in text citation apa 6th multiple authors

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Apa quick citation guide 6th edition.

• In-text Citation
• Citing Web Pages and Social Media
• Citing Articles
• Citing Books
• Citing Business Reports
• Other Formats
• APA Style Quiz

Using In-text Citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.

APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers , use a paragraph number. More information on citing sources without pagination is given on the APA Style web page .

Example paragraph with in-text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing, Rossiter, & Munro, 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.

Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech.  Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23(4), 245-259.

Thomas, H. K. (2004).  Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented speech  (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.

Citing Web Pages In Text

Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. If the author is not known, use the title and the date as the in-text citation (for long titles just use the first few words). Your in-text citation should lead your reader to the corresponding entry in the reference list. For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages.

Web page with author:

In-text citation

Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser, 2011).

Reference entry

Kraizer, S. (2011). Preventing bullying. Retrieved from http://safechild.org/categoryparents/preventing-bullying/

Web page with no author:

The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State football player Joe Mason in 1904 ("All things Nittany," 2006).

All things Nittany. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html

Web page with no date:

Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma (American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Recovering emotionally from disaster. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx

General Guidelines

In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below are examples of using in-text citation.

Author's name in parentheses:

One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).

Author's name part of narrative:

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

Group as author: First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015) Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015)

Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)

Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).

Direct quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote)

One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).

Note:  For direct quotations of more than 40 words , display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:

This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77)

Works by Multiple Authors

APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text.

Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &.

One author: (Field, 2005)

Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)

Three to five authors: First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote, 2010) Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010)

Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006)

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APA Style 6th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting

Purpose and Overview of In-text Citations

Help no page numbers, one work, one author, two or more authors, group authors, etcetera, multiple works by the same author(s) in the same year, citing indirect sources.

• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation
• Conference Presentations
• Course Documents
• Social Media
• Government Documents
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

Additional Resources

• Sample Reference Page
• APA Sample Paper Here's a sample paper provided by APA. For every style rule, there is a comment highlighted in the paper that tells you where to find the discussion of the rule in the APA Style Manual.
• Add Citations and References to Word This step-by-step guide shows you how to use the references feature of Microsoft Word for your reference list and in-text citations.

APA follows an author and date of publication model for citing sources in your research paper and are presented as either narrative or parenthetical citations.  The formatting does not vary due to format type, however it may deviate from the norm due to factors such as: number of authors, organization instead of individual author, lack of author, or lack of date.  By providing the standard author and date within your paper, the reader will be able to link the information presented easily to the full citation provided in the reference list.

View examples and explanations on this page or visit the In Text Quick View for more examples.

According to the APA Publication Manual, "Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers" (unless they are PDF reproductions of printed material).  Therefore, "If paragraph numbers are visible, use them in place of page numbers. Use the abbreviation para."

Dudley (2009) believes that the best remedy for homework blues is a strong green tea (para. 5).

Author named in text:

Social historian Richard Sennett (1980) names the tendency to come to terms with difficult experiences a "purification process" whereby "threatening or painful dissonances are warded off to preserve intact a clear and articulated image of oneself and one's place in the world" (p. 11).

Author named in parentheses:

The tendency to come to terms with difficult experiences is referred to as a "purification process" whereby "threatening or painful dissonances are warded off to preserve intact a clear and articulated image of oneself and one's place in the world" (Sennett, 1980, p. 11).

These examples © Duke University Libraries http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/within/apa.html

More than one way to cite:

Flynn (1999) stated in her treatise In a recent treatise on services (Flynn, 1999) In a 1999 treatise, Flynn stated

Subsequent references to same study in same paragraph:

In her treatise on services, Flynn (1999) stated her evaluative methods…Flynn also described

One work, multiple authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both authors' names in your text:

        Significant findings in a study of Los Angeles (McCroskey & O'Keefe, 2000)

When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time:

        (Nishimoto, Salcido, Aranda, & Land, 1998)

In subsequent citations, include the last name of the first author, followed by et al. (not italicized), and the year.

        (Nishimoto et al., 1998)

For narrative citations, use the word "and" to separate authors, for parenthetical citations, use an ampersand:

         McCroskey and O'Keefe (2000) studied Los Angeles...          (McCroskey & O'Keefe, 2000)

Groups as authors

First text citation: (National Association of Social Workers [NASW], 1987)

Subsequent text citation: (NASW, 1987)

Works with no authors

Cite the work in your text using the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title). Put double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report:

The policy stated in the article (“Services for Disabled Children,” 1992)

The policy stated in the book Access to Services for Children (1995)

Specific parts of a source

Indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in your text. Give page numbers for quotations, and use the abbreviations for the words page and chapter:

(Aranda & Knight, 1997, p. 344)

(Ell & Castaneda, 1998, chap. 5)

Personal communications

This format applies to emails, messages from nonarchived discussion groups, electronic bulletin boards, personal interviews, telephone conversations, etc. Do not list personal communications in your reference list as they are not recoverable by your reader. In your text, provide initials and surname of communicator and as exact a date as possible.

