PV systems into the electrical grid became more common, with governments worldwide incentivizing renewable energy adoption through feed-in tariffs and other policy measures.

Recent Advances

In the 21st century, solar PV technology has witnessed remarkable advancements. Research efforts have been dedicated to increasing the efficiency of solar cells, exploring tandem cell configurations, and developing novel materials for enhanced performance. The cost of solar energy has seen a significant decline, making it increasingly competitive with conventional energy sources.

The historical context not only highlights the perseverance of scientists and engineers but also underscores the growing importance of solar energy as a viable and sustainable alternative. The energy crises of the 20th century played a pivotal role in accelerating research and development efforts, leading to increased efficiency and affordability of photovoltaic systems. Understanding this historical trajectory provides engineers with a valuable perspective on the challenges overcome and the potential for future advancements.

1.3 Importance in Modern Engineering

In the contemporary landscape of engineering, the importance of solar photovoltaics cannot be overstated. This section explores the role of PV technology in addressing the pressing challenges of the 21st century, including climate change, energy security, and sustainable development. As the world shifts towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, solar photovoltaics emerges as a key player in the global energy transition.

The section discusses the integration of PV systems into various engineering projects, from residential and commercial buildings to off-grid applications and large-scale solar farms. Engineers are presented with real-world examples showcasing the versatility and adaptability of solar photovoltaics, emphasizing its role in reducing carbon emissions, mitigating environmental impact, and fostering energy independence.

Addressing Climate Change and Environmental Impact

As the specter of climate change looms larger than ever, the imperative to transition towards low-carbon and renewable energy sources has become a central focus of global engineering endeavors. Solar PV emerges as a key player in this paradigm shift, offering a clean and abundant energy source that produces electricity without the emissions of greenhouse gases. The reduction of carbon footprint is a critical contribution of solar PV to mitigating climate change, aligning with international efforts to limit global temperature rise.

The environmental impact of solar PV extends beyond emissions reduction. Unlike conventional energy sources that rely on finite fossil fuels, solar PV harnesses the inexhaustible power of sunlight. This sustainable approach reduces dependence on fossil fuels, mitigating environmental degradation associated with extraction, transportation, and combustion of non-renewable resources. Modern engineering, driven by a commitment to environmental stewardship, recognizes the pivotal role of solar PV in fostering a harmonious coexistence with the planet.

Energy Security and Independence

Solar PV plays a vital role in enhancing energy security by diversifying the energy mix and reducing reliance on centralized power generation. The decentralized nature of solar PV systems allows for distributed energy generation, empowering communities, businesses, and even individual households to generate their own electricity. This decentralization not only improves resilience against disruptions but also contributes to greater energy independence, reducing vulnerability to geopolitical and economic uncertainties associated with traditional energy sources.

In regions with limited access to reliable grid infrastructure, solar PV becomes a lifeline, providing a source of electricity that is independent of centralized power grids. Remote and off-grid areas, often marginalized in traditional energy distribution networks, benefit immensely from the deployability and scalability of solar PV systems. Modern engineering, with an emphasis on inclusivity and accessibility, recognizes solar PV as a catalyst for bridging the energy divide and promoting social equity.

Economic Viability and Job Creation

The importance of solar PV in modern engineering is underscored by its increasing economic viability. Advancements in technology, coupled with economies of scale, have significantly reduced the cost of solar PV systems. As a result, solar energy has become increasingly competitive with traditional energy sources, making it an attractive investment for businesses, governments, and individuals alike.

The solar industry has emerged as a substantial contributor to job creation and economic growth. From research and development to manufacturing, installation, and maintenance, the solar sector spans a diverse range of skill sets and employment opportunities. Modern engineering acknowledges the role of solar PV not only in providing clean energy but also in fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and the development of a robust green economy.

Resilience and Disaster Preparedness

In the face of natural disasters and extreme weather events, the resilience of energy infrastructure becomes a critical consideration in modern engineering. Solar PV systems, characterized by their modular and distributed nature, offer inherent advantages in terms of resilience. Unlike centralized power plants that can be susceptible to single points of failure, solar PV arrays can continue to generate electricity even in the aftermath of localized disruptions.

Microgrids powered by solar PV provide a resilient energy solution for communities, ensuring a reliable source of electricity during emergencies. The decentralized nature of solar PV contributes to disaster preparedness by reducing the vulnerability of energy infrastructure to large-scale disruptions. Modern engineering, guided by principles of resilience and adaptability, recognizes the importance of integrating solar PV into disaster-resilient infrastructure.

