argument essay about wearing masks

Argumentative Essay Writing

Argumentative Essay About Wearing Mask

Ready, Set, Argue: Craft a Convincing Argumentative Essay About Wearing Mask

Published on: Mar 3, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

What Do We Mean By an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is a type of writing that presents an opinion or stance on a certain issue and supports it with evidence.

In this case, the main goal is to convince your readers why wearing masks is important and why they should be required in certain situations.

To do this, your essay should contain evidence that supports your argument and clear explanations of why masks are beneficial.

Purpose of Writing an Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask

The purpose of writing an argumentative essay about wearing a mask is to persuade your readers that masks are essential for protecting public health and safety.

It's important to provide evidence-based facts and research in order to make your argument clear and convincing.

A Few Arguments For Wearing A Mask

When writing an argumentative essay about wearing a mask, it's important to provide evidence-based facts and research that support your opinion.

The following are some of the key arguments for why masks should be worn:

Masks Reduce The Spread Of Infectious Diseases, Including Covid-19

Masks can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), wearing a mask is an important preventive measure against respiratory illnesses, such as flu and coronavirus.

Check out this informative video about wearing masks!

Masks Protect The Wearer From Airborne Particles That May Contain Harmful Viruses And Bacteria.

Masks provide a barrier against airborne particles, such as viruses and bacteria.

When worn properly, they help filter out contaminants that may cause infections or illness if inhaled.

This means that masks can help protect the wearer from potentially harmful viruses and bacteria.

Wearing a Mask In Public Can Help Reduce Stress And Anxiety Associated

Being around people who are not wearing masks can be stressful and anxiety-provoking.

Wearing a mask in public is an important way to show that you care about protecting yourself and those around you, which can help reduce stress levels.

Additionally, by wearing a mask, you can help create a safer environment for everyone in the community, especially during the covid-19 pandemic.

Best Arguments For Not Wearing A Mask

The following are some of the key arguments for why masks should not be worn:

Wearing A Mask May Cause Physical Discomfort

Some people experience physical discomfort while wearing a mask, such as headaches or breathing difficulties.

Masks Are Not 100% Effective At Preventing The Spread Of Viruses

It's important to remember that masks are not 100% effective at preventing the spread of a virus.

While masks can help reduce the risk, other measures such as social distancing should also be taken to minimize the risk.

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Wearing A Mask May Give People A False Sense Of Security

Some people may mistakenly believe that wearing a mask alone is enough to protect them from contracting a virus, but this is not the case.

It's important to remember that masks should be used in combination with other preventive measures, such as social distancing and frequent handwashing.

Arguments Against Masks In Schools

When writing an argumentative essay about wearing a mask in schools, it's important to look at the potential arguments against masks.

The following are some of the key arguments against masks in schools:

Wearing A Mask Can Be Disruptive And Uncomfortable For Students

Many students may find wearing a mask to be disruptive and uncomfortable .

This can create a barrier to learning, as students may become distracted or frustrated with the discomfort of wearing a mask all day.

The Use Of Masks In Schools Could Lead To Decreased Social Interaction

Wearing a mask in school settings could limit students' ability to interact socially and express themselves. This could have a negative impact on their education and development.

There Is Limited Scientific Evidence To Support The Use Of Masks In Schools

While masks are proven to reduce the spread of diseases, there is still limited evidence to support their effectiveness in school settings.

Examples Of Argumentative Essays About Wearing A Mask

At CollegeEssay.org, we have many examples of argumentative essays about wearing a mask that you can read for free.

Our essays are written by experienced writers who specialize in crafting original content on a wide range of topics.

Argumentative essay about wearing a face mask pdf

Why wearing a mask is important essay

Essay about wearing a face mask is a must

Why wearing a mask is still important

Persuasive speech about wearing a mask

The benefits of wearing a face mask in public

Check our extensive blog on argumentative essay examples to ace your next essay!

We can see from the above arguments that wearing a face mask is an important preventive measure.

We should all take it seriously in order to protect ourselves and others from the spread of infectious diseases.

Doing so can help you understand the many arguments for and against masks, as well as the potential implications of wearing one in various settings.

Struggling with deadlines and complex topics? Just say " write my essay " and let our professional service take the reins.

Our team of skilled writers specializes in crafting custom essays that meet your specific requirements and academic standards.

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The Importance of Wearing Masks Essay

Wearing face masks became common during the coronavirus pandemic to reduce the spread of the virus. Before the pandemic, masks were majorly worn by medical personnel and patients in the hospital vicinity. Due to debates surrounding the significance of masks, several studies have been conducted to determine their effectiveness of masks. Findings of most of the studies conducted indicate masks play a significant role in curbing the spread of coronavirus and other airborne infections. This paper analyzes the importance of wearing masks based on the findings of medical studies.

Firstly, the appropriate wearing of masks reduces viral transmission significantly. According to a study, masks are essential in reducing the spread of a virus by 70%. However, this effect depends on how the mask is worn (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). When the mask covers both the mouth and the nose, it traps the droplets containing the virus and prevents them from contacting the nose or the mouth. Airborne infectious germs are often released in the environment when the infected person sneezes, coughs or talks. These droplets are then suspended in the atmosphere and are likely to be inhaled through air. Wearing masks act like a sieve that filters air and blocks droplets from penetrating the respiratory system.

Various types of masks filter the air at different degrees. The various masks include cloth masks, surgical masks, KN95 masks, and N95 masks (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Cloth masks are the least effective masks, but they play a significant role in trapping large respiratory droplets suspended in the air. The surgical masks protect the wearer from large droplets and toxic sprays. Surgical masks are more effective than cloths masks. On the other hand, KN95 masks efficiently protect the wearer from inhaling small and large droplets. The KN95 is the most recommended mask that meets international standards, and they are more protective than surgical masks. Lastly, the N95 masks are the most effective of all masks, and they can filter both large and the tiniest particles, thus protecting the wearer from inhaling germs or infectious droplets.

Secondly, masks are essential in preventing one from spreading an airborne infection to others. As they trap the incoming droplets, masks also prevent outgoing droplets from leaking into the atmosphere. Droplets may be deposited in the air when the infected person sneezes or coughs. However, the infectious droplets are trapped when the infected person wears a mask. According to medical researchers, this is an effective way of controlling a highly contiguous infection from rapidly spreading from one person to another (Howard et al., 2020). Preventing the leakage of airborne infectious droplets is vital in ensuring the safety of others who are yet to be infected. This is because the air is maintained clean and safe for inhaling. According to the CDC, most of the initial deaths caused by the coronavirus pandemic would have been prevented if people had worn masks. The COVID-19 virus was mainly spread unsuspectingly (Howard et al., 2020). An infected person without a mask would release the droplets in the air through talking or sneezing, thus infecting several others who inhaled the air. Therefore, masks also enable one to protect themselves and those around them.

Thirdly, wearing face masks is essential because it allows faster control of a contagious infection. Airborne infections are often contagious and maybe take little time to spread within the community. This makes facemask an effective mechanism to control such a quick spread. There are various mechanisms for controlling the spread of airborne infection, including quarantine and isolation (MacIntyre & Chughtai, 2020). However, these mechanisms may not be effective in a populated environment, and the infection has already spread within the community. In this case, the infection rate is likely to be rapid, thus overwhelming the healthcare system. There is, therefore, the need for a mechanism that will prevent the spread of an infection before the other solutions are implemented. Wearing facemasks is a solution that can significantly reduce the amount of infection communally. This preventive mechanism allows the control of the airborne infection without largely interrupting the everyday life of the members of the affected area.

Fourthly, masks are important because they are hygienic. Aside from protecting the wearer from viral and airborne infections, face marks promote hygiene by preventing the passage of other forms of germs from the nose and mouth of the wearer to the environment. This is common in a healthcare setting (Scarano et al., 2021). It is often necessary for surgeons and other medical professionals to wear masks to prevent the spread of germs to patients. It is essential to wear a mask, especially when dealing with a patient with an open wound. According to researchers, the caregivers can transfer germs from their mouths or noses to the patients, thus affecting their recovery rate or introducing a new infection (Scarano et al., 2021). During operations, the transfer of germs from the surgeon to the patient’s open wound is likely to cause an even bigger problem that may pose a significant threat to the healing of the wound. It is, therefore, recommendable for medical professionals to wear masks to prevent such incidents.

Other circumstances make wearing masks unhealthy. Firstly, wearing a mask may be harmful when the wearer suffers from either physical or mental illness that may be worsened by wearing masks. This may include people suffering from chronic pulmonary diseases (Geiss, 2021). Secondly, people with neurodevelopmental conditions may suffer from increased anxiety caused by wearing masks. Thirdly, it is unhealthy for children below two years to wear a mask. These children have developing respiration systems and may suffer suffocation if they fail to get enough oxygen. Lastly, it is unhealthy for a mask wearer to wear masks for a long time (Geiss, 2021). Healthcare workers who wear masks for the whole day have often reported severe headaches believed to have been caused by a lack of enough oxygen.

In conclusion, facemasks are essential in reducing the spread of airborne infection in various ways. Firstly, they reduce viral transmission by preventing the wearer from inhaling the infectious droplets by trapping them. Secondly, they prevent the patient from releasing the infectious droplets into the environment, thus protecting those around them from being infected. Thirdly, facemasks effectively control the spread of an infection within a populated area without majorly interfering with the everyday lives of the residents. Fourthly, facemasks are hygienic by preventing the spread of germs from the medical professional to the patient. Lastly, masks boost people’s confidence with high anxiety levels caused by increased self-consciousness. However, there are circumstances where masks are not recommendable, including when the wearer has a mental and physical illness, children under the age of 2 years, and the people wearing the masks for a long time.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Considerations for wearing masks.

Geiss, O. (2021). Effect of wearing face masks on the carbon dioxide concentration in the breathing zone. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 21 (2), 200403.

Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., van der Westhuizen, H. M.,… & Rimoin, A. W. (2020). Face masks against COVID-19: An evidence review.

MacIntyre, C. R., & Chughtai, A. A. (2020). A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies , 108 , 103629.

Peeples, L. (2020). What the data say about wearing face masks. Nature , 586 (7826), 186-189.

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Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay About Wearing A Mask

Last updated on: Mar 25, 2024

Crafting an Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask: Examples and Tips

By: Barbara P.

10 min read

Reviewed By: Melisa C.

Published on: Mar 10, 2023

argumentative essay about wearing a mask

Many students find it challenging to write an argumentative essay about wearing masks. They are unsure of where to begin or how to present convincing arguments.

The lack of clarity and guidance surrounding this topic often leads to frustration and confusion.

In this blog, we aim to provide a practical solution by offering a comprehensive guide on writing an argumentative essay about wearing masks.

We will delve into compelling arguments both for and against mask-wearing. We will also equip you with examples and tips to construct a compelling argumentative essay on your own.

Let’s get started.

On this Page

What is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay presents both sides of an argument on a specific topic. It attempts to convince the reader to accept one point of view over another.

They often include evidence collected from research, personal experiences, opinions, statistics, and other sources of information.

The goal is to present a convincing argument that encourages readers to agree with your point of view.

In argumentative essays, it's important to make sure all your claims have evidence to back them up. This will help establish credibility and encourage readers to agree with the argument you're presenting.

Need help to make convincing arguments? Our argumentative essay guide has you covered!

Purpose of Writing an Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask

The purpose of writing an argumentative essay about wearing a mask goes beyond expressing personal preferences.

Here are the key purposes behind writing such an essay:

Public Health Advocacy

The primary purpose of writing such essays is to advocate for public health and emphasize the importance of mask-wearing as a preventive measure.

It aims to educate and persuade readers about the potential benefits of wearing masks in mitigating the spread of infectious diseases.

Evidence-Based Arguments

By conducting research and presenting evidence, the essay serves to build a strong case for mask-wearing.

It involves analyzing accurate statistical data to demonstrate the effectiveness of masks and protecting both individuals and communities.

Counteracting Misinformation

The essay aims to address and counteract misinformation or misconceptions surrounding mask-wearing. It provides a platform to debunk myths and present accurate information about the benefits and limitations of wearing masks.

Promoting Responsible Behavior

Writing an argumentative essay about mask-wearing encourages responsible behavior among individuals.

It highlights the collective responsibility to prioritize public health. It also emphasizes how wearing masks can contribute to the well-being of society as a whole.

Encouraging Critical Thinking

Writing such essays promotes critical thinking skills. It requires evaluating different perspectives, analyzing conflicting evidence, and engaging in logical reasoning.

By engaging in this process, we can develop our ability to think critically, and navigate complex public health issues.

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Best Arguments in Favor of Wearing a Mask

As the argument over whether or not to wear a face covering continues, it’s important to look at both sides of this argument.

Here, we will examine the arguments for why you should wear a mask during these unprecedented times.

Let's analyze this argument in more detail.

Wearing a Mask Protects others Around You

When you wear a mask, you're not only protecting yourself, you’re also protecting those around you.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends wearing masks in public settings when social distancing isn't possible.

If everyone in your area wears a mask, it can help reduce the spread of the virus. It is especially important for those who are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19.

This includes older adults and people with certain underlying conditions like diabetes or heart disease.

Wearing a Mask can Help Reduce Stress Levels

It's no secret that living through this pandemic has been stressful for many people. One way to reduce stress levels is by wearing a mask when out in public.

Studies have shown that wearing masks can help reduce fear and anxiety associated with catching or spreading the virus. It can also help boost self-confidence when going out in public.

As you know you’re doing something proactive to protect yourself and those around you.

Wearing a Mask is Quick and Easy

One of the great things about wearing a mask is that it doesn't take much time or effort to do it right. All you need is an appropriate face covering.

Plus, there are plenty of fashionable masks available if you want something stylish!

Increases Compliance with Social Distancing Guidelines

Finally, one argument in favor of wearing masks is that it may increase compliance with social distancing guidelines.

If everyone is wearing masks while out in public, then it'll be easier to remember to keep at least six feet away from other people at all times.

Additionally, when everyone is covered up by masks, it'll discourage people from gathering together in large groups.

Best Arguments for not Wearing a Mask

While masks can help limit the transmission of the virus, there are some valid arguments against wearing them.

Let’s explore why some people may choose not to wear a mask during the pandemic.

Argument #1: Wearing a Mask is Uncomfortable

The truth is that for some people, wearing a face mask can be uncomfortable or even downright unpleasant. Masks can cause skin irritation and discomfort, especially when worn for extended periods of time.

They also make it difficult to breathe in hot or humid climates, which can be dangerous in itself.

Argument #2: Not Enough Scientific Evidence

There have been studies showing that masks can reduce transmission of certain viruses, such as influenza. There is still no definitive proof that they are 100% effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19 pandemic.

Without concrete evidence , some individuals may choose not to wear them at all times.

Argument #3: Civil Liberties/Rights Violation

Finally, some argue that wearing a face mask violates their civil liberties or rights as an individual.

This argument is especially prevalent among those who feel like their rights are being violated by mandatory mask policies.

Argument #4: Masks Reduce Oxygen Intake

One of the most common arguments against masks is that they can reduce oxygen intake. Masks can lead to health problems such as headaches, lightheadedness, and difficulty breathing.

While masks do filter air entering your nose and mouth, it's important to note that they don't completely block oxygen.

Argument #5: Masks Make People Fearful

The final argument against mandatory mask-wearing is that it can make people fearful of getting sick or catching the virus from others.

While this may be true for some people, it's important to remember that fear alone isn't enough to prevent the spread of disease!

Unlock the secrets of effective argumentative writing by viewing this video!

Arguments Against Wearing Masks in Schools

Some argue that masks are necessary to protect students and staff from the spread of COVID-19. Others argue that masks pose more risks than benefits.

Let’s take a look at some of the arguments against masks in schools.

Argument #1: Unnecessary Stress on Students

One argument against making masks compulsory in schools is that it can cause unnecessary stress and anxiety among students.

For younger children, the thought of having to wear a mask all day can be overwhelming and may even lead to behavioral problems.

Argument #2: Difficulty with Learning and Concentration

Another argument against mask-wearing is that it can make learning more difficult and impair concentration.

Additionally, being unable to see facial expressions clearly can impede communication between teachers and students. This will hindering the learning process even further.

Argument # 3: They Can Be an Unnecessary Expense

For families on tight budgets, buying enough masks for each person in the family every day could be an additional expense they cannot afford.

This could create an unfair financial burden on families who already struggle to make ends meet.

Writing an Argumentative Essay about Wearing Masks - 4 Easy Steps

Writing an argumentative essay about wearing masks can be simplified into four essential steps.

Let's delve into each step:

Thorough Research

Begin by conducting thorough research on mask-wearing, including its benefits, effectiveness, and potential drawbacks.

Explore scientific studies, reliable sources, and expert opinions to gather evidence that supports your viewpoint. Take note of key statistics, examples, and arguments that will strengthen your essay.

Introduction

Start your essay by grabbing the reader's attention with an engaging opening statement or a thought-provoking question.

Clearly state your thesis statement, which should express your position on wearing masks. It should also provide a preview of the main arguments you will present in the body paragraphs.

Body Paragraphs

Develop the body of your essay by presenting well-structured paragraphs that support your thesis statement.

Each body paragraph should focus on a single argument or point related to wearing masks. Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea.

Support your arguments with relevant evidence, such as research findings, expert opinions, or real-life examples.

Consider addressing counterarguments and providing counterpoints to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

In the conclusion, restate your thesis statement and summarize the main points discussed in the body paragraphs.

Emphasize the significance of wearing masks and the importance of your viewpoint. Leave the reader with a lasting impression by providing a compelling final thought or a call to action.

Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion; instead, reinforce the key arguments and solidify your position.

Discover how to create a compelling outline for your essay by examining our comprehensive argumentative essay outline blog.

Examples of Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask

As the argument over whether or not to wear a face covering continues, it’s important to look at both sides of this argument.

Here, we have provided a few argumentative essay examples about wearing a mask in public settings.

Explore how to craft an argument and provide evidence to back it up.

Argumentative essay about wearing face mask pdf

Why wearing a mask is important essay

The benefits of wearing a face mask in public

Why wearing a mask is still important

The Importance of Wearing a Mask

Persuasive speech about wearing mask

Argumentative essay about wearing a mask in school

Need some more inspiration to get started? Look no further than our blog of argumentative essay examples !

Tips To Write an Argumentative Essay about Wearing Masks

Writing an argumentative essay about wearing masks requires careful planning and execution to effectively convey your viewpoint.

Here are some valuable tips to help you craft a compelling essay:

Clearly Define Your Position

Start by clearly stating your stance on mask-wearing. Are you in favor of it or against it? Make sure your position is well-defined and reflected in your thesis statement.

This will provide a clear direction for your essay and guide your arguments.

Conduct Extensive Research

Gather reliable and up-to-date information about mask-wearing, including scientific studies, expert opinions, and relevant statistics.

Understand the reasons behind mask mandates, the effectiveness of different types of masks, and their impact on public health.

Well-researched arguments will enhance the credibility and strength of your essay.

Present Strong Evidence

Use credible sources and compelling evidence to support your arguments. This can include scientific research, data from reputable health organizations, testimonies from experts, or real-life examples.

Be sure to cite your sources properly to maintain academic integrity.

Acknowledge Counterarguments

Address counterarguments to demonstrate your understanding of different perspectives. Anticipate opposing viewpoints and provide counterpoints to refute them.

This shows that you have considered alternative positions and strengthens your own argument by demonstrating its superiority.

Use Persuasive Language

Craft your essay using persuasive language and rhetorical techniques. Develop a convincing and authoritative tone.

Use logical reasoning, emotional appeals, and ethical arguments to appeal to readers' intellect and emotions.

However, ensure that your persuasive techniques remain grounded in factual information and reasoned analysis.

