how to sign post an essay

Better Essays: Signposting

Improving your essays

Explore how to structure your assignments, introduce new topics and take your reader on a journey

Essays can be considered a journey from the introduction to the conclusion. You're the driver, your readers are the passengers, and signposts are the roads you choose to take. The principles discussed here apply to most types of assignment.

Not signposting your essay is a bit like sleeping on a journey and only waking up occasionally – it can be disorientating. You'll wonder where you are and how you got there. Your tutors can feel this way if your content isn't clearly signposted.

The examples below are suggestions and you don't need to reproduce them exactly; each word and phrase has a precise meaning so you should check their meaning before you use them. Most of these terms can be used in any section of an essay, but some will suits particular fields more than others.

What signposting means

Signposting means using words to tell your reader about the content of your essay to help them understand as clearly as possible. Here are three examples of signposts and what they mean:

Types of signposting

You can signposting using single words, short phrases, long phrases, or whole sentences. Examples of each are provided below:

• single words: however, furthermore, initially
• short phrases: in contrast, in conclusion, an additional point is
• sentence: Having discussed the reliability of the research, this report will next address its validity.

Signposting in the introduction, body and conclusion

These lists include some terms you could use for signposting in your introduction, main body and conclusion.

Signposting in the introduction

You could use an opening statement like this to signpost your introduction: 

This essay will:

It will then: 

To quantify what your essay will do, you could say: 'This essay will address three aspects'. You could also signpost how this will be done, for example: 'This essay will attempt to determine whether cats are better pets than dogs by analysing studies of their behaviour.'  

Signposting in the body

These examples show a word or phrase and what it tells the reader:

• 'This essay will now' — introduces what is next
• 'Furthermore' — takes the point, issue, or data further
• 'In contrast' — includes a strong alternative or challenge 
• 'However' — adds an alternative or challenge, but less strongly than the phrase 'In contrast'

Signposting don't always have a statement of intent (like 'It will then', or 'In addition'). You could say: 'Cats are often seen as less affectionate than dogs'.

Signposting in conclusions

You can use many terms and phrases from the introduction and main body of your essay in the conclusion too, but not all of them are appropriate. You shouldn't introduce new material in a conclusion and can use the past perfect tense ('This essay has focused on') or present tense ('This essay shows that'). 

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Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both.  Topic sentences   reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.  Signposts , as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis. 

Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader

Forms of Topic Sentences

 Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.

Complex sentences.   Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.

 Although  Young Woman with a Water Pitcher  depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it. 

This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.  The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps information from previous paragraphs; the independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Ôrealistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order"). 

Questions.   Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).  Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

Bridge sentences.   Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle." 

Pivots.   Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written. 

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet,  The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train,  challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:

It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance.  Arrival of a Train  explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.

 The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain. 

Copyright 2000, Elizabeth Abrams, for the Writing Center at Harvard University

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Signposting words and Phrases to use in Essays

Every professor or instructor will tell you that they undoubtedly enjoy reading and grading an essay or academic task where signposting words and phrases have been used. This is a secret that only the top grade and talented students have discovered. It is the reason they score As.

Essays that have a logical flow, where signposting words and phrases have been used, are appealing to read. When you signpost, no one struggles to read through your essay, identify your thoughts, claims, counterclaims, and arguments. In the end, such essays achieve their intended purpose, which then earns you the best grade.

Any student who aspires to score the best grades for their essays must master the art of signposting. Not only in essays but also in other academic tasks, assignments, or homework. It is a skill that sets you miles ahead of the rest.

In this guide, we take you through the best practices of signposting using examples for illustration and deep understanding before giving you a list of signposting words and phrases.

What is signposting?

You are probably wondering, "what are signposts in writing?" Let us begin by defining signposting before we head on to focus on signpost examples. 

Signposting is a commonly used strategy when writing academic and professional papers. It refers to the use of phrases and words to guide readers through the content of a piece of written work such as an essay, research paper, term paper, proposal, or dissertation. It entails flagging the most significant parts of your arguments, signaling transitions, and clarifying any stakes of an argument.

Signposts are these words and phrases that help you articulate the structure of any given piece of writing to ensure that your writers flow with the ideas.

There are two classes of signposting: Major signposts and linking words and short phrases.

Major signposting entails the introduction , conclusion, and outlining of main arguments or the direction of arguments. It equally entails the use of opening phrases. On the other hand, linking words and short phrases encompass any connecting words that guide the readers through the main arguments by linking sentences, ideas, and paragraphs.

Example of signposting

To understand Biden's foreign policy for China, it is imperative to evaluate the policy direction of Trump's regime.

This example helps the reader to understand in advance that you will be taking them through the characteristics of Trump's foreign policy for China before exploring Biden's current foreign policy to China in a cross-comparative approach.

Another way to view the issue of global warming is'

In this example, you are trying to remind the reader that although you have covered some aspects of global warming, they should note another vital point.

How to Signpost in an Essay for more effortless Flow of Ideas

When you signpost, a reader whose mind is preoccupied can read your essay or piece of academic writing and understand your point without struggling. It is a bulletproof strategy that helps your readers comprehend each point. The readers can connect points, sentences, ideas, and paragraphs, which gives an ideal flow as they read.

Signposting also makes your writing enjoyable; you sound professional in your arguments. In addition, when you signpost, the structure of your essay, especially in the introduction, helps you present your arguments well.

Here are eight effective strategies , tips, and tricks you can use when signposting to write an essay that scores an A .

1. Use Verbs to Signpost

When introducing quotes or referring to the sources or references, use various verbs to signpost your readers that you are about to introduce a quote, then connect it to the main argument.

You can use verbs such as asserts, opines, contends, reasons, reports, concludes, demonstrates, claims, shows, concurs with, refutes, opposes, etc.

Be vigilant enough not to use the wrong verbs in a given context when using these verbs. Besides, ensure that you are precise. Use these verbs to endorse what the scholar said, refute or oppose what the scholar said, or compare the opinion of scholars on a given issue.

2. Use Retrospective Signposts to Reiterate

When writing an essay or dissertation, capturing your readers' attention becomes your ultimate goal. And while you capture their attention, you must also keep them motivated and engaged so they stick to your work.

One way to achieve this is by reminding the readers about the key points you have covered and where you are headed. You prepare your readers for what is coming.

You can use phrases such as "as is now evident," "as mentioned earlier," "in other words," "as a complement to the last point on," or "the main point is"

Using retrospective signposts can help you show how the previous points matter to the existing idea or argument. In addition, it helps the readers to take keen note of a point before introducing a new idea.

In most cases, you can do this at the end of paragraphs where you want to highlight the earlier point and expose its relevance to the essay question.

You can as well apply this strategy to your conclusion. Also, you can repeat complicated ideas, points, or arguments to avoid sparking controversy or creating abrupt surprises.

When you remind the readers about these key points, your intended direction, and your expected destination, you orient them through your reading to allow some good flow of ideas.

Repetition makes your readers get bored by reading something so many times. However, when you signpost these ideas, you help them see that you address a different point connected to the past ideas.

3. Effectively use Transitions

Transitions knit together ideas in an essay or academic writing task. Using transition words and phrases, you can link ideas in two sentences or paragraphs. You can use different transition words when writing, depending on your goal. Only ensure that your intention and the choice of a transition align.

You can illustrate your previous point using transitions such as 'for example,' 'for instance,' 'as an illustration,' or 'to further expound on.'

You can compare, show cause and consequence, or give additional points to what you have already covered. And when you use transitions, be wise enough not to overuse or place them for the sake of it.

Related Reading: How to write explosive compare and contrast essays.

4. Precisely use Signposts

Although signposting is intended for all the good reasons we have explained, your work will sound sloppy when abused. For instance, using words such as 'conversely' or 'however' in the wrong context makes you look foolish.

Resist any urge to sprinkle signposting words all over your written piece. Instead, you must be meticulous and link sentences, paragraphs, or ideas only when necessary.

Choose a transition or linking word that fits the context. For example, only use 'as a result' to signpost when the following idea is a consequence of an idea you previously wrote.

As usual, precise language will enable smooth and accurate communication with your audience; you must stick to it when writing your essay. 

Related Read: How to make good paragraphs in an essay.

5. Signpost in your introduction

 When signposting in the introduction, clearly elaborate:

• The overall aim of your essay, e.g., 'This essay argues'.'
• The main ideas you will discuss and in what order, e.g., 'First, second, third'.'
• The rationale of choosing your main argument for the topic, e.g., 'Given that'.' Or ''will form the key focus of this essay.'
• Quantify the content or aims of your essay, e.g., 'This essay discusses the three strategies'.'

In short, your introduction should present the essay's overall aim and share the points you discuss in the body paragraphs.

6. Signpost throughout the body paragraphs

You need to use paragraph breaks and subheadings to signpost through your essay. It is a way to keep the readers focused on the main points of your essay. However, you can only do this for long essays such as term papers, research papers, or dissertations.

