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Trump's social media company loses billions in value as stock price swings wildly

By Aimee Picchi

Edited By Anne Marie Lee

Updated on: April 2, 2024 / 5:50 PM EDT / CBS News

Former President Donald Trump's fledgling media business is losing its sheen among investors a week after going public, with a sharp reversal in the company's stock price lopping $3.8 billion off its value.

Monday's plunge in Trump Media & Technology Group's shares, which debuted on the Nasdaq Composite Index on March 25 under the ticker "DJT" (after the former president's initials), comes as it disclosed mounting losses in a  regulatory filing . The company also noted that its accountant had issued a warning that its losses "raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern."

Shares of Trump Media & Technology Group, whose primary asset is the Truth Social platform, tumbled 21% on Monday, closing at $48.66, or below its opening price last Monday of $49.90 per share. It also represents a 39% plunge from the stock's high of $79.38 on March 26.  

But the stock rallied on Tuesday, rising 6% to $51.60. Even with the gain, however, the stock has lost $3.8 billion from its peak last week.

The stock also remains higher than before a deal that took Trump's media company public last week. The shares had previously traded under the name Digital World Acquisition Corp., a shell company designed to take Truth Social public. Even after Monday's dip, the stock has surged 178% this year.

Trump, who owns 57% of the newly public company, has lost $2.2 billion — at least on paper — because of the stock slide. His stake is now worth $4.1 billion, down from $6.3 billion at the stock's peak last week.

Worth more than Harley-Davidson

To be sure, Trump Media continues to maintain a heady market capitalization for a business that's in the red and that booked just $4.1 million in revenue last year. Even after Monday's stock plunge, the business is worth $6.7 billion, making it more valuable than companies like Bausch & Lomb, Alcoa Corp. or Harley-Davidson, all of which have annual revenue in the billions. 

Trump Media's soaring valuation has prompted comparisons with so-called "meme" stocks like GameStop, which typically attract individual investors based on social media buzz, rather than the tried-and-true yardsticks relied on by institutional investors, such as profitability and revenue growth. 

Yet Truth Social has positioned itself as an alternative to more established tech giants such as Meta's Facebook, which also endured losses in its early years. 

"GameStop was the meme stock of a lifetime, but Trump Media has put it to shame," Michael Pachter, an analyst at Wedbush Securities, told the Associated Press last week. 

Despite the attention around Trump Media's debut on the public market, it's not giving a much of a boost to Truth Social, according to Similarweb. The web analytics firm found that traffic from daily active users of the platform fell 23% last week. 

"Even during the peak of excitement over the IPO (plus the release of a Trump-branded Bible), usage was less than 1% higher than the previous week," Similarweb said in a new report.

Trump Media CEO Devin Nunes: No debt

In a statement  on Tuesday, Trump Media & Technology Group CEO Devin Nunes said Truth Social "has no debt and over $200 million in the bank, opening numerous possibilities for expanding and enhancing our platform."

But details about Trump Media's finances show that the company's revenue is far lower than other social media platforms. On Monday, the company said it booked $4.1 million in revenue last year, compared with $1.5 million in the year-earlier period. 

That means Trump Media had about $750,000 in revenue in the fourth quarter, as the company had previously disclosed sales of $3.38 million for the first nine months of 2023. By comparison, Reddit, another money-losing tech company that recently went public, booked $804 million in revenue last year.

Trump Media & Technology Group also posted a loss of $58 million in 2023, compared with a profit of $50 million in the prior year. 

Additionally, it noted that its accountant flagged that the company's losses raise doubts about its ability to continue operating. Such a warning, however, reflects the company's current situation; the company could grow its user base, revenue and reverse its losses, putting it on a more stable path. 

Trump's stake locked up

Trump stands to make billions from his majority stake in Truth Social's parent company, a windfall that comes at an opportune time for the former president given mounting financial pressures . 

Even so, Trump is unable to access the stock, at least for now. That's because Trump and other company executives are subject to a so-called "lock-up" provision that bars them from selling the stock for at least six months. Such provisions are common in IPOs as a way to keep insiders from dumping shares immediately after a company goes public.