Maintain Clarity and Cohesion

Make sure your essay is well-organized and coherent. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.

Avoid jargon or complex terminology that may confuse readers. Use transitional words and phrases to ensure smooth flow between paragraphs and ideas.

Stay Objective and Respectful

While advocating for your position, maintain objectivity and respect for opposing views. Avoid personal attacks or derogatory language.

Instead, focus on presenting logical arguments and reliable evidence to support your claims.

Conclude with Impact

End your essay with a strong conclusion that summarizes your main points and reinforces your position.

Leave readers with a lasting impression and a call to action, urging them to consider the importance of mask-wearing and the impact it can have on public health.

In conclusion, writing an argumentative essay about wearing masks requires careful research, thoughtful analysis, and persuasive writing skills.

By following the tips outlined in this blog, you can effectively present your arguments and contribute to the ongoing discourse on this important topic.

If you do not know where to start, our argumentative essay writing service is always at your disposal.

We have an experienced argumentative essay writer who can help you craft the perfect argumentative essay on this topic.

Our essay writing service offers limitless perks along with the best quality work.

So, why wait? Place your order with our essay writer today!

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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.

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Why Should People Wear Masks? Persuasive Essay Example

Why should people wear masks? How can masks help? What would happen if you don’t wear a mask? The outbreak of (COVID-19) has created a global health crisis that has had a deep impact on the way we perceive our world and our everyday lives. Not only the rate of contagion and patterns of transmission threatens our sense of agency, but the safety measures put in place to contain. Not being cautious is like gambling. Covid is a virus that was first reported early 2020 in the U.S but it first started in late 2019.

Since the virus was deadly around April the government decided to go on lockdown. Everyone had to get essentials, but it was difficult to get essentials like toilet paper, food, hand sanitizer, and food, because a lot of people also wanted to be cautious. Covid-19 was found in bats.

I think Masks, and Vaccines are really helpful. I think that they both reduce the chances of getting it to have a lower chance of getting the virus. Vaccines work by stimulating your immune system to produce antibodies, exactly like it would if you were exposed to the disease. After getting vaccinated, you develop immunity to that disease, without having to get the disease first. The masks help if you’re talking to someone close up, or if you sneeze the germs wouldn’t be able to hit you. Wearing masks could cut the risk of getting Covid by 65 percent.

I think a different way of dealing with Covid is by social distancing, and preventing touching objects that are usually touched like railings. Social distancing can help reduce the spread because it’s easier to get transmitted to the person close to you. Avoiding touching objects like rails, can help because thousands of people touch them because they’re in train stations, escalators, and stairs. Rails are more unsanitary than most people think.

It reduces the chances of catching COVID. They cover your face when you sneeze, and cough. There’s a higher chance that they will catch COVID. COVID has messed up a lot of people’s lives. In every crisis, doubt or confusion, take the higher path, the path of compassion, courage, understanding and love. Without equity we cannot end COVID-19, HIV or any other pandemic.

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Arguments against mask requirements during the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic, 2020-2021.

This page captures the main arguments that have been advanced against mask requirements during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. These arguments come from a variety of sources, including public officials, journalists, think tanks, economists, scientists, and other stakeholders. We encourage you to share the debates happening in your local community to [email protected] .

There are six main types of arguments against mask requirements:

Mask requirements are not necessary to stop the spread of coronavirus

Mask requirements give a false sense of security, mask requirements restrict freedom, masks present other health risks, mask requirements have harmful social consequences, mask requirements are unenforceable.

Click here to read about arguments in favor of mask requirements.

1.1 Claim: There is insufficient data to support that mask requirements effectively prevent the spread of coronavirus
1.2 Claim: The curve has been successfully flattened in areas without mask requirements
1.3 Claim: Mask requirements risk deemphasizing other necessary public health measures
2.1 Claim: Mask requirements disincentivize vaccinations
2.2 Claim: Mask-wearing mandates encourage people to pursue risky behaviors and activities that could spread COVID-19
3.1 Claim: Mask requirements are an overreach of government power and are unconstitutional
3.2 Claim: Mask requirements are a slippery slope and will lead to more government mandates, bureaucracy, and regulations
4.1 Claim: Wearing masks can cause other health risks
5.1 Claim: Wearing of masks can generate racist reactions
5.2 Claim: Mask wearing inhibits communication and children's social development
5.3 Claim: Mask mandates are immoral laws by government-imposed to control human behavior and personal development
6.1 Claim: Local mask laws with unclear enforcement mechanisms are ineffective, counter-productive, and potentially dangerous for employees
6.2 Claim: Mask mandates for businesses require employees to enforce laws
6.3 Claim: Colleges and universities should not ask students to report violations of Covid-19 rules
8 Footnotes

Claim: There is insufficient data to support that mask requirements effectively prevent the spread of coronavirus

Ashton Forbes, a plaintiff in a lawsuit challenging San Diego County's mask requirements ( The San Diego Union Tribune ): Ashton Forbes is the plaintiff in a lawsuit challenging San Diego County's mask requirements.

"With new evidence and data coming to light regarding the science and severity of this specific virus, it has become ever more prevalent the requirement to wear a facial covering is not effective in stopping the spread of COVID-19. As such, the requirement to wear a face mask is overbroad and violates fundamental rights of both the United States Constitution as well as the California Constitution." - " San Diego resident sues county over mask orders ," June 2, 2020.

Joseph A. Ladapo ( Wall Street Journal ): "While mask-wearing has often been invoked in explanations for rising or falling Covid-19 case counts, the reality is that these trends reflect a basic human need to interact with one another. Claims that low mask compliance is responsible for rising case counts are also not supported by Gallup data, which show that the percentage of Americans reporting wearing masks has been high and relatively stable since June. Health officials and political leaders have assigned mask mandates a gravity unsupported by empirical research." - " Masks Are a Distraction From the Pandemic Reality ," October 28, 2020.

Phillip W. Magness ( Wall Street Journal ): "Unfortunately, the IHME modelers’ findings contained an error that even minimal scrutiny should have caught. The projected number of lives saved, and the implied case for a mask mandate, are based on a faulty statistic. Using a months-old survey, IHME modelers assumed erroneously that the U.S. mask-adoption rate stood at only 49% as of late September, and therefore had plenty of room to increase to “universal adoption,” defined as 95%, or to a more plausible 85%. According to more recent survey findings, however, America’s mask-adoption rate has hovered around 80% since the summer. New numbers would completely alter the IHME study’s findings. If 80% of Americans already wear masks, a new mandate could add only a few percentage points to the mask-adoption rate instead of nearly doubling it. Additional gains would be small and certainly nowhere near 130,000 lives saved." - " Case for Mask Mandate Rests on Bad Data ," November 11, 2020.

Claim: The curve has been successfully flattened in areas without mask requirements

Andrew Cooper, the plaintiff in a lawsuit in Nashua, New Hampshire ( New Hampshire Union Leader ): Andrew Cooper filed a lawsuit against a mask requirement ordinance of Nashua, New Hampshire.

"The ordinance’s justification that ‘slowing the spread’ of the coronavirus is somehow still a societal objective also ignores the fact that the entire state of New Hampshire has been wildly successful at ‘flattening the curve’ since it never came close to reaching the capacity of its health care system." - " Nashua resident files lawsuit over city's mask mandate ," June 1, 2020.

Texas Governor Greg Abbott (R) ( The Dallas Morning News ): "After opening things 100%, effective March the 10th, with no masks, the numbers have just continued to drop." - " Abbott says Biden ’100% wrong’ on mask mandate and owes apology for ‘Neanderthal’ gibe. Who’s right? ," June 2, 2021.

Claim: Mask requirements risk deemphasizing other necessary public health measures

Group of doctors ( Reason ): A group of scientists and doctors sent a letter to the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences criticizing a study regarding the effectiveness of masks to slow the spread of the coronavirus and saying that the study's conclusions that "airborne transmission represents the only viable route for spreading the disease" and the ineffectiveness of social distancing, quarantine, and handwashing recommendations was misleading and harmful.

"While masks are almost certainly an effective public health measure for preventing and slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the claims presented in this study are dangerously misleading and lack any basis in evidence." - " Prominent Researchers Say a Widely Cited Study on Wearing Masks Is Badly Flawed ," June 22, 2020.

Claim: Mask requirements disincentivize vaccinations

Marc Siegel ( The Wall Street Journal ): "A more effective strategy would be to relieve the public of ineffective draconian restrictions. The president should announce that all federal mask mandates will end effective May 28, in time for Memorial Day weekend, and he should encourage states, localities and private institutions to do the same. This would send a clear message to the vaccine-resistant: It’s your responsibility to protect yourself by getting your shots. The message to everyone: Vaccines work, and it’s time to get back to normal." - " End Mask Mandates to Spur Vaccination ," May 6, 2021.

Claim: Mask-wearing mandates encourage people to pursue risky behaviors and activities that could spread COVID-19

Allysia Finley ( The Wall Street Journal ): "The decision to wear a mask would seem to be cost-free, apart from minor discomfort. But absolutism about masks and disregard for scientific uncertainties may promote a false sense of security that encourages risky behavior—including massive political protests." - " The Hidden Danger of Masks ," August 4, 2020.

Claim: Mask requirements are an overreach of government power and are unconstitutional

Philip Mauriello, Jr., an attorney representing plaintiffs in a lawsuit challenging San Diego County's mask requirements ( The San Diego Union Tribune ): Philip Mauriello, Jr., is an attorney representing plaintiffs in a lawsuit challenging San Diego County's mask requirements.

"The requirement of Plaintiff to wear a facial covering in public when not in his residence restricts his right to travel within the County by forcing him to make a decision between wearing a facial covering which provides no medical benefit and in fact creates other collateral health risks, or remain a prisoner in his own home. Either choice violates essential constitutional rights of the Plaintiff." - " San Diego resident sues county over mask orders ," June 2, 2020.

Brantley Lyons, Montgomery City Councilmember ( AP ): "I think to make somebody do something or require somebody to wear something is an overreach." - " US virus outbreaks stir clash over masks, personal freedom ," June 18, 2020.

Claim: Mask requirements are a slippery slope and will lead to more government mandates, bureaucracy, and regulations

Molly McCann, Of Counsel with Sidney Powell, P.C. ( The Federalist ): "To take our freedom from us, people with anti-American agendas have to mobilize some initial quorum of consent from the population. Mandatory masking seeks to build that consent. In addition to extending the fiction that we are in an emergency sufficient to trigger the extra-constitutional authority of local and state executives, mandatory masking acts as a peer pressure-fueled signal that encourages conformity to our coming 'new normal." - " Mandatory Masks Aren't About Safety, They're About Social Control ," May 27, 2020.

Claim: Wearing masks can cause other health risks

Antonio I Lazzarino, medical doctor and epidemiologist ( The BMJ ): A letter to the editor of BMJ stated several side effects of wearing a mask.

"(4) Wearing a face mask makes the exhaled air go into the eyes. This generates an uncomfortable feeling and an impulse to touch your eyes. If your hands are contaminated, you are infecting yourself. (5) Face masks make breathing more difficult. For people with COPD, face masks are in fact intolerable to wear as they worsen their breathlessness.[5] Moreover, a fraction of carbon dioxide previously exhaled is inhaled at each respiratory cycle. Those two phenomena increase breathing frequency and deepness, and hence they increase the amount of inhaled and exhaled air. This may worsen the burden of covid-19 if infected people wearing masks spread more contaminated air. This may also worsen the clinical condition of infected people if the enhanced breathing pushes the viral load down into their lungs." - " Covid-19: important potential side effects of wearing face masks that we should bear in mind ," April 20, 2020.

Claim: Wearing of masks can generate racist reactions

Trevon Logan, an economics professor at Ohio State University ( CNN ): "This (wearing a homemade mask) seems like a reasonable response unless you just sort of take American society out of it. When you can't do that, you're basically telling people to look dangerous given racial stereotypes that are out there. This is in the larger context of black men fitting the description of a suspect who has a hood on, who has a face covering on. It looks like almost every criminal sketch of any garden-variety black suspect." - " Why some people of color say they won't wear homemade masks ," April 7, 2020.

Steven Horwitz and Donald J. Boudreaux ( Detroit News ): "In the same way that empowering politicians to solve pollution does not automatically produce the black-and-white results on the economist’s chalkboard, mask mandates might also have unintended negative consequences. By creating more opportunities for encounters between law enforcement and the citizenry, mask mandates create yet one more way for authorities to harass the relatively powerless. We’ve already seen that mandates are disproportionately enforced against people and communities of color." - " "Economics show why politicians' mask mandates don't work" ," August 26, 2020.

Claim: Mask wearing inhibits communication and children's social development

Yinon Weiss ( The Federalist ): "Masks dehumanize us, and ironically serve as a constant reminder that we should be afraid. People can now be spotted wearing masks while camping by themselves in the woods or on a solo sailing trip. They have become a cruel device on young children everywhere, kindergarten students covered by masks and isolated by Plexiglas, struggling to understand the social expressions of their peers. Face coverings are causing real harm to the American psyche, provide little to no medical benefit, and distract us from more important health policy issues." - " These 12 Graphs Show Mask Mandates Do Nothing To Stop COVID ," October 29, 2020.

Additional reading

" How face masks affect our communication " - BBC , June 8, 2020

Claim: Mask mandates are immoral laws by government-imposed to control human behavior and personal development

David Shane ( The Federalist ): "Accepting invasive rules that affect personal behavior in a low-risk environment conditions people to accept that kind of intrusion into their lives. This is one reason people are particularly against masking their children, who are especially prone to manipulation. If we do this, what kind of human are we helping to produce?" - " "The Moral Case Against Mask Mandates and Other COVID Restrictions" ," July 31, 2020.

Claim: Local mask laws with unclear enforcement mechanisms are ineffective, counter-productive, and potentially dangerous for employees

Manchester NH Alderman At-Large, Joe Kelly Lavasseur ( New Hampshire Union Leader ): "Honestly, this is the most unenforceable ordinance...It’s just amazing to me how many ordinances are being violated in this city on a daily basis that no one is being cited for them. We’re going to put something forward that has absolutely no teeth whatsoever." - " Some aldermen claim Manchester mask ordinance 'unenforceable' ," September 2, 2020.

Kyle Wingfield, opinion ( The Brunswick News ): "Not to get too paternalistic about government, but anyone who’s a parent, or a teacher, or who otherwise supervises children, learns this lesson very quickly: Only make rules you’re willing and able to enforce, or your ability to enforce any rules will weaken." - " How enforceable are local mask mandates? ," July 13, 2020.

Claim: Mask mandates for businesses require employees to enforce laws

The Wilson Times Editorial Board ( The Wilson Times ): "[NC Gov. Roy] Cooper deserves credit for taking criminal penalties off the table, but he’s wrong to order clerks and salespeople to do the state’s dirty work. He’s conferred responsibility without authority on thousands of people and made them the unwitting face of a controversial new policy." - " Our Opinion: Mask mandate drafts cashiers, clerks as Cooper's cops ," June 25, 2020.

Claim: Colleges and universities should not ask students to report violations of Covid-19 rules

Karen Levy and Lauren Kilgour, Cornell University ( The New York Times ): "Fighting the coronavirus is, to be sure, an all-hands-on-deck problem, but pitting students against one another in a high-stress time carries real risks, and colleges should be exceedingly careful about casting their students in the role of undercover coronavirus cops. Deputizing students to police their peers threatens to disrupt the interpersonal dynamics of student life, while also creating conditions to displace blame onto students should outbreaks occur. Universities need to be mindful of how peer surveillance systems might be misused, how they might burden different groups of students and the damage they may do to community trust." - " "Don’t Make College Kids the Coronavirus Police" ," August 12, 2020.

Arguments in favor of mask requirements during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020-2021
Taxonomy of arguments about mask requirements during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, 2020
Documenting America's Path to Recovery
Coronavirus arguments by topic

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The Ethics of Wearing (or Not Wearing) a Face Mask During the Coronavirus Pandemic

A mericans have not always done selfless well. The country’s vast landmass and frontier history have long made American culture one that highly prizes personal freedom—often at the expense of the public good. Enter coronavirus, enter the face mask, and all of that gets exacerbated.

What we don’t know about face masks is in some ways as great as what we do know. A properly fitted N95 mask can be extremely effective at protecting the wearer from being infected by others, as well as protecting others from being infected by the wearer. But simple surgical masks or homemade masks? The scientific research to date suggests they do a much better job of protecting other people from you than protecting you from other people. In the context of a pandemic, stopping the infection in both directions can be equally important in preventing a communicable disease from spreading, and official U.S. policy may be changing to reflect that.

On April 3, President Trump announced that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) would now be recommending the use of cloth masks—including the do-it-yourself kind—to prevent asymptomatic people from spreading the virus. Whether the measure will be widely adopted is uncertain, at least in part because of how mask-wearing is perceived in the U.S. “We look at people wearing a mask as if they’re sick and we tend to stigmatize them,” says Jessica Berg, dean of the Case Western Reserve University School of Law and a professor of bioethics and public health. “In Eastern cultures people wear masks during flu season to protect others and then they come here and it’s startling and horrible to them that we don’t.”

It might seem that, if masks are scarce, they should go to the people most at risk of suffering significantly from COVID-19. Primarily, that means older people, and especially those with underlying health conditions. But, says Berg, if the purpose of a mask is really to prevent the wearer from spreading the virus, “Maybe in fact the right person to buy a mask would be your healthy millennial. They’re the people who would be walking around more. The people you want wearing masks are the people who are coming into contact with other people.”

Masks also can be a form of virtue-signaling. Bioethicist Nancy Kass, deputy director for public health of Johns Hopkins University’s Berman Institute, shares examples of social behavior that are admittedly anecdotal, but nonetheless telling. “A friend of mine who lives in an apartment building tells me that when he’s wearing a mask other people won’t get in an elevator with him,” she says. “Someone else told me, ‘I started to wear a mask when I go to the grocery store because other people stay away from me.'”

It’s not at all clear whether that happens because the mask wearers are inadvertently sending the signal that they are sick or sending a reminder that this is a time of social distancing, but Kass argues that it’s entirely possible it’s the latter, more selfless, reason. “These are healthy people, but they want to do their one-in-320-million-person part,” she says.

Getting your hands on a mask in the first place is another ethical conundrum. It is perhaps a positive sign that both Target and Home Depot came in for intense criticism in the last two weeks for stocking N95 masks—which are in short supply and desperately needed by health care workers—on their shelves. Target quickly pulled the masks and apologized for stocking them “in error.” Home Depot similarly ordered all of its 2,300 stores to stop selling the masks. The unexpected availability of the in-demand items was met at least partly with righteous public opprobrium.

“The ethical issue is that healthcare workers and other first responders really need medical-grade masks to protect themselves, but these kinds of masks are in short supply,” writes Suzanne Rivera, associate professor of bioethics and vice president for research and technology management at Case Western, in an email to TIME. “Those of us who don’t work in healthcare settings should stick to fabric masks, like the kind many people are sewing at home.”

Then there’s the ethical question of hoarding—which is really not a question at all. The universally accepted ethical rule is: Just don’t. In times of crisis, hoarding food, water, batteries, diapers, toilet paper and more is a natural impulse, but one that is both selfish and misguided—with the amount bought often exceeding actual need. That applies too to masks. “I would say that nobody could be faulted for obtaining one mask, particularly anyone who lives with an at-risk individual,” says Jonathan Haidt, professor of ethical leadership at New York University’s Stern School of Business. “Beyond the first mask, the cost-benefit calculation changes.”

Finally, there are the ethical burdens borne not by the average person, but the people in a position to make rules and impose policies: government and public health officials. The rule here is to be forthcoming. If you don’t know the answer, say so. If you get something wrong, own it and correct it.