Technological Advancements and Innovation

The relentless pursuit of technological advancements is a hallmark of modern engineering, and solar PV stands at the intersection of innovation and sustainable energy solutions. Ongoing research and development efforts focus on enhancing the efficiency of solar cells, exploring new materials, and innovating in system design. Tandem solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and other emerging technologies hold promise for further improving the performance and affordability of solar PV systems.

Exercise 1.1

Student Exercise Questions

Conceptual Understanding: a. Explain the photovoltaic effect and how it relates to the operation of solar photovoltaic cells. b. What are the key components of a solar photovoltaic cell, and how do they contribute to the conversion of sunlight into electricity? c. Describe the difference between monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film solar photovoltaic technologies.
Mathematical Foundations: a. Calculate the energy in joules delivered by a photon of sunlight with a wavelength of 500 nm. b. If a solar cell has an efficiency of 15% and receives 1000 W/m² of solar radiation, calculate the electrical power it can generate. c. Given the electrical power output of a solar panel, determine the energy it can produce over a day with 6 hours of peak sunlight.
Design and Efficiency: a. Discuss the factors that affect the efficiency of a solar photovoltaic system. How can system designers optimize efficiency? b. Create a basic design plan for a residential solar photovoltaic system, considering factors like location, orientation, and system size. c. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of fixed-tilt and tracking solar panel systems.
Energy Yield and Calculations: a. Calculate the daily energy yield of a 5 kW solar PV system in a location that receives an average of 5 hours of sunlight per day. b. Given a solar panel’s efficiency and surface area, determine its daily energy output. c. Explain the concept of capacity factor and its significance in evaluating the performance of a solar PV system.
Environmental Impact: a. Discuss the environmental benefits and challenges associated with solar photovoltaic technology. b. Compare the environmental impact of solar PV systems to other energy sources like fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Technological Trends: a. Investigate and present a brief overview of recent technological advancements in solar photovoltaics, such as perovskite solar cells or bifacial panels. b. Explain how energy storage solutions, like batteries, can enhance the usability of solar PV systems. c. Discuss the potential integration of solar PV technology into urban infrastructure and architecture.

By the end of this chapter, readers will have gained a comprehensive understanding of the overarching principles of PV technology, its historical journey, and the pivotal role it plays in shaping the future of modern engineering. Armed with this knowledge, engineers can embark on a journey through the subsequent chapters, where they will delve deeper into the intricacies of solar photovoltaic design and implementation.

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Solar Cells pp 1–35 Cite as

Introduction to Solar Cells

Sandeep Arya 3 &
Prerna Mahajan 3
First Online: 17 November 2023

274 Accesses

Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, have emerged as a promising renewable energy technology with the potential to revolutionize the global energy landscape. This chapter provides an introduction to solar cells, focusing on the fundamental principles, working mechanisms, and key components that govern their operation. We delve into the photovoltaic effect, which is at the heart of solar cell functionality, converting sunlight directly into electrical energy. The basic structure and operation of solar cells are elucidated, including the role of semiconductor materials and their interaction with incident light to generate electron–hole pairs. Furthermore, various types of solar cell technologies, such as crystalline silicon, thin-film, and emerging next-generation cells, are discussed, highlighting their strengths and limitations. The importance of efficiency, which determines the viability of solar cells for practical applications, is explored, along with the factors influencing it. Additionally, this introduction touches upon the current scenario of solar cells in global market along with its cost estimations. Lastly, the chapter outlines the ongoing efforts to enhance performance, reduce costs, and foster widespread adoption of solar cells as a sustainable and clean energy solution.

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Wind and Solar Energy as a Sources of Alternative Energy Research Paper

Introduction, wind turbine energy technology, solar energy technology, cost, efficiency and energy produced via wind and solar technology, resources required for wind and solar systems.

There is an urgent need for dependable, efficient and low-cost energy to alleviate problems of energy insecurity as well as environmental pollution. For example, Jacobson and Masters (2001) proposed that the U.S. could meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations for decreasing carbon dioxide discharges by substituting 60% of its coal production plants with wind energy turbines to supplement the country’s energy requirements (p.1438).

Fthenakis, Mason and Zweibel (2009) also examined the economical, geographical and technical viability of solar power to supplement the energy requirements of the U.S. and concluded that it was possible to substitute the current fossil fuel energy infrastructure with solar energy in order to decrease carbon emissions to internationally accepted levels (p.397).