(M. Flynn, personal communication, September 20, 1999)

Sometimes you'll have multiple works by the same author in the same year. For instance, you may reference a number of tax documents from the same year, which would all be cited with (Internal Revenue Service, 2012).  So how do you differentiate?

In those instances, differentiate sources with a letter after the year. From the example above, the 990 form might be (Internal Revenue Service, 2012a) and the 1040 form would be (Internal Revenue Service, 2012b).  Just make sure the letters stay consistent in your reference list!

Sometimes, you will use a source that you didn't yourself read.  In those cases, the original source came from a secondary source you did read.  From Purdue OWL :

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to cite in APA when there are multiple authors

How to cite in APA when there are multiple authors

This article covers how to cite a reference in APA style (7th ed.) when there are multiple authors. Broadly speaking, in an APA style “the author” refers to the person(s) or group(s) who should be given credit for the work being referenced.

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

In-text citations when there are multiple authors

Reference list entries when there are multiple authors, troubleshooting.

APA 7th ed. uses the author-date citation system for citing references in text. Unless you are citing a source with no author in APA , the structure in parenthetical citations includes placing the author’s last name/surname, followed by a comma, and the publication year in parentheses. In narrative citations, this information is incorporated into the sentence.

Parenthetical citation for one author:

(Author Last Name, Year Published)

(Curtis, 2020)

Narrative citation for one author:

Author Last Name (Year Published)

Curtis (2020)

Two authors

For a work with two authors, include both authors’ last names in every in-text citation, whether narrative or parenthetical. In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between the authors’ last names.

Parenthetical citation for two authors:

(1st Author & 2nd Author, Year Published)

(Curtis & Williams, 2020)

Narrative citation for two authors:

1st Author & 2nd Author (Year Published)

Curtis & Williams (2020)

Three or more authors

When citing a journal paper in APA with three or more authors, only enter the last name of the first author listed and add “et al.” after it. “Et al.” is Latin for the phrase “and others,” which is why it is used as a substitute for two or more authors’ last names.

Parenthetical citation for three or more authors:

(1st Author et al., Year Published)

(Harris et al., 2020)

Narrative citation for three or more authors:

1st Author et al. (Year Published)

Harris et al. (2020)

Here is a page with more information on when to use “et al.” in APA style .

Group authors

The same guidelines for in-text citations apply when the authors of a source are a distinct group or organization such as a government agency, association, nonprofit organization, business, hospital, task force, or study group. To confirm whether a reference was written by individual author(s) or a group, check the cover or title page.

Hint: for an online resource, the author could be the name of the organization hosting the webpage or website, rather than the name of just one content contributor.

Before using an abbreviated group name as the author of your citation, spell out the abbreviation and define the group one time first in the text. Afterward, use the abbreviation of the group name throughout the rest of the paper.

Group author in-text citation examples:

First parenthetical citation with group abbreviation included: (Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities [AJCU], 2020)

Subsequent parenthetical citations: (AJCU, 2020)

First narrative citation with group abbreviation included: The Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities [AJCU] (2020)

Subsequent narrative citations: The AJCU (2020)

Avoiding ambiguity in in-text citations

Sometimes, in-text citations that have three or more authors, some of whom have the same last name, and the same publication year can look like they are the same reference when using the et al. abbreviation. For example, Curtis et al. (2020) could refer to

Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, and Tyler (2020)

Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, Maxey, Key, Smith, and Esparza (2020)

To avoid this ambiguity and confusion for the reader, write out as many names as possible for the in-text citation until the references are distinguished, and then add “et. al” to abbreviate the other authors’ names.

Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, et al. (2020)

Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, Maxey, et al. (2020)

When only the final author is different, list all of the names in every citation to avoid any confusion.

Curtis, Acres, Thomas, Henderson, and Esparza (2020)

APA has slightly different reference structures for different source types (e.g., book, website, journal article, etc.), but each structure generally includes the following:

Author last name, Author initials. (Date Published). Title. URL or DOI if available .

Need more help with citing a particular source? Find further guidance in this APA citations guide.

One or two authors

For references with one or two authors, cite using the four-part structure.

Two individual authors example:

Smith, J., & Jones, S. (1994). Making a movie star. Behind the Scenes Stories: A Journal of Celebrity Life, 44 (2), 192–200. https://doi.org/l4nds0r

One group author example:

The American Marine Society. (2003). Whale mating patterns in the new millennium. The American Marine Society Magazine , 17-20 . https://fams.gov/article/2003/whale-mating-patterns-in-the-new-millennium

2 – 20 authors

In APA 7th ed., up to 20 authors should be included in a reference list entry. Write out the last name and first initial(s) for each contributor.

2–20 authors example:

Wright, A., Komal, G., Siddharth, D., Boyd, G., Cayson, N., Beverley, K., Travers, K., Begum, A., Redmond, M., Mills, M., Cherry, D., Finley, B., Fox, M., Ferry, F., Almond, B., Howell, E., Gould, T., Berger, B., Bostock, T., Fountain, A. (2020). Styling royalty. London Bridge Press.