“Officials need to be very, very careful that the recommendations they make have a reasonable amount of data behind them,” says Kass. “If we don’t have the data we have to say so.”

The new mask recommendations may be a sign that the government is trying harder to get things right, to follow those ethical dicta. Of course, the public’s response to the recommendations will be the true sign of whether Americans as a whole are as well.

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Coronavirus Guide

Yes, wearing masks helps. here's why.

Maria Godoy

A man in a mask walks past a mural on the side of a building in New York City in April. Timothy A. Clary/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

A man in a mask walks past a mural on the side of a building in New York City in April.

Mask wearing has become a topic of fierce debate in the United States.

People opposed to mask mandates have staged protests, and one local health official in Orange County, Calif., quit her job after receiving a death threat for a mask order. Not long after, California Gov. Gavin Newsom ordered Californians to wear face coverings in public.

Meanwhile in Texas, Gov. Greg Abbott recently allowed some counties to impose mask mandates on businesses, despite an earlier order forbidding penalties on individuals for not wearing masks.

While politicians spar over the topic, a growing number of scientific studies support the idea that masks are a critical tool in curbing the spread of the coronavirus.

Take, for example, a meta-analysis of 172 studies that looked at various interventions to prevent the transmission of COVID-19, SARS and MERS from an infected person to people close to them. The analysis, which was published in The Lancet on June 1, found that mask wearing significantly reduces the risk of viral transmission.

Coronavirus Live Updates

Amc theatres will now require guests to wear masks when it reopens.

California Gov. Newsom Makes Face Masks Mandatory Amid Rising Coronavirus Cases

"What this evidence supports is that, if there is a policy around using face masks in place, it does actually come with a fairly large effect," says study co-author Holger Schünemann , an epidemiologist at McMaster University.

Now, most of the studies in the analysis looked at face mask use in health care, not community, settings. And they were observational, not the gold standard of science, a randomized controlled trial, which would be "very unethical in a pandemic," says Jeffrey Shaman , an epidemiologist at Columbia University. Still, he says the fact that there is a benefit from masks is clear.

"I personally think that face masks are a key component of the non-pharmaceutical arsenal we have to combat COVID-19," says Shaman.

It's understandable if some people remain skeptical, since, at the beginning of the pandemic, public health officials in the U.S. said the general public didn't need masks. But that changed as it became clear that infected people can spread the coronavirus before they even show symptoms of COVID-19 or even if they never show symptoms.

Researchers emphasize there are two main reasons to wear masks. There's some evidence of protection for the wearer, but the stronger evidence is that masks protect others from catching an infection from the person wearing the mask. And infected people can spread the virus just by talking.

"If you're talking, when things are coming out of your mouth, they're coming out fast," says Linsey Marr , a researcher at Virginia Tech who studies the airborne transmission of viruses. "They're going to slam into the cloth mask. I think even a low-quality mask can block a lot of those droplets."

Marr points to a study published in Nature Medicine in April that looked at people infected with the flu and seasonal coronaviruses. It found that even loose-fitting surgical masks blocked almost all the contagious droplets the wearers breathed out and even also some infectious aerosols — tiny particles that can linger in the air.

Other recent studies offer indirect evidence for universal mask use, even if worn by people who are feeling healthy. One study, published in late May in BMJ Global Health , looked at people in households in Beijing where one person was confirmed to have COVID-19. At the time, explains study co-author Raina MacIntyre , research was already showing that the majority of transmission of the virus was happening inside households, and China already had a culture of mask wearing. The study found that in households where everyone was wearing a face mask indoors as a precaution before they knew anyone who lived there was sick, the risk of transmission was cut by 79%.

"The more people that were wearing a mask, the more protective it was," says MacIntyre, head of the biosecurity program at the Kirby Institute at the University of New South Wales in Australia. In other words, when everyone wore a mask, it protected the whole household.

Another study, published in late May in the journal Cell , suggests that the coronavirus may first establish itself in the nasal cavity, before sometimes moving down to the lungs to cause more serious damage. If that's the case, the authors conclude, the findings "argue for the widespread use of masks" to prevent the virus from exiting an infected nose or entering an uninfected one.

And a modeling study, published this month in Proceedings of the Royal Society A , concluded that if the majority of a population wore face masks in public — even just homemade ones — that this could dramatically reduce transmission of the virus and help prevent future waves of the pandemic. (Remember, we're still in the first wave in the U.S.)

N95 particulate respirator masks (left) block at least 95% of small airborne particulates in the air. However, they are still in short supply and should be reserved for medical workers. Surgical face masks (right) are most effective at protecting others from the wearer's droplets. Avilash Cramer hide caption

Researchers will tell you that masks won't provide full protection. And teasing out the science of masks will take time. But Marr says there's enough evidence already to say that, combined with measures like social distancing, masks really do help.

"From what I've seen, I would be comfortable sending my kids back to school if everyone's wearing masks and they're staying as far apart as possible," Marr says.

Of course, how much protection a mask provides — both to the wearers and to the people around them — depends on the type of mask and whether you are wearing it properly. (Note: It has to cover your nose as well as your mouth.) N95 respirators are designed to fit tightly around the nose and mouth so that the air you breathe has to go through the mask; when worn correctly, they block at least 95% of small airborne particles. N95 masks protect both the wearer and other people, but they're still in short supply and should be reserved for health care workers and emergency responders.

Surgical masks are designed to protect people from the wearer. Because they fit loosely, the wearer can still breathe in unfiltered air from the sides. Even so, surgical masks provide some benefit to the wearer as well: Laboratory testing has found that surgical masks block out 75% of respiratory-droplet-size particles.

Avoid masks with a valve in the front. That valve lets unfiltered air out, so it won't protect other people if you're contagious. And after all, protecting others is one of the main reasons to wear a mask in the first place.

As for cloth masks, the protection depends on what they're made out of and how well they fit. But with the right combination of materials, you can create a cloth mask that offers protection to the wearer in the 30% to 50% range or more , says May Chu, an epidemiologist at the Colorado School of Public Health who co-authored a paper published on June 2 in Nano Letters on the filtration efficiency of household mask materials. That's far from full protection, but combined with social distancing and hand-washing, she says, it's certainly better than nothing.

"I think we need a combination of [masks,] distancing, avoiding crowds, avoiding poorly ventilated spaces," says Marr. Even if each of those individual measures is only partially effective, she says, "by the time you add them all on top of each other, you can achieve better numbers for reduction of transmission."

This month, the real world provided anecdotal evidence to back that assessment: The head of the local health department in Springfield, Mo., reported that after two hair stylists tested positive for the coronavirus, none of the 140 clients and six co-workers potentially exposed came down with COVID-19. As The Washington Post reports , officials said the two hair stylists wore cloth masks. According to a statement from the health department in Springfield, the salon also had other policies in place, such as distancing salon chairs and staggering appointments.

Corrections June 21, 2020

An earlier version of this story mistakenly said the Cell study was published last week; it was published in late May. And an earlier version incorrectly said the study from Proceedings of the Royal Society A was published last week; it was published earlier in June. And BMJ Global Health was misstated as BMJ .

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argumentative essay on mask wearing

Purpose: To present the position of people who supports mask wearing Key Idea: Wearing masks when going outside can help reduce the spread of the virus, prevent others from getting infected and lower risk of death.

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An outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) occurred for the first time in Wuhan, China which spread as a pandemic to various countries of the world, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Death toll in India on 8th February 2021 was 1,55,080. India had implemented steps such as lockdown and advised social distancing, washing of hands, and wearing masks to reduce the burden of Covid-19. This review discusses the epidemiological features, the population at risk and control strategies of novel coronavirus disease in India. The data was collected from various sources on individual details of Covid-19 cases, population density and affluence percentage from the literature studied. The data was used to analyse the susceptibility of the population to this disease. It was found that Indian males, age group 20 to 40 (based on morbidity) and above 60 (based on mortality) were at high risk. The authors compiled epidemiology, management and control strategies of covid-19 in India. Therefo...

jack Greiner

Background and Objectives: Action, not fear, is the path forward in the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since early 2020, the world’s nations have faced conundrums over severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections resulting in COVID-19 resulting in national closures, and thus, a clear understandable plan that nations can implement is required to reopen. The healthcare benefits of reopening a nation more likely than not exceed the benefits of continued pandemic-related closure. Pandemic-related closures have resulted in countless delayed or avoided urgent care evaluations. Furthermore, routine care of acute and chronic illnesses, including evaluations, diagnoses, and treatments, has also been delayed. Isolation, loss of income, and fear have resulted in mental health conditions or exacerbated existing conditions. The magnitude of untoward ramifications is unknown and may ultimately represent an inestimable degree of danger and...

Golden Meteorite Press

Austin A Mardon , Khushi Rathod , Samira Sunderji , Neha Saroya

It is important to acknowledge how far research has come within the last few years and how salt has played a role in the SARS outbreak, the H1N1 virus outbreak, and now, COVID-19. Each new approach, study, trial, and prototype brings us a step closer to finding a treatment and cure for the global health crisis of the century. Salt and its extensive history, dating back to its discovery far earlier than any historical record, has proven its worth as an essential component in our world of food, disinfectants, and preservatives. Whole cities, towns, and civilizations were built based on the availability of salt, as it was considered to be a vital aspect of human life given its widely accessible and inexpensive nature. While this may seem absurd, it proves to us that salt and its multifaceted roles over decades and centuries have emerged to be effective.

Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine

Muhammad Shahidul Islam , Anup De

A new respiratory virus known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (2019 novel coronavirus) is causing a respiratory disease epidemic worldwide. Many patients with COVID-19 had mild-to-severe respiratory failure and recovered without medical care. However, this respiratory infection can spread very rapidly by infected droplets when an individual is in close contact with others. A face mask is simple protective equipment that can minimize the transmission of infectious viruses, even though that person is asymptomatic. This study illustrates the benefits and drawbacks of having a face mask during the COVID-19 disease outbreak at athlete's workouts. After critically reviewing the various research papers (most of the research papers published in the year 2020), we considered the social distance to be the alternative for preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 droplets. Face masks could be one way to minimize infected droplet entry. In this connection, previous researchers have found that exercise with a face mask requires adaptation time that can improve respiratory muscle strength. The present study recommends that athletes should wear a face mask while training at the open space if there is someone near the athlete.

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

M ABU SHAPHE. Phd

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become a severe community health threat across the world. Covid-19 is a major illness, presently there is no as such any medicine and vaccine those can claim for complete treatment. It is spreading particularly in a feeble immune people and casualties are expanding abruptly and put the health system under strain. Among the strategic measures face mask is one of the most used measures to prevent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2). Wearing a face mask possibly create a false sense of security lead to decline others measures. Face mask could be risk for the people of under lying medical conditions, old age group, outdoor exercise, acute and chronic respiratory disorders and feeble innate immune. Restrictive airflow due to face mask is the main cause of retention of CO2 called hypercapnia that can lead to respiratory failure with symptoms of tachycardia, flushed skin, dizziness, papilledema, seizure and depression. According to latest updates face shield and social distancing could be better substitute of face mask.

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If We Must Wear Masks Again, We Need a Smart Approach

By Jennifer B. Nuzzo and Beth Blauer

Dr. Nuzzo is an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Ms. Blauer is the executive director of the Johns Hopkins University Centers for Civic Impact.

Despite hopes of a summer free from Covid-19 worry, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is now recommending that vaccinated people wear masks in certain areas. While masks are important for protecting against infections, the United States must proceed carefully.

Health officials spent months assuring vaccinated Americans that they didn’t need to mask up against Covid-19 because they were protected from illness and were unlikely to spread infections to others. A return to masking for everyone could be interpreted as moving the goal posts or as a signal that experts are no longer as confident as they were in the vaccines — especially if new masking rules are not tied to specific metrics like vaccinations or if masking rules are in effect in places where hospitals are not dealing with crisis-level admissions.

There is a better way to carry out masking recommendations, by closely linking them to three specific factors:

Is Covid-19 spreading in areas where mask mandates are in effect?

Requiring everyone to wear masks may seem as if it can’t hurt, but experts shouldn’t waste time and credibility enforcing measures if they won’t have an impact.

Bringing back masks for everyone will be most effective if a significant amount of Covid-19 transmission is occurring in public spaces like grocery stores and dance clubs. But health officials haven’t shared sufficient data showing this is the case, and that’s a problem.

State and local health agencies need to have a better understanding of which activities are driving local transmission and tailor policy accordingly. For example, earlier in the pandemic , contact tracing revealed that high levels of transmission were happening at family and friend gatherings in people’s homes — like for holidays and birthdays — where masks are less common. If this remains true, then mask mandates alone will not be enough to cut back on rising cases.

Also earlier in the pandemic, case control studies — which look for differences in behaviors between people who catch Covid-19 and people who haven’t been infected — found that people diagnosed with Covid-19 were more likely to have reported dining at restaurants than uninfected people. If this remains the case, then other measures like limiting occupancy at restaurants and bars might need to be considered in addition to masking, since diners can’t wear masks while eating or drinking.

Genetic sequencing can also help provide clues as to how the coronavirus is spreading. With the increase in resources provided by the Biden administration to enable state agencies to use genetic sequencing to track variants, health agencies should embrace this technology as much as possible to identify large clusters of cases that share transmission patterns.

Do local disease and vaccination rates support mask wearing by vaccinated people?

The C.D.C. recommends that vaccinated people wear masks in areas “of substantial or high transmission” of Covid-19 to avoid getting infected and possibly spreading the virus to others.

To know exactly where those areas are, it’s important to look at local conditions. But in the past few months, most states have scaled back on the amount and frequency of Covid data they share with the public.

For example, Florida, which last week accounted for more than 20 percent of Covid-19 cases reported in the United States, has reduced its case reporting to once a week and no longer shares testing data or deaths broken down by county. The C.D.C. has a map that shows a summary of Covid-19 data for the nation, but it is less detailed than what states have typically reported.

At this stage of the pandemic, state and local governments should present more data, not less. At a minimum, they should publish the frequency and demographic breakdown of cases, tests, hospitalizations and deaths, as well as vaccinations. And they should do so daily.

County-level data is useful, but ZIP code or census tract level data is even better. Los Angeles County, for example, has been able to vaccinate more than 70 percent of eligible adults, but this statistic hides the fact that some parts of the county have much lower vaccination coverage. Highly localized data will help people understand the specific risks where they live and work and the need for mask recommendations more clearly.

At the same time, health officials should continue to provide data that shows the benefits of vaccines. Without it, experts might inadvertently send the signal that masks are a suitable alternative to getting a vaccine. Breakdowns of cases and hospitalizations by vaccination status should be regularly reported. This will also help experts monitor how well the vaccines are continuing to prevent severe illness.

When can masks come off?

Local experts should provide people with metrics they are using — like infections or vaccinations — to decide when masks will no longer be needed. Doing so underscores why the masks are back in the first place and provides hope for those who don’t like to wear them.

Since vaccines offer durable protection against serious illness, tying masking requirements to reasonable vaccination coverage goals and acceptable hospitalizations levels will provide a clearer view of progress than case numbers, which can fluctuate.

Everyone is weary of the pandemic. Vaccines offer the way out, but the United States has not convinced enough Americans of this. The nation cannot simply revert to the broad tactics employed during previous surges and expect compliance. It must be made explicitly clear to the public how measures like mask mandates will cut transmission and can be used to incentivize vaccinations.

Jennifer B. Nuzzo ( @JenniferNuzzo ) is an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and a senior fellow for global health at the Council on Foreign Relations. Beth Blauer ( @biblauer ) is the associate vice provost for public sector innovation and the executive director of the Centers for Civic Impact at Johns Hopkins University. They are on the leadership team of the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram .

Jennifer B. Nuzzo is an epidemiologist and senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. @ @JenniferNuzzo

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Masked education? The benefits and burdens of wearing face masks in schools during the current Corona pandemic

Face masks can prevent the spread of the virus SARS-CoV-2, in particular as this spread can occur from people with no symptoms. However, covering the lower half of the face reduces the ability to communicate, interpret, and mimic the expressions of those with whom we interact. Positive emotions become less recognizable, and negative emotions are amplified. Emotional mimicry, contagion, and emotionality in general are reduced and (thereby) bonding between teachers and learners, group cohesion, and learning – of which emotions are a major driver. The benefits and burdens of face masks in schools should be seriously considered and made obvious and clear to teachers and students. The school's specific situation must also inform any decision regarding face mask use.

1. Introduction

A new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a global pandemic of the disease Covid-19, with – as of July 31st – almost 300.000 new cases within a single day, more than 17 million confirmed infections, and more than 670.000 deaths [16] . Initially regarded as some form of flu with symptoms such as fever and cough, it has been found to be much more severe, affecting not only the lungs but also the liver, heart, kidneys, and brain, with symptoms such as anosmia [12] and cognitive dysfunction due to defects of neuro-axonal integrity (even in mild to moderate cases; [1] ). In severely ill patients, the virus causes a two-pronged attack by a dysfunctional immune system (“cytokine storm”) and blood clotting system (“multi-organ thrombosis”; [33] , [66] ), causing strokes with chronic neurological deficits [60] , [70] .

Compared to adults, children are less likely to fall ill, and if so, their illness is usually mild [34] . However, in order to decrease the spread to the virus, along with other measures of physical distancing and economic lockdowns, school closures were implemented during March 2020 affecting more than 1.5 billion students (children and adolescents) around the globe [73] . These closures of schools lasted for a few weeks only (as in Denmark) up to several months (in Italy and many other countries; [15] ) and led to marked decreases in educational gains [75] , hunger (because school meals were no longer served), increases in child abuse (because children were no longer observed by school staff), and, in general, the risk of “scarring the life chances of a generation of young people” 2 (because of the long-term psychological, physiological, educational and even economic burden [3] , that societies put on their most vulnerable members; [15] ).

As long as there is no vaccine and no specific treatment, the first pandemic of the 21st century is fought with methods from the 14th to the 19th centuries: Distancing, hand washing, and covering mouth and nose with a piece of cloth. On a global scale, face masks have become an increasingly important part of national strategies to fight the current corona pandemic. Given that school closures already have come to an end, or will have to end eventually, the question of wearing face masks at schools during the next phase of the pandemic is heavily discussed, particularly, where new cases pop up in spots of waxing and waning infections, or in some states, in the form of additional waves of infection (as for example currently in Israel, Australia and Croatia).

Because the virus is still with us, this is all the more pressing for the following characteristics of the virus and its transmission [4] , [8] :

• People without any symptoms may be infected and spread the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• Upon speaking, the virus is released into the air, the louder the more.
• The virus can remain airborne for many hours in classrooms.
• Wearing masks is comparatively cheap and easy to implement and supervise.
• At the same time, wearing masks may have physical side effects.
• Face masks impair face recognition and face identification.
• Face masks impair verbal and non-verbal communication.
• Face masks block emotional signaling between teacher and learner.

Given these pros and cons, it is not clear whether face masks should play a major role in educational settings in times of the current viral pandemic. Moreover, given the diversity of educational settings in terms of country, culture and learners’ as well as teachers’ age, different considerations may weight in differently in any balanced decision as regards the use of face masks in classrooms. This matter should be discussed urgently, since it globally affects more than 1.5 billion students, teachers, and school staff directly, and, in addition, their families indirectly.