There is no doubt that efforts to adopt renewable, effective and low-cost energy options have attracted global attention. Consequently, this paper will compare two forms renewable energy (wind and solar energy) in terms of cost, efficiency, energy produced, resources needed, environmental impact and maintenance.

Wind turbines usually convert wind energy into electricity. Generally, a gearbox rotates the turbine rotor into fast-rotating gears that eventually transform mechanical energy into electricity in a generator. Although a number of current turbines are gearless and less proficient, they are nonetheless useful when installed in buildings or residential homes (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011, p.1157).

Solar photo-voltaics (PVs) refers to groups of cells with silicon materials that transform solar radiation into electricity. As of now, solar PVs are utilized in several different applications, ranging from residential home power generation to medium-scale use. On the other hand, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems utilize reflective lenses or mirrors to focus sunbeams on a liquid to warm it to a high temperature.

The heated liquid runs from the collector to a heat engine in which a part of the heat is transformed into electricity. There are various forms of CSP systems that permit the heat to be stocked up for several hours to facilitate production of electricity at night (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011, p.1157).

Figure 1(see appendix) provides the projected amount of power available globally from renewable energy with respect to raw resources available in high-energy regions. It is worth mentioning that these resources can plausibly be mined in the near future given the location as well as the low extraction costs involved.

Figure 1 demonstrates that only wind and solar energy can provide adequate power to meet global energy demands. For example, wind in developable regions can satisfy global energy demands up to about 4 times over while areas with solar energy potential can meet global demands by over 18 times over (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011, p.1159). Figure 2 illustrates a model of wind resources at 100m in the hub height range of wind turbines.

The global wind energy potential (available over the world’s ocean surface and land at 100m assuming that all wind at speeds is utilized to power wind turbines) has been estimated at 1700 TW. About half of this wind energy (1700 TW) is found in areas that can be extracted feasibly and efficiently (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011, p.1159).

Jacobson and Delucchi (2011) estimate that both solar and wind make up 90% of the future energy supply on the basis of their relative availability (p.1160). Solar PV is split into 70% power-plant and 30% rooftop on the basis of an assessment of the expected available rooftop area.

Rooftop PV has three main benefits: it does not need new land surface; it can be incorporated into a hybrid solar infrastructure that generate electricity, light and heat for onsite use; and it neither requires an electricity transmission nor distribution infrastructure. The authors suggests that approximately 90,000 solar power plants and about 4 million wind turbines are required to satisfy global energy demands (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011, p.1160).

The material required for wind turbine energy include: carbon-filament reinforced plastic (for rotor blades); glass-fiber reinforced plastic (for rotor blades); wood epoxy (rotor blades); aluminum (for nacelles); magnetic materials (for gearboxes); pre-stressed concrete (for towers); and steel materials (for rotors, nacelles, towers, etc).

It is worth mentioning that most of these resources are available in abundance supply. For instance, the main components of concrete (i.e. limestone, sand, and gravel) are extensively available at lower costs and can be re-used (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011, p.1161). On the other hand, the required resources for solar PVs include: copper indium sulfide/selenide; cadmium telluride; micro-crystalline silicon; polycrystalline silicon; and amorphous silicon.

Nonetheless, it is important to note that the power generated via silicon PV technologies is constrained by the limited availability of silver materials which are utilized as electrodes (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2011, p.1162). Nevertheless, given that most of resources required for the installation of renewable energy plants are in abundance supply, both wind and solar energy technologies provide low-cost, environmental-friendly and efficient energy options to meet global demand.

Fthenakis, V., Mason, J., & Zweibel, K. (2009). The technical, geographical, and economic feasibility of solar energy to supply the energy needs of the US. Energy Policy, 37, 387–399.

Jacobson, M., & Delucchi, M. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructures, and materials. Energy Policy, 39, 1154-1169.

Jacobson, M., & Masters, G. (2001). Exploiting wind versus coal. Science, 293, 1438.

Figure 1: Power available in energy resource worldwide if the energy is used in conversion devises, in locations where the energy resource is high, in likely-developable locations, and in delivered electricity (for wind and solar energy)

Source: Jacobson & Delucchi (2011).

a Comprises of all wind speeds at 100m over ocean and land

b Locations over land or near the coast where the mean wind speed ≥7m/s at 80m and at 100m.

c Eliminating remote locations

d Assuming 160 W panels are used over latitudes, land, and ocean.

e Same as (d) but locations over land between 50S and 50N.

Map of the yearly averaged world wind speed.

Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2023, November 30). Wind and Solar Energy as a Sources of Alternative Energy. https://ivypanda.com/essays/wind-and-solar-energy/

"Wind and Solar Energy as a Sources of Alternative Energy." IvyPanda , 30 Nov. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/wind-and-solar-energy/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Wind and Solar Energy as a Sources of Alternative Energy'. 30 November.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Wind and Solar Energy as a Sources of Alternative Energy." November 30, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/wind-and-solar-energy/.

1. IvyPanda . "Wind and Solar Energy as a Sources of Alternative Energy." November 30, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/wind-and-solar-energy/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Wind and Solar Energy as a Sources of Alternative Energy." November 30, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/wind-and-solar-energy/.

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1 Why Solar Energy is Important

Published: June 2015
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A compelling argument is made as to why solar energy is important in this first chapter. Fossil fuel resources will last on the order of 100–300 years, yet, burning them generates human-made carbon dioxide (CO2) and is responsible for changes in the Earth, such as global warming and Arctic ice loss. The CO2 concentration has reached a level approximately 50% above that of the last 800,000 years, which has happened only in the most recent 100 years. Data demonstrating the effect of this rapid increase are presented, including information supplied by the National Audubon Society, showing how far north, in the northern hemisphere, birds stay during the winter. Solar energy technologies can help to mitigate CO2 generation and must be used.

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Advances in Astronomy: From the Big Bang to the Solar System

In this highly accessible book, leading scientists from around the world give a general overview of research advances in their subject areas within the field of Astronomy. They describe some of their own cutting-edge research and give their visions of the future...topics include the Big Bang creation of the universe, the formation and evolution of the stars and galaxies, cold dark matter, explosive sun-spot events, and humankind's exploration of the solar system.

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A Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the history of ideas about the sun and the stars, from antiquity to modern times. Two theoretical astrophysicists who have been active in the field since the early 1960s tell the story in fluent prose. About half of the book covers most of the theoretical research done from 1940 to the close of the twentieth century, a large body of work that has to date been little explored by historians...The remaining four chapters examine the history of the field from the physicists perspective, the emphasis being on theoretical work from the mid-1840s to the late 1990s--from thermodynamics to quantum mechanics, from nuclear physics and magnetohydrodynamics to the remarkable advances through to the late 1960s, and finally, to more recent theoretical work.

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Nearest Star: The Surprising Science of Our Sun

A collection of essays that provide an overview of solar physics, discussing how scientists study the Sun and what they have discovered about various celestial phenomena.

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Solar and Stellar Physics Through Eclipses

"These proceedings of an international conference held March 2006 in Side, Turkey provide an interdisciplinary overview in the context of eclipse phenomena...The principal theme of the meeting was to consider the importance of eclipses in astronomy and to promote exchange of information with an increased level of discussion between those involved in the fields of the Solar and stellar system studies through eclipses...The book is suitable for researchers and graduate students interested in Solar and stellar astrophysics, and in processes in and around their atmospheres including rotation, pulsation, and the mass motions." -- Synopsis, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference

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The Sun: An Introduction

A wealth of new experimental and theoretical results has been obtained in solar physics since the first edition of this textbook appeared in 1989. Thus all nine chapters have been thoroughly revised, and about 100 pages and many new illustrations have been added to the text. The additions include element diffusion in the solar interior, the recent neutrino experiments, methods of image restoration, observational devices used for spectroscopy and polarimetry, and new developments in helioseismology and numerical simulation. The book takes particular advantage of the results of several recent space missions, which lead to substantial progress in our understanding of the Sun, from the deep interior to the corona and solar wind.

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The Sun to the Earth - And Beyond

This volume, The Sun to the Earth-and Beyond: Panel Reports , is a compilation of the reports from five National Research Council (NRC) panels convened as part of a survey in solar and space physics for the period 2003-2013. The NRC's Space Studies Board and its Committee on Solar and Space Physics organized the study...The panel reports provide both a detailed rationale for the survey committee's recommendations and an expansive view of the numerous opportunities that exist for a robust program of exploration in solar and space physics.

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How to self-evaluate your answer , mission – 2023: yearlong timetable, join ipm 4.0 to get an assured review of 2 secure answers everyday, general studies – 2.

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

1. The Indian government’s success in advancing solar energy and harnessing its immense potential to address the nation’s expanding energy demands hinges on the effectiveness of its measures and policies. Discuss. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India

Why the question: The article discusses government finally bringing into effect a policy that will discourage solar power project developers from relying on imported panels. Key Demand of the question: To write about the scope and limiting factors in the growth of solar energy and measures taken by the government to promote them, Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context regarding the development of solar energy in India. Body: First, mention about the huge potential for growth, emission-free nature and consistent nature of solar energy production in contrast with other forms of energy. Next, evaluate the various constraining factors for a solar energy – such as land requirement, man power, financing, efficiency and manufacturing needs etc. Next, write about the various measures taken by the government to promote solar energy. Conclusion: Conclude with way forward.