21+ authors

For references with more than 20 authors, after listing the 19th author replace any additional author names with an ellipsis ( … ) followed by the final listed author’s last name and first initial(s).

21+ authors example:

Wright, A., Komal, G., Siddharth, D., Boyd, G., Cayson, N., Beverley, K., Travers, K., Begum, A., Redmond, M., Mills, M., Cherry, D., Finley, B., Fox, M., Ferry, F., Almond, B., Howell, E., Gould, T., Berger, B., Bostock, T., . . . Booker, T. (2020). Eating well: Tips from 23 lifestyle authors. Food Magazine. https://foodmag.com/article/2020/tips-from-22-lifestyle-authors

Solution #1: How to order the names of multiple authors in an APA reference

Authors should be cited in the exact order that they are listed by the source, even if they have not been listed alphabetically.

Solution #2: How to cite an article with more than 20 authors in APA style

If an article has more than 20 authors, all authors do not need to be listed in the reference. Instead, name the first 19, then use an ellipsis (…), then add the name of the final author listed. The ellipsis acts as a substitute for all the names between the first 19 and the final authors. No ampersand (&) is needed before the final name.

For example:

Richards, B.A., Lillicrap, T. P., Beaudoin, P., Bengio, Y., Bogacz, R., Christensen, A., Clopath, C.

Costa, R. P., de Berker, A., Ganguli, S., Gillon, C. J., Hafner, D., Kepecs, A., Kriegeskorte,

N., Latham, P., Lindsay, G. W., Miller, K. D., Naud, R., Pack, C. C., … Kording, K. P. (2019). A deep learning framework for neuroscience. Nature Neuroscience ,  22 (11), 1761–1770. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0520-2

When making an in-text citation, only write the first author’s last name followed by “et. al.” This applies to both parenthetical and narrative citations.

(Richard et al., 2019)

Richard et al. (2019)

Solution #3: How to cite an article written by an organization in APA style

• Organization as author

When an article is written by an organization, use the typical four-part APA structure (author, date, title, publisher) and cite the organization as the author.

American Nurses Association. (2019). 2018 Annual Report, American Nurse Today, 14 (6), 29-36.

https://www.nursingworld.org/~49d621/globalassets/docs/ana/ana-annual-report-for-

• Organization as author and publisher

If the organization that authored an article is also its publisher , omit the publisher’s name in the citation.

• In-text citation when an organization is an author

Use the organization’s name as the author. For example:

American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)

If an organization’s name is long, abbreviate it by doing the following:

• First, write the organization’s name in full the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parenthesis.
• After this, you may use the abbreviation without including the complete name.

1 st in-text narrative citation: American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)

1 st in-text parenthetical citation: (American Nurses Association [ANA] (2019)

After this distinction is made, abbreviations in-text can be used as demonstrated below:

Narrative citations: The ANA (2019)

Parenthetical citations: (ANA, 2019)

Published October 28, 2020.

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To cite a source with multiple authors and an edition number in APA style, you need to know the names of the authors, title of the book, edition number, and publisher. The in-text citation of a book with multiple authors and an edition number is similar to citing a journal or a book reference with multiple authors. An example of a book reference with three authors and an edition number, along with a template, is given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Author Surname et al. (Publication Year)

LeBuffe et al. (2012)

Parenthetical

(Author Surname et al., Publication Year)

(LeBuffe et al., 2012)

Reference list entry template and example:

Author Surname, F. M., Author Surname, F. M., & Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Book title (edition number). Publisher

LeBuffe, P. A., Naglieri, J. A., & Manderth, A. (2012). Devereux early childhood assessment for preschoolers (2nd ed.). Kaplan Early Learning Company.

Use numerals to indicate an edition number. The word “edition” is abbreviated as “ed.” Italicize the book title and follow sentence case for capitalization.

Citing a source that has multiple authors with the same last name and same initials is the same as citing a source with different authors. There is no need to add the initials of the authors in in-text citations as all surnames (although the same) appear in a single source. Examples of a book reference with three authors with the same last name and initials and their templates are given below:

Dunn et al. (2007)

(Dunn et al., 2007)

Author Surname, F. & Author Surname, F. (Publication Year). Book title. Publisher.

Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, L. M. (2007). Peabody picture vocabulary test-IV. American Guidance Service.

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• Referencing Glossary

Sources with two authors

If you are citing a source with two authors, the surname of both of the authors should be listed in your in-text citation. You should keep the names in the same order as they are in the source.

The surname and initial(s) of both the authors should appear in the full reference for the source. Use a comma to separate them (as well as an ampersand).

The rest of the reference should follow the usual style for the type of source you are citing.  

In-text citation:

(Reiss & White, 2013, p.6)

Reference list:

Reiss M.J., & White, J. (2013).  An aims-based curriculum: the significance of human flourishing for schools. London:  IOE Press.

Sources with three to five authors

If you are citing a source with three to five authors, cite all authors in the in-text citation the first time it occurs; after this only include the first author's surname followed by 'et al'.

The surname and initial(s) of all the authors should appear in the full reference for the source. Use commas to separate the authors and an ampersand before the last one.