2. Face masks are effective against the spread of the new corona virus

This pandemic has been a moving target as regards our knowledge about it. 3 The issue of wearing face masks may serve as a prime example. During the time of school-closures (from about the middle of March into April and/or May 2020) it became clear that face masks covering mouth and nose in closed public spaces (public transportation, stores, restaurants etc.) are an effective means of preventing the spread of the virus and thus, the worsening of the pandemic. This had not been clear at the time when the pandemic started in most countries (February 2020), as institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and, for example, the German Robert-Koch-Institut (RKI), as well as many governments across the globe, did not recommend the use of face masks to fight Covid-19. 4

Upon the reopening of schools in April and May, this situation had changed [2] , [26] , [45] , and by June 2020 there was no longer any doubt (see Fig. 1 ) that wearing face masks is one of the most effective preventive measures people can take to protect themselves and others from becoming infected with the virus [65] . As mask wearing by infected individuals reduces transmission risk, and because of the high proportion of asymptomatic infected individuals [68] and transmissions, by now there is a strong case for the effectiveness of widespread use of face masks in reducing the spread of COVID-19. In short, since it is clear that people may be infected and infectious even though they do not yet show any symptoms of Covid-19 – which is a peculiar feature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus – face masks can definitely mitigate the effects of this especially dangerous virus.

Face masks reduce airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The authors comment: “Infectious aerosol particles can be released during breathing and speaking by asymptomatic infected individuals. No masking maximizes exposure, whereas universal masking results in the least exposure” ( [65] , p. 1423, © Science Magazine, with permission).

In a Chinese study from Wuhan, for example, it has been estimated that up to 79% of viral infections were caused by undiagnosed, presumably asymptomatic people [47] . In two other studies, one from two surveys of 2812 and 2343 inhabitants of the small town of Vó near Padua in Italy, and another from 1032 healthcare workers (including frontline patient-facing staff such as doctors, nurses and physiotherapists) in the UK, similar findings have been reported [42] . In the Italian study, 42,5% of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections were asymptomatic, and in the British study, 60% had no or only very light symptoms. That is, you get sick from contact with people who are apparently healthy. This is why in the present Covid-19 pandemic, it is not possible to have only those people wear masks who are infectious. Everybody can be infectious while not knowing it [43] . The only way to stop infections from happening, therefore, is to have everybody wear face masks.

It is known for more than 70 years that the act of speaking generates oral fluid droplets that vary widely in size, from clearly visible to invisibly small aerosols [24] , [55] . The louder someone speaks the more droplets and aerosols are produced. Regardless of their size, they all can harbor infectious virus particles and spread viral diseases [2] , [5] , [6] . In fact, the virus has been shown to remain airborne for many hours in a closed indoor space such as a classroom [49] . As Prather and coworkers note in their highly informative perspective, published in Science magazine online on May 27th 2020: “[…] calculations predict that in still air, a 100-µm droplet will settle to the ground from 8 feet in 4.6 s, whereas a 1-µm aerosol particle will take 12.4 h [to settle down]. Measurements now show that intense coughs and sneezes that propel larger droplets more than 20 feet can also create thousands of aerosols that can travel even further. […] under many indoor conditions, where aerosols can remain airborne for hours, accumulate over time, and follow airflows over distances further than 6 feet” ( [65] , p.6498). The authors summarize their perspective with a highly convincing drawing, which is reproduced in Fig. 1 .

There is additional epidemiological evidence for the effectiveness of wearing face masks regarding the spread of the new coronavirus: In Hongkong, 96% of the populations used face mask, and the incidence of new cases in March was 129 per million inhabitants, whereas in Spain, Italy, and Germany, where at the time no face masks were used, the incidence was 2983 (Italy), 2251 (Spain), and 1242 (Germany) per million [31] . Shortly after the major of the German city of Jena (with about 110,000 inhabitants) implemented a face mask use order for the entire city on the 6th of April to fight the spread of the virus (three weeks before this was done for entire Germany), there were no new cases for 9 consecutive days. Compared with a “surrogate” Jena (a weighted mix of 4 German cities) as a control, this decline in new cases was 23% [56] .

A natural experiment published on June 16th 2020 used the different timing (between April 8 and May 15) of state policies mandating public or community use of face masks or covers in 15 US states plus DC in mitigating covid-19 spread [52] . The study found that the changes in the daily county-level COVID-19 growth rates between March 31, 2020 and May 22, 2020, was associated with a decline in the daily COVID-19 growth rate by 2% by two to three weeks after the mandatory face mask use. At first blush, this may sound as a small effect, but three weeks of cumulated 2% decrease amounts to a decrease of over 40%. Accordingly, from their data, the authors estimated that as many as 230,000–450,000 Covid-19 cases had been averted by May 22, 2020.

Finally, a large comprehensive review and meta-analysis, published in the Lancet online on the 1st of June 2020, used data from 172 observational studies across 16 countries (among them 44 comparative studies in healthcare and non-healthcare settings [13] . Face masks (surgical type) reduced infection risk by 85%. Since face masks are comparatively cheap and easy to use, they are among the most simple and straight forward means to curb SARS-Cov-2 and Covid-19 transmission (see also [53] ).

3. The side effects of face mask use

It is a medical truism that everything that has effects also has side effects. The physical side effects of face masks have been mostly reported by medical professionals working in surgery and related surgical environments, and science professionals working in labs. In a study of 158 health care workers during the Covid-19 pandemic, the most common side effect of prolonged face mask use was bilateral headache, reported by about 80% of the participants [58] . Headaches occurred one to four times during a 30-day period of mask use and was rated as mild by the majority (72%) of respondents. Within 30 min after removal of the face mask, the pain resolved spontaneously. Pain medication (such as non-steroid analgesics) was used in only a few cases.

Face masks may further cause perioral dermatitis with rashes and redness, i.e., an infection of the skin around the mouth because of saliva, sweat, and moist vapor between the mask and the skin. This may provide a breeding ground for bacteria. Itchy rashes may be caused by irritant dermatitis, caused by the mask and/or the attached rubber strings rubbing the skin of nose and ears [63] .

An experimental study on the physical effects of wearing either a surgical or an N95/FFP-2 face mask was performed with 5 healthy male and 5 healthy female subjects, who performed intermittent exercise on a treadmill while wearing the protective facemasks in a climate chamber controlled at an air temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of 70%. Both types of face masks led to significant differences in temperature and humidity in the microclimates between face masks and skin. In particular, compared to the surgical mask, the N95 mask led to higher humidity and skin temperatures inside the facemask, higher heart rate, and increased negative „sensations, including feeling unfit, tight, itchy, [and] fatigued,“ as stated by the authors ( [46] , p. 501). A recent study on the cardiovascular effects of face masks (surgical or N95/FFP-2) in young healthy male subjects on a bike-ergometer showed a 2 percent decrease in maximum power (not significant) for the surgical mask and a 5 percent decrease of maximal power ( p < 0,01) for the N95/FFP-2 mask [32] . Overall, in both studies subjects preferred the surgical face mask. This finding, among others, led to the fact that N95 masks were never recommend for wearing by the general public, as they not only are more expensive, but also – because of the discomfort they imply – much less likely to be worn by everybody for extended periods.

As regards the prevention of Covid-19, additional concerns of wearing face masks have been articulated, for example:

• Wearing a face mask may give a false sense of security and may make people less compliant with other infection control measures.
• Because of problems with understanding speech (see below), people may move closer together, without intention, and thereby increase infection risk.
• Wearing face masks may cause glasses to fog and thereby cause anything from discomfort to accidents.
• Wearing a face mask makes the exhaled air go into the eyes. “This generates an uncomfortable feeling and an impulse to touch your eyes. If your hands are contaminated, you are infecting yourself” [44] .
• “Moreover, a fraction of carbon dioxide previously exhaled is inhaled at each respiratory cycle. Those phenomena increase breathing frequency and deepness, and they may worsen the burden of covid-19 if infected people wearing masks spread more contaminated air. This may also worsen the clinical condition of infected people if the enhanced breathing pushes the viral load down into their lungs,” the authors add.
• When infected people re-breathe air in the mask, their virus load increases.

In other words: Whereas face masks are intended to ease the burden of the pandemic they may at the same time make it worse under certain conditions.

In addition to these problems of physical health, three more problems of using face masks have to be addressed: Impaired face recognition and identification, impaired communication, and blocked emotional signaling.

4. Face masks impair face recognition and face identification

In daily life, human observers are extremely proficient in recognizing faces, discriminating between them and using them to derive a vast range of information, be it about static features like age, gender or identity, or changeable features like gaze direction, lip movements or emotional states (see second next section).

Human beings are biologically programmed to recognize faces [68] . As soon as babies are born, they show a preference for looking at human faces above anything else, and they will even stare at a rudimentary drawing of a face if it is shown to them. But by the age of seven months babies able to recognize angry or fearful faces [62] , [37] . The advantage of face-processing as compared to non-face stimuli declines during the second year of life [48] .

On top of this innate preference, the role of social experience in face processing and recognition becomes ever more salient, as research with infants has shown using such different measures as behavioral data, eye-tracking data, and neuroscience data mainly from event related potentials (ERP), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). By now, the role of experience in the process of perceptual narrowing in face processing has demonstrated enhanced behavioral and neural responsiveness to (1) mother over stranger, (2) female over male, (3) own-race over other-race, and (4) native over non-native faces. In addition, (5) infants' neural responses to faces in multimodal contexts, such as audiovisual speech, change during development, which finally leads to (6) the emergence of attentional biases that cause enhanced responsiveness and processing of faces commonly encountered in the native environment: We recognize and identify the faces of our peers faster than faces of strangers [67] , just as we recognize the sounds (phonemes) of our mother tongue better than unfamiliar sounds (phonemes) from unfamiliar languages [61] .

Hiding the lower part of the face with a face mask markedly impairs face recognition and face identification. In fact, this is why burglars and thieves wear them. As mask-wearing has become a normality in many societies, the magnitude with which covering our faces affects our social interactions and ability to recognize and identify other people becomes ever more clear. In school settings, the ability to know and recognize each other is normally taken for granted, and – like air for breathing – it does not come into focus unless it is lacking. But within seconds of absence, its importance is realized.

But there are also some quick fixes for this problem, such as clearly visible name tags, “personalized” masks, and our ability to recognize and identify each other from cues provided by our voice and body shape and posture.

5. Face masks impair verbal and non-verbal communication

One of the richest and most powerful tools in human communication is the face, from which observers can quickly and easily make a number of inferences — about identity, gender, sex, age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, physical health, attractiveness, emotional state, personality traits, pain or physical pleasure, deception, and even social status [38] . When strangers meet, who speak two different languages which they do not mutually understand, they can still interpret facial expressions such as smiles and frowns with ease and thereby communicate. In fact, the most basic form of communication between humans is by facial expressions. This is because facial expressions are a simple universal language that we instinctively understand [25] . It may be for this reason, that many people do not like the wearing masks at all in the first place.

Because we cannot see the lower half of the face when someone is wearing a mask, our ability to understand people is reduced considerably. We are forced to rely only on language and gesture, which limits the extent to which we can interpret nuance, with some input from interpreting eye movements, which are still visible above the mask. In fact, evidence from eye movement studies during gazing at a face suggests that the eye is the facial feature that is attended to first and longest during face processing, as they appear to be most informative in communication. Once we direct our gaze to something, this something thereby can become the focus of shared attention, which is a basic mechanism of doing things and solving problems together .

But second to the eyes are the regions of mouth and nose, when it comes to attending facial features. For effective verbal communication, covering the mouth with cloth has two detrimental consequences: First, the auditory signal is impaired, as faces masks may dampen sound amplitude, and especially may absorb frequency bands used in speech. Second, the visual signal from the lips is completely obstructed. While most people may never have realized, this signal is used by human beings to aid speech understanding. From birth to about 8 months, babies look at their mother's mouth in order to pars the stream of sound into meaningful units (phonemes) in order to learn their mother tongue. In fact, if they are reared bilingually, they have to learn a larger number of phonemes and therefore start to look at their mother's mouth earlier and for longer than monolinguals [64] . When grown up, we tend to look close at the mouth of somebody under circumstances of impaired sound comprehensibility, such as noisy environments, low quality sound in movies and video calls. Deaf people use lip-reading and thereby completely rely on visual cues for understanding speech (which is why there are special face masks with a transparent piece over the mouth to meet the demand for visual speech input).

Because speech transmission is impaired by mask-wearing, there is a risk of misunderstanding when face masks are used widely in schools. Speaking through a face mask may dampen higher frequencies and therefore may impair verbal communication. The size of the effect depends on the speaker, the type of mask, the listener's hearing, and background noise, and may therefore vary between negligible [54] and considerable [7] . In addition, it is well known that visual cues help in speech recognition, which may be an additional cause of face mask induced impairment of speech perception and communication.

6. Face masks block emotional signaling between teachers and students

Features of faces (such as the size and form of the nose, the color of the eyes etc.) and their configuration are not only used to identify faces but also to infer the emotion expressed by them [10] . Charles Darwin [18] , [19] , the founding father of evolutionary theory, was the first to study the evolutionary origins of facial expression of emotions. Even infants below one year of age are able to comprehend facial expressions as social cues representing the feelings of other people before they are one year old. They start to respond to fearful faces but also respond to happy faces soon thereafter.

Emotions play a large role in our social interactions, of which teaching and learning are among the culturally most relevant. Recently, anthropologists have proposed, that the most recent evolution of the human brain has been shaped by its increased capacity for the cultural transmission of knowledge, i.e., teaching and learning [36] .

More than 50 years ago, building upon research by European ethologists from the school of Konrad Lorenz, the Californian psychologist Paul Ekman performed experiments to demonstrate the existence of basic emotions regardless of culture: surprise, fear, disgust, anger, happiness, and sadness [27] , [28] , [29] .

It is long known, that negative affect implies more fine-grained perceptual and cognitive processing whereas positive affect leads to more holistic processing. Accordingly, it has been shown, that emotions which are perceived in faces have an effect on the style, faces are processed in the first place: A face that is perceived to have a negative emotion is processed in a less holistic manner than a face displaying a positive emotion [17] . Of course, this is the case for the processing of other (non-face) content: Smiling broadens cognition and thereby increases creative thinking [39] , whereas criticism causes anxiety and a reduction in creativity. A student looking at the critical face of a teacher thereby becomes less creative, and thereby less able to solve math problems, which increases the likelihood of math anxiety to develop [51] . This decreases creativity further as well as increases anxiety of not being capable doing mathematics in a vicious circle – independent of mathematical talent!

As stated above, the face provides a universal language for communication, in particular, the communication of emotions. The mouth region on a face conveys information that is crucial for smiling, i.e., a positive emotion, which can work as social glue and facilitates positive social cognition and action [69] . Not seeing the bottom half of the face makes it particularly difficult to recognize a mask-wearer's positive emotions – pleasure, joy, happiness, amusement, sociability, and friendliness – as they are basically communicated by a smiling mouth. Therefore, face masks impair mainly our positive social interactions and our ability to understand, and empathize with, one another. Even though in some cultures, a smile may also be taken as a sign of stupidity, shallowness, and even dishonesty, as a large cross-cultural study on social perception of smiling individuals has shown [41] . The most prominent meaning of a smile, however, definitely is a positive emotion.

There are two types of smiles, true smiles and dishonest smiles. A true or genuine smile, also known as a Duchenne 5 smile , involves both the mouth (the zygomatic major muscle raises the corners of the mouth) and the eyes (the orbicularis oculi muscle raises the cheeks, forms crow's feet around the eyes, and causes the eyebrows to move closer as in frowning). In contrast, dishonest smiles, which are also called “fake smiles”, “Botox smiles”, “Pan Am smiles 6 ” or “non-Duchhenne smiles”, involve only the voluntary raising of the corners of the mouth in order to intentionally signal politeness. A recent meta-analysis of Duchenne versus Non-Duchenne smiles found that, overall, Duchenne smiles and people producing Duchenne smiles are rated more positively (i.e., authentic, genuine, real, attractive, trustworthy) than non-Duchenne smiles and people producing non-Duchenne smiles [35] . Moreover, the difference between Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles was greater when the stimuli were videos rather than photographs (i.e., when smiles were more live-like) and when smiles were elicited naturally rather than through posing paradigms (i.e., when smiles were more authentic).

Given that the real smile involves the upper and the lower half of the face, with the upper half providing the distinctive “frowning” that renders a smile a true smile, there is a lot of room for misunderstanding: Face masks block the smile and allow only the frowning to be communicated – which may actually be worse than no smile at all! In general, as face masks cover the bottom half of the face, the ability to detect positive emotions and to discriminate between emotions is considerably impaired. Movements of the lips and the display of teeth are no longer perceptible by the observer, leaving only the top half of the face for detecting the mask-wearer's emotions.

I already mentioned the possibility of interpreting only partially-revealed facial expressions wrongly, i.e., misconstruing frowning and the squinting of the eyes without a visible mouth as skepticism rather than true smiling. 7 In addition, emotions such as surprise or disgust that utilize the mouth may be mistaken for strongly negative emotions such anger or sadness. In sum, masks may increase the perception of negative emotions and diminish the perception of positive emotions.

In 2017 researchers from the University of Bielefeld published results from an experimental study of emotion recognition, which clearly demonstrated the importance of the eyes and mouth in the perception of emotions from faces. The authors presented single faces of two different individuals expressing Ekman's six basic emotions (as well as a seventh neutral face expression) behind a 6 × 8 grid of 48 white tiles that were sequentially (in random order) uncovered to 94 student subjects, with subjects instructed to stop the uncovering as soon as they recognize the emotion of the face and name it correctly. For each subject, the experiment consisted of a total of 224 trials (2 face identities times 7 expressions times 16 repetitions per expression).

With this method, it was possible to discern which of the 48 parts of the face contributed to what extend to the observer's recognition of the facial expression being revealed. Results showed that observers relied mostly on tiles that covered and revealed the mouth and eyes when they correctly named the emotion being displayed. In particular, the subjects identified fear and sadness largely by focusing on the eyes whereas disgust and happiness were more successfully identified when subjects focused on the mouth region [74] .

If applied to the use of face masks in school settings, these results suggest that happiness and disgust are less likely to be recognized, whereas fear and sadness may be recognized with a higher probability. Given that disgust is an emotion only rarely displayed in school settings, the net result of face masks may well be that the covering of the mouth, i.e., the “organ of smiling”, leads to diminished perceived happiness.

In addition, the existence of a face mask may reduce the motivation of the wearer to produce facial expressions in the first place. Since such expressions serve the purpose of communication, the realization of wearing a communications-blocking device will reduce efforts to facially express emotions.

Moreover, according to the “embodied emotions hypothesis” first proposed by William James more than one hundred years ago, not physically displaying emotions reduces their experience. In their view, specific behaviors cause us to experience emotions (and not vice versa), as exemplified in the following statement: “You are not crying because you are sad, but you are sad because you are crying”. Accordingly, once you no longer produce a smile, you are less happy. And since the perceiver of your face does not perceive the emotion because of the mask, both the sender and the receiver of the emotional communicative signal will be affected by the face mask.

At the same time, emotional mimicry and thereby emotional contagion [59] is interrupted by the mask as well, i.e., the social phenomenon that we are involuntarily copying the facial expression of other people with whom we communicate. As the emotions of the viewer also follow his expressions, his or her emotions will be blunted as a result. These reactions are typically outside of conscious awareness and occur within half a second [23] .

In sum, recognition of, and response to, the outward emotional displays of one's peers’ faces is a critical and necessary component of social interaction in schools. It helps pupils and teachers to modify their behavior in order to align with social communication and behavioral norms. When these emotional displays are inhibited by face masks, our ability to communicate effectively with one another is reduced and we are primarily left with mimicking negative (frown) emotions. All of this happens primarily outside of conscious awareness, and hence, is hard to be consciously controlled or even corrected. Since emotions are a major driver of group cohesion, the decreased emotionality, and decreased positive emotionality in particular, may interfere with smooth classroom action. Given the fact that the very process of learning is facilitated by emotions (this is their main raison d´être), face masks are likely to cause some interference with pedagogy.