Writing three to four sentences to effectively use paragraph breaks before starting another paragraph. Paragraph breaks are the single line space, indentation, or both that mark the end of one paragraph and the beginning of the next.

In your body paragraphs, you can tell your readers about specific points to come or what has been discussed already.

Example: Having discussed the overall direction of Trump's foreign policy, it is necessary to consider Biden's current policy.

You can equally use words and short phrases within the paragraphs. For example, you can use words such as 'Consequently,' 'as a result,' 'therefore,' 'alternatively,' or 'however' to signal direction.

7. Signpost in your conclusion

Like the introduction, the conclusion of an essay also plays a critical role - a signpost in your conclusion to bring some element of closure and close the loop for your readers.

To signpost well, look for the verbs you used in the introduction and use the same verbs in their past tense. For example,  "t his essay has discussed and concluded."

Ensure that your conclusion reminds the readers about the main points, arguments, and reasoning you have achieved in your essay and how your essay has answered the question.

A good essay outline should help you signpost ideas in your conclusion. That way, you can craft a conclusion that satisfies your readers' appetite.

8. Ensure that your topic is clear earlier on

Provide a rationale for choosing your topic early enough. Then, you have a few seconds to capture the attention of your readers, after which you either keep or lose their interest.

To have your readers engaged in reading your essay past the title, let the reader know the direction. Begin by writing a great hook , providing a detailed background, and explaining how the topic is relevant to your essay. Also, ensure that your main arguments are clear off the bat.

List of Signposting Words and Phrases for Essays

Now that you understand what it is, its significance, and various approaches to achieve it, let's have a quick look at the phrases and words or signposts that you can use in your essay.

Introducing new idea

• Firstly, secondly, thirdly'
• First, second, third'.
• The first/next/final section'
• The current debate'.
• The current issue'.

Adding similar points

• In addition
• On the same note

Specifying a particular idea

• Considering
• Specifically
• In particular
• More specifically
• In relation to
• In terms of
• With respect to

Giving examples or illustrating

• For instance
• For example
• As an illustration
• This can be explained by
• To further illustrate

Summarizing ideas

• To conclude
• As evident from the discussion
• As is clear from the discussion above
• To summarize
• In conclusion
• The main issue that is apparent
• The main points here
• It is clear that
• The strength of this approach

Making comparison

• On the one hand
• On the other hand
• Compared to
• In comparison
• In contrast
• This contrasts'
• This conflicts'
• This is contrary
• Another angle

Linking or developing a new idea

• Having said that'.
• Picking from the last point
• Having established
• To further understand'
• To elaborate further
• In addition to
• As well as'
• Another issue'
• Of equal importance
• Extending the argument further

Related Reading: How to write a compare and contrast essay.

Final Remarks

Signposting is a single ingredient that makes your essay stronger, more understandable, and more flowing. In addition, it improves the taste of your essay even when your instructor is in no good mood.

Using the signposting tips and tricks we have discussed can help you achieve so much, even when writing a short essay, as you would with a longer essay.

When creating a good flow, the instructor or professor can identify with your argument. You invite them to your world and keep them to the end of the essay. Even as you signpost, be meticulous just as you would with transition words. Ensure that you use it sparingly and as necessary.

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Effective Signposting

Signposts are words or phrases that help articulate the structure of a piece of writing and ensure that readers don’t get lost. Signposting will flag the most important parts of an argument, signal transitions, and clarify the stakes of an argument.

Here are some examples of helpful signposts:

“This essay examines biblical symbolism in Moby-Dick . . . ” This signpost states the focus of the essay .

“After a review of recent scholarship on biblical symbolism, I consider how Melville relates funerary symbolism to both death and rebirth . . . ” This signpost clarifies how the author’s focus is distinguished from previous scholarship .

“My purpose in focusing on Queequeg’s coffin . . . ” This signpost clarifies the stakes of the author’s argument .

Single words and short phrases can be useful signposts, such as additionally , consequently , however , also , in contrast . But make sure to use these words correctly. However should be used to pivot to an opposing idea or to acknowledge another side of an argument, and consequently indicates that an idea is a result or consequence of a previously discussed idea or point. Signposts that identify the sequence or direction of your argument can also be effective: for example, first , next , then , finally ; or first , second , third , and so on.

Using signposts can improve your writing by giving it structure and direction, but excessive signposting creates unnecessary wordiness and can give the impression that you don’t trust the reader’s ability to follow your argument or that you’re grafting signposts on to compensate for a poorly articulated argument. Here are some signposts that may do more harm than good:

“ It’s important to note that Melville’s treatment . . . ” Show, don’t tell, what is important.

“ What I want to call attention to in this passage . . . ” Skip the wordy opening; lead with “In this passage . . . ”

“ I will now turn to the pulpit of Father Mapple . . . ” If you’ve signposted your essay’s structure at its beginning, you don’t have to give directions throughout .

“ As I argued in the previous section, the symbolism of the white whale . . . ” If the point has been well made, your reader will remember it. Summarize it briefly, but you don’t need to mention the earlier section .

Early drafts of an essay are likely to include some extra signposting, because you may be developing and revising the essay’s structure as you write. For this reason, it’s a good idea to read the final draft of a piece of writing with an eye toward its transitions and signposts, to make sure that they support and clarify your argument. At this stage of revision, you can eliminate any wordy or excessive signposts.

Frank Nzewi 07 October 2021 AT 10:10 AM

This topic is useful to me, because it clarifies the use of signposting.

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Academic writing skills guide: signposting, transitions & linking words/phrases.

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What is Signposting in an Essay (+ 43 Signposting Words)

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Have you ever read any piece of academic work and come across phrases like “In this essay,” “this essay is about,” or “as we conclude?” These are signposting words or phrases, and we commonly use them in supporting points throughout an essay.

Essays need to have a logical flow and using signposting words can help you achieve that. They play an important role in keeping your readers focused on the point of discussion and the overall aim of the essay.

As a result, signposting in an essay is a technique you must have in your writing skillset . It is a surefire way to help readers understand your point or the connection between points, guide readers through your essay or remind them when you change direction and of key points.

In this article, we’ll dive deeper into what is signposting in an essay and also share 40 signposting words you can use.

Signposting in an Essay How It Works

Signposting gives your essays a certain flow and style that readers love. It shows how each point is connected, the link between paragraphs, what you are discussing, and where you are, so your readers can follow your essay with ease.

It involves using words and phrases that will require the reader much less concentration to understand your point.

Apart from helping the reader to easily follow your work, signposting in an essay makes your work enjoyable to read, as you will sound professional. Signposting the structure of your essay strengthens the presentation of your argument, especially when used in the introduction.

Here are six tips to keep in mind when using signposting words, to help you write an essay that stands out .

1. Address the main topic early on

You have only eight seconds to capture the reader’s attention. Besides, as little as 20% of readers read past the headline of an article or essay.

Your chances of having more people read past your essay headline lie in revealing to the reader where the text is heading early on.

Failure to do so, other things will distract them or they’ll begin to prejudice. As a result, don’t be afraid to tell readers what your essay is all about before you set off writing the meaty part of it.

For example, in your introduction, you can say, “this essay will discuss three factors affecting the gender pay gap...”.

2. Reiterate key points

As a writer, you can’t stop capturing your readers’ attention. You also need to keep them engaged and motivated to continue reading your essay.

You can achieve this by reminding your readers of where you are headed, key points, what you have covered, and what is coming. For example, you can use phrases like “the key point here is...” or “in other words...” or “I had already mentioned earlier that X == Y...”.

When you do so, it shows that the point matters and they need to take it into serious account. Another reason for reminding readers of the destination or key points is it brings them back to your essay just in case their minds wander away.

Consider also repeating complicated points—ones that are hard to comprehend because they may cause controversy or create unnecessary surprises.

Reminding readers of key points, destinations, and what you intend to write is a good orientation technique. So if you are talking about the same point, the reader will know from the repetition likewise, if you are talking about a different point.

3. Use paragraphs breaks and subheadings

Paragraph breaks and subheadings are also a form of signposting signals that keep readers focused on your essay by informing them when you are starting a new subsection or a new argument.

They are mostly ideal in longer essays such as research essays or after major headings like Methodology and Result which tend to get longer.

The trick around paragraph breaks is to use three to four paragraphs before starting another one. But we also know that some sentences will be shorter and others longer, so it is upon you to make the right judgment when using paragraph breaks or when splitting sentences.

Consider also using boldface to signal transition, while italics, underlining, and solid caps, keep the reader focused on your piece.

4. Use transitions well

Sometimes, a reader will easily understand how two sentences or paragraphs relate. Sometimes they won’t. If it is not obvious, make it obvious by adding transitions .