(Rogers, Hallam, Creech & Preti, 2018) - first time

(Rogers et al., 2018) - subsequent references

Rogers, L., Hallam, S., Creech, A., & Preti, C. (2018). Learning about what constitutes effective training from a pilot programme to improve music education in primary schools.  Music Education Research ,  10 (4), 485-497.

Sources with six or more authors

If you are citing a source with six or more authors, the surname of only the first person attributed as one of the source's authors should be included in your in-text citation, followed by the words 'et al'.

All the authors' surnames and initial(s) should appear in the full reference for the source (separated by commas) and with an ampersand before the last author. 

(Battersby et al., 2018)

Battersby, C., Armus, L., Bergin, E., Kataria, T., Meixner, M., Pope, A., Stevenson, K. B., Cooray, A., Leisawitz, D., Scott, D. Bauer, J., Bradford, C. M., Ennico, K., Fortney, J. J., Kaltenegger, L., Melnick, G. J., Milam, S. M., Narayanan, D., Padgett, D., & Wiedner M. C. (2018). The Origins Space Telescope.  Nature Astronomy, 2 , 596-599.

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APA 6th Referencing Style Guide

• APA referencing style
• In-text citation

General rules

In-text citations - author and date, authors - summary, two or more references in in-text citation, direct quotes.

Paraphrasing

Secondary citations

• Reference list
• TV, film & video
• Tables, figures & images
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• Lecture notes
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• Exhibition catalogue

Author and date are the key components in the in-text citation of the APA referencing style. 

   No author : when author information is not available, use the source title to replace the author's position.

   Dates:

• give the month for monthlies
• give the month and day for weeklies
• if the journal or magazine gives a season, not a month, include that: e.g. (2008, Spring)

Page range:

Use an en dash, NOT a hyphen, for page ranges: e.g. 21–27. An en dash (–) is wider than a hyphen (-). No gaps between the page numbers and the en dash

How to add an en dash in Microsoft Word if you are using a full PC keyboard: hold the Control key and type the minus sign on the small numeric keypad.

NB: If your keyboard will not produce an en dash, it is acceptable to use a hyphen instead.  See the  Publication manual of the American Psychological Association  (2010, p. 97) for more detail on the use of hyphens and dashes in APA style.

Use the first few words of the title, or the complete title if short.  

Two authors

Three, four or five authors

Six or more authors

With an Anonymous author

Corporate authors

One author, multiple works published in the same year

Two or more works by the same author

Two or more works by different authors

• List authors alphabetically

Authors with the same surname

• If lead authors share the same surname, include author's initials in all in-text citations even if the year of publication differs.

Authors with the same surname and first initial

• If lead authors share the same surname and first initial, full first name should be included in all in-text citations even if the year of publication differs.

Authors - in-text citations

in brackets  use & between authors:

in a sentence  use and between authors:     

See section 6.1 in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th edition.

If you need to cite two or more references in an in-text citation, order the citations alphabetically.

When you include a sentence or words reproduced from a text (book, article, etc.) in your writing, you should follow the APA style for direct quotations. Your in-text citation for direct quotations should include author, date, and page numbers.

Sh ort direct quotes (fewer than 40 words)

• When a direct quotation is incorporated into your text, enclose in "..." and give the exact page number in your citation preceded by p.
• For quotes across more than one page, use pp.

Quotes in the middle of a sentence

Long direct quotes (40 words or more)

• Introduce the quotation first with a colon
• Quotation should start on a new line
• Indent the block of the quotation 1/2 inch from the left margin (in the same position you would start a new paragraph)
• No quotation marks
• Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) for missing words in a sentence
• Exact page number, in brackets, after the full stop at the end of the quote

Direct quote but no page numbers

• Reference List - reference this article as usual but without page numbers

Quotes with mistakes

Insert [sic] after the misspelled word. Sic should be italicised and in brackets

Adding emphasis

• When you, not the author, are adding emphasis to the words in a quotation, italicise the words and follow by [emphasis added].

See sections 6.03 - 6.09 and 4.08 in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th edition.

When you rewrite someone else's ideas in your own words you must acknowledge them with an  in text citation . The citation should fit smoothly within your sentence.

Two or more citations

• Same alphabetical order as in your reference list
• Separated by a semi colon ;
• Give the authors' surnames once only

Repeated citations in the same paragraph

• When the author's name is part of the narrative, only cite the year of publication in brackets. Otherwise, always give both the name and the year in brackets.
• Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) for missing words in a sentence;
• Use four for an entire missing sentence (the first . indicates the full stop at the end of the first quoted sentence)

When to include the year in citations appearing more than once in a paragraph

See section 6.11, p. 174 in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th edition.

See section 6.08, p. 172 in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th edition.

Article, chapter or web page:

• Use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year
• Put double quotation marks around the title of an article or a website; use capitals

Periodical, book, brochure or report:

• Use italics and capitals

See sections 6.15 in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th edition.

A secondary citation is where you are citing information or quotes the author of your reference has taken from source that you have not read.