"Trump cannot sell his stock in the company for six months, making it difficult to translate Truth Social's value into liquid cash that can be spent on the campaign," Europa Group analysts said in a report. "That outlook could change over the coming months, particularly if Trump obtains the waiver or can find a lender willing to accept shares in Trump Media as collateral."

Many of the investors in DJT appear to be small investors who want to show their support for the former president by buying shares in the company. On Truth Social, some of these shareholders posted rebuttals about the stock decline, blaming short sellers, or people who make bets that a stock will decline. 

Others predicted that Trump Media's shares will soon rebound, while others blamed the stock decline on the former president's detractors. "They don't like President @realDonaldTrump and his policies, especially his creation, Truth Social, so they are trying to destroy his company, DJT," one supporter on a DJT group on Truth Social wrote. 

• Donald Trump
• Truth Social

Aimee Picchi is the associate managing editor for CBS MoneyWatch, where she covers business and personal finance. She previously worked at Bloomberg News and has written for national news outlets including USA Today and Consumer Reports.

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United Nations Charter (full text)

We the peoples of the united nations determined.

to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and

to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and

to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

AND FOR THESE ENDS

to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and

to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and

to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and

to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS.

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

Chapter I: Purposes and Principles

The Purposes of the United Nations are:

• To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
• To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
• To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
• To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles.

• The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
• All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.
• All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
• All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
• All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
• The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
• Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter Vll.

Chapter II: Membership

The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110.

• Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.
• The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

A Member of the United Nations against which preventive or enforcement action has been taken by the Security Council may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. The exercise of these rights and privileges may be restored by the Security Council.

A Member of the United Nations which has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Chapter III: Organs

• There are established as principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat.
• Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter.

The United Nations shall place no restrictions on the eligibility of men and women to participate in any capacity and under conditions of equality in its principal and subsidiary organs.

Chapter IV: The General Assembly

Composition.

• The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United Nations.
• Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General Assembly.

FUNCTIONS AND POWERS

The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.

• The General Assembly may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both.
• The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, or by a state which is not a Member of the United Nations in accordance with Article 35, paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may make recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both. Any such question on which action is necessary shall be referred to the Security Council by the General Assembly either before or after discussion.
• The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.
• The powers of the General Assembly set forth in this Article shall not limit the general scope of Article 10.
• While the Security Council is exercising in respect of any dispute or situation the functions assigned to it in the present Charter, the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation with regard to that dispute or situation unless the Security Council so requests.
• The Secretary-General, with the consent of the Security Council, shall notify the General Assembly at each session of any matters relative to the maintenance of international peace and security which are being dealt with by the Security Council and shall similarly notify the General Assembly, or the Members of the United Nations if the General Assembly is not in session, immediately the Security Council ceases to deal with such matters.
• promoting international co-operation in the political field and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification;
• promoting international co-operation in the economic, social, cultural, educational, and health fields, and assisting in the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.
• The further responsibilities, functions and powers of the General Assembly with respect to matters mentioned in paragraph 1 (b) above are set forth in Chapters IX and X.

Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations, including situations resulting from a violation of the provisions of the present Charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.

• The General Assembly shall receive and consider annual and special reports from the Security Council; these reports shall include an account of the measures that the Security Council has decided upon or taken to maintain international peace and security.
• The General Assembly shall receive and consider reports from the other organs of the United Nations.

The General Assembly shall perform such functions with respect to the international trusteeship system as are assigned to it under Chapters XII and XIII, including the approval of the trusteeship agreements for areas not designated as strategic.

• The General Assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the Organization.
• The expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly.
• The General Assembly shall consider and approve any financial and budgetary arrangements with specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 and shall examine the administrative budgets of such specialized agencies with a view to making recommendations to the agencies concerned.
• Each member of the General Assembly shall have one vote.
• Decisions of the General Assembly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting. These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 (c) of Article 86, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions.
• Decisions on other questions, including the determination of additional categories of questions to be decided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

A Member of the United Nations which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the Organization shall have no vote in the General Assembly if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years. The General Assembly may, nevertheless, permit such a Member to vote if it is satisfied that the failure to pay is due to conditions beyond the control of the Member.