There are different transitions you can use to show different things. To illustrate a previous point, use “for example” or “for instance”.

To develop a point further, use “even more,” “in addition,” “furthermore,” or “similarly.” To contrast, a point, use “despite,” “however,” or “nevertheless.” This is just a snapshot. You can find more transitions in the next section of this text. Even so, cap the number of transitions you use to avoid boring the reader.

5. Write clear introductions and conclusions

Write clear introductions and conclusions . For instance, in the introduction, give the overall aim of the essay and share what will be discussed. In the body, signal what you intend to discuss and what is to come. Similarly, in conclusion, remind readers what you have discussed and whether you have answered the original question.

Essays tend to become complicated to read, and without a proper introduction and conclusion, your readers will lose interest.

It’s also a good idea to create an outline before you start drafting the essay. Outlines are like roadmaps. It gives your paper structure and guides you through the writing process.

6. Use signposting sparingly

The best way to communicate something to a reader more effectively and accurately is to use precise language and words. That is why it is prudent to carefully consider what words you are using and where in the text to place them. To avoid making your work look sloppy, avoid excessive signposting in an essay.

When you decide to link two paragraphs or two texts, think carefully about what words you would want to effectively convey your message. For example, if you choose a word like “in contrast,” ensure you want to add a strong alternative or challenge something. Do not use it if you want to add more weight to a previous point.

43 Signposting Words You Can Consider for your Essays

Having hinted at the importance of using signposting sparingly, we want to look at the common signposting words and phrases and where to use them to link your paragraphs or words so that your ideas have a logical connection and are easily understandable.

Here are the different ways you can use signposting, along with examples for inspiration.

A. To highlight a point

• Importantly
• More importantly
• Furthermore
• It is also important to highlight

B. Making a comparison

• In contrast
• On one hand
• On the other hand
• In comparison
• Another point to consider is
• Compared to

C. Summarizing

• In conclusion
• To summarize
• The (number) main points are

D. Giving an example

• For example
• This can be illustrated by
• For instance

E. Introducing a new perspective

• Illustrates

F. Adding a similar point

G. being more specific.

• In particular
• More specifically
• In relation to
• In terms of
• With respect to

In summary, we have discussed ways to make your writing or essay stronger, more easily understandable, and improve your writing as a whole through the use of signposting.

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When your professors find your line of reasoning and links between ideas easy to follow and understandable, they will be more engaged. You can achieve this by using signposting sparingly, adding paragraph breaks and subheadings, repeating key points and phrases, and revealing the main point or argument at the start of your essay.

Wondering how to submit a well-structured essay that doesn’t bore your readers? Write to us at Writers Per Hour and we’ll get our professional writers on the job. From researching and outlining to drafting the easy and revising it, you’re sure to receive A-grade essays.

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Writing academically: Signposting

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“Do not expect your reader to make the connections in your ideas ... make those connections explicit” Andy Gillet, Angela Hammond and Mary Martala, Successful Academic Writing

Signposting words and phrases are essential elements of academic writing - they make your writing flow. By making explicit how points are connected to each other you make it easier for your reader to follow your arguments . The reader is, after all, your marker and you don't want to make their job too hard. This page gives you a selection of common phrases that you can use to link together your paragraphs and so make logical connections between your ideas.

Signposts to introduce something new

One aspect which illustrates … can be identified as …

The current debate about … illustrates/identifies/highlights …

With regard to…/ with respect to…

Initially/secondly/finally, …

Continuing an argument with a related point

Furthermore, …

To further understand the role of …

In addition, …

Similarly, …

Likewise, …

What is more, …

Moreover, …

Another issue regarding … is …

Another line of thought on … is …

Going into more detail on a point/rephrasing

In particular, …

Specifically, …

Concentrating on …

By focusing on … in more detail, it is possible to …

To be more precise, …

In other words, …

To put simply … /To simplify, ...

Linking to a different point 

Having established …, it is possible to consider …

… is one key issue; another of equal/ similar importance/significance is …

Also of importance is the issue of …

Reintroducing a topic

As discussed/explained earlier, …

The earlier discussion on … can be developed further here, …

As stated previously, …

As noted above, …

Introducing an opposing/alternative view

However, …

Conversely, …

In contrast, …

Alternatively, …

Nevertheless/Nonetheless, …

An alternative perspective is given by … who suggests/argues that …

Despite this, …

This conflicts with the view held by …

Reasoning/summarising the point

Consequently/As a consequence, …

Accordingly, …

Therefore, …

What this means/suggests is...

It could be concluded that …

The strength of such an approach is that …

For this reason …

Evidently*, …

Clearly/It is clear that, …*

Naturally*, …

It is clear that* …

In short, …

From this, it can be concluded/inferred/suggested that …

The evidence highlights that …

------ *Only use such phrases if you really are sure that your arguments cannot be challenged.

These are just a selection of the phrases you can you to make your writing flow and to keep the reader with you and following your line of argument. Academics often complain about a lack of this in assignments they mark so make sure you use them in your writing.

Don't overdo it . Only use signposts when they add clarity to your work. Some students try to put a signposting word into every sentence which can actually obscure meaning.

Be precise . The signposting words have very specific meanings. Only use a word like 'consequently' if you really mean that the following sentence is a true consequence of the previous one!

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Explore different ways of guiding the reader through your assignment.

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Signposting language can help you guide the reader through your writing and make sure the order is clear and flows well. These are small words or phrases that help the reader follow your argument, understand the relationship between your ideas and anticipate what’s going to come next.

These words may not seem important, but they’re really the glue that holds a piece of writing together. Without signposting language, writing can lose direction, become confused and read like a series of unrelated points. Try reading the paragraph without them and see how it changes the meaning.

Signposting words are useful in the introduction to signal your structure, and echoed in the first lines of paragraphs to indicate how the paragraphs relate to each other. They are also useful at sentence level to make the links between them clear. There are different kinds of links and relationships, so you need to choose a signposting word that does the right job.

Signposting of order

You can use these kinds of signposting words to direct the reader through your writing, provide a ‘roadmap’ for the order in which you’re going to talk about things, help them keep on track throughout and remind them of key information or anticipate questions. This kind of signposting can be especially useful for introductions, conclusions and when transitioning from one big idea to another or talking about methods and procedures.

Informs readers of the writing’s overall structure.

• First/Firstly,…
• To begin with…
• Second/Secondly,…
• Afterwards,…
• Following this…
• To conclude,…

Helps readers anticipate content that’ll appear later in the writing.

• In the following section…
• As we shall see,…
• As explored below,…
• As will be explained later,…

Reminds readers of important information mentioned earlier.

• In the previous section,…
• As we have seen,…
• As demonstrated above,…
• As indicated earlier,…
• As discussed previously,…
• Prior to this,…
• Initially,…

Helps readers identify where they are in the writing’s overall structure.

• Turning now to…
• Moving on to…
• Having considered…we will now consider…
• It is now necessary to…
• This section identifies…

Signposting of relations

You can use these kinds of signposting words to show that you are constructing logical steps in your argument, show the relationship between ideas and make it clear to the reader where you’re identifying similarities and differences, cause and effect, summaries, examples or particularly important pieces of information.

Tells the reader that this point builds on the previous.

• As well as,…
• In addition…
• Additionally,…
• What is more…
• To elaborate,…

Tells the reader that this point is a further example of the previous.

• Similarly,…
• Just as…, so too…
• In the same way,…
• Correspondingly,…
• Complementary to this…

Prepares the reader for an example.

• For example,…
• For instance,…
• To illustrate,…
• In particular,
• …including…
• …as can be seen in…
• …as demonstrated by…
• …exemplifies…

Tells the reader that this point is in opposition to the previous.

• In contrast,…
• In comparison,…
• Conversely,…
• On the other hand,…
• Otherwise,…
• Alternatively,…
• Despite this,…
• Nonetheless,…
• Nevertheless,…
• That aside,…
• While this may be true…
• Notwithstanding…
• Then again,…
• On the contrary,…

Tells the reader that this point is a result of the previous.

• Therefore,…
• Consequently,…
• Accordingly,…
• As a result,…
• This means that…
• This causes…
• For this reason…
• Because of this…
• In view of this,…
• With this in mind…
• It can be seen that…
• Resulting from this…
• This suggests that…
• Subsequently,…

Prepares the reader for a summary of previous points.

• In summary,…
• Altogether,…
• On the whole,…
• To review,…

Provides the reader with another way of saying the same thing.

• In other words,…
• Better still,…
• Stated otherwise,…
• That is to say,…
• Put simply...
• To look at this another way....

Helps the reader identify key information.

• In particular,…
• Especially…
• Importantly,…
• Furthermore,…

Tips for using signposting language

Choose wisely.

Signposting words aren’t interchangeable and can be really confusing for the reader if used inappropriately. So make sure you choose the right word to reflect the relationship you’re trying to communicate.