7. Discussion: to mask or not to mask?

In their paper with the same Shakespearian title as this discussion, Eikenberry and coworkers close as follows: “Our findings suggest that face mask use should be as nearly universal (i.e., nation-wide) as possible and implemented without delay, even if most masks are homemade and of relatively low quality. This measure could contribute greatly to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with the benefit greatest in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical interventions [such as physical distancing] that reduce community transmission” ( [26] , p. 305). German pediatricians have voiced a similar opinion [76] . However, in the light of what has been discussed so far, this can hardly be the final verdict, when it comes to wearing face masks at school to prevent the spread of the present corona pandemic.

In a society within which the large majority of people wear masks, there is a lot of room for mutual emotional misinterpretation and therefore misunderstanding. People may feel that someone is being aggressive towards them, when there is no real intent of aggression (but in fact, a true smile), and may react accordingly – potentially leading to all sorts of difficult, and even dangerous, situations. This regards schools just as well.

Therefore, at the very least, all school professionals should be aware of the detrimental effects of face masks on face recognition and identification, communication, and social-emotional interaction. These should be weighed against the alternatives, i.e., school closures (with the enormous burden on the children and their parents) and school re-openings without masks (with their increased risk of new infections). In Germany, school authorities are rather reluctant to reopen schools after the summer break, but also face increasing criticism for not doing so. In addition, teachers’ unions point to the increased risk of elderly teachers to contract a potentially lethal disease.

The ideas of what to do about schooling in times of a pandemic do not exist in a contextual vacuum. In fact, our dealings are far from balanced and contradiction-free: We have to make sure physical distancing in theatres but not in airplanes; we may shop with masks in supermarkets but eat without them in restaurants; we may have assemblies with friends and family but must not have seminars at the university, etc.

Of particular relevance for schools may be the experiences with face masks in hospitals, including psychiatric hospitals, such as the clinic which I am heading. I implemented the general use of face masks for all staff and patients on March 16th 2020, and it soon became clear that they interfere with practicing psychiatry: The decreased emotional observability made the job harder to do. A psychotherapist wrote me an email, noting that socially complicated and challenging inpatients in psychotherapy are very difficult to treat, “as dissociative states and tensions are much harder to detect early enough so that appropriate interventions can be performed. In addition, exposition training (such as in patients after trauma, patients with panic disorder, and patients with obsessive compulsive disorder, OCD) which implies the conscious provocation of anxiety, are hard to do with a face mask obstructing the perception of the patient's emotions. […] Even in diagnostic interviews, face masks interfere with decisions regarding diagnosis and therapy” (Bosch, personal communication [11] ).

A hairdresser from another city sent me an email, once the lockdown was over such that he was able to restart his business: “Yesterday I had two new customers, and I must say that I just had to ask them to go outside so we could remove our masks briefly. It is so difficult to give advice as to what haircut should be done when you cannot fully see the face of the customer. I also talked to my team about how to communicate with masks, as smiles no longer work. We therefore attempt to verbally communicate in a more positive manner in order to counteract the lacking smiles” (taken from [71] , p. 184; translation by the author)

I am in no position to rank the settings of psychotherapy, hairdressing or schools in terms of the importance of emotional connection, but these examples do make it clear that schools by no means are the only places where masks can cause difficulties. The general headmaster of the elementary and basic schools (up to grade 10) in Ulm told me that there was a lot of discussion as regards wearing face masks at schools, when the corona-pandemic was roaming through Germany by the middle of March 2020. But even in schools for the mentally retarded and behaviorally challenged students, face masks were implemented and worn by teachers and students. In some schools, physical distancing was implemented, with or without masks. Some teachers as well as other headmasters voiced concerns that they could not imagine teaching with face masks. The headmaster I talked to, in contrast, was quite positive about the possibility to do so in schools, even with young, and challenging, students.

As regards the problems of communication and emotional signaling, it should be noted that emotions can also be decoded from the body posture, a process quite similar to the decoding from faces [30] , as well as from prosody (the “melody of speech”) and gesture. So the decreases in facial emotion communication can be compensated to some degree. In addition, there is learning. We know from our experience with sensory handicapped people, that they learn to compensate by sharpening their remaining senses. Teachers willing to learn and engage, will find workarounds – even around the blocking by face masks. One of which is simply talking about emotions. Just as in psychotherapy, where learning to talk about emotions (and not just having them) is an important mechanism of coping with emotional distress, students and teachers can learn this – and the pandemic is a good reason to do so.

In addition to the considerations already discussed, the following general remark should be considered: Face masks serve the additional benefit of reminding everybody who is present at school – pupils, teachers, administrative and supporting staff – of the lingering presence of the pandemic and of the appropriate behaviors that are highly important for keeping everybody safe. A face masks protects the person wearing it and the person with whom he or she talks. So using a mask amounts to doing a favor to others and oneself. It may be considered as a prime example of a cultural norm that, if adhered by everybody, benefits the entire society considerably, with little cost to the individual. This idea, in general, is one of the most important pro-social ideas, which have traditionally been promoted by mandatory schooling systems and the states implementing them. So why not use wearing face masks as a simple tool for social behavior training? Other such “tools of the mind” have been widely proposed (music, sports, handcrafts martial arts) to increase attention, executive function, and cognitive control in 4–12 year olds [21] , [22] .

Finally, when it comes to weighing the pros and cons of face masks, general and specific medical and epidemiological considerations are an important part of the equation. During the height of the pandemic in Germany, little was known about such basics as “how infectious are children/adolescents?”, “how effective are face masks really?”, “how contagious is the virus” or “are things the same indoors and outdoors?” – This has changed.

We do know, for example, that viral particles in air will be more rapidly diluted outdoors, are sensitive to ambient temperature and relative humidity, and are inactivated by ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. This is why outdoor educational settings, wherever possible, should be highly recommended.

In addition, the verdict on children as regarding their role in infecting other people is not yet in. Whereas some studies indicate that children are less likely to infect others [20] , [50] , some studies find children to be infectious [72] . Adolescents appear to be just as infectious as adults. Since they also have more daily contacts than older adults, they are the ones who definitely should wear masks in order to protect others, in particular, if they live with their parents and grandparents [9] . If small children in China, South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam can be taught basic rules of hygiene such as handwashing and careful hygiene behavior, children and adolescents in Western societies should be capable of doing it just as well, including wearing face masks.

Finally, the spread of the pandemic is modified by the number of currently infected cases. I write this paper on an island in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, on which at the time of writing there were zero cases. So there is no question as to whether schools should open here this fall. In other places, things are less ideal. There is a remaining risk, and the many risks we face in life must always be balanced carefully. By now, schools plan for the fall on a global scale. They must do so responsibly. And face masks should be part of the decision-making process.

Ethical statement

No data was collected for this opinion paper.

Financial disclosure

The author did not receive funding for this article.

2 This quote is taken from Couzin-Frankel et al. [15] , p. 241], who cite an open letter published in June 2020, signed by more than 1500 members of the United Kingdom's Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH).

3 Historically, this was also the case one hundred years ago, after the French bacteriologist Charles Nicolle discovered that the agent that caused influenza was much smaller than any known bacterium in October 1918, i.e. at around the time of the cusp of the pandemic. This news led, even in small-town American newspapers, to statements such that using face masks against influenza is “like using barbed wire fences to shut out flies” [14] . This discouraged the wearing of masks and caused a lot of discussion and distrust in the general public.

4 The reason for this misguiding advice became clear over time: There were too few masks. Responsible advisors wanted to make the most use what was available, and therefore gave masks and other protective equipment to hospitals, where there were in short supply and most dearly needed. They could have done better and tell people to make their own mask from cloth (and sell them, if they are good at sewing).

5 While conducting research on the physiology of facial expressions in the mid-19th century, the French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne identified two distinct types of smiles, one of which later became named after him.

6 It is named after Pan American World Airways (an airline that no longer exists), whose flight attendants were trained to always smile at their passengers.

7 This is why plastic surgeons have proposed to use botox, which can be injected around the orbicularis occuli muscle to prevent wrinkles around the eyes (no “crow's feet” and no frowning), as a means to prevent mask-induced false social signaling [57] . In addition, oxytocin may be used to dampen down fearful signaling from the eyes and to amplify trust signals and thus work against the detrimental social effects of masks [40] .

Essay on Importance of Wearing a Mask for COVID-19 Virus

Currently, the world is experiencing the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronavirus is a deadly respiratory illness that causes fever, general weakness, and shortness of breath. This new virus spreads quickly through droplet particles released into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks. When a healthy person gets into contact with such particles, they are bound to get infected. However, the widespread of the virus can be reduced with the use of masks. Using face masks prevents the coronavirus particles from spreading even when an infected person coughs (Haleem et al. 78). Wearing masks is a crucial preventative strategy as it reduces the further spread of the COVID-19 virus.

Masks are a vital measure to save lives and suppress the transmission of coronavirus. Masks act as a barrier to block the virus-containing particles from escaping from an infected individual and landing on a healthy person. A research by Florida Atlantic University demonstrates the effectiveness of covering the face stating that the number of droplets dispersed in the air can be decreased and the distance they travel (Kenyon 23). Coronavirus droplets can travel more than 8 feet without a mask. The study notes that a bandanna reduces the distance to 3 feet, 7 inches, and the distance is further decreased to more than 1 foot 3 inches with a folded handkerchief placed over the nose and mouth. As such it is indisputable that even a cloth face-covering substantially reduces the speed at which coronavirus is spread from person to person.

Wearing a face mask is crucial as a person may not realize that they are contagious. Initially, masks were only recommended for people that had already contracted the virus. However, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention later stretched its guidelines advising every person to wear a cloth face-covering in public (Smyth 54). Such an advocate was after realizing that people can transmit the virus before they even begin to show the symptoms and some people could have been asymptomatic. A recent finding indicates that 40% of the population infected with coronavirus never portray the COVID-19 symptoms. As a result, making it extremely challenging to establish potential transmitters of the virus (Haleem 84). That is why regardless of whether a person is healthy or not, wearing a mask is highly recommended by several organizations such as the World Health Organisation and the Centre for Disease Control.

Findings from Ford, et al. (49) reveal that the person wearing a mask is protected from the coronavirus; however, the protective perks are more noticeable when every person in society covers their nose and mouth. The more people block the spread of coronavirus by wearing masks, the less virus there is circulating in public. In agreement, Kenyon (25) posits that the power of widespread community use of masks is immense. For instance, a report published World Health Organisation indicates that states with face mask directives have a higher reduction in the regular COVID-19 spread rates than states that do not have such mandates issued. The report indicates that an estimated 450,000 coronavirus cases in the United States have been prevented from the mask policies (Haleem et al. 89). Similarly, the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington postulates that more than 34, 000 people can be saved from the COVID-19 infection in the near months once people adhere to wearing masks. With evidence from such findings it is clear that wearing masks reduces the transmission of coronavirus. When people wear the masks correctly, covering the mouth and nose, the coronavirus droplets are contained from spreading to another person when closer than the six-foot social distance.

Most importantly, wearing masks can lead to the recovery of the economy. Recent findings from Ford et al. (66) reveal that directives of a national face mask can act as an alternative for lockdowns. The increase in coronavirus cases has caused some countries to re-consider the re-opening of businesses with the fear of the virus spreading fast to cause more lockdowns, yet this is damaging for the economy. Lockdown slows business growth as physical operations are reduced and leads to the unemployment of several people, thus reducing the circulation of money in the economy (Smyth 63). However, the widespread incorporation of masks can significantly reduce the rate at which the virus spreads, thus preventing the need for lockdowns. Besides, without lockdowns, businesses can operate normally, thus avoiding the possible decline of the economy.

In summary, coronavirus is a deadly disease that has cost many people’s lives across the globe. The virus spreads quickly through the droplet particles released into the air when an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks. Several measures have been incorporated to reduce the spread of the virus, and face masks are no exception. Once people adapt to the use of masks, the virus is contained and prevented from spreading. Aside from that, some people do not show symptoms of the coronavirus. In such cases, every person is obligated to wear masks since they may not be aware that they are sick and in a position to spread the virus to other people in society. The face mask protects not only the person wearing it but also the people in the surrounding.

Works Cited

Ford, N., et al. “Mask Use in Community Settings in the Context of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Ecological Data.” SSRN Electronic Journal , 2021. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/117/26/14857/tab-article-info

Haleem, Abid, Mohd Javaid, and Raju Vaishya. “Effects of COVID-19 pandemic in daily life.” Current medicine research and practice 10.2 (2020): 78.

Kenyon, Chris. “Widespread use of face masks in public may slow the spread of SARS CoV-2: an ecological study.” 2020. Retrieved from https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/ppmedrxiv-20048652

Smyth, Beatrice. “Review of “The impact and effectiveness of the general public wearing masks to reduce the spread of pandemics in the UK: a multidisciplinary comparison of single-use masks versus reusable face masks.”.” 2021. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/117/26/14857/tab-article-info

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Face masks during the covid-19 pandemic: a simple protection tool with many meanings.

$\nLucia Martinelli$

1 MUSE – Science Museum, Trento, Italy
2 Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
3 Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
4 Institute for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
5 Business Information Systems, Cork University Business School, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
6 Communication and Society Research Centre, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
7 University Hospital Medical Center “Bežanijska kosa”, and University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
8 Department of Health Economics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
9 Department of Political Science, Centre for the Study of Contemporary Solidarity (CeSCoS), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
10 Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

Wearing face masks is recommended as part of personal protective equipment and as a public health measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Their use, however, is deeply connected to social and cultural practices and has acquired a variety of personal and social meanings. This article aims to identify the diversity of sociocultural, ethical, and political meanings attributed to face masks, how they might impact public health policies, and how they should be considered in health communication. In May 2020, we involved 29 experts of an interdisciplinary research network on health and society to provide their testimonies on the use of face masks in 20 European and 2 Asian countries (China and South Korea). They reflected on regulations in the corresponding jurisdictions as well as the personal and social aspects of face mask wearing. We analyzed those testimonies thematically, employing the method of qualitative descriptive analysis. The analysis framed the four dimensions of the societal and personal practices of wearing (or not wearing) face masks: individual perceptions of infection risk, personal interpretations of responsibility and solidarity, cultural traditions and religious imprinting, and the need of expressing self-identity. Our study points to the importance for an in-depth understanding of the cultural and sociopolitical considerations around the personal and social meaning of mask wearing in different contexts as a necessary prerequisite for the assessment of the effectiveness of face masks as a public health measure. Improving the personal and collective understanding of citizens' behaviors and attitudes appears essential for designing more effective health communications about COVID-19 pandemic or other global crises in the future.

To wear a face mask or not to wear a face mask?

Nowadays, this question has been analogous

to the famous line from Shakespeare's Hamlet:

“To be or not to be, that is the question.”

This is a bit allegorical ,

but certainly not far from the current circumstances

where a deadly virus is spreading amongst us ... Vanja Kopilaš, Croatia.

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently perceived as one of the greatest global threats, not only to public health and well-being, but also to global economic and social stability. While the first two decades of the third millennium were characterized by crisis—most notably the economic downturn of 2008 and the looming climate change—the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus originating from China has given rise to most drastic societal and political responses. These included measures as severe as states forbidding citizens from leaving their homes and effectively shutting down all social and economic activities ( 1 ). In Europe, Italy was the first country to officially detect the presence of COVID-19 in its territory, and it swiftly adopted measures to contain its spread ( 2 – 4 ). Within a few weeks, the epidemic progressively spread across Europe. Because of the novel situation and the contradictory opinions of experts, including representatives of the scientific community and World Health Organization (WHO), the level of threat caused by the disease appeared unclear ( 5 ). The assessment of the perceived risks of the disease varied in the public discourse—some considered it just as “a stronger influenza”; others drew parallels with the very deadly Spanish Flu outbreak in the 1918–1920, and many were simply not sure what to believe. Nevertheless, most felt the novel and unpleasant feeling of being vulnerable to the invisible threat of the infection (i.e., to be the ones in danger) or to be contagious themselves (i.e., to be the danger).

A variety of public health and hygiene measures have been initiated; the most visually noticeable perhaps is the wearing of face masks. The medical research on the use of face masks as personal protective equipment (PPE) against SARS-CoV-2 transmission was interpreted very cautiously, and the initial guidance from health officials was conflicting ( 6 ). The WHO advice was conceived to avoid unnecessary paternalism and at the same time be comprehensive in discussing different medical aspects of mask use. However, it was updated several times, shifting from initial statements that face masks are not to be worn by healthy individuals toward gradual adoption of face masks as useful in slowing community transmission. In particular, “…WHO has updated its guidance to advise that to prevent COVID-19 transmission effectively in areas of community transmission, governments should encourage the general public to wear masks in specific situations and settings as part of a comprehensive approach to suppress SARS-CoV-2 transmission” ( 7 ). Gradually, face mask use has been recognized as a suitable measure within the scientific community ( 8 – 12 ), if nothing else due to the application of the “precautionary principle” in the face of an acute crisis ( 13 , 14 ). This has since been backed up by empirical observations ( 15 , 16 ).

Different, mandatory or voluntary, practices, and contradictory indications about the utility of face mask wearing were introduced across affected countries. Generally speaking, face masks have been adopted as one of the measures to reduce the COVID-19 spread across Europe, despite the fact that wearing masks in Europe is not common or familiar, and it is often associated with Asian countries ( 17 ). The social conventions and personal meanings of face mask use have received relatively little attention. Its use is deeply connected to social and cultural practices, as well as political, ethical, and health-related concerns, personal, and social meanings ( 18 , 19 ).

In this study, our aim was to address three aspects of face mask wearing—public policies, individual behaviors and attitudes, and the collective experiences of the affected communities. In order to develop insights into the wider meanings of face mask wearing beyond (just) preventing the spread of infection, we tapped into the expertise of a scholarly interdisciplinary network, the Navigating Knowledge Landscapes—NKL ( http://knowledge-landscapes.hiim.hr/ ), predominantly consisting of Europe-based scholars. The network is dedicated to furthering research on topics related to medicine, health, and society and comprises academics working across the disciplinary spectrum. We invited NKL members in May 2020 to provide their observations on the topic, also based on their professional experience. They were asked to describe the face mask usage in their countries and provide their subjective standpoints and/or those from their social environment. Subsequently, these testimonies within the specific time window (May 2020) containing narratives on face masks from the contributing experts were thematically analyzed using the method of qualitative descriptive analysis ( 20 , 21 ).

Materials and Methods

The invitation to write their views about face mask wearing was sent by e-mail to 97 experts, all members of the interdisciplinary research network Navigating Knowledge Landscapes (NKL; http://knowledge-landscapes.hiim.hr/ ). The invitation was sent on May 11, 2020, and the responses were collected until May 26, 2020 (over 16 days' period). The experts were asked to contribute a single-page narrative structured in four parts, framed as follows:

• Part 1: What are the rules adopted in your country about face mask wearing? What would be the overall approach for use of the face masks in your community (government instructions, availability, the citizen compliance)?

• Part 2: What is your individual/personal attitude and practice in relation to face masks? If applicable, start with good practice and end with what you consider to be mistakes.

• Part 3: How do you judge the behavior of people you encounter? Face masks (or no face masks) and interpersonal interactions. Again, start with positive and end with negative.

• Part 4 (optional): free to say whatever you think is important to the practices of your community in relation to face masks.

Twenty-nine scholars responded (30% of those invited), providing 27 contributions (two contributions were coauthored). They were from 22 countries, 20 from Europe (Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, and United Kingdom) and two from Asia (China and South Korea). The contributors belonged to the following academic disciplines: biology (2), economics (1), engineering (2), information systems (1), law (1), medicine (6), philosophy (5), psychology (1), and sociology (10).

The contributors as experts are all highly educated (Ph.D., holders or Ph.D., students), and most of them are employed in academic institutions and perform research activities in their respective disciplines. The authors of this study were among the contributors.