The General Assembly shall meet in regular annual sessions and in such special sessions as occasion may require. Special sessions shall be convoked by the Secretary-General at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the Members of the United Nations.

The General Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall elect its President for each session.

The General Assembly may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.

Chapter V: The Security Council

• The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.
• The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected for a term of two years. In the first election of the non-permanent members after the increase of the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be chosen for a term of one year. A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election.
• Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative.
• In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.
• In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific powers granted to the Security Council for the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters VI, VII, VIII, and XII.
• The Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special reports to the General Assembly for its consideration.

The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.

In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the Security Council shall be responsible for formulating, with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee referred to in Article 47, plans to be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments.

• Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote.
• Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members.
• Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.
• The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function continuously. Each member of the Security Council shall for this purpose be represented at all times at the seat of the Organization.
• The Security Council shall hold periodic meetings at which each of its members may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative.
• The Security Council may hold meetings at such places other than the seat of the Organization as in its judgment will best facilitate its work.

The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.

The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council whenever the latter considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected.

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council or any state which is not a Member of the United Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under consideration by the Security Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in the discussion relating to the dispute. The Security Council shall lay down such conditions as it deems just for the participation of a state which is not a Member of the United Nations.

Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes

• The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice.
• The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute by such means.

The Security Council may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whether the continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security.

• Any Member of the United Nations may bring any dispute, or any situation of the nature referred to in Article 34, to the attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly.
• A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may bring to the attention of the Security Council or of the General Assembly any dispute to which it is a party if it accepts in advance, for the purposes of the dispute, the obligations of pacific settlement provided in the present Charter.
• The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect of matters brought to its attention under this Article will be subject to the provisions of Articles 11 and 12.
• The Security Council may, at any stage of a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33 or of a situation of like nature, recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment.
• The Security Council should take into consideration any procedures for the settlement of the dispute which have already been adopted by the parties.
• In making recommendations under this Article the Security Council should also take into consideration that legal disputes should as a general rule be referred by the parties to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Court.
• Should the parties to a dispute of the nature referred to in Article 33 fail to settle it by the means indicated in that Article, they shall refer it to the Security Council.
• If the Security Council deems that the continuance of the dispute is in fact likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, it shall decide whether to take action under Article 36 or to recommend such terms of settlement as it may consider appropriate.

Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 33 to 37, the Security Council may, if all the parties to any dispute so request, make recommendations to the parties with a view to a pacific settlement of the dispute.

Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression

The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security.

In order to prevent an aggravation of the situation, the Security Council may, before making the recommendations or deciding upon the measures provided for in Article 39, call upon the parties concerned to comply with such provisional measures as it deems necessary or desirable. Such provisional measures shall be without prejudice to the rights, claims, or position of the parties concerned. The Security Council shall duly take account of failure to comply with such provisional measures.

The Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations.

Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.

• All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.
• Such agreement or agreements shall govern the numbers and types of forces, their degree of readiness and general location, and the nature of the facilities and assistance to be provided.
• The agreement or agreements shall be negotiated as soon as possible on the initiative of the Security Council. They shall be concluded between the Security Council and Members or between the Security Council and groups of Members and shall be subject to ratification by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.

When the Security Council has decided to use force it shall, before calling upon a Member not represented on it to provide armed forces in fulfilment of the obligations assumed under Article 43, invite that Member, if the Member so desires, to participate in the decisions of the Security Council concerning the employment of contingents of that Member's armed forces.