Use deliberately

You don’t need to use a signposting word in every sentence, so before you do ask yourself if it helps make the meaning clearer, or just bogs down the writing.

Edit carefully

When you want to get the wordcount down, you might be tempted to get rid of signposting words first so you can keep more of the information. This might not be as useful as it seems, though, because lots of information without any signposting can make it really difficult for the reader to understand what you’re trying to say.

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More in this section

Find out how to structure an academic paragraph.

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Signposting in essays: A short guide

When should you signpost, signposting in conclusions.

• How to use signposts
• Conclusion and further reading

Signposting in an introduction

The signposts in your introduction should indicate:

• what is the overall aim of your essay ('This essay intends to...')
• what ideas or factors will be discussed and in what order ('Firstly... secondly... finally...').

You may also wish to:

• Justify why you have chosen to focus on certain aspects of a topic ('For this reason... will be the main focus of the essay.')
• Quantify your aims or the content of your essay ('This essay will discuss three approaches to the issue of...')

Signposting throughout an essay

Throughout an essay you will probably use two types of signposting: small and large scale.

1. Large Scale signposting tells the reader specifics about what is to come or what has gone before, for example:

'Having discussed the arguments in favour of the Third Way, it is also necessary to consider its limitations'. 

2. Small scale signposts are individual words or short phrases which help to signal direction, such as:

• Consequently
• As a result
• Alternatively
• Additionally

The conclusion should remind your reader of the line of reasoning you have guided them through, and how your essay has answered the original question. 

Verbs can be signposts, too

When introducing quotes or referring to other people's work, think about the verbs you can use. These can act as signposts to the reader in terms of how you feel about the theories or ideas you are discussing. 

For example:

Shoolbred (2013) demonstrates...

Cooper (2014) claims...

Verbs like 'shows' or 'demonstrates' give the impression that you are endorsing a scholar's viewpoint, whereas verbs like 'asserts' or 'claims' indicate that you might be about to challenge their perspective. Never use a verb like 'proves' if that person did not actually prove something. Additionally, be careful with words like 'portrays' and 'conveys'. Find out their exact meaning and use them wisely. 

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The Lexington Review

A Journal of Scholarly Writing from the Baruch College Writing Center

Signposting – Showing your reader where you’re going

Signposts , like traditional transitions, prepare a reader for changes in an essay’s direction. But rather than easing the shift from one paragraph to another, signposting signals a new section or mode of the writer’s argument. A signpost might, for example, indicate that the essay is:

• pausing for historical background or context;
• about to present a countering claim;
• raising a new question;
• turning to another writer’s ideas; or
• introducing a new method of analysis.

In addition to guiding readers, signposting also helps writers articulate and control arguments.

Here’s how one writer, John Baran , indicates how he will address a question he’s just raised:

“If an understanding of Madonna’s attraction to Kabbalah and how it affects her art is to be obtained, an explanation of Jewish Mysticism must be acquired first. Furthermore, in order to begin understanding Jewish Mysticism and its practices, it is imperative to examine some of the historical aspects of the oral traditions of Rabbinic Judaism” (Baran).

In these two sentences, the writer sketches two steps in his methodology. Firstly, he determines that the larger question of “Madonna’s attraction to Kabbalah and how it affects her art” requires knowledge of Jewish mysticism (sentence 1). In the second sentence, he gazes down the road a bit further, telling us that the first step in this knowledge of Jewish mysticism is a background in the “oral traditions of Rabbinic Judaism.” Not surprisingly, then, the next few paragraphs go on to provide this background. Notice that the writer not only alerts us to the upcoming sequence, but also marks its role in the larger project—exploring what all this has to do with Madonna’s work.

Later in this essay, the writer again signposts, this time to introduce a new source and indicate how he will use it:

“The expensive water and magic bracelets that [Kabbalah Center] members are obligated to purchase certainly are red flags, especially since both items are considered to hold powers of protection and healing. But the uses of such religious items are purely dogmatic, and the reasoning of dogma can only be argued by contrasting beliefs from other faiths. An argument against a religion which is based on the philosophy of another is not justification of declaring said religion a cult. Therefore, arguing about a religion’s spiritual practices may not lead to an answer. However, organizations such as The International Cultic Studies Association (ICSA) may supply some clarification and provide tools to assess a possible cult status” (Baran).

As the final sentence suggests, the writer moves from this paragraph into an assessment of Kabbalah Center practices using an ICSA text to generate evaluative criteria. His signpost thus indicates a turn to a new source and identifies the role it will play in developing the larger argument.

Next Steps:

If your essay needs some signposting, try this three-step process:

• Divide your essay into sections. Where are new sources or analytical methods introduced? Where are you setting up a sequence of background or historical context followed by analysis? Essentially, where do you shift from one kind of writerly work to another? Mark these turning points.
• Reflect on the whole. Now ask yourself how each turning point contributes to the larger essay. For example, John Baran writes that explaining the oral traditions of Rabbinic Judaism happens in order to help the reader understand Jewish mysticism. It’s important that you signpost not only to transition, but also to remind the reader of the essay’s organization. To do that, you need to know why each section does the work it does.
• Write the signposts.

Works Cited

Baran, John. “Mysticism and the Material Girl.”  Lexington Review . 1 Feb. 2010,  https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/lexingtonreview/journal/mysticism-and-the-material-girl/ .

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How To Use Signposting Words: Easy Vocab and Examples for Excellent Essays

by William Wadsworth | Oct 9, 2019

by William Wadsworth

The Cambridge-educated memory psychologist & study coach on a mission to help YOU ace your exams . Helping half a million students in 175+ countries every year to study smarter, not harder. Supercharge your studies today with our time-saving, grade-boosting “genius” study tips sheet .

Looking to take your essay to the next level WITHOUT learning a load of complex structures, knotty grammar and fancy vocabulary? It’s simple: start using signposting words and you’ll level up your essays, dissertations and assignments in no time at all!

And here’s how to use signposting words to improve your writing in 5 easy steps:

First up, what is signposting in writing?

Not sure what I’m talking about? It’s actually pretty simple:

Signposting in writing acts just like signposts on a hike! Imagine a handily placed wooden post that proudly proclaims “ You are here! Conclusion: 3 miles “.

Essentially, they stop your reader from getting lost in the forest of your words and arguments.

Using signposting in your essays is all about adding strategically placed words and phrases to create a clear map of your structure. You need to scatter them throughout the path of your essay to show your reader where they are in the discussion and what’s up next – just like the physical signposts that point the way on a hike!

There are two common uses for signposts in your writing:

• Firstly, to point out the structure of your overall essay or next section / chapter – usually in the introduction
• And secondly, to remind your reader of that structure and show how everything links together

You probably already use some signposting words and phrases naturally as you write. Did you spot how I used it in the bullet points above?

For a truly top-mark essay, it’s best to plan out where you want to put some signposts to make your essay as streamlined and persuasive as possible!

Why bother using signposting words? An example!

There are plenty of benefits to using signposting words and phrases in your writing!

Most importantly, signposting language improves the clarity and readability of your essay. These are both important things that help your examiner understand your argument as smoothly as possible (great for top marks!).

Your examiner / teacher won’t get lost, have to re-read a paragraph or two, get frustrated … and dock you marks ! All achieved by some simple, well-placed vocab.

Let me show you the power of using signposting words in your essay writing:

Take a look at this example of writing without any signposting language. It reads like a series of disjointed information. Do you understand it easily?

So how can we improve this paragraph, and make the structure of our argument crystal clear – simply by adding signposting words?

Take a look at the next version of this example, now with signposting – it’s so much easier to understand !

Thanks to History On The Net for refreshing my high school history to be able to write these examples…

You can see how the highlighted green signposting language immediately makes the listed causes and examples easily identifiable. As an added bonus: any vague phrases ( “several factors”, “these factors” ) have been clarified with specifics, and paragraph breaks make the structure obvious!

Signposting makes everyone happy – trust me!

Your examiners, teachers and tutors LOVE it when you use signposting. And not just because it makes their job easier! But because:

• Using signposting properly helps your writing s ound professional, establishing your authority and skill in your topic instantly . This is a great skill to develop before college applications are due!
• Plus, you’re creating a sense of anticipation for what is to come in your reader – you’ll make reading your arguments enjoyable!
• No one loves spending time marking, so by making your reader’s life easier, they may be inclined to generosity when it comes to awarding your mark.
• By making your argument and structure as clear as possible , you give yourself the best possible chance of getting all the credit you deserve! Both for the quality of the points you made, and the style with which you strung them together.

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How to use signposting words in your writing: 5 easy steps!

So, how to start incorporating signposting into your essays?

Remember that analogy between signposting language and actual signposts that keep you from getting lost on countryside hikes?