In-text citation:

• Name the author of the original work in your text, cite the secondary source in in-text citation: (as cited in ..., 1993)

Reference list entry: 

• Give the secondary source in the reference list.
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Generate accurate APA citations for free

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• APA Style 6th edition

Quick Guide to APA Citation (6th ed.) | In-Text Citation & Reference List

APA style is one of the most common formats for citing sources Other well known citation styles include  MLA and Chicago .

APA Style citations consist of two parts:

• In-text citation : A brief citation in parentheses when you mention a source, citing the author’s last name and the year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019) . It identifies the full source in the reference list.
• Reference list entry : Full publication details listed on the reference page , which appears at the end of your paper. The reference provides all the information needed to find the source, e.g. Smith, P. (2019, April 18). Citing Sources in APA Format. Retrieved April 21, 2019, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/

This citation guide is based on the 6th edition of the APA Manual. The latest edition, published in October 2019, is not yet supported, but we have compiled a quick guide to the most important 7th edition changes . You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to automatically create accurate citations.

Table of contents

In-text citations, reference list, apa formatting for papers.

An in-text citation is a concise way to show the reader where the original idea came from and to give credit to the original author. Use one every time you quote or paraphrase a source.

Include the author’s last name and the year of publication. When quoting a source, it’s also necessary to include the page number(s) of the quote.

• An earlier study in which X and Y were compared revealed that … (Smith, 2017) .
• Smith (2017) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with …

When there are two authors, separate their last names with an ampersand (&), or with the word ‘and’ when they appear in the running text.

• Research shows that there is a great need for … (Reynolds & Thomas, 2014) .
• Reynolds and Thomas (2014) write that there is a great need for …

3-5 authors

When there are three or more authors, separate their last names using commas . The last two authors’ last names should be separated by both a comma and an ampersand.

• Recent research suggests that there is … (McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, & Thomas, 2014) .
• McGuire, Morrison, Reynolds, and Thomas (2014) argue that …

If you cite the same source again, to save space, you shorten the citation. Instead of including all the authors’ names, include only the first author, followed by “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”).

• In this research, many participants made use of … (McGuire et al., 2014) .
• McGuire et al. (2014) noticed that …

6 or more authors

If a source has six or more authors, use the shortened version from the first citation.

• Lunott et al. (2015) discuss the …

Organization as author

When a source does not list an individual author, it can often be attributed to an organization instead.

• According to new research … (Microsoft, 2014) .

When you quote a source , you also have to add the page number to the in-text citation.

• According to the company’s business plan, “making an APA Citation Generator is a lot of work, but many students benefit from it” (Swan, 2014, p. 5) .

Multiple sources in one citation

Sometimes, it’s necessary to cite multiple sources in one sentence. You can combine them into one set of parentheses, separated by semicolons .

• Various studies show that … ( Docker & Vagrant, 2002 ; Porter, 1997 ; Lima, Swan, & Corrieri, 2012 ).

Full in-text citation guide

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

Every source cited in the text must also appear in your reference list .

The format differs depending on the source type, but every reference begins in the same way: with the author’s last name and initials, the publication year or date, and the title of the source.

Book citations

Note: Book titles should be italicized .

• Format Last Name, Initials. (Year). Book title (edition). City, State/Country: Publisher.
• Example Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

Journal article citations

Note: The journal title and volume number should be italicized .

• Format Last Name, Initials., & Last Name, Initials. (Year). Article title. Journal Name , Volume (Issue), Page Number(s). https://doi.org/DoiNumber
• Example Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics , 1 (3), 257–276. https://doi.org./10.1177/152700250000100304

Website citations

• Format Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Page title [OptionalType]. Retrieved from http://webaddress
• Example Worland, J. (2015, July 27). U.S. flood risk could be worse than we thought. Retrieved from http://time.com/3973256/flooding-risk-coastal-cities

Report citations

Note: The title should be italicized .

• Format Organization Name or Author Last Name, Initials. (Year). Report title . Retrieved from http://webaddress
• Example Royal Bank of Scotland. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2014 . Retrieved from http://investors.rbs.com/~/media/Files/R/RBS-IR/2014-reports/annual-report-2014.pdf

More APA Style examples

Do you want to cite an image , interview , YouTube video , movie , or another source type that is not on this list? We have many more APA Style examples to help you cite correctly.

Sorting the reference list

Sort the references in alphabetical order based on the author’s last name. If you cite multiple sources by the same author, then sort them by publication year.

When you use the APA Citation Generator , your reference list is alphabetized automatically.

Full reference list guide

There are certain formatting rules you must adhere to when writing a paper in APA format .

The basic requirements are:

• Times New Roman 12 pt
• Double line spacing
• One-inch (2.54 cm) margins
• Left-aligned running head with a shortened title and page number

In addition to these general rules, there are more specific requirements for formatting the title page , running head , abstract , reference page , and headings and subheadings .

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APA Guide 6th ed.

In-text citations.