In order to enable the United Nations to take urgent military measures, Members shall hold immediately available national air-force contingents for combined international enforcement action. The strength and degree of readiness of these contingents and plans for their combined action shall be determined within the limits laid down in the special agreement or agreements referred to in Article 43, by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

Plans for the application of armed force shall be made by the Security Council with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

• There shall be established a Military Staff Committee to advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the Security Council's military requirements for the maintenance of international peace and security, the employment and command of forces placed at its disposal, the regulation of armaments, and possible disarmament.
• The Military Staff Committee shall consist of the Chiefs of Staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives. Any Member of the United Nations not permanently represented on the Committee shall be invited by the Committee to be associated with it when the efficient discharge of the Committee's responsibilities requires the participation of that Member in its work.
• The Military Staff Committee shall be responsible under the Security Council for the strategic direction of any armed forces placed at the disposal of the Security Council. Questions relating to the command of such forces shall be worked out subsequently.
• The Military Staff Committee, with the authorization of the Security Council and after consultation with appropriate regional agencies, may establish regional sub-committees.
• The action required to carry out the decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security shall be taken by all the Members of the United Nations or by some of them, as the Security Council may determine.
• Such decisions shall be carried out by the Members of the United Nations directly and through their action in the appropriate international agencies of which they are members.

The Members of the United Nations shall join in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the measures decided upon by the Security Council.

If preventive or enforcement measures against any state are taken by the Security Council, any other state, whether a Member of the United Nations or not, which finds itself confronted with special economic problems arising from the carrying out of those measures shall have the right to consult the Security Council with regard to a solution of those problems.

Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.

Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements

• Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.
• The Members of the United Nations entering into such arrangements or constituting such agencies shall make every effort to achieve pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies before referring them to the Security Council.
• The Security Council shall encourage the development of pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrangements or by such regional agencies either on the initiative of the states concerned or by reference from the Security Council.
• This Article in no way impairs the application of Articles 34 and 35.
• The Security Council shall, where appropriate, utilize such regional arrangements or agencies for enforcement action under its authority. But no enforcement action shall be taken under regional arrangements or by regional agencies without the authorization of the Security Council, with the exception of measures against any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of this Article, provided for pursuant to Article 107 or in regional arrangements directed against renewal of aggressive policy on the part of any such state, until such time as the Organization may, on request of the Governments concerned, be charged with the responsibility for preventing further aggression by such a state.
• The term enemy state as used in paragraph 1 of this Article applies to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory of the present Charter.

The Security Council shall at all times be kept fully informed of activities undertaken or in contemplation under regional arrangements or by regional agencies for the maintenance of international peace and security.

Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Cooperation

With a view to the creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the United Nations shall promote:

• higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development;
• solutions of international economic, social, health, and related problems; and international cultural and educational cooperation; and
• universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.

All Members pledge themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55.

• The various specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63.
• Such agencies thus brought into relationship with the United Nations are hereinafter referred to as specialized agencies.

The Organization shall make recommendations for the co-ordination of the policies and activities of the specialized agencies.

The Organization shall, where appropriate, initiate negotiations among the states concerned for the creation of any new specialized agencies required for the accomplishment of the purposes set forth in Article 55.

Responsibility for the discharge of the functions of the Organization set forth in this Chapter shall be vested in the General Assembly and, under the authority of the General Assembly, in the Economic and Social Council, which shall have for this purpose the powers set forth in Chapter X.

Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council

• The Economic and Social Council shall consist of fifty-four Members of the United Nations elected by the General Assembly.
• Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, eighteen members of the Economic and Social Council shall be elected each year for a term of three years. A retiring member shall be eligible for immediate re-election.
• At the first election after the increase in the membership of the Economic and Social Council from twenty-seven to fifty-four members, in addition to the members elected in place of the nine members whose term of office expires at the end of that year, twenty-seven additional members shall be elected. Of these twenty-seven additional members, the term of office of nine members so elected shall expire at the end of one year, and of nine other members at the end of two years, in accordance with arrangements made by the General Assembly.
• Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one representative.
• The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly to the Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned.
• It may make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.
• It may prepare draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly, with respect to matters falling within its competence.
• It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribed by the United Nations, international conferences on matters falling within its competence.
• The Economic and Social Council may enter into agreements with any of the agencies referred to in Article 57, defining the terms on which the agency concerned shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations. Such agreements shall be subject to approval by the General Assembly.
• It may co-ordinate the activities of the specialized agencies through consultation with and recommendations to such agencies and through recommendations to the General Assembly and to the Members of the United Nations.
• The Economic and Social Council may take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports from the specialized agencies. It may make arrangements with the Members of the United Nations and with the specialized agencies to obtain reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own recommendations and to recommendations on matters falling within its competence made by the General Assembly.
• It may communicate its observations on these reports to the General Assembly.