Well, it’s time to set out your latest essay draft on the table like an unchartered forest, and make a map ! Your signposting vocab list: that’s your stash of wooden arrows to hammer into the ground next to forks in the trees. Or (if you prefer different imagery) your Hansel and Gretel breadcrumbs, or luminous glow-sticks!

So grab a pen and some scrap paper for mapping out your overall structure and noting where you might need a signpost. And then start at the beginning 😊

Leave no reader behind!

Step 1: Give your reader the map

One of the most important places to add clear signposting words to your essay is right at the beginning, in the introduction.

This is where you hand your unsuspecting reader a map that shows them what to expect from the structure of your essay.

Here’s an example of structural signposting in an introduction:

“ This essay will explore the beautiful scenery surrounding Yorkshire’s magical Malham Cove. The analysis begins with a gentle riverside stroll to explore the argument surrounding the history of Janet’s Foss. This is followed by a short walk into the dramatic evaluation of five pros and cons of rock climbing at Gordale Scar . Next, this essay will examine the geological evidence during a scenic hilly stroll across to the beautiful Limestone Pavement at the top of Malham Cove. Finally, the conclusion will draw together the themes of history and tourism and will suggest that future walks should be finished at the pub in Malham.

Immediately, our reader (or hiker) will know to expect in order: an analysis, historical argument, five pros and cons, and an examination of the evidence. And they also know what themes and suggestions our conclusion will focus on – great for keeping their mind focused on these concepts as they read.

In our short WWI example above, the map is quite simple but clear. I started by saying that “ there were five interlinked causes ”. That’s all that was needed for our reader to know to watch for 5 signposts on the route!

Top tip : It’s important to be as specific as you can when signposting! Notice there were five causes, and five pros and cons. Not “ some causes “, not even “ the pros and cons “. That number is really helpful in setting out the map.

Here are some more examples of introductory signposting in action:

• “There are six reasons why…”
• “… happened in eight steps”
• “We need to evaluate three factors when deciding…”
• “There are two reasons to support X, and three reasons to support Y.”
• “There are three good reasons to …, but one strong reason not to”

A good introduction should include at least one sentence with signposting like this, to prepare your reader.

Want to learn some more kick-ass techniques for starting your essay off on the right foot ? Check out our guide to all things introduction, from mysteries and drama to facts and assumptions!

Step 1 BONUS: point out the sights for a more detailed map

For longer essays or dissertations, you might offer more than a single introductory paragraph.

In that case, part of your signposting might be a short description of what each area of discussion or chapter will cover :

• For example, heading back to the causes of WWI : if we were writing several long paragraphs exploring the historical context of each of the five causes, then setting all five out in the introduction would be helpful to the reader.

This style of signposting makes use of lots of listing words and phrases: firstly, secondly, this will be followed by … and is often presented in a long list following a colon ( : ) and separated by semi-colons ( ; ).

You might also give an overview of any facts and evidence explored, or theories questioned .

• Think of it like a note in your hike directions: “ Along this stretch of the river there have been several reported sightings of the elusive signposting moth, and this analysis will examine their validity in light of … “

This will give your reader a better understanding of the arguments within your overall structure – and fuel their anticipation!

Here are some examples of signposting phrases for complex arguments:

• “First, evidence for … will be put forward.”
• “ Second, I will discuss …”
• “This will lead, third, to an examination of…”
• “… which will be followed, fourth, by exploration of…”

Here’s a quick toolbox of useful verbs you can use to keep your writing varied when presenting more complex “maps” of this nature: discuss, divide, examine, explore, present, put forward evidence for .

Step 2: Show them where they are on your map

If you’ve given your reader a clear map at the start, then this step is simple to add to your essays! It’s the big “ YOU ARE HERE! ” marker on the map.

As you progress through your essay – and especially at the start of new sections:

You just refer back to the structure you told them you were following , and explain which section you are moving into as you make each fresh argument.

For a simple list of points (as in the First World War example above), this could be as simple as starting each paragraph with a s ignposting word that points to your list (in words, never a numeral!):

• “The first of these five underlying causes was …”
• “Secondly, imperialism, which often … “
• “Fourth, there was strong nationalism in …”

For longer essays, your reminder signposts might be as simple as repeating the purpose of this next section. State your signposting directly and clearly, for example:

• This analysis of the arguments surrounding the history of Janet’s Foss begins with …
• Following on from this dispute, it is necessary to examine the geological evidence found on the Limestone Pavement at the top of Malham Cove.

Even if a reader is skimming your essay quickly, it will still be obvious where they are in the overall structure of your argument. Even better, it makes it easy for them to skip ahead or go back to check an earlier point without getting totally lost.

Step 3: Use connectives to join up the journey

When it comes to effective essay writing, connective words are an important tool in your arsenal.

And connective words can be a great help when it comes to signposting too. Think of them as a thread you can use to connect your essay into a logical flow (detours included!).

Having a list of signposting connective words on hand is great for linking together points, paragraphs and arguments. You can use them to:

• Show contrasting sides of a debate
• Develop a point further
• Describe things in order
• Provide examples
• Demonstrate results

So to get you started, here’s a list of some of the top signposting words for connecting up your essay:

Here are some examples of how you can put together connecting signposting words at the start of a new section to indicate different things:

• Nevertheless, the following two counter-arguments are …
• Furthermore, we found that X was … as demonstrated by …
• Third, and in contrast, X was not a common feature of …

Step 4: Break up long journeys with paragraph breaks and subheadings

Nobody likes encountering a long and daunting wall of text.

Happily, paragraph breaks are a form of signposting in and of themselves. They show the reader when you are entering a new sub-section of your argument .

I’m not a big fan of a hard-and-fast rules about how many sentences a paragraph should contain: some sentences are short, others are long. Sometimes, a good paragraph might only be a couple of relatively long sentences. Other times, you might have five or six shorter ones.

If you’re not sure about the paragraph conventions of your writing genre, check out our ultimate guide to paragraph lengths for some specific advice!

In the meantime, remember that:

• Signposting will help to keep your essay clear even as you make longer, multi-paragraph points. Use connectives to indicate which paragraphs belong to which sections of your overall structure.
• In many areas of academia, there is an established protocol for headings (e.g. “Abstract / Introduction / Methodology / Results / Conclusion”).
• Feel free to add subheadings under these major headings if you feel it will help your reader, especially in the sections that tend to get longer, such as the Methodology and Results.

Top Tip: Make sure to check that your newly signposted sentences and paragraphs still make sense grammatically with available tools such as Grammarly * – even the free version will give your mistake-checking a boost!

5. Signpost the destination to conclude smartly

Finally, be sure to wrap things up with a clear conclusion statement that heralds your reader’s arrival back at the pub in Malham after their long (but hopefully enjoyable) hike!

You might begin with a phrase like this:

• To summarise
• In conclusion
• To conclude

Your conclusion might also remind the reader of all the sights they’ve strolled through – a sort of reverse of the introduction, in which all your threads are pulled together to support your concluding arguments.

Here are some examples of concluding signposting phrases in action:

“ Finally, to summarise the geological and historical debates surrounding the impact of tourism in Malham Cove …”

“In conclusion, while these five factors were powerful on their own, what in my opinion made them particularly dangerous was their interlinked nature, where one would fuel the other…”

And so, in conclusion…

…when used well, signposting words will help YOU do well in your essays this year.

Just remember to make it obvious, and be specific – especially when it comes to numbers!

And once you’ve got your essay written and signposted, check out my guides for successful proofreading , and printing and binding , to make sure that you hand in a winning assignment!

For more help becoming a phenomenal essay and exam-answers writer, I am currently accepting clients for 1:1 coaching – read more and get in touch here .

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Charting a path for your reader: How to signpost well

Most journal articles use the technique to help readers navigate the text.

• One comment

I am about to publish a journal article that comes from my dissertation, and the copy editor removed almost all my signposting. I was always taught to include signposting in my writing, so I’m pretty confused by these edits. Aren’t journal articles meant to have signposting? How do you know when you’re doing signposting well?   – Anonymous, Social Work

Dr. Editor’s response:

It’s interesting that your copy editor removed almost all your signposting, since it’s common for academic writing to have too little signposting, not too much! For readers of this column not familiar with the term “signposting,” it means using “words or phrases that help articulate the structure of a piece of writing and ensure that readers don’t get lost” ( Suffern, 2017 ). Signposting is usually recommended in academic research publishing, since this kind of signaling helps the reader to judge whether they want to invest time in reading your piece, while also making it easier for them to navigate the course of your text.

Without seeing what your copy editor cut, I can’t speak to the specifics of their decision-making, although you could certainly ask the editor at your journal for feedback from the copy editor on your signposting. But I can say that, yes, most journal articles are meant to have signposting – or, at least, in your discipline, social work, which doesn’t follow the IMRAD structure of scientific writing, journal articles should have signposting.