Topic: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

2. While progress has been made in reducing hunger and improving food security in some regions, the persistence of these challenges underscores the necessity for more robust and sustainable strategies. Comment. (250 words)

Reference : The Hindu

Why the question: The government’s 2020-21 clearing of FCI’s subsidy dues and other steps have improved both capital and food management. Key Demand of the question: To write about the reasons for lingering hunger in the country, despite various measures and suggest reforms to rectify it. Directive word: Comment – here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall opinion thereupon. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving the statistic about the widespread nature of hunger and food insecurity in the country. Body: First, Explain the various schemes and measures aimed towards elimination hunger in India – National Food Security mission, Poshan abhiyaan and Antyodaya Anna Yojana etc. Next, write about the causes for limitations in the above efforts– disruption in food systems, dried-up income sources, job losses and consequent financial hardships etc. Bring outs its impact. Next, suggest reforms that are needed to overcome the above. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

General Studies – 3

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment

3. Addressing climate change requires global cooperation and concerted efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to changing conditions, and build resilience in vulnerable communities and ecosystems. Elucidate. (250 words)

Reference: Insights On India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To write about the adverse effects of climate change on the planet and steps needed to tackle it. Elucidate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining climate change. Body: Write about the various impacts of climate change on various regions – water cycle, rainfall patterns, Coastal areas, extreme sea level events, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, Changes to the ocean, marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, and reduced oxygen levels etc. Cite statistic to substantiate your points. Next, write about the urgent steps that are required to combat climate change. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

4. What is acid rain? Explain the various adverse impacts from acid rain. (150 words)

Difficulty level: Easy

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 3 and mentioned as part of Mission-2024 Secure timetable. Key Demand of the question: To explain the adverse impacts of acid rain. Directive: Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin the defining acid rain. Body: Frist, in brief explain first the major reasons behind the occurrence of acid rains. Next, discuss that acid rains are harmful for both biotic and abiotic elements. it corrode the surface and rendered it riddled with hole. Yellowing of marble and lime stone and other such delicate surface gets destroyed. It is also harmful for textile and metals as it reduce their quality and make them weak. Moreover it makes the soil acidic and reduces the fertility. Next, discuss what needs to be done. Highlight the efforts of the government in this direction Conclusion: Write a way forward to mitigate the impact of acid rain.

Topic: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

5. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) is significantly positioned to address money laundering activities. Its efficacy depends on the resolution of challenges in implementation, timely prosecution, and prevention of misuse. Critically examine (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Reference: Insights on India The Hindu ,

Why the question: The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 was enacted with a distinct objective. Key Demand of the question: To write successes and limitations of PMLA in achieving its stated objectives. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by writing about the aims and objectives of PMLA. Body: First, write about the various features of PMLA – its successes and limitations when it comes to holding the launderers accountable. Next, write about the steps that have been taken to improve the conviction rate in the PMLA. Write about its impact. Conclusion: Conclude with a way forward to holistically address the issue of money laundering in the country.

General Studies – 4

Topic: Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;

6. The utilitarian approach to ethics, which emphasizes maximizing overall happiness or utility, indeed offers a straightforward guideline for making ethical decisions. However, its simplicity and clarity also give rise to several limitations. Critically examine. (150 Words)

Difficulty Level: Tough

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: T o write about the philosophy of Utilitarianism and the way it resolves moral issues. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by defining the philosophy of Utilitarianism in brief. Body: In your own words, explain that Utilitarianism is a theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause unhappiness or harm. When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole. Next, write a critique of utilitarianism. Conclusion: Conclude by summarising.

Topic: Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour;

7. Taking an empathetic approach towards de-addiction is crucial for supporting individuals with addiction in a compassionate, respectful, and empowering manner. Discuss. (150 words)

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Key Demand of the question: To write about taking empathetic approach towards de-addiction. Directive word: Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments. Structure of the answer: Introduction: Begin by giving context of rising forms of addictions – drugs, gaming, alcohol, social media etc. Body: First, bring out the adverse impact of addictions in brief. Next, write about empathetic approach towards de-addiction – breaking the stigma, persuading, care ethics, compassionate support, follow up etc. Conclusion: Conclude by writing about saving the youth from various addictions.

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