• Formatting the Author
• Citing a Book or eBook
• Citing Part of a Book or eBook
• Citing a Journal Article
• Citing a Magazine or Newspaper Article
• Citing Interviews, Emails, etc.
• Citing a Website Article
• Citing an Online Video
• More In-text Examples
• Helpful Information
• APA Style Website This link opens in a new window
• APA Resources
• Academic Integrity at JU This link opens in a new window
• Need Help with APA?
• Latest Edition of APA (7th ed.) This link opens in a new window

What are In-text Citations?

If you quote, paraphrase or summarize a source in your paper, it needs to be cited in the text. An in-text citation contains just enough information to help the reader find the source in the references list. A typical in-text citation will include author(s) and the year the source was published.  Include page numbers if citing a specific part of the source.  Place the citation as close as possible to the information you are citing.

Typical In-text Citation with One Author ( APA Manual , p. 174)

Place the author's last name and the year, separated by a comma, in parenthesis. If the in-text citation lands at the end of a sentence, place the period outside the parenthesis. 

Example 1: Electronic Health Records can improve patient satisfaction (Taylor, 2018). or Example 2: Taylor (2018) discussed how Electronic Health Records can improve patient satisfaction.

Two Authors ( APA Manual , p. 175)

When a source has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs.  U se an ampersand (&) between the names in the parenthesis.  Use "and" when referring to the authors in the text of your paper.   Be sure to include both names every time you cite the source. 

Example 1: Nurses that work long hours are more prone to cognitive errors (Smith & Jones, 2018). or Example 2: Smith and Jones (2018) also discovered that nurses that work long hours are more prone to cognitive errors.

Three to Five Authors ( APA Manual , p. 175)

When a source has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.  For the second and any subsequent citations, list the first author followed by et al. (Latin for "and others").

Example 1st time source is referenced: A heavy workload can lead to nurse burnout and decreased patient satisfaction (Adams, Smith, & Jones, 2018).

Example for subsequent citations: Adams et al. (2018) discovered that in an acute care setting, a high nurse to patient ratio can lead to nurse burnout and an increased risk of patient infection. OR In an acute care setting, a high nurse to patient ratio can lead to nurse burnout and an increased risk of patient infection (Adams et al., 2018).

Six or More Authors ( APA Manual , p. 175)

When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author's last name, followed by et al.

Example 1:   A high nurse to patient ratio can lead to adverse patient outcomes (Jackson et al., 2019). or Example 2: Jackson et al. (2019) discovered that a high nurse to patient ratio can lead to adverse patient outcomes.

No Author / Anonymous Author ( APA Manual , p. 176)

When a work has no author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year.  Follow the same format as the references list (t itles that are italicized in the reference list are italicized in text; titles that are not italicized in the reference list appear in quotation marks.)  Unlike the reference page, the main words of the title should be capitalized. If there is no date, use “n.d.” (without quotation marks) instead.

Example of a book with no author given:   ( Mosby's Medical Dictionary , 2016)

Example of a journal article with no author given:   ("Intrusive Thoughts, Impulses, and Schizoaffective Disorder," 2019).

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• Last Updated: Jan 16, 2024 2:31 PM

APA 7th Edition Citation Guide

• APA 7th Edition Home
• Formatting the Paper Itself
• When and What to Cite

In-Text: Multiple Authors

• In-Text: First and Subsequent Citations
• In-Text: Authors and Dates Matching
• In-Text: Direct Quotations
• In-Text: Secondary Sources
• Reference Examples: Print
• Reference Examples: Electronic
• Reference Examples: Audiovisual Media
• Step 1: Author (Names)
• Step 2: Date
• Step 3: Titles
• Step 4: Source
• Help and Training
• Related Guides

This citation guide is based on The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (7th ed., 2020). The contents are accurate to the best of our knowledge.

Content in this guide was copied with permission from Bethel University (TN) Library .

How to Use This Guide

Citations in APA style include two parts: (1) in-text citations, which are connected to (2) reference list citations.

This guide will help you create in-text citations that correlate with the corresponding reference list citations. Please see Reference Examples  for more details on the reference list.

Note: All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper except for Personal Communications and similar unrecoverable sources.

Multiple Authors

If you are citing a source that has multiple authors, follow these basic steps.

Two Authors

Always cite both authors' names in-text every time you reference them.

Johnson and Smith (2009) found...

Three or More Authors

If a document has three or more authors, simply provide the last name of the first author with "et al." from the first citation to the last.

Thomas et al. (2007) likened abnormal psychology to...

... distractions (Thomas et al., 2007).

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• Next: In-Text: First and Subsequent Citations >>
• Last Updated: Feb 16, 2024 4:01 PM
• URL: https://utsouthwestern.libguides.com/APA7

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APA Citation Style, 6th Edition: Two Authors/Editors

• One Author/Editor
• Two Authors/Editors
• Three to Five Authors/Editors
• Chapter in a Book
• Edition Other Than the First
• Electronic Books
• Journal Article with One Author
• Journal Article with Two Authors
• Journal Article with Three to Six Authors
• Journal Article with Seven or More Authors
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• Reference List

Book with Two Authors

(this libguide is for apa 6th edition, click   here   to visit our new   apa 7th edition libguide ).