To learn more about how to signpost well, I spoke with Rachael Cayley, who has taught academic writing to graduate students in the graduate centre for academic communication at the University of Toronto for the past 15 years. Her book, Thriving as a Graduate Writer , comes out next month, and is available now for pre-order.

At the core of Dr. Cayley’s advice is a single tenet: “The job of a writer is to make the assimilation of material as easy as possible.” When it comes to signposting, here’s what that looks like in practice:

“I’m going to discuss …”

Your introductory paragraphs to your writing should describe your topic, your approach to that topic, and the contributions you’ll be adding to conversations about that topic. Some academic writers like to start with the background information to their topic; too often, this means the reader has no frame through which they can view and interpret that background. At its worst, this approach can sound like our undergraduates’ essays that begin, “Since the dawn of time …”.

Note, however, that you shouldn’t be making claims in your signposting, or providing evidence to support your claims – that’s too much detail. Instead, your signposting is pointing in the direction of your claims and evidence, describing to your reader the general topics they’ll find if they keep reading along the path of your text.

Giving your readers a sense of your topic, approach, and original contributions provides them with what Dr. Cayley calls “pre-understanding” – that is, a sense of the path your writing will take, on which they can then build their understanding of your work. Having “pre-understanding” makes the work of understanding easier to perform, which in turn makes your writing more persuasive and memorable.

In some disciplines, this level of clarity can feel inappropriate, as if complex topics always require complex prose. Dr. Cayley disagrees. While some academic writing, especially in the humanities, needs to break the rules of conventional discourse in order to convey their message, the opacity of much of academic writing is a norm, not a requirement. “For writers of theory, for instance,” says Dr. Cayley, “complexity can be an effect of the things that it is trying to do rather than an end in itself. There’s no reason you can’t write sentences like, ‘Being is an ineffable concept. In the next section, I will explore that ineffability by …’”

Will you write the phrase “I’m going to discuss” in your article’s signposting? No, probably not. If you need some example sentences or half-sentences to get your signpost-writing started, Dr. Cayley suggests spending some time with the University of Manchester’s Academic Phrasebank .

“The next step will be …”

In addition to describing your topic and approach, your signposting should provide your reader with a sense of structure. In Thriving as an Academic Writer , Dr. Cayley argues that readers of academic texts “tend to value explicit guidance. Readers need help understanding how you will be parceling out information. At the outset, a road map to your overarching structure can be invaluable. Along the way, guidance regarding the relationship between the current moment and the overall structure is crucial. Are you telling them something that has already been discussed or something new?” (p. 33)

There is, however, one caveat here. “The more predictable the text is, the less you need signposting,” says Dr. Cayley. In journal articles that follow a strict IMRAD structure, you don’t have to write, “First, I will review the relevant literature. Then, I will review my methods.” Because an IMRAD structure is conventional and well-known to academic readers, there’s no need for you to preview the structure of your piece. When you think about it, not all forms of academic writing necessarily include signposting: “It would be absurd to put signposting in something as compact as a grant application,” says Dr. Cayley – and I agree. If your journal article follows a predictable structure, dear letter-writer, that could be a reason your copy editor cut your words.

“As we have seen …”

As a final step to determining if you’ve signposted well, Dr. Cayley recommends dedicating a discrete step in your editing to reviewing your signposting. First, she says, go through your document and copy all the signposting, pasting it into a new document. Find every instance of “as we have seen …” and “now we’re going to see …”, and copy them over to your new file.

Then, read this new document, separately from the rest of your text. Does all the signposting still make sense? When you point to Thing A in a foreshadowing sentence, are you still pointing at Thing A in your reviewing sentence? If you aren’t, that’s a sign that your thinking has shifted during the writing process, and you’ll need to revise your signposting with careful attention.

Dr. Cayley’s Thriving as a Graduate Writer contains much more information about metadiscourse, signposting, and a range of effective writing strategies than can be conveyed in this brief article. For emerging academics struggling with structural issues, I specifically recommend this book’s fourth chapter, “Managing Structure: Helping the Reader Navigate Your Writing.”

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I’m not sure why advice is needed to follow this clumsy and inelegant way of writing, since most of the contemporary academic articles I encounter follow its precepts already, but I suppose it is useful to have it laid out officially, as it were.

In the past when I graded student essays and encountered this awkward kind of thing I would write “unnecessary intention statement” in the margin, but I surrender as far as marking is concerned. How can I convince them that a well-structured paper generates its own interior logic without the need to signal (sorry, “signpost”) “what I’m going to discuss” when *University Affairs* decides it’s not only appropriate but necessary? Did John Ruskin feel the need to “signpost”? How about Adrienne Rich? Umberto Eco?

Obviously most of us (i.e. me) cannot aspire to such heights, but I salute the copy-editor who removed all of this verbiage from the original piece, and wish the UA correspondent had taken their good direction. I may have to let this slide with my undergraduates, but I’m not going to succumb myself.

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• Knowledge Base
• How to structure an essay: Templates and tips

How to Structure an Essay | Tips & Templates

Published on September 18, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

The basic structure of an essay always consists of an introduction , a body , and a conclusion . But for many students, the most difficult part of structuring an essay is deciding how to organize information within the body.

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Table of contents

The basics of essay structure, chronological structure, compare-and-contrast structure, problems-methods-solutions structure, signposting to clarify your structure, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about essay structure.

There are two main things to keep in mind when working on your essay structure: making sure to include the right information in each part, and deciding how you’ll organize the information within the body.

Parts of an essay

The three parts that make up all essays are described in the table below.

Order of information

You’ll also have to consider how to present information within the body. There are a few general principles that can guide you here.

The first is that your argument should move from the simplest claim to the most complex . The body of a good argumentative essay often begins with simple and widely accepted claims, and then moves towards more complex and contentious ones.

For example, you might begin by describing a generally accepted philosophical concept, and then apply it to a new topic. The grounding in the general concept will allow the reader to understand your unique application of it.

The second principle is that background information should appear towards the beginning of your essay . General background is presented in the introduction. If you have additional background to present, this information will usually come at the start of the body.

The third principle is that everything in your essay should be relevant to the thesis . Ask yourself whether each piece of information advances your argument or provides necessary background. And make sure that the text clearly expresses each piece of information’s relevance.

The sections below present several organizational templates for essays: the chronological approach, the compare-and-contrast approach, and the problems-methods-solutions approach.

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The chronological approach (sometimes called the cause-and-effect approach) is probably the simplest way to structure an essay. It just means discussing events in the order in which they occurred, discussing how they are related (i.e. the cause and effect involved) as you go.

A chronological approach can be useful when your essay is about a series of events. Don’t rule out other approaches, though—even when the chronological approach is the obvious one, you might be able to bring out more with a different structure.

Explore the tabs below to see a general template and a specific example outline from an essay on the invention of the printing press.

• Thesis statement
• Discussion of event/period
• Consequences
• Importance of topic
• Strong closing statement
• Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages
• Background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press
• Thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation
• High levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe
• Literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites
• Consequence: this discouraged political and religious change
• Invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg
• Implications of the new technology for book production
• Consequence: Rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible
• Trend for translating the Bible into vernacular languages during the years following the printing press’s invention
• Luther’s own translation of the Bible during the Reformation
• Consequence: The large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics
• Summarize the history described
• Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period

Essays with two or more main subjects are often structured around comparing and contrasting . For example, a literary analysis essay might compare two different texts, and an argumentative essay might compare the strengths of different arguments.

There are two main ways of structuring a compare-and-contrast essay: the alternating method, and the block method.

Alternating

In the alternating method, each paragraph compares your subjects in terms of a specific point of comparison. These points of comparison are therefore what defines each paragraph.

The tabs below show a general template for this structure, and a specific example for an essay comparing and contrasting distance learning with traditional classroom learning.

• Synthesis of arguments
• Topical relevance of distance learning in lockdown
• Increasing prevalence of distance learning over the last decade
• Thesis statement: While distance learning has certain advantages, it introduces multiple new accessibility issues that must be addressed for it to be as effective as classroom learning
• Classroom learning: Ease of identifying difficulties and privately discussing them
• Distance learning: Difficulty of noticing and unobtrusively helping
• Classroom learning: Difficulties accessing the classroom (disability, distance travelled from home)
• Distance learning: Difficulties with online work (lack of tech literacy, unreliable connection, distractions)
• Classroom learning: Tends to encourage personal engagement among students and with teacher, more relaxed social environment
• Distance learning: Greater ability to reach out to teacher privately
• Sum up, emphasize that distance learning introduces more difficulties than it solves
• Stress the importance of addressing issues with distance learning as it becomes increasingly common
• Distance learning may prove to be the future, but it still has a long way to go

In the block method, each subject is covered all in one go, potentially across multiple paragraphs. For example, you might write two paragraphs about your first subject and then two about your second subject, making comparisons back to the first.

The tabs again show a general template, followed by another essay on distance learning, this time with the body structured in blocks.