The testimonials were based on the aforementioned open-ended questions and narrative in style. “Face mask” was used as the umbrella term for all types of face coverings, from the custom-made cotton scarves to disposable surgical masks and medical-grade N95 respirators. This was done to preserve the authenticity of these narratives without going into detail about the medical or microbiological features of the different types of face coverings. In the same way, grammatical or vocabulary use of non-native English speakers was kept as it was. The contributions received were collected and published as a citable open-source dataset at Mendeley Data repository ( 22 ).

The contributions were thematically analyzed by employing a qualitative descriptive approach ( 23 ). We chose this method because it aimed to provide “rich descriptions about a phenomenon, which little may be known about” [( 23 ), p. 3] and was particularly useful for exploratory research such as our study. It is characterized by staying close to the empirical data, instead of seeking to provide a more conceptual interpretation of the phenomenon in question. Moreover, open-ended questions address different aspects of the same topic and allow formulating answers that could let respondents to frame face mask wearing according to their own personal views ( 24 ).

Concerning the thematic analysis, we divided testimonials in three categories. The first category captured the situation in the respondent's country; the subcategories we were interested in were the regulatory framework and the supply situation in each respective country. The second category captured experts' own use of masks. Here we focused in particular on whether and in which situations they reported to wear (or not wear) masks, what kind of face covering they used, and the meaning they ascribed to masks (e.g., mask wearing as a symbol of social cohesion). Third, we categorized the participants' accounts regarding the practices and attitudes of mask wearing they observed in others. We created an MS Excel file in which we collected the respondents' statements on these different categories. In a subsequent step, we analyzed the data for patterns and recurring topics. We looked for country-specific differences and similarities in regulations and practices. Moreover, we also paid close attention to how the experts made sense of their experiences with mask wearing and how the issues addressed were expressed (e.g., experts referring to folk stories, metaphors, or past incidents). When presenting our research results, we focused on the topics we identified as prevalent through our inductive analysis, and we contextualized it based on the published research.

The narratives analyzed in this study were given with the full consent of the people who wrote them and were made available for public access as an open-source repository for the research purpose ( 22 ). All the authors provided their consent that the narratives are published in the repository under their full name and affiliation and that they can be used for research purposes. The authors were cited here under their full names, recognizing their authorship of the narratives and their contribution to the dataset collection. The study received ethical approvals from the Ethical Committees of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK and the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies, Croatia.

Face Mask Wearing From Medical to Public Settings

The use of a face mask—of various specifications according to the required degree of protection/function—is part of the PPE required in several professional activities, most noticeable in healthcare. One of the participants in this study, who works in healthcare, described her own experience in terms of the caring features of the face masks from medical to communal setting.

“ As an obstetrician–gynecologist, I am used with the mask, I feel it a part of my professional life, and I am trying to convince people that there is no way of considering the mask as an enemy but as a protection-like and umbrella against the rain, like a coat against the cold—and as a sign of civilization to protect our colleges and people around.” [Iuliana Ceausu, Romania]

The contextual transfer of face mask use from healthcare settings to public spaces is precisely the aspect of making the “outside world” closely resemble scientific apparatus. This includes measuring its success as a feature of the social power derived from the accuracy of the scientific prediction. For instance, Latour ( 25 ) specifically examines the public nature of Pasteur's demonstration of the efficacy of the process of animal vaccination by making a “prophecy” that vaccinated cattle on a pilot farm will survive, while other infected animals will perish. In the same way, the (anecdotally) apparent success of the use of face masks reinforces the belief in their utility and efficacy:

“ The people working in the shops would use the masks too… I see familiar faces of the employees all the times of lockdown, although they spend all time in the shop with many different customers, obviously they did not get sick. This was for me a major reassuring fact that the danger is not so high as it could be seen from the media.” [Srećko Gajović, Croatia]

It is worth remembering here the significant number of deaths of inadequately protected healthcare workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in various countries, mainly due to the lack of the appropriate PPE supplies ( 26 ).

The Politics of a Face Mask

Following initial confusion around the utility of face masks for slowing down the spread of COVID-19 pandemic, there is increasing scientific evidence to support citizens' wearing of face coverings, albeit the public health advice and legislation vary from country to country. A recent study in Germany indicated that a mandatory approach to face mask wearing achieved better compliance than voluntary one, and it was perceived as an effective, fair, and socially responsible measure ( 27 ).

In our study, accordingly, the reported country policies differed across rather a wide spectrum of approaches—ranging from legally mandated instructions to cover one's face in all public spaces reinforced by financial penalties (i.e., payable fines), to recommendations only, official indifference, or advice against this practice ( Table 1 ). We were interested how these policies related to the concurrent COVID-19 situation expressed as total number and increase of cases per million people in these countries during the period when experts made their contributions. We observed an obvious trend showing that the countries with more strict rules had better epidemiological situation than those not mandating the face mask usage ( Table 1 ).

Table 1 . Perception of the official policies on face mask usage in May 2020.

In some countries, face mask–related policies did not need to be prescribed as this was part of existing established habits; in the same way, no fines are necessary to get people to wash their hands. In particular, since the SARS epidemic in 2003, in many Asian countries, masks are customary wear used to protect against seasonal flu and the common cold. In China and South Korea, they are also employed to protect citizens from pollutants ( 17 , 29 ).

“ In South Korea, it is common to wear a mask to keep the cold from getting worse in the winter and to prevent the spread of cold to others. Also, as the yellow dust from China and fine dust became much severe, it was common for many people, especially children, to wear masks even before the corona crisis. For this reason, many families even had a lot of masks in their homes before the corona crisis. Personally, I'm familiar with wearing a mask, and I'd like to wear it in order not to harm other people, as I may be a potential patient.” [Jiwon Shim, South Korea]

In contrast, in the West, the use of face masks is rare in social settings. Hence, because of the public visibility of face mask usage, face masks became an ideological symbol in some countries, with divergent political mindsets governing their adaption or rejection ( 17 ). Political dividing lines were particularly apparent in the United States, where the President refused to wear a mask until the last days of July 2020, when the floundering poll numbers and the increasing numbers of COVID-19 cases prompted the need to recommend this health protection device ( 30 ). Thus, in the United States and elsewhere, face masks were used by citizens to express their opinions in public.

“ At the beginning of the pandemic, the use of masks had political connotations: since the government advised against their use, their wearing was even considered a form of political opinion.” [Iñigo de Miguel Beriain, Spain]

The public statement made by wearing (or not wearing) the face mask did not only address the political standpoints but have also been used to communicate various societally relevant statements, i.e., stating ethnical, religious, or cultural affiliations ( 31 ). For instance, many countries that before COVID-19 banned face coverings in public spaces are now mandating it, supporting the idea that the past bans were motivated on the basis of religious/cultural beliefs ( 17 ).

“ Ethical and moral dilemmas have already risen, especially in countries where Muslim minorities live. If you ban a burka covering the face due to security reasons, how would you deal with massive usage of face masks?” [Gentian Vyshka, Albania]

“ The decision to wear a face mask is not an easy one. Traditionally, face coverings are an indicator of political persuasion and religious belief. I perceive that the widespread covering of one's face in public is a significant cultural and social shift in Ireland.” [Ciara Heavin, Ireland]

“To Wear a Face Mask, or Not to Wear a Face Mask, That Is the Question…”

The collected narratives indicated that the contributors had a clear standpoint on their own face mask usage and developed arguments to support their decisions to wear or not to wear face masks.

“ As soon as I leave the house and find myself in the supermarket or in public places, I wear a mask. However, I do not wear a mask when I take a walk in the forest. I started wearing it even before it became mandatory. I think it is important to wear masks, especially to avoid endangering others, e.g., elderly people. I find it unspeakable when people who wear masks are ridiculed by those who do not wear masks. At least that's what happened to me in the beginning, before the mask duty… Many thought that the people wearing masks would want to protect themselves in particular. Very few thought that people wearing masks wanted to protect their social environment.” [Melike Sahinol, Turkey]

“ My personal view is that as long as the spread of the virus is under control (as it currently is), there is no need to make the masks obligatory. I personally have not worn a mask (have not purchased any either) with the exception of when I visited healthcare institution (provided by them). I must also say, though, that none of my family members are considered a vulnerable population. If my grandmother would live with us, I might think differently.” [Kadri Simm, Estonia]

What was exemplified in many narratives is that individual usage is not meant predominantly for an individual's self-protection, but the decision was based on people's relationship to others. The citizens' question “should I protect myself” evolved into “can I protect the others?”

“ I wear disposable masks, understanding they protect others from me, more than me from others. I wear them to demonstrate responsible behavior and attitude to benefit of society.” [Predrag Pale, Croatia]

The experiences of interaction with others in relation to face mask wearing were mentioned frequently, indicating the importance of the social context of individual behavior.

“ I experienced cases when my request to keep distance or to take on a mask properly was treated offensively or as a sign of mistrust…” [Christina Nasadyuk, Ukraine]

“ I put it on when I go to the grocery store because at the early stage of the pandemic, I was warned by the lady working at the counter that I am putting her life ‘in danger by not wearing a mask.' Obviously, I did not want to take chances with her life again, so I purchased one of those cloth masks.” [Vanja Kopilaš, Croatia]

However, many testimonies pointed out that masks have not been used properly. The health risks of incorrectly wearing a face mask represent an important argument against the use of face masks as a public health measure ( 32 ).

“ …25% wore masks improperly, on their necks, or covering only their mouths, but not noses. …They do not know how to put the mask on, and when they remove their masks, they touch the outside of the mask, which is inappropriate and wrong.” [Izet Mašić, Bosnia and Herzegovina]

“ Also, one can observe many cases of half-compliance or sham compliance. For instance, people do wear masks, but slide them down onto their chins or take them off completely while talking to someone on the street or speaking on the phone. And this is all a performance, keeping their masks somewhere within reach in case of the sudden emergence of police officers, who are indeed issuing fines for not wearing a mask.” [Aleksandra Głos, Poland]

This is even more complicated in situations when face masks were scarce (the stocks gradually improved through time in all examined locales).

“ During the early stages of disease progression, mask wearing was not a common practice, mainly due to the complete absence and highly inflated prices in stores.” [Rostyslav Bilyy, Ukraine]

“ I do not use face mask. In the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in Norway, my understanding was that available masks should be reserved for people in the health and caring sector.” [Anna Lydia Svalastog, Norway]

“ I think the biggest concern is that the mask has been in short supply for a long time, and that its trade has not been subject to official pricing, so prices have been uncontrolled… The mask was in short supply when emergency was announced, but it is now available in many places and can be obtained at the checkout of almost every grocery store if someone started shopping without it.” [Norbert Buzas, Hungary]

The shortage of masks ignited a burst of creativity in producing homemade masks, with a proliferation of tutorials for their production on the Internet and social media.

“ Nowhere was possible to come to the face masks. Typical situation: the government did announce decree, but it did not provide the means for its implementation. We as ordinary citizens need to improvise with needlework of masks at home as well. Taking in regard that immediately rapacious war profiteers did appear by selling masks the needlework of masks at home was even not the worst solution.” [Franc Mali, Slovenia]

“ Although during the first weeks there was lack of masks and respirators, it was great how many people proved their creativity. It concerned not only the textile reusable masks, but also design and development of respirators with higher level of protection. They were mostly printed on 3D printers. Later on, some of the approved types were taken by larger producers, and mass production started.” [Lenka Lhotska, Czechia]

Mask Wearing at the Interface of Personal and Social Responsibility

Besides being shaped by public discourse and social norms, risk perception also has a strong personal element. Some people seem like they do not care; others are quite relaxed, and some are more cautious. As for COVID-19, conflicting perspectives and emotions and even the psychological entrapment syndrome known as “cabin fever” (i.e., referencing long winter isolation in a small cabin) have been reported ( 33 ). Here, restricted microenvironments and quarantine are felt as secure places. The additional challenges were noticeable during the shift from the lockdown phase and the beginning of the so-called “phase 2” or “reopening” when people were allowed to leave their home again.

“ ‘Convivere,' i.e., ‘live together with' the virus is the expression used by experts and media, to describe the phase 2, but this narrative could result quite distressing: how glad would someone be when living with a submicroscopic entity, that is such dangerous?” [Lucia Martinelli, Italy]

During this second phase, going back to living with “the others” demands new social behavior/etiquette combined with increased safety measures. The face masks start to be part of the new everyday rituals of saying hello, having a coffee together, and protecting each other. The role of peers in shaping the behavior of others is significant. People not committed to wearing mask can feel peers' pressure to comply. Moreover, “a collapse between the status of being at risk and being a risk ” was noted ( 34 – 36 ).

“ The face mask, I realize, signals both positions, at the same time as it doesn't provide a definite answer: are you the risk object or the object at risk? Saying this, my individual attitude toward face masks cannot be pried apart from the social acceptance and use of the same. As long as the nonuse of face masks constitutes the norm, I will most likely interpret the usage as deviant and worrying. On the other hand, if the vast majority of the Swedish population would wear face masks, I would most likely start wearing a face mask as well. Here, the mass effect kicks in.” [Jennie Olofsson, Sweden]

“ The massive use of the masks among Albanian citizens… has become a normal well-adopted ritual of surviving, implemented as of a social significance for ‘not letting the virus in.' This social cohesion on the intrapersonal view as ‘to scare the virus” and ‘fear of an enemy' comes close to a group approach of ‘control and stability.' This ritual of social cohesion vis-à-vis the ‘fear of death' or ‘fear of the unknowing' is a similar to a psychological regression, when the individual survival depended largely from the herd.” [Gentian Vyshka, Albania]

“ For me, unlike other measures to contain the spread of the virus, the wearing of masks is predominantly a symbol of social cohesion and complying with the rules and not so much a measure to effectively protect myself and others from infection. The few times I saw someone without a mask entering a supermarket or the metro, my first thoughts were about social deviance and the arrogance of ignoring a commonly agreed-upon practice, and not about the risk of infection.” [Mirjam Pot & Barbara Prainsack, Austria]

Individual and collective responsibility and trust in the institutions and in the official assessment of risks and recommendations as to the adopted measures are crucial to build up a degree of epistemic agreement ( 37 ). However, this is perhaps more challenging in a contested environment of “recommendation trust” ( 38 ), which likely depends on communicating certainty ( 39 ), of which very little has been seen during COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the acceptance of official advice varied among countries, cultures, and political contexts, with some degree of contradiction.

“ In general, there seems to be a relatively wide acceptance of government recommendations, but a very patchy uptake. Though the Scottish Government advice is trusted more than that from the UK Government, significant generational and cultural differences can be seen as to its implementation… in a multicultural society such as Scotland, there are some subtle differences between people from different cultural backgrounds and traditions who are either more accustomed to follow stricter government instructions, or from cultures where face mask wearing is more commonplace.” [Matjaž Vidmar, Scotland, UK]

“ Finally, as an anecdote, I would mention the recent case of expelling an opposition MP from the Assembly because he did not have a mask on his face, although the Prime Minister who warned the MP did not have a mask either.” [Zoran Todorović, Serbia]

The pandemic also seems to have reminded many people about the responsibility of humanity toward the preservation of all the living organisms and, as recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 40 ), that our health is closely connected to the health of whole environment.

“ We should see ourselves as the most important participants and the biggest beneficiaries of public health, so we should take expert advice—wear mask. In other word, under this special situation, we need to work with medical experts, government to co-build a safe, harmonious and orderly living world with ‘One Health' concept, rather to resist or despise it.” [Bie Ying Long, China]

The Face Mask: A New Barrier Affecting Social Relations?

If we assume that in the near future we will be used to living with the pandemic, or even a series of pandemics, we are currently developing new norms for social interaction. Being with other people and enjoying their company are essential for our mental and physical well-being. How do these interactions include face mask usage? What will socializing look like in the era of physical distancing (i.e., “keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household”) ( 41 )? These issues are being recognized as particularly challenging.

“ We must reinforce the message that face masks do not remove (or even reduce) the need for social distancing as well as excellent hand and respiratory hygiene. We need to avoid a situation where face masks become a weapon that could negatively impact our fight against this invisible enemy.” [Ciara Heavin, Ireland]

“ I believe the benefits of face masks may be overestimated and lead us into a false sense of security in which we take unwarranted risks—such as touching more objects and neglecting handwashing or going outside when suffering from a cough or cold. Therefore, my preference would be to give greater attention to other steps such as providing screens and visors for workers in public facing roles and reinforcing protective mechanisms around social distancing.” [Helena Webb & Sue Ziebland, England, UK]

“ Since the use of a mask started to become widespread, people seem to feel safer and unfortunately are more at risk, for example, not maintaining physical distance, making appointments with extended family and friends, etc.” [Helena Machado, Portugal]

Not all evidence is in support of above assessments that face masks bring about a (false) sense of security. In a recent study conducted in the Italian Venice metropolitan area, wearing a mask has proven to be a visual factor strengthening physical distancing as a public health measure ( 3 ). Between February 24 and April 29, 2020, distances have been measured by an operator wearing an exclusive sensor-based “social distancing belt.” They were interchangeably “unmasked,” “masked,” “do it yourself (DIY)-masked,” “goggles masked,” and “goggles DIY-masked.” Results show that people tended to stay closer to an unmasked person, while mask wearing tended to increase the physical distance. This paradox is explained by considering humans' intrinsic social nature that favors social vs. antisocial behaviors ( 3 ). Wearing a mask thus can turn unconscious social behavior into conscious antisocial behavior.

“ I believe that due to the extraordinarity of wearing face coverings in public spaces in Scotland, these do not encourage an undue feeling of ‘safety' by their use, rather the reverse. Hence, with full awareness that the evidence for being protected by this measure is not there, rather, I hope that by wearing a face covering, I may remind (or even deter) others from breaking social distancing rules.” [Matjaž Vidmar, Scotland, UK]

Marchiori's study ( 3 ) also suggests that distance increases with face mask wearing, thus supporting the importance of visual stimuli as a signal of danger. This fact recalled in the mind of our colleague, Bie Ying Long, the ancient Chinese tale of “The Blind Man Who Lights a Lantern While He Walks in the Night,” which proposes a “wise” interpretation of action as interplay of altruism and self-interest ( 42 ). When people asked a blind man for the reason why was he carrying a large lantern when he traveled at night, he replied that while day and night were not different to him, carrying a lantern while walking in the night was for the sake of everyone. For him, the lantern provided protection from other people, allowing them to avoid bumping into him. For others, carrying a lantern shone a light on them and let them walk more securely.

“ In the present, we should learn the kind of survival wisdom of the blind man in the story. To wear a mask proactively does not mean ‘I'm infected with the virus,' rather to protect my own health. At the same time, it is a reminder to others that we are still in a time of crisis; we need to pay highly attention to our health and life safety very seriously.” [Bie Ying Long, China]

However, face mask use may have adverse systemic effects, as well:

“ The use of a mask is seen as an act of responsibility and altruism. However, I notice that people with masks tend to avoid personal interaction and to decrease the time they talk to each other. They avoid looking at others.” [Helena Machado, Portugal]

“ The syntagm social distancing is problematic because it symbolically transforms the rule of physical distance into the subversion or deconstruing of social ties. Face masks are strongly related to this implicated meaning. The human estrangement as a part of the ‘COVID-19 regime' is the reason I have been more annoyed by some people strongly emphasizing the need for masks and physical distance than by those exhibiting the lack of interest for the personal protection against the infection.” [Renata Šribar, Slovenia]

In this framework, institutional health communication plays a crucial role in motivating citizens to wear face masks and use them properly (i.e., how to handle it and how to cover one's mouth and nose), as well as to respect physical distancing and hygiene procedures. Here, the choices of narratives by public health system officials play a crucial role. Accordingly, the expression “social distance” tends to be avoided nowadays. “Physical distancing” has been adopted by the WHO, which they define as keeping a distance and avoiding spending time in crowded places or in groups ( 43 ). More distressing expressions such as “avoiding all unnecessary contacts” and “unnecessary contacts with the others” are used in some official advices ( 44 ). These messages may appear authoritarian, by intruding in the personal space of what is “unnecessary” and about who are “the others” when considering social contacts and human relations.