The Economic and Social Council may furnish information to the Security Council and shall assist the Security Council upon its request.

• The Economic and Social Council shall perform such functions as fall within its competence in connection with the carrying out of the recommendations of the General Assembly.
• It may, with the approval of the General Assembly, perform services at the request of Members of the United Nations and at the request of specialized agencies.
• It shall perform such other functions as are specified elsewhere in the present Charter or as may be assigned to it by the General Assembly.
• Each member of the Economic and Social Council shall have one vote.
• Decisions of the Economic and Social Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.

The Economic and Social Council shall set up commissions in economic and social fields and for the promotion of human rights, and such other commissions as may be required for the performance of its functions.

The Economic and Social Council shall invite any Member of the United Nations to participate, without vote, in its deliberations on any matter of particular concern to that Member.

The Economic and Social Council may make arrangements for representatives of the specialized agencies to participate, without vote, in its deliberations and in those of the commissions established by it, and for its representatives to participate in the deliberations of the specialized agencies.

The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made with international organizations and, where appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations concerned.

• The Economic and Social Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.
• The Economic and Social Council shall meet as required in accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members.

Chapter XI: Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories

Members of the United Nations which have or assume responsibilities for the administration of territories whose peoples have not yet attained a full measure of self-government recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants of these territories are paramount, and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost, within the system of international peace and security established by the present Charter, the well-being of the inhabitants of these territories, and, to this end:

• to ensure, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advancement, their just treatment, and their protection against abuses;
• to develop self-government, to take due account of the political aspirations of the peoples, and to assist them in the progressive development of their free political institutions, according to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and their varying stages of advancement;
• to further international peace and security;
• to promote constructive measures of development, to encourage research, and to co-operate with one another and, when and where appropriate, with specialized international bodies with a view to the practical achievement of the social, economic, and scientific purposes set forth in this Article; and
• to transmit regularly to the Secretary-General for information purposes, subject to such limitation as security and constitutional considerations may require, statistical and other information of a technical nature relating to economic, social, and educational conditions in the territories for which they are respectively responsible other than those territories to which Chapters XII and XIII apply.

Members of the United Nations also agree that their policy in respect of the territories to which this Chapter applies, no less than in respect of their metropolitan areas, must be based on the general principle of good-neighbourliness, due account being taken of the interests and well-being of the rest of the world, in social, economic, and commercial matters.

Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System

The United Nations shall establish under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereinafter referred to as trust territories.

The basic objectives of the trusteeship system, in accordance with the Purposes of the United Nations laid down in Article 1 of the present Charter, shall be:

• to promote the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of the trust territories, and their progressive development towards self-government or independence as may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of each territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned, and as may be provided by the terms of each trusteeship agreement;
• to encourage respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion, and to encourage recognition of the interdependence of the peoples of the world; and
• to ensure equal treatment in social, economic, and commercial matters for all Members of the United Nations and their nationals, and also equal treatment for the latter in the administration of justice, without prejudice to the attainment of the foregoing objectives and subject to the provisions of Article 80.
• territories now held under mandate;
• territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of the Second World War; and
• territories voluntarily placed under the system by states responsible for their administration.
• It will be a matter for subsequent agreement as to which territories in the foregoing categories will be brought under the trusteeship system and upon what terms.

The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality.

The terms of trusteeship for each territory to be placed under the trusteeship system, including any alteration or amendment, shall be agreed upon by the states directly concerned, including the mandatory power in the case of territories held under mandate by a Member of the United Nations, and shall be approved as provided for in Articles 83 and 85.