The formatting guidelines below refer to books with two authors.

General Format:

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Author's Last Name & Author's Last Name, year)

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Author's Last Name & Author's Last Name, year, page number)

References:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year).  Book title: Subtitle.  Location of publication: Publisher.

In-text Citation (Paraphrase):

(Thanavaro & Moore, 2017)

In-text Citation (Direct Quote):

(Thanavaro & Moore, 2017, p. 52)

Thanavaro, J., & Moore, K. S. (2017).  Clinical decision making for adult-gerontology primary care nurse practitioners.  Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Books with Two Editors

The formatting guidelines below refer to books with two editors.

(Editor's Last Name & Editor's Last Name, year)

(Editor's Last Name & Editor's Last Name, year, page number)

Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Eds.). (Year).  Book title: Subtitle.  Location of publication: Publisher.

(Worth & Coates, 2009)

(Worth & Coates, 2009, p. 52)

Worth, J., & Coates, T.  (Eds.). (2009).  The midwife : A memoir of birth, joy, and hard times.  New York: Penguin Books.

Citing References in Text - Authors

Carrie forbes, mls.

Page References

Citation information has been adapted from the APA Manual (6th Edition). Please refer to pages 176-177 of the APA Manual (6th Edition) for more information.

Helpful Tips

-If your reference list includes publications by two or more authors with the same last name, you should include the first initial in all in-text citations in order to help the reader avoid confusion.

-Be mindful of hyphenated names, particularly hyphenated first names in your reference list. If an author or editor has a hyphenated first name, include first initials for both separated by a hyphen. For example: Lamour, J.-B. for Jean-Baptiste Lamour.

-Suffixes like "Jr." or "III" are not included in in-text citations but are included in the reference list.

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• Last Updated: Jun 22, 2020 8:29 AM
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APA Citation Style Guide (6th Ed.): 6 or More Authors

• In-text Citation
• Two Authors
• 3 - 5 Authors
• 6 or More Authors
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• One Author or Editor
• Two Authors or Editors
• 3-5 Authors or Editors
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
• Article in a Reference Book
• Book with No Author
• Book Edition
• Translation
• Web Pages and Blog Posts
• Motion Picture
• YouTube Video
• Audio Podcast
• Music Recording
• Images and Art
• Classical Work
• Secondary Source
• Government Publication

Article with 6 or more Authors

• << Previous: 3 - 5 Authors
• Next: Magazine Article >>
• Last Updated: Jul 6, 2020 9:13 AM
• URL: https://uscmed.sc.libguides.com/APAStyle

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12 Simple Ways to Get a Boy to Text Back

6 ways to use forest productivity app, how to use /fill in minecraft: 8 steps, how to pack a parachute, 11 simple ways to know if a pisces man likes you, 3 ways to breed geese, 3 ways to stop bleeding hemorrhoids, how to choose soccer cleats: 12 steps, how to hide plug sockets: 10 steps, 3 easy ways to deal with attention seekers, 4 ways to cite multiple authors in apa.

The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is widely used in various academic disciplines, making it essential for students and researchers to have a thorough understanding of its principles. One common issue that arises when citing sources is dealing with multiple authors. In this article, we will explore four ways to cite multiple authors in APA.

1. Two Authors

When citing a work with two authors, use an ampersand (&) between the authors’ names and list their last names followed by their initials. Separate the names with a comma. In the case of an in-text citation, use parentheses and include the publication year after the authors’ names.

Example (reference list):

Smith, J. D., & Brown, R. K. (2020). Title of the work. Publisher.

Example (in-text citation):

(Smith & Brown, 2020)

2. Three or More Authors

For a work with three or more but fewer than 20 authors, list all authors’ last names followed by their initials in the reference list entry. Use commas to separate the individual names and place an ampersand before the final author’s name.

Jones, H., Miller, R., Thompson, K., & White, S. (2018). Title of the work. Publisher.

When citing in-text for a source with three or more authors but fewer than 20, include only the first author’s name followed by “et al.”

(Jones et al., 2018)

3. Twenty or More Authors

If a work has 20 or more authors, list the first 19 author’s names in your reference list entry, followed by three ellipsis points (…), and then the final author’s name.

Green, A., Adams, B., Clark, C., Davis, D., Foster, E., Graham, F., Hill, G., Irving, H., Johnson, I., King, J.,…Williams, X. (2021). Title of the work. Publisher.

For in-text citation use the same format as for works with three to 19 authors:

(Green et al., 2021)

4. Group or Organization as Author

When a group or organization is the author of a work, list the name of the organization as you would an individual author. Use abbreviations where appropriate.

American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Publisher.

For in-text citations, use the abbreviation when you refer to the source throughout your paper.

(American Psychological Association [APA], 2019)

These four ways of citing multiple authors in APA should help you navigate some common citation scenarios. Properly citing your sources will both enhance your credibility and help others find these valuable resources more easily.

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APA Style 7th Edition Tutorials for Students in Psychology and Social Work

What is apa style.

• The Importance of Citing

Why is APA Style needed?