Conversely, an interesting example for motivating the correct use of face masks is the communication campaign “Per tornare tutti insieme a sorridere” [To get back to smiling together] by the Italian Health Ministry ( 45 ). This message designed to stimulate feelings of mutual protection and solidarity among relatives, as well as among strangers. Motivation is crucial because, as we have demonstrated, a face mask can be perceived as both a physical and psychological barrier, particularly in countries where covering one's face is not a common habit.

Wearing a face mask, in fact, makes it hard to recognize if someone is smiling at you and to acknowledge non-verbal communication and emotions shared with facial expressions. This limitation has been noticed in the interactions with older, fragile, and cognitively impaired persons/patients, communication with whom strongly relies on body language ( 46 ). Not only in these contexts, but also in relation to day-to-day activities, especially with strangers, new communication skills are necessary, such as direct eye contact ( 47 ) and body gestures. Moreover, to communicate with those with hearing loss, special transparent masks have been proposed ( 48 ). As the fear of infection makes us more distrustful of strangers and even of friends and family members, to achieve the social interaction we were used to before the pandemic, a new demonstration of care and affection should be conceived.

“ When I walk and nobody is around me, I do not have my mask on the mouth and nose; however, when I'm approaching people, I pose it in the proper way and smile (with my eyes): I consider this a sort of ‘greetings and courtesy nod,' a way to say ‘I care for your health, do not be afraid by me, we will help each other.' I consider it as a message of solidarity.” [Lucia Martinelli, Italy]

Although a “simple” face mask may not be considered in or of itself a sophisticated technological artifact, its systemic use in healthcare settings, its past adopted use in certain social contexts, and the current significant expansion of its application to public health measures (as evidenced through the testimonies and literature outlined above), it can be understood as a facet of a substantial technoscientific project. Importantly, face mask use in the case of COVID-19 has an obvious medical/healthcare connotation, even though face masks are used in many professions to protect the workers against inhaling dust or harmful substances. In fact, many mask types worn during the pandemic come from non-medical supplies (the standard “filtering face-piece” or FFP1 and FFP2 models). However, it is the medical-grade masks that serve as a reference point for all other (varieties of) face coverings.

Face mask wearing can be conceived within the practice of extending the medical science into the “outside world,” by making the behaviors and rituals of the society/culture more alike the scientific (laboratory) practices ( 25 ). The ideological repertoires used in doing so, however, depend critically on cultural differences among societies being thus transformed, and understanding them can help contextualize the political and social dimensions of implementing this public health measure. Such understanding can also serve as a resource for the introduction of other measures, as well as the uptake of face mask wearing in environments where it has not yet been adopted. In short, face masks are being recognized as boundary objects mediating between different individual and collective ideologies ( 31 ) and are as such artifacts with distinct politics ( 49 ).

The aim of this exploratory study was to understand face mask wearing in terms of public policies, individual behaviors and attitudes, and the collective experiences of the affected communities. The main results of our study highlight that the societal and personal practices of wearing (or not wearing) face masks are influenced by ( 1 ) individual perceptions of infection risk, ( 2 ) personal interpretations of responsibility and solidarity, ( 3 ) cultural traditions and religious imprinting, and ( 4 ) the need of expressing self-identity.

First, even for individuals who might not be concerned for their personal health and safety, the wearing of a face mask often indicates a level of care and respect toward others. The decision about wearing a face mask is mediated by standpoints on utility of face masks based on scientific knowledge and/or in the absence of scientific consensus also on political beliefs ( 17 ).

Second, the behaviors of others were described in the collected testimonies in terms of societal responsibilities and rituals of social interaction, highlighting the role of peers in shaping the individual behavior. The narratives shine a light on the perceived balance between protecting oneself and social responsibility, reasserting the notion “If the people wearing masks are protecting you, isn't it right that you should protect them in return?” ( 17 ). However, this leads to inherent contradictions in the behavioral change required. The interchangeability of being at risk and being a risk is particularly striking ( 34 – 36 ), making face mask wearing both an act of self-interest as well as altruism ( 42 ). In a similar vein, what could be perceived previously as anti-sociable behavior may now be beneficial for societal well-being (protection against the pandemic) and, in fact, preferred ( 3 ).

Third, our analysis highlighted that many countries, specifically those in Europe, that previously banned face coverings in public spaces are now mandating them. Face mask wearing has enjoyed varying levels of acceptance across different cultural, governmental, and religious environments; however, even in our study, we could show that the strict rules correspond to the better epidemiological situation ( 50 ). Moreover, the voluntary policy and insufficient compliance can be perceived as less fair allowing individuals to compromise epidemiological measures, while a mandatory policy appears as an effective, fair, and socially responsible ( 27 ). Although the mask can become a symbol of the fight against the virus or of neglect, it remains controversial who and when should have the control on the use of the symbol ( 51 ).

Fourth, the use of face masks preventing the spread of the virus is complemented or even upgraded by the use of face mask as a visual communication tool during times of lockdown and isolation providing a new way to communicate during a pandemic. This covers both political statements in relation to states' public health measures, as well as personal expression of raising awareness, collective solidarity, or just as a part of new pandemic-related esthetic.

We hope that this research will help develop new frameworks to guide a more holistic approach to understanding and enabling behavioral change among citizens, as well as enabling new models for non-verbal communication, noting specific challenges such as disability ( 46 , 48 ). Recent articles highlight the need to develop new ways to communicate while wearing face masks through body language, particularly in terms of using eye contact to communicate emotion ( 52 , 53 ). Also, there is an opportunity to develop new ethical frameworks to guide collective and individual decision making around face coverings. For health policy makers, our study highlights that public messaging plays a crucial role in institutional health communication and that in-depth knowledge of various cultures and ethics concerning health habits are relevant to informing and developing reliable information resources and policies for citizens during a global health pandemic.

However, this study was not without limitations. We acknowledge that our sample is yet representative of a group of intellectuals with a higher level of education, and therefore, the data cannot be generalized to the whole society. The methods we applied for data collection and analysis, however, fit the aim of our research: to explore the broad range of personal and social meanings of mask wearing in different countries. Furthermore, our sample combines the professional and personal observations by health and other experts providing a unique interdisciplinary perspective on face masks. Although we asked standard questions, we let people answer them in freestyle. We did not ask our authors to alter, explain, or correct their narratives in any way.

As shown by the narratives, during the COVID-19 crisis, inconsistent information may influence citizens' level of perceived risk, thus resulting in excessive fear or denial of the reality of the pandemic ( 54 ). The credibility and the source of the information may be crucial to promoting citizen compliance and best practice of face mask wearing. Here, the need to better communicate the complexities of (un)certainty ( 39 ) may be a useful lesson for public health officials and experts building “recommendation trust” in their advice ( 38 ).

From a purely medical perspective, the effectiveness of measures to contain the spread of the virus is independent of the geographic area where these measures are implemented. From a social scientific perspective, however, individual and public health is always embedded, in particular social, cultural, and political contexts. Because of these influencing factors, health measures and devices are imbued with particular meanings that differ across countries. The specific meaning of a device, such as a mask, acquires also shapes how people deal with it and how they integrate it (or not) into their everyday routines and practices ( 55 ). Ultimately, this implies that studying the personal and social meaning of mask wearing in different contexts is also necessary for the assessment of the effectiveness of face masks as a public health measure.

In conclusion, our study points out the need of an in-depth understanding of the various social, cultural, religious, and ethical considerations on health habits and attitudes in a time of pandemics. Additional knowledge about the variety of personal and collective understanding of face mask wearing is essential for designing more effective health communication during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/9s6fm7vdbc.1 ( 22 ).

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethical Committees of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK and the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies, Croatia. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author Contributions

LM, VK, SG, CH, HM, NB, MP, and BP: designed the study. LM, VK, and SG: performed data acquisition, organization and analysis and wrote the first version of the manuscript. VK, MV, CH, HM, ZT, NB, MP, and BP: contributed to the interpretation of the results and critically revised manuscript. All authors approved the submission to the journal.

SG and VK acknowledge EU European Regional Development Fund, Operational Programme Competitiveness and Cohesion, grant agreement No.KK.01.1.1.01.0007, CoRE—Neuro, and awarded to University of Zagreb School of Medicine for financial support.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies for covering Ph.D. tuition fees for VK. We thank Navigating Knowledge Landscapes Network for providing the framework for the study.

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Keywords: COVID-19, face mask, physical distancing, health communication, personal protecting equipment

Citation: Martinelli L, Kopilaš V, Vidmar M, Heavin C, Machado H, Todorović Z, Buzas N, Pot M, Prainsack B and Gajović S (2021) Face Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Simple Protection Tool With Many Meanings. Front. Public Health 8:606635. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.606635

Received: 15 September 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020; Published: 13 January 2021.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2021 Martinelli, Kopilaš, Vidmar, Heavin, Machado, Todorović, Buzas, Pot, Prainsack and Gajović. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Srećko Gajović, srecko.gajovic@hiim.hr

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Most people wear a mask as part of their pandemic-altered routine. That’s 83% of Canadians and 67% of Americans by recent estimates . But there is a minority of people who don’t, and their voices and protestations are getting louder. Pushback against the simple face covering often hides many bones of contention.

The people against masks and their mandates make up a varied group. Studies in different countries are highlighting interesting trends within this movement. In Canada , it was people who supported the Bloc Québécois, a federal political party dedicated to promoting Quebec nationalism and sovereignty, who initially lagged behind the adoption of masks at the beginning of the pandemic, but it is now supporters of the Conservative party who, on average, tend to leave masks behind in larger numbers as time goes on. In the United States, imperfect surveys report that people who lean Democrat tend to favour the wearing of masks much more so than those who lean Republican. Researchers observing shoppers in the state of Wisconsin coming and going out of stores noticed that, on average, shoppers who looked like women and those who looked like older adults were more likely to be seen wearing a mask, but this imbalance disappeared when a mask mandate was enacted. Are women and older adults, in general, more likely to adopt protective measures during a pandemic? The literature on the SARS and H1N1 outbreaks is not conclusive on the subject, but many studies did indeed notice a trend, with elderly people, women, more educated individuals, and non-Whites being more likely to wear a mask and wash their hands. Again, these are trends: some women do not wear masks and many conservatives do.

I have seen a fire hose of arguments against the wearing of a mask during the pandemic, but I think these rationalizations can be sorted into five categories. The first has to do with “medical issues.” Some people complain their health condition makes it impossible for them to wear a mask. The Canadian Thoracic Society released a statement that unambiguously debunked the claim that wearing an ordinary face mask would cause a flare-up of an underlying lung condition but that also recommended that individuals who can’t tolerate wearing a mask avoid or minimize situations where they can’t physically distance. Similar recommendations were issued by Asthma Canada . While an N95 mask, which creates a tight seal around the nose and mouth, can make it hard to breathe for people with obstructive lung disease , this should not be the case with surgical masks and face coverings. The Quebec government recognizes that there are genuine exceptions to the mask requirement: people with physical disabilities making it impossible to put on or remove a mask by themselves, people with severe skin conditions aggravated by face coverings, people with facial deformities, and people who cannot understand the requirement or for whom wearing a mask causes significant distress.

The second category relates to people disliking how wearing a mask makes them feel. A study (which has not been peer reviewed yet but which looks methodologically sound) reported that, out of the more than 2,500 surveyed people living in the United States, men more often than women said they felt negative emotions while wearing a face covering, like feeling weak or not cool, although the difference between the genders was not massive. The solution to this line of thinking is unlikely to be shaming , though. Moralistic HIV-prevention campaigns of the past rarely achieved their goal. What we need is to show ways for the people who experience these negative emotions to preserve their values while wearing a mask. Masks with messages like “this mask is as useless as the governor” or “freedom doesn’t look like this” may look silly to many of us, but if they get the job done, I’m not sure there’s reason to complain.

The third category of anti-mask arguments is a pernicious one: distorting the science. A common justification is that COVID-19 is simply no worse than the flu; this is clearly not true . Some anti-mask protesters have even said that masks impair breathing (a claim debunked by many physicians on social media ) and that they breed illness, a bad argument that at least goes back to the 1918 San Francisco Anti-Mask League. A letter to the San Francisco Chronicle at the time complained that residents, who had to protect themselves from a pandemic strain of the flu, were being told “to wear masks and breathe foul air.” The solution often brought up, then as of now, is sunshine and nature, and while it is true that you are less likely to catch a respiratory virus while outside, immune systems don’t turn into magical fortresses when exposed to the Sun. Some anti-maskers even go so far as blaming people who got sick on their unhealthy behaviour, as if eating right and spending time outdoors are guarantees of a life free of viral infections. Many pseudoscientific arguments made to denounce the wearing of masks rely on motivated reasoning, this spell our brain falls under when it starts with a conclusion it likes and sorts through information to find supporting data.

Reasoning can be motivated by the belief that personal freedom is paramount, the fourth category of arguments. Some people claim not to be against masks per se but against governments (and sometimes businesses) mandating their adoption. It’s always funny to me that these same people presumably stop at red lights and stick to the right lane when driving but a new, freedom-eroding mandate during their lifetime is their back-breaking straw. It may boil down to a concept known as “reactance,” which is a knee-jerk reaction we all have, to varying degrees, when we feel our freedom is being limited. Waving the flag for freedom has become very popular with another reactionary group, the anti-vaccination movement .

Many conversations with anti-maskers as reported by journalists seem to devolve into the fifth and deepest category of arguments: that this is all part of a government conspiracy. Some outspoken anti-maskers believe this is just an exercise in compliance, with some erroneously claiming that Bill Gates is behind this entire pandemic. A recent French survey of 800 members of anti-mask Facebook groups conducted by Antoine Bristielle, a doctorate student at the French school Sciences Po Grenoble , is particularly alarming. He found that 52% of those surveyed said they believed in a global Zionist plot, an antisemitic conspiracy theory, compared to 22% of the general French population. These Facebook group members were also twice as likely as the general population to believe in the Great Replacement narrative, the far-right conspiracy theory that white people in Europe are being driven to extinction and replaced by immigrants. Grand conspiracy theories have always been with us but they tend to draw in more adherents in periods of great social anxiety, and a pandemic certainly qualifies as such.

So how do we get mask resisters to cover their nose and mouth in the middle of a serious public health crisis? There is no magic bullet. Shaming, as much as it can make us feel righteous, can backfire. Mask mandates seem to work well. Leading by example can be powerful. If I’m a conservative man who feels foolish wearing a mask, seeing other conservative men putting on a mask may encourage me to do so as well, which is why Trump publicly tweeting that masks have been called “patriotic” can be compelling to his followers. Making a variety of masks easily available can also help with uptake by removing one barrier to adoption. As for public figures and organizations spreading anti-mask propaganda, they must be publicly criticized, their statistics shown to be misleading and their bad logic exposed. Their harmful deception must be unmasked.

For those who want to delve deeper into “Fact-checking specific claims made about masks", click here

A flyer spreading misinformation about masks and COVID-19 is being distributed by unknown people in Montreal. It reads like a fire hose of false claims and deceptive statistics, a technique that lends credibility to pseudoscience and makes the work of tracking down and refuting all of these claims very time consuming. I decided to address the main anti-mask arguments listed in this flyer.

Claim: Experts say masks may interfere with normal breathing. It’s always possible to find the odd duck who goes against the grain for personal or political reasons, but no reasonable healthcare professional would argue that regular masks impair breathing. Surgeons and their staff regularly wear masks for hours on end with no impact on their oxygen levels. Medical masks filter out large particles like water droplets, but not tiny oxygen molecules. Some have argued that trapped moisture from the breath will make it harder to breathe through the mask, but this has been tested using N95 masks , which are much tighter around the nose and mouth than regular medical masks, and the researchers concluded that it was “unlikely that exhaled moisture will add significantly to the breathing resistance” of these masks after wearing them nonstop for four hours.

Claim: Masks can infect you by storing moisture. A wet mask will likely not work well as a barrier against microbes, which is why it should be discarded when wet, or washed and left to dry if reusable, as public health agencies recommend.

Claim: Masks can compromise your immune system. False. Our immune system is an incredibly rich and complex interplay of cells and chemical signals. Wearing a mask to go shopping has no impact on this system.

Claim: Masks can become contaminated from repeated use or misuse. This is true. But misusing a condom can also have serious consequences: this is not an argument against recommending their proper use.

Take-home message: - Even though people who don’t wear a mask during the COVID-19 pandemic tend to be younger, to be men, and to lean conservative politically, their group is actually quite diverse - The justifications used for not wearing a mask usually fit into five categories: claiming medical issues, experiencing negative feelings while wearing a mask, distorting the science, affirming personal freedom, and alleging that mask-wearing is part of a government conspiracy to tame the population - Solutions include mask mandates, leading by example, making masks widely available, avoiding shaming, and pushing back against blatant mask misinformation

@CrackedScience

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Office for science and society.

A New Turn in the Fight Over Masks

A crucial pandemic question is deceptively hard to answer.

An image of a kn95 mask hanging on a hook against a white wall

For many Americans, wearing a mask has become a relic. But fighting about masks, it seems, has not.

Masking has widely been seen as one of the best COVID precautions that people can take. Still, it has sparked ceaseless arguments: over mandates, what types of masks we should wear, and even how to wear them. A new review and meta- analysis of masking studies suggests that the detractors may have a point. The paper—a rigorous assessment of 78 studies—was published by Cochrane, an independent policy institution that has become well known for its reviews. The review’s authors found “little to no” evidence that masking at the population level reduced COVID infections, concluding that there is “uncertainty about the effects of face masks.” That result held when the researchers compared surgical masks with N95 masks, and when they compared surgical masks with nothing.

On Twitter, longtime critics of masking and mandates held this up as the proof they’d long waited for. The Washington Free Beacon , a conservative outlet, quoted a researcher who has called the analysis the “scientific nail in the coffin for mask mandates.” The vaccine skeptic Robert Malone used it to refute what he called “self-appointed ‘experts’” on masking. Some researchers weighed in with more nuanced interpretations , pointing out limitations in the review’s methods that made it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Even the CDC director, Rochelle Walensky, pushed back against the paper in congressional testimony this week, citing its small sample size of COVID-specific studies. The argument is heated and technical, and probably won’t be resolved anytime soon. But the fact that the fight is ongoing makes clear that there still isn’t a firm answer to among the most crucial of pandemic questions: Just how effective are masks at stopping COVID?

An important feature of Cochrane reviews is that they look only at “randomized controlled trials,” considered the gold standard for certain types of research because they compare the impact of one intervention with another while tightly controlling for biases and confounding variables. The trials considered in the review compared groups of people who masked with those who didn’t in an effort to estimate how effective masking is at blunting the spread of COVID in a general population. The population-level detail is important: It indicates uncertainty about whether requiring everyone to wear a mask makes a difference in viral spread. This is different from the impact of individual masking, which has been better researched . Doctors, after all, routinely mask when they’re around sick patients and do not seem to be infected more often than anyone else. “We have fairly decent evidence that masks can protect the wearer,” Jennifer Nuzzo, an epidemiologist at Brown University, told me. “Where I think it sort of falls apart is relating that to the population level.”

The research on individual masking generally shows what we have come to expect: High-quality masks provide a physical barrier between the wearer and infectious particles, if worn correctly. For instance, in one study, N95 masks were shown to block 57 to 90 percent of particles , depending on how well they fit; cloth and surgical masks are less effective . The caveat is that much of that support came from laboratory research and observational studies, which don’t account for the messiness of real life.