• Except as may be agreed upon in individual trusteeship agreements, made under Articles 77, 79, and 81, placing each territory under the trusteeship system, and until such agreements have been concluded, nothing in this Chapter shall be construed in or of itself to alter in any manner the rights whatsoever of any states or any peoples or the terms of existing international instruments to which Members of the United Nations may respectively be parties.
• Paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be interpreted as giving grounds for delay or postponement of the negotiation and conclusion of agreements for placing mandated and other territories under the trusteeship system as provided for in Article 77.

The trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the terms under which the trust territory will be administered and designate the authority which will exercise the administration of the trust territory. Such authority, hereinafter called the administering authority, may be one or more states or the Organization itself.

There may be designated, in any trusteeship agreement, a strategic area or areas which may include part or all of the trust territory to which the agreement applies, without prejudice to any special agreement or agreements made under Article 43.

• All functions of the United Nations relating to strategic areas, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment shall be exercised by the Security Council.
• The basic objectives set forth in Article 76 shall be applicable to the people of each strategic area.
• The Security Council shall, subject to the provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without prejudice to security considerations, avail itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship Council to perform those functions of the United Nations under the trusteeship system relating to political, economic, social, and educational matters in the strategic areas.

It shall be the duty of the administering authority to ensure that the trust territory shall play its part in the maintenance of international peace and security. To this end the administering authority may make use of volunteer forces, facilities, and assistance from the trust territory in carrying out the obligations towards the Security Council undertaken in this regard by the administering authority, as well as for local defence and the maintenance of law and order within the trust territory.

• The functions of the United Nations with regard to trusteeship agreements for all areas not designated as strategic, including the approval of the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the General Assembly.
• The Trusteeship Council, operating under the authority of the General Assembly shall assist the General Assembly in carrying out these functions.

Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council

• those Members administering trust territories;
• such of those Members mentioned by name in Article 23 as are not administering trust territories; and
• as many other Members elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly as may be necessary to ensure that the total number of members of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided between those Members of the United Nations which administer trust territories and those which do not.
• Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall designate one specially qualified person to represent it therein.

The General Assembly and, under its authority, the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their functions, may:

• consider reports submitted by the administering authority;
• accept petitions and examine them in consultation with the administering authority;
• provide for periodic visits to the respective trust territories at times agreed upon with the administering authority; and
• take these and other actions in conformity with the terms of the trusteeship agreements.

The Trusteeship Council shall formulate a questionnaire on the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of the inhabitants of each trust territory, and the administering authority for each trust territory within the competence of the General Assembly shall make an annual report to the General Assembly upon the basis of such questionnaire.

• Each member of the Trusteeship Council shall have one vote.
• Decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall be made by a majority of the members present and voting.
• The Trusteeship Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.
• The Trusteeship Council shall meet as required in accordance with its rules, which shall include provision for the convening of meetings on the request of a majority of its members.

The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, avail itself of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council and of the specialized agencies in regard to matters with which they are respectively concerned.

Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter.

• All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
• A state which is not a Member of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on conditions to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
• Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party.
• If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council, which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment.

Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to other tribunals by virtue of agreements already in existence or which may be concluded in the future.

• The General Assembly or the Security Council may request the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal question.
• Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies, which may at any time be so authorized by the General Assembly, may also request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities.

Chapter XV: The Secretariat

The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such staff as the Organization may require. The Secretary-General shall be appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. He shall be the chief administrative officer of the Organization.

The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council, and of the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform such other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs. The Secretary-General shall make an annual report to the General Assembly on the work of the Organization.

The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security.

Article 100

• In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization.
• Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities.

Article 101

• The staff shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by the General Assembly.
• Appropriate staffs shall be permanently assigned to the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and, as required, to other organs of the United Nations. These staffs shall form a part of the Secretariat.
• The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible.

Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions

Article 102.

• Every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any Member of the United Nations after the present Charter comes into force shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat and published by it.
• No party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nations.

Article 103

In the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Members of the United Nations under the present Charter and their obligations under any other international agreement, their obligations under the present Charter shall prevail.

Article 104

The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such legal capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions and the fulfilment of its purposes.