How do i get started with apa style, let us practice what we have learned, attribution and acknowledgement.

• Basics of APA Style Tutorial
• Reference Entry Elements
• Reference Examples
• Reference List
• In-Text Citations
• Student Paper Format
• Managing References - Zotero

Origination of APA Style

• Where did APA Style come from?

Commonly Used APA Related Terms

Abstract : Abstract is a brief synopses of article. It provides a brief but comprehensive summary of the article. 

Citing : In the context of academic writing, citing is the act of acknowledging the sources of information you have used when writing your work.

Citation:  A citation gives credit to a source, and contains publication information such as author(s), title and date.

DOI (digital object identifier): It is a unique alphanumeric string assigned to a digital object, mainly a scholarly article, to provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. 

In-Text Citation : It is a brief note that appears within the body of the paper and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication. An in-text citation should always match the corresponding entry in the reference list at the end of paper.

Paraphrasing : A paraphrase restates another’s idea (or your own previously published idea) in your own words. 

Plagiarism : It is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own; it denies creators of content the credit they are due. 

Quoting : It is the act of reproducing the exact wording used by the original author. Direct quotations appear within quotation marks and end with a citation.

Reference : It contains details about one cited work, generally including four elements:  author, date, title, and source.  

Reference List : It identifies all the sources you cited in the text of your paper. It generally is at the end of the paper and definitely on a new page after the text of your paper. 

APA Style is the most common writing style used in college and career. Its purpose is to promote excellence in communication by helping writers create clear, precise, and inclusive sentences with a straightforward scholarly tone. It addresses areas of writing such as how to

• format a paper so it looks professional;
• credit other people’s words and ideas via citations and references to avoid plagiarism; and
• describe other people with dignity and respect using inclusive, bias-free language.

APA Style is primarily used in the behavioral sciences, which are subjects related to people, such as psychology, education, and nursing. It is also used by students in business, engineering, communications, and other classes. Students use it to write academic essays and research papers in college, and professionals use it to conduct, report, and publish scientific research.

In addition, APA Style provides you with a powerful tool that will hep you avoid deliberate or unintentional plagiarism. Please review the Avoiding Plagiarism Guide created by the APA experts to understand what two common types of plagiarism are and how to avoid them. 

Why is learning citations important? Citations help readers understand where the information used in your paper comes from, enabling them to trace the path of that information. When readers wish to explore a specific point or reference cited in the text, citations make it easier by providing information about your sources in a standardized format.

Besides showing readers where you obtained information, using citations also has a strong ethical purpose. In academic writing, it is important to credit ideas that are not your own. Citations allow you to integrate the ideas of others with your own thoughts in a fair and honest way.

The reference formats for APA Style manuals are as follows:

APA Style provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps authors present their ideas in a clear and concise, and organized manner.  Uniformity and consistency enable readers to (a) focus on the ideas being presented rather than formatting and (b) scan works quickly for key points, findings, and sources. When style works best, ideas flow logically, sources are credited appropriately, and papers are organized predictably and consistently. 

Students are encouraged to first learn about APA Style by reading works written in APA Style. A couple of guides created by APA experts from the American Psychological Association can help you with that:

Anatomy of a Journal Article   https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/anatomy-journal-article.pdf

Scholarly journal articles share a common anatomy or structure. Each part of an article serves a specific purpose. The handout of  Anatomy of a Journal Article explains how journal articles are structured and how to become more efficient at reading and understanding them. Understanding the structure of a scholarly article and the purpose of each part helps you grasp a strategy called targeted reading. Targeted reading means to read specific sections of research articles first to determine if the article seems useful for your research topic. This way you will save time, find useful article faster, and choose which articles to read in full.

Reading and Understanding Abstracts https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reading-abstracts.pdf

Abstracts are short summaries of scientific research articles. The handout of Reading & Understanding Abstracts explains the definition and purpose of abstracts and the benefits of reading them, including analysis of a sample abstract. The skill of reading and understanding abstracts of scholarly articles not only saves time but also helps you conduct better research and write more effectively.

APA Style Writing Principles https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/writing-principles.pdf

The poster created by APA experts shows the three main principles of APA Style: clarity, precision, and inclusion and lists steps on how to achieve them. As a student writer, you always should write your academic paper with clarity, precision, and inclusion. 

Research Article Activity https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/apa-style-research-activity.pdf

Reading research articles is not an easy task for you as a student. The Research Article Activity designed by APA Style experts aims to make it easy to read and understand a scholarly article. This activity worksheet helps you find, cite, analyze, and summarize a research article. Completing this activity breaks down a lengthy research article into easily understandable chunks. This way helps you better understand the study in the article before you write about it. 

The information in this Guide   is courtesy of   the official APA Style website by the American Psychological Association.

Source Credit: Information on this LibGuide comes from APA Style website https://apastyle.apa.org/ This website has a wealth of free and authoritative resources designed to help anyone new to APA Style.

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• Last Updated: Apr 6, 2024 12:06 PM
• URL: https://research.ewu.edu/APAStyleTutorial

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APA Formatting and Style Guide (6th Edition)

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