That the Cochrane review reasonably challenges the effectiveness of population-level masking doesn’t mean the findings of previous studies in support of masking are moot. A common theme among criticisms of the review is that it considered only a small number of studies by virtue of Cochrane’s standards; there just aren’t that many randomized controlled trials on COVID and masks. In fact, most of those included in the review are about the impact of masking on other respiratory illnesses, namely the flu. Although some similarities between the viruses are likely, Nuzzo explained on Twitter , COVID-specific trials would be ideal.

The handful of trials in the review that focus on COVID don’t show strong support for masking. One, from Bangladesh , which looked at both cloth and surgical masks, found a 9 percent decrease in symptomatic cases in masked versus unmasked groups (and a reanalysis of that study found signs of bias in the way the data were collected and interpreted); another, from Denmark , suggested that surgical masks offered no statistically significant protection at all.

Criticisms of the review posit that it might have come to a different conclusion if more and better-quality studies had been available. The paper’s authors acknowledge that the trials they considered were prone to bias and didn’t control for inconsistent adherence to the interventions. “The low to moderate certainty of evidence means our confidence in the effect estimate is limited, and that the true effect may be different from the observed estimate of the effect,” they concluded. If high-quality masks worn properly work well at an individual level, after all, then it stands to reason that high-quality masks worn properly by many people in any situation should indeed provide some level of protection.

Tom Jefferson, the review’s lead author, did not respond to a request for comment. But in a recent interview about the controversy, he stood by the practical implications of the new study. “There’s still no evidence that masks are effective during a pandemic,” he said.

Squaring all of this uncertainty with the support for masking and mandates early in the pandemic is difficult. Evidence for it was scarce in the early days of the pandemic, Nuzzo acknowledged, but health officials had to act. Transmission was high, and the costs of masking were seen as low; it was not immediately clear how inconvenient and unmanageable masks could be, especially in settings such as schools. Mask mandates have largely expired in most places, but it doesn’t hurt most people to err on the side of caution. Nuzzo still wears a mask in high-risk environments. “Will that prevent me from ever getting COVID? No,” she said, but it reduces her risk—and that’s good enough.

What is most frustrating about this masking uncertainty is that the pandemic has presented many opportunities for the U.S. to gather stronger data on the effects of population-level masking, but those studies have not happened. Masking policies were made on sound but limited data, and when decisions are made that way, “you need to continually assess whether those assumptions are correct,” Nuzzo said—much like how NASA collects huge amounts of data to prepare for all the things that could go wrong with a shuttle launch. Unfortunately, she said, “we don’t have Houston for the pandemic.”

Obtaining stronger data is still possible, though it won’t be easy. A major challenge of studying the effect of population-level masking in the real world is that people aren’t good at wearing masks, which of course is a problem with the effectiveness of masks too. It would be straightforward enough if you could guarantee that participants wore their masks perfectly and consistently throughout the study period. But in the real world, masks fit poorly and slip off noses, and people are generally eager to take them off whenever possible.

Ideally, the research needed to gather strong data—about masks, and other lingering pandemic questions—would be conducted through the government. The U.K., for example, has funded large randomized controlled trials of COVID drugs such as molnupiravir. So far, that doesn’t seem to have happened in the U.S. None of the new studies on masking included in the Cochrane review were funded by the U.S. government. “The fact that we never as a country really set up studies to answer the most pressing questions is a failure,” said Nuzzo. What the CDC could do is organize and fund a research network to study COVID, much like the centers of excellence the agency has for fields such as food safety and tuberculosis.

The window of opportunity hasn’t closed yet. The Cochrane review, for all of its controversy, is a reminder that more research on masking is needed, if only to address whether pro-mask policies warrant the rage they incite. You would think that the policy makers who encouraged masking would have made finding that support a priority. “If you’re going to burn your political capital, it’d be nice to have the evidence to say that it’s necessary,” Nuzzo said.

At this point, even the strongest possible evidence is unlikely to change some people’s behavior, considering how politicized the mask debate has become. But as a country, the lack of conclusive evidence leaves us ill-prepared for the next viral outbreak—COVID or otherwise. The risk is still low, but bird flu is showing troubling signs that it could make the jump from animals to humans. If it does, should officials be telling everyone to mask up? That America has never amassed good evidence to show the effect of population-level masking for COVID, Nuzzo said, has been a missed opportunity. The best time to learn more about masking is before we are asked to do it again.

Argumentative Essay: The Importance Of Wearing Mask In Covid-19 Pandemic

From the time we are born, rules are all around us. At home, at work, just existing in the United States of America has responsibilities. Children and teenagers are often saddled with rules like go to bed at 9pm, homework must be completed before hanging out with friends, do your chores, etc. Our government places rules on all of us, or more commonly known as laws, that ensures we are respectable citizens. The duties that we are encouraged to fulfil aren't hard, but break the rules and your life could go down the drain. People should always follow the rules because rules keep us sheltered, structured, and they allow us to grow safely in society.

Covid-19 took the world by storm almost a year ago. Everyone's lives changed and the battle against the pandemic has not been an easy one. Families were secluded from each other for months, jobs were thrown away, the government lost 2.6 trillion dollars, and more than 240 tons of PPE (masks,gloves, medical gowns) have polluted the only earth we have. Masks allegedly used to help stop the spread of Covid have been the topic of the most controversial conversations this year. Do they really work? Why do children under the age of 6 not have to wear masks? How often do I need to change my mask? So many questions, society acts as if it was an option to wear a mask. Over 35 states in the US have passed a mask mandate, making masks mandatory if you go anywhere. It may not be a law, but it is still a rule that us as citizens are expected to follow in order to keep stores and jobs in business. We also need to follow this law to keep us healthy and to not bring the virus into our homes. For those who are at high risk for catching Covid-19 and not surviving it, masks are the only things keeping them safe. The elderly don't stand much of a chance against the virus, their only hope is made of plastic and paper. The masks keep us safe, they allow us to go out in society and have a form of protection in such an unpredictable time. As a nation we are simply surviving the pandemic, and if it wasn't for those who continue to wear masks despite the inconvenience, we would still be suffering for years to come. In order to stop surviving and start living our lives again, the rules must be followed until there's another way to keep eachother safe.

The mask mandate is quite important to me, my grandma is one of those who are high risk. With stage 4 COPD, breathing easily isn't a luxury she has, she wouldn't survive Covid. She's the only grandma I have left, she's detrimentally important to me. I can't make sure that everyone in the Town of Prosper wears their mask, but I can make sure that I follow the rules and wear my mask whenever i'm out in public. Following the rules hasn't been very easy for me, especially as a child. I was quite a rebellious little thing, always keeping my parents on their feet and pushing the limits just to see how far I could go. I had the yearning to do exactly the opposite of whatever my parents would say, just to experience what would happen. A prime example of this took place around the age of 8, when Allie got caught fibbing. Halloween was in the air, the weather was warm and sparkles were all over the floor. I was a Barbie Princess for halloween and i was aching to sprint out the door and start the hunt for pounds of candy. As i'm rushing to grab my pillowcase and to get my mom to stop applying the bubblegum pink lipstick, my dad pulled me aside. Sternly, he told me I could only go out if all candy stayed downstairs and wrappers were thrown in the trash. “Agreeing” to his terms and conditions, I was out the door in .1 of a second. Hours went by, and my mom dragged me home after about 150 houses because she was tired. I had so much candy that part of my pillowcase had ripped, oh yeah sorting all of this out would be a treat! We returned home and I immediately darted upstairs with my sack of candy, only to be stopped by my dad at the top of the stairs. He confiscated my candy bag and sent me to shower. There was absolutely no way that I was going to sleep without any candy, so while they were asleep I found where he had stashed my candy bag and hauled it back to my room. Reeses, MnMs, Skittles, Gummy worms galore, I had it all, and the wrappers to prove it. I fell asleep on the floor and woke up to the candy bag being nowhere to be seen. I knew exactly what had happened and my stomach dropped to the floor. Waddling downstairs, my dad said my full name and was standing there with a purple spatula. 5 whoopings later, my mom donated all my candy because I didn't listen to my dad and not only ate candy when I wasn't supposed to but left a mess in my room.

I learned my lesson that day, to follow the rules because if you don't, your mom will donate all your candy. Rules are not to be messed around with, they are quite severe consequences for those that don't follow them and someone can get seriously hurt. Masks may not be convenient, they may be hot and itchy but they keep us all healthy and keeps the virus contained. People should always follow the rules because rules keep us sheltered, structured, and they allow us to grow safely in society.

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Attention-enhanced multiscale fusion for face mask-wearing detection

Kang, Dejian
Yang, Guangsong

Mask wearing is known as one of the most effective and convenient methods for preventing the transmission of viruses. Accurately determining whether a person is wearing a mask correctly is crucial in curbing the widespread transmission of viruses in public places. To address the limitations of traditional approaches, such as insufficient feature extraction and limited generalizability, an attention-enhanced multiscale fusion approach is proposed for assisting face mask-wearing detection. We first incorporate the simple, parameter-free attention module, adaptively spatial feature fusion module, and wise intersection over union loss function into a multiscale feature fusion framework, constructing the YSAW mask-wearing detection network, resulting in the development of the YSAW mask-wearing detection network. The network was then trained and evaluated on the WIDER face dataset and MAFA dataset, which includes faces, masks, and face masks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed YSAW network achieves mean average precision at intersection over union threshold 0.5 (mAP50=94.3%), indicating superior detection performance in comparison to existing methods.

deep learning;
object detection;
multiscale feature fusion;
attention mechanism

IMAGES

Essay on Importance of Wearing Mask| 10 lines essay| Short Essay
10 lines on Importance of wearing a mask // short essay / paragraph on wearing a mask for kids
How to wear a face mask: Dos and Don'ts
The Argument for Wearing Masks Forever
Masks We Wear
🌈 We wear the mask analysis line by line. We Wear The Mask Analysis

COMMENTS

Craft a Winning Argumentative Essay about Wearing Mask
A Few Arguments For Wearing A Mask. When writing an argumentative essay about wearing a mask, it's important to provide evidence-based facts and research that support your opinion. The following are some of the key arguments for why masks should be worn: Masks Reduce The Spread Of Infectious Diseases, Including Covid-19
The Importance of Wearing Masks
Firstly, wearing a mask may be harmful when the wearer suffers from either physical or mental illness that may be worsened by wearing masks. This may include people suffering from chronic pulmonary diseases (Geiss, 2021). Secondly, people with neurodevelopmental conditions may suffer from increased anxiety caused by wearing masks.
Arguments in favor of mask requirements during the ...
1 Masks reduce airborne spread of coronavirus. 1.1 Claim: Masks are needed until herd immunity is achieved through vaccination; 1.2 Claim: Masks effectively decrease the spread of air-borne particles that carry Covid-19; 1.3 Claim: People can be infected with COVID-19 and have no symptoms, so mask-wearing protects asymptomatic spread of the virus; 1.4 Claim: People should wear masks to be polite
Why Wearing a Mask is Important Argumentative Essay
The first reason on why I believe its important to wear mask is because, masks will bring down the amount of Covid cases because its covering you mouth and nose. The article "5 Reasons To Wear a Face Mask" by AARP states "A few studies highlight the power of widespread community use of face coverings. A report published in Health Affairs ...
How to Write an Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask
Writing an Argumentative Essay about Wearing Masks - 4 Easy Steps. Writing an argumentative essay about wearing masks can be simplified into four essential steps. Let's delve into each step: Thorough Research. Begin by conducting thorough research on mask-wearing, including its benefits, effectiveness, and potential drawbacks.
Why Should People Wear Masks? Persuasive Essay Example
The masks help if you're talking to someone close up, or if you sneeze the germs wouldn't be able to hit you. Wearing masks could cut the risk of getting Covid by 65 percent. I think a different way of dealing with Covid is by social distancing, and preventing touching objects that are usually touched like railings.
Arguments against mask requirements during the ...
Claim: Wearing masks can cause other health risks. Antonio I Lazzarino, medical doctor and epidemiologist : A letter to the editor of BMJ stated several side effects of wearing a mask. "(4) Wearing a face mask makes the exhaled air go into the eyes. This generates an uncomfortable feeling and an impulse to touch your eyes.
The 21 best arguments for wearing a mask
Masks are a defense against lousy social distancing. The sad reality is that as more people wear masks, they might start worrying less about social distancing. That's a mistake. Also, it's all ...
The Ethics of Mask-Wearing During the Coronavirus Pandemic
It might seem that, if masks are scarce, they should go to the people most at risk of suffering significantly from COVID-19. Primarily, that means older people, and especially those with ...
Yes, Wearing Masks Helps. Here's Why
N95 particulate respirator masks (left) block at least 95% of small airborne particulates in the air. However, they are still in short supply and should be reserved for medical workers. Surgical ...
The Ethical Argument For Wearing a Face Mask
Scholars divide the study of ethics into three main branches: virtue, deontological and consequential. All three can us help think about wearing a mask. Virtue ethics is about developing good ...
Universal masking for COVID-19: evidence, ethics and recommendations
Introduction. This commentary echoes the plea from Greenhalgh et al to encourage people to wear a disposable surgical mask (face mask) in the community. 1 There is limited clinical evidence that wearing a disposable face mask, enhancing hand hygiene practice or social distancing can reduce transmission of respiratory viral infections in the community, 2 3 although there is mechanistic basis ...
(DOC) argumentative essay on mask wearing
argumentative essay on mask wearing. Purpose: To present the position of people who supports mask wearing Key Idea: Wearing masks when going outside can help reduce the spread of the virus, prevent others from getting infected and lower risk of death.
Opinion
Requiring everyone to wear masks may seem as if it can't hurt, but experts shouldn't waste time and credibility enforcing measures if they won't have an impact. Bringing back masks for ...
Why do people oppose mask wearing? A comprehensive analysis of U.S
Additional reasons for the anti-mask attitude included "political beliefs" (12.2%), postulating that mask mandates were unconstitutional that infringed upon one's personal liberty, and were primarily politicians or the government's attempt to control the thinking and behavior of the people; "lack of mask-wearing culture" (9.6%), eg ...
Masked education? The benefits and burdens of wearing face masks in
An experimental study on the physical effects of wearing either a surgical or an N95/FFP-2 face mask was performed with 5 healthy male and 5 healthy female subjects, who performed intermittent exercise on a treadmill while wearing the protective facemasks in a climate chamber controlled at an air temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of ...
Essay on Importance of Wearing a Mask for COVID-19 Virus
Using face masks prevents the coronavirus particles from spreading even when an infected person coughs (Haleem et al. 78). Wearing masks is a crucial preventative strategy as it reduces the further spread of the COVID-19 virus. Masks are a vital measure to save lives and suppress the transmission of coronavirus.
Frontiers
10 Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. Wearing face masks is recommended as part of personal protective equipment and as a public health measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Their use, however, is deeply connected to social and cultural practices ...
Why Some People Choose Not to Wear a Mask
From feeling uncool to believing masks are an exercise in compliance, there are many reasons why a minority of people oppose masks while a respiratory virus kills hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. Most people wear a mask as part of their pandemic-altered routine. That's 83% of Canadians and 67% of Americans by recent estimates.
Argumentative Essay on Mask Mandates over COVID-19
Text one discusses this situation along lines 8-10 where it reads, "Studies from last school year show mask-wearing is an effective prevention strategy, according to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report updated in July. But when mask use is inconsistent, the CDC found, outbreaks can occur."
Mask Mandate Argumentative Essay
Argumentative Essay on The Mask Mandate with sources English 2010 maddi bernier should masks be mandated? under the recent circumstances of the pandemic that. ... Wearing a mask is one of the main practices that can help undertake the virus and keep the numbers of cases from increasing further. Therefore, masks should be mandated because it has ...
Somehow, the science on masks still isn't settled
Masking has widely been seen as one of the best COVID precautions that people can take. Still, it has sparked ceaseless arguments: over mandates, what types of masks we should wear, and even how ...
Argumentative Essay: The Importance Of Wearing Mask In ...
The duties that we are encouraged to fulfil aren't hard, but break the rules and your life could go down the drain. People should always follow the rules because rules keep us sheltered, structured, and they allow us to grow safely in society. Covid-19 took the world by storm almost a year ago. Everyone's lives changed and the battle against ...
Attention-enhanced multiscale fusion for face mask-wearing detection
Mask wearing is known as one of the most effective and convenient methods for preventing the transmission of viruses. Accurately determining whether a person is wearing a mask correctly is crucial in curbing the widespread transmission of viruses in public places. To address the limitations of traditional approaches, such as insufficient feature extraction and limited generalizability, an ...

Ready, Set, Argue: Craft a Convincing Argumentative Essay About Wearing Mask

What Do We Mean By an Argumentative Essay?

Purpose of Writing an Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask

A Few Arguments For Wearing A Mask

Masks Reduce The Spread Of Infectious Diseases, Including Covid-19

Masks Protect The Wearer From Airborne Particles That May Contain Harmful Viruses And Bacteria.

Wearing a Mask In Public Can Help Reduce Stress And Anxiety Associated

Best Arguments For Not Wearing A Mask

Wearing A Mask May Cause Physical Discomfort

Masks Are Not 100% Effective At Preventing The Spread Of Viruses

Wearing A Mask May Give People A False Sense Of Security

Arguments Against Masks In Schools

Wearing A Mask Can Be Disruptive And Uncomfortable For Students

The Use Of Masks In Schools Could Lead To Decreased Social Interaction

There Is Limited Scientific Evidence To Support The Use Of Masks In Schools

Examples Of Argumentative Essays About Wearing A Mask

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The Importance of Wearing Masks Essay

Crafting an Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask: Examples and Tips

What is an Argumentative Essay?

Purpose of Writing an Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask

Best Arguments in Favor of Wearing a Mask

Wearing a Mask Protects others Around You

Wearing a Mask can Help Reduce Stress Levels

Wearing a Mask is Quick and Easy

Increases Compliance with Social Distancing Guidelines

Best Arguments for not Wearing a Mask

Argument #1: Wearing a Mask is Uncomfortable

Argument #2: Not Enough Scientific Evidence

Argument #3: Civil Liberties/Rights Violation

Argument #4: Masks Reduce Oxygen Intake

Argument #5: Masks Make People Fearful

Arguments Against Wearing Masks in Schools

Writing an Argumentative Essay about Wearing Masks - 4 Easy Steps

Thorough Research

Introduction

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Examples of Argumentative Essay About Wearing a Mask

Tips To Write an Argumentative Essay about Wearing Masks

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Why Should People Wear Masks? Persuasive Essay Example

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Mask requirements are not necessary to stop the spread of coronavirus

Claim: There is insufficient data to support that mask requirements effectively prevent the spread of coronavirus

Claim: The curve has been successfully flattened in areas without mask requirements

Claim: Mask requirements risk deemphasizing other necessary public health measures

Claim: Mask requirements disincentivize vaccinations

Claim: Mask-wearing mandates encourage people to pursue risky behaviors and activities that could spread COVID-19

Claim: Mask requirements are an overreach of government power and are unconstitutional

Claim: Mask requirements are a slippery slope and will lead to more government mandates, bureaucracy, and regulations

Claim: Wearing masks can cause other health risks

Claim: Wearing of masks can generate racist reactions

Claim: Mask wearing inhibits communication and children's social development

Additional reading

Claim: Mask mandates are immoral laws by government-imposed to control human behavior and personal development

Claim: Local mask laws with unclear enforcement mechanisms are ineffective, counter-productive, and potentially dangerous for employees

Claim: Mask mandates for businesses require employees to enforce laws

Claim: Colleges and universities should not ask students to report violations of Covid-19 rules

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