Article 105

• The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each of its Members such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the fulfilment of its purposes.
• Representatives of the Members of the United Nations and officials of the Organization shall similarly enjoy such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the independent exercise of their functions in connection with the Organization.
• The General Assembly may make recommendations with a view to determining the details of the application of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article or may propose conventions to the Members of the United Nations for this purpose.

Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements

Article 106.

Pending the coming into force of such special agreements referred to in Article 43 as in the opinion of the Security Council enable it to begin the exercise of its responsibilities under Article 42, the parties to the Four-Nation Declaration, signed at Moscow, 30 October 1943, and France, shall, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5 of that Declaration, consult with one another and as occasion requires with other Members of the United Nations with a view to such joint action on behalf of the Organization as may be necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.

Article 107

Nothing in the present Charter shall invalidate or preclude action, in relation to any state which during the Second World War has been an enemy of any signatory to the present Charter, taken or authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having responsibility for such action.

Chapter XVIII: Amendments

Article 108.

Amendments to the present Charter shall come into force for all Members of the United Nations when they have been adopted by a vote of two thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations, including all the permanent members of the Security Council.

Article 109

• A General Conference of the Members of the United Nations for the purpose of reviewing the present Charter may be held at a date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any nine members of the Security Council. Each Member of the United Nations shall have one vote in the conference.
• Any alteration of the present Charter recommended by a two-thirds vote of the conference shall take effect when ratified in accordance with their respective constitutional processes by two thirds of the Members of the United Nations including all the permanent members of the Security Council.
• If such a conference has not been held before the tenth annual session of the General Assembly following the coming into force of the present Charter, the proposal to call such a conference shall be placed on the agenda of that session of the General Assembly, and the conference shall be held if so decided by a majority vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any seven members of the Security Council.

Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature

Article 110.

• The present Charter shall be ratified by the signatory states in accordance with their respective constitutional processes.
• The ratifications shall be deposited with the Government of the United States of America, which shall notify all the signatory states of each deposit as well as the Secretary-General of the Organization when he has been appointed.
• The present Charter shall come into force upon the deposit of ratifications by the Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, and by a majority of the other signatory states. A protocol of the ratifications deposited shall thereupon be drawn up by the Government of the United States of America which shall communicate copies thereof to all the signatory states.
• The states signatory to the present Charter which ratify it after it has come into force will become original Members of the United Nations on the date of the deposit of their respective ratifications.

Article 111

The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. Duly certified copies thereof shall be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of the other signatory states.

In Faith Whereof the representatives of the Governments of the United Nations have signed the present Charter. DONE at the city of San Francisco the twenty-sixth day of June, one thousand nine hundred and forty-five.

Note on Amendments to Articles 23, 27, 61, 109

Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 of the Charter were adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December 1963 and came into force on 31 August 1965. A further amendment to Article 61 was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1971, and came into force on 24 September 1973. An amendment to Article 109, adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1965, came into force on 12 June 1968.

The amendment to Article 23 enlarges the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen. The amended Article 27 provides that decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members (formerly seven) and on all other matters by an affirmative vote of nine members (formerly seven), including the concurring votes of the five permanent members of the Security Council.

The amendment to Article 61, which entered into force on 31 August 1965, enlarged the membership of the Economic and Social Council from eighteen to twenty-seven. The subsequent amendment to that Article, which entered into force on 24 September 1973, further increased the membership of the Council from twenty-seven to fifty-four.

The amendment to Article 109, which relates to the first paragraph of that Article, provides that a General Conference of Member States for the purpose of reviewing the Charter may be held at a date and place to be fixed by a two-thirds vote of the members of the General Assembly and by a vote of any nine members (formerly seven) of the Security Council. Paragraph 3 of Article 109, which deals with the consideration of a possible review conference during the tenth regular session of the General Assembly, has been retained in its original form in its reference to a "vote, of any seven members of the Security Council", the paragraph having been acted upon in 1955 by the General Assembly, at its tenth regular session, and by the Security Council.