• Point 1 (compare)
• Point 2 (compare)
• Point 3 (compare)
• Point 4 (compare)
• Advantages: Flexibility, accessibility
• Disadvantages: Discomfort, challenges for those with poor internet or tech literacy
• Advantages: Potential for teacher to discuss issues with a student in a separate private call
• Disadvantages: Difficulty of identifying struggling students and aiding them unobtrusively, lack of personal interaction among students
• Advantages: More accessible to those with low tech literacy, equality of all sharing one learning environment
• Disadvantages: Students must live close enough to attend, commutes may vary, classrooms not always accessible for disabled students
• Advantages: Ease of picking up on signs a student is struggling, more personal interaction among students
• Disadvantages: May be harder for students to approach teacher privately in person to raise issues

An essay that concerns a specific problem (practical or theoretical) may be structured according to the problems-methods-solutions approach.

This is just what it sounds like: You define the problem, characterize a method or theory that may solve it, and finally analyze the problem, using this method or theory to arrive at a solution. If the problem is theoretical, the solution might be the analysis you present in the essay itself; otherwise, you might just present a proposed solution.

The tabs below show a template for this structure and an example outline for an essay about the problem of fake news.

• Introduce the problem
• Provide background
• Describe your approach to solving it
• Define the problem precisely
• Describe why it’s important
• Indicate previous approaches to the problem
• Present your new approach, and why it’s better
• Apply the new method or theory to the problem
• Indicate the solution you arrive at by doing so
• Assess (potential or actual) effectiveness of solution
• Describe the implications
• Problem: The growth of “fake news” online
• Prevalence of polarized/conspiracy-focused news sources online
• Thesis statement: Rather than attempting to stamp out online fake news through social media moderation, an effective approach to combating it must work with educational institutions to improve media literacy
• Definition: Deliberate disinformation designed to spread virally online
• Popularization of the term, growth of the phenomenon
• Previous approaches: Labeling and moderation on social media platforms
• Critique: This approach feeds conspiracies; the real solution is to improve media literacy so users can better identify fake news
• Greater emphasis should be placed on media literacy education in schools
• This allows people to assess news sources independently, rather than just being told which ones to trust
• This is a long-term solution but could be highly effective
• It would require significant organization and investment, but would equip people to judge news sources more effectively
• Rather than trying to contain the spread of fake news, we must teach the next generation not to fall for it

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Signposting means guiding the reader through your essay with language that describes or hints at the structure of what follows.  It can help you clarify your structure for yourself as well as helping your reader follow your ideas.

The essay overview

In longer essays whose body is split into multiple named sections, the introduction often ends with an overview of the rest of the essay. This gives a brief description of the main idea or argument of each section.

The overview allows the reader to immediately understand what will be covered in the essay and in what order. Though it describes what  comes later in the text, it is generally written in the present tense . The following example is from a literary analysis essay on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein .

Transitions

Transition words and phrases are used throughout all good essays to link together different ideas. They help guide the reader through your text, and an essay that uses them effectively will be much easier to follow.

Various different relationships can be expressed by transition words, as shown in this example.

Because Hitler failed to respond to the British ultimatum, France and the UK declared war on Germany. Although it was an outcome the Allies had hoped to avoid, they were prepared to back up their ultimatum in order to combat the existential threat posed by the Third Reich.

Transition sentences may be included to transition between different paragraphs or sections of an essay. A good transition sentence moves the reader on to the next topic while indicating how it relates to the previous one.

… Distance learning, then, seems to improve accessibility in some ways while representing a step backwards in others.

However , considering the issue of personal interaction among students presents a different picture.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

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The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

An essay isn’t just a loose collection of facts and ideas. Instead, it should be centered on an overarching argument (summarized in your thesis statement ) that every part of the essay relates to.

The way you structure your essay is crucial to presenting your argument coherently. A well-structured essay helps your reader follow the logic of your ideas and understand your overall point.

Comparisons in essays are generally structured in one of two ways:

• The alternating method, where you compare your subjects side by side according to one specific aspect at a time.
• The block method, where you cover each subject separately in its entirety.

It’s also possible to combine both methods, for example by writing a full paragraph on each of your topics and then a final paragraph contrasting the two according to a specific metric.

You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay . However, if your ideas change or it becomes clear that your structure could be better, it’s okay to depart from your essay outline . Just make sure you know why you’re doing so.

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What is Signposting in an Essay

Table of contents.

Have you ever struggled to follow someone’s argument in their essay or struggled to organize your thoughts in your own writing? If so, then you may benefit from incorporating signposting into your writing. In this article, we will explore the definition of signposting in an essay, its importance, the different types of signposting, the benefits of using signposting, and how to effectively incorporate signposting into your writing.

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What is signposting in an essay?

Simply put, signposting in an essay means using words, phrases, or structures to guide your reader through your argument or narrative. By doing this, you make your writing more coherent and understandable. It helps the reader to see where they are in the essay and how the various parts relate to one another.

But why is signposting so essential in writing? Well, there are a few reasons. Firstly, it allows the writer to clarify their argument. When you use signposting, you make it clear what you’re trying to say and what you’re arguing for. This clarity is essential to help the reader understand your point of view and to make your writing more persuasive.

Secondly, signposting helps you present a clear and logical structure . By guiding the reader through your argument, you ensure that each part of the essay is connected and related to the previous and subsequent parts. This creates a cohesive and easy-to-follow essay that’s enjoyable to read.

Lastly, signposting makes the essay easier to read. It helps the reader to understand the flow of the essay and to avoid getting lost in the structure. This is especially important when you’re writing longer essays that require the reader to keep track of multiple ideas and arguments.

Types of Signposting

Transition Words and Phrases

One of the most common ways to use signposting is through the use of transitional words and phrases.

Transitional words and phrases are words that connect one idea to the next. They help to create a smooth flow between ideas and can be used to introduce or conclude an idea. They act as a bridge between different parts of your essay and make it easier for the reader to follow your argument.

For example, if you’re making a point and want to add more information to support it, you could use a transitional phrase like “additionally” or “furthermore.” These words signal to the reader that you’re going to provide additional information to support your point.

On the other hand, if you want to introduce a contrasting idea, you could use a transitional word like “however” or “although.” These words signal to the reader that you’re going to present a different point of view or idea.

Transitional words and phrases can also be used to conclude an idea or argument. For example, if you’re finishing up a point and want to transition to a new one, you could use a phrase like “in conclusion” or “finally.” These words signal to the reader that you’re wrapping up one idea and moving on to the next.

Some other examples of transitional words and phrases include “similarly,” “on the other hand,” “in addition to,” and “therefore.” By using these words and phrases, you can create a more cohesive and engaging essay that’s easy to read and follow.

So next time you’re writing an essay, try incorporating transitional words and phrases to create a smooth and logical flow between ideas. Your writing will be more coherent, and the reader will have an easier time following your argument.

Headings and Subheadings

Headings and subheadings are used to break up your essay into sections and to make it easier for the reader to navigate through your ideas. They can also help to provide a clear structure to your writing and to make your argument more organized and cohesive.

When using headings and subheadings, it’s important to make sure they’re clear and descriptive of the content that follows. For example, if you’re writing an essay on the effects of climate change, you could use headings such as “Introduction,” “Causes of Climate Change,” “Effects on the Environment,” and “Solutions.”

Headings and subheadings should be formatted consistently throughout your essay. Typically, main headings are centered and in bold font, while subheadings are indented and in italics or regular font. You can also use different levels of headings to create a hierarchical structure.

The use of headings and subheadings is especially important in longer essays, where the reader needs to keep track of multiple ideas and arguments. By using clear and descriptive headings, you can help the reader follow the flow of your argument and make it easier to find specific information within your essay.

In addition to being helpful for the reader, headings and subheadings can also make your essay more organized and easier to write. By breaking up your essay into sections, you can focus on one idea at a time and make sure that your argument flows logically and cohesively.

So next time you’re writing an essay, try incorporating headings and subheadings to create a clear and organized structure. Your essay will be more engaging and easier to follow, which will help you to communicate your ideas more effectively.

Topic Sentences

Topic sentences are sentences that introduce the main idea of a paragraph. They’re typically located at the beginning of the paragraph, and they help to signal to the reader what the paragraph is about. This makes it easier for the reader to understand the focus of the paragraph and how it relates to the essay’s overall argument.

For example, if you’re writing an essay on the importance of exercise, you could have a paragraph discussing the benefits of cardiovascular exercise. The topic sentence for this paragraph could be: “Cardiovascular exercise has numerous benefits for physical and mental health.” This sentence signals to the reader that the paragraph will be about the benefits of cardiovascular exercise.

Using topic sentences can make your writing more organized and easier to follow. They help to create a logical structure in your essay and ensure that each part of the essay is connected and related to the previous and subsequent parts.

Topic sentences can also help you stay focused when writing your essay. By starting each paragraph with a clear main idea, you can make sure that you stay on track and avoid going off on tangents.

In addition to being helpful for the reader, topic sentences can also make your writing more persuasive. By clearly stating your main ideas, you can make a stronger case for your argument and make it easier for the reader to understand your point of view.

Concluding Sentences

Concluding sentences are located at the end of a paragraph, and they summarize the main point of the paragraph. They’re the opposite of topic sentences, which introduce the main idea of a paragraph. Concluding sentences help to signal to the reader that the paragraph is ending and can also provide a smooth transition to the next point in the essay.

For example, if you’re writing an essay on the benefits of reading, you could have a paragraph discussing how reading can improve vocabulary. The concluding sentence for this paragraph could be: “In summary, reading is a great way to improve your vocabulary and expand your knowledge.” This sentence summarizes the main point of the paragraph and signals to the reader that the next paragraph will be about another benefit of reading.

Using concluding sentences can make your writing more organized and easier to follow. They help to provide closure to each paragraph and ensure that the reader understands the main point of the paragraph before moving on to the next one.

Concluding sentences can also help you to make your writing more persuasive. By summarizing the main point of the paragraph, you can reinforce your argument and make it more memorable for the reader.

In addition to being helpful for the reader, concluding sentences can also make your writing more engaging. By providing a smooth transition to the next point in the essay, you can keep the reader interested and ensure that they stay engaged with your writing.

Connectors and Discourse Markers

Connectors and discourse markers are words or phrases that establish the relationships between different parts of an essay. They help to create a cohesive and logical flow between ideas, and can be used to show cause and effect, contrast, or similarity.

For example, if you’re writing an essay on the effects of social media, you could use a connector like “because” to show cause and effect: “Because of the addictive nature of social media, users can experience negative effects on their mental health.” This sentence makes it clear that the addictive nature of social media is the cause of the negative effects on mental health.

On the other hand, you could use a discourse marker like “however” to show contrast: “Social media can be a great way to connect with others; however, it can also lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.” This sentence acknowledges the positive aspects of social media while also recognizing the potential negative effects.

Connectors and discourse markers can also be used to show similarity or emphasize a point. For example, you could use a connector like “similarly” to draw a comparison: “Similarly, television can also have negative effects on mental health.” This sentence draws a parallel between social media and television and shows that both can have negative effects.

Using connectors and discourse markers can make your writing more engaging and persuasive. They help to create a smooth and logical flow between ideas, and can make your argument more cohesive and easy to follow.

Benefits of Using Signposting in Your Essay

One of the main benefits of using signposting is that it ensures your writing is clear and easy to understand. Signposting helps the reader to follow the structure of your argument, which makes your writing more coherent. By using transitional words and phrases, headings and subheadings, topic sentences, and concluding sentences, you can guide the reader through your essay and ensure that each part is connected to the others.

Another benefit of using signposting is that it helps to create a logical structure in your writing. Signposting makes the essay more organized, and each part of the essay is connected and related to the previous and subsequent parts. This creates a more cohesive essay that’s enjoyable to read and easier to understand.

Using signposting also helps the reader to follow your argument. By guiding the reader through your essay, you can ensure that they understand your point of view and can engage with the content. Signposting also ensures that the reader does not get lost in the essay’s structure, which can be especially important in longer essays or complex arguments.

In addition to these benefits, using signposting can also make your writing more persuasive. By creating a clear and logical structure, you can make a stronger case for your argument and ensure that the reader understands your point of view.

How to Incorporate Signposting into Your Writing

To use signposting effectively, you should start with a clear and coherent argument. Identify the key points and ideas that support your argument and make sure that they are organized logically. Then, use the different types of signposting, such as transition words and phrases, headings and subheadings, and topic sentences to guide the reader through your argument.

One tip for using signposting effectively is to be consistent in your use of different types of signposting. Use a consistent format for headings and subheadings, and make sure that your use of transition words and phrases is consistent throughout the essay.

It’s also important to use signposting in a way that’s appropriate for the type of essay you are writing. In a persuasive essay, for example, you can use signposting to introduce the main arguments and their supporting evidence. In a narrative essay, signposting can be used to help the reader understand the different parts of the story and how they relate to each other. Regardless of the essay type, it’s important to use signposting consistently throughout the essay.

In addition to these tips, it’s also a good idea to use online tools and resources to help with the signposting process. Tools like Grammarly and Hemingway can help you identify areas where you can improve your writing, including your use of signposting.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

One of the most common mistakes is to overuse or misuse signposting. Overusing signposting can make the essay appear repetitive and confusing. Using too many transition words and phrases or unnecessary headings and subheadings can be overwhelming for the reader and detract from the main argument. It’s important to use signposting judiciously and only when necessary. Use it to guide the reader through the argument or narrative and avoid using it as filler content.

On the other hand, not including enough signposting in your work can also be a mistake. This can make the essay appear disorganized and difficult to follow. It’s important to use signposting throughout the essay to help guide the reader through your argument or narrative. This includes using transition words and phrases, clear and descriptive headings and subheadings, and topic sentences and concluding sentences. Without sufficient signposting, the reader may get lost in the essay’s structure and miss important information.

Another common mistake is not using signposting consistently throughout the essay. It’s important to use a consistent format for headings and subheadings and to use transition words and phrases consistently throughout the essay . This creates a more cohesive and logical structure, making it easier for the reader to follow your argument or narrative.

In conclusion, signposting is an essential element of effective writing. It helps to make the essay more coherent, understandable, and engaging. The different types of signposting, including transition words and phrases, headings and subheadings, topic sentences, concluding sentences, and connectors and discourse markers, can be used to guide the reader through the argument or narrative. By using signposting consistently throughout your writing, you can improve its clarity and organization. So next time you’re writing an essay, make sure to incorporate signposting to make your writing more effective and engaging.

• Last Edit 15 AUG 2023

Nick Radlinsky

Nick Radlinsky is a devoted educator, marketing specialist, and management expert with more than 15 years of experience in the education sector. After obtaining his business degree in 2016, Nick embarked on a quest to achieve his PhD, driven by his commitment to enhancing education for students worldwide. His vast experience, starting in 2008, has established him as a reputable authority in the field.

Nick's article, featured in Routledge's " Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern Europe: Development through Internationalization ," highlights his sharp insights and unwavering dedication to advancing the educational landscape. Inspired by his personal motto, "Make education better," Nick's mission is to streamline students' lives and foster efficient learning. His inventive ideas and leadership have contributed to the transformation of numerous educational experiences, distinguishing him as a true innovator in his field.

IB Internal Assessment Rubric and Grading Criteria

The IB IA rubric is carefully structured to assess students’ understanding, skills and application of subject matter in a nuanced and comprehensive manner. Each subject rubric, whether for sciences such as Biology and Chemistry, humanities such as History and Psychology, or Mathematics, emphasizes a unique set of criteria tailored to assess specific competencies and skills.

Visual Arts IA Topics: The Best Topic Ideas

In the vast world of art, the possibilities for your IA topic are nearly limitless. Yet, this abundance of choice can sometimes feel overwhelming. Whether you’re drawn to traditional painting techniques, the avant-garde movements of the 20th century, or the intersection of digital media and art, your chosen topic should ignite a spark of curiosity and passion within you.

Theatre IA Topics: SL and HL Topic Ideas

Choosing the right topic for IA in the IB Theatre course is a crucial step that significantly influences your research process and overall learning experience. Whether in the Standard Level or Higher Level track, selecting your topic requires careful thought and consideration, aiming to balance personal interest with academic rigor. This guide offers a rich array of topic ideas and research questions to spark your creativity and intellectual curiosity in the vast world of theatre.

Music IA Topics for SL and HL Students

When selecting a topic for your IB Music Internal Assessment, both SL and HL students face a unique set of challenges and opportunities. As a seasoned IB educator with years of experience guiding students through this process, I’ve come to recognize the importance of choosing a topic that aligns with the IB criteria and resonates with your musical interests and strengths.

Film IA Topics: SL and HL Topic Ideas

Choosing a topic for your IB Film Internal Assessment (IA) can be exciting and daunting. Whether you’re enrolled in the Standard Level (SL) or Higher Level (HL), the key is to select an option that not only intrigues you but also meets the criteria of the IB Film course. In this article, we dig into a variety of creative and thought-provoking ideas for both SL and HL Film IA topics.

IB Dance IA Topics: SL and HL Ideas

When it comes to the IB Dance Internal Assessment (IA), students face the exciting challenge of exploring a topic that resonates with their interests and meets the academic rigor of the IB curriculum. I’ve seen how choosing the right topic can set the stage for an enriching learning experience. In this article, I’m thrilled to share some engaging topic ideas for both SL and HL students aimed at sparking creativity and intellectual curiosity.

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