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Constitution Of India, Indian Penal Code - IPC

Article 39, 39A of Indian Constitution

Article 39 of Indian Constitution: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State

Article 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State- Constitution Of India

Article 39 of Indian ConstitutionThe State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing—

(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood;

(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;

(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment;

(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;

(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;

(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Article 39A of Indian Constitution – Equal justice and free legal aid

Article 39A of Indian Constitution: Equal justice and free legal aid

The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

PDF Download Article 39 of Indian Constitution, Constitution of India Article 39

Constitution of india part 4 directive principles of state policy – articles 36 to 51, article 36 of indian constitution, article 37 of indian constitution, article 38 of indian constitution, article 40 of indian constitution, article 41 of indian constitution, article 42 of indian constitution, article 43, 43a of indian constitution, article 44 of indian constitution – uniform civil code for the citizens, article 45 of indian constitution, article 46 of indian constitution, article 47 of indian constitution, article 48, 48a of indian constitution – organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry, article 49 of indian constitution, article 50 of indian constitution, article 51 of indian constitution, article 43a participation of workers in management of industries, article 39a of indian constitution, article 48a of indian constitution, leave a reply cancel reply.

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Charter of the United Nations

Chapter vii — action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression.

“ The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security. ”

* Advance version in English

Constitution of India

Certain Principles of Policy to be Followed by the State

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing—

(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood;

(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;

(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment;

(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;

(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;

(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Article 31, Draft Constitution of India 1948

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing-

(i) That the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood;

(ii) That the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;

(iii) That the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment;

(iv) That there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;

(v) That the strength and health of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;

(vi) That childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Article 38, Constitution of India 1950

(f) that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Draft Article 31 (Article 39) was taken up for debate in the Constituent Assembly on 22 November 1948 . It directed the State to protect and promote the economic welfare of citizens with special emphasis on the weaker sections of society.

The debate in the Assembly was dominated by its socialist members, who felt that the Draft Article’s clauses did not go far enough to encode socialism in the Constitution. They pointed out that the language of clause allowed private interests to obtain the ‘ ownership and control of material resources ’ which was antagonistic to the economic welfare of citizens. Amendments were moved that aimed to give specificity to the clauses, by clarifying what came under ‘ material resources ’, and explicitly stating that only the State acting on behalf of the people could have control over material resources.

Another member was worried about clause 3 that directed the State to prevent the concentration of wealth and moved an amendment. It was argued that unless the Assembly had plans to install a communist state, the concentration of wealth and inequities would be inevitable. Therefore, the problem was not really the concentration of wealth, but the undue concentration of wealth.

At the end of the debate, it was clarified that the clauses of the Draft Article were deliberately worded in a general and extensive manner; the economic system that the socialists were arguing for was compatible with the Draft Article. Therefore, there was no need for the relevant amendments.

All amendments were rejected, with the exception of the minor amendment to replace ‘ that the strength and health ’ with ‘ that the health and strength ’. The Assembly adopted the amended Draft Article on 22 November 1948.

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Abizer Merchant

Article 39-a A Brief Overview

Coverage of this Article

Introduction .

-Article 39-A is a provision in the Constitution of India that deals with equal justice and free legal aid.

Merits of Article 39-A

-Access to justice: One of the primary merits of Article 39-A is that it provides for the provision of free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

Limitations of Article 39-A

-Limited scope of legal aid: The legal aid provided under Article 39-A is limited to those who are unable to afford legal services.

Landmark cases of Article 39-A

-Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979): In this case, the Supreme Court of India held that the right to free legal aid is a fundamental right of every person, and that it is the duty of the state to provide free legal aid to those who cannot afford it.

Conclusion 

-Article 39-A of the Constitution of India provides for the provision of free legal aid to those who cannot afford it, in order to ensure that access to justice is not restricted to only the privileged sections of society.

Article 39-A is a provision in the Constitution of India that deals with equal justice and free legal aid. It was inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976 and came into effect from 3 January 1977. The article states that the state shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

The provision is aimed at ensuring access to justice for all, especially the economically and socially weaker sections of society. It recognizes that the cost of legal proceedings can be a major barrier to justice, and seeks to remove this obstacle by providing free legal aid.

The article also lays down certain principles for the legal system, such as that the procedure in courts should be simple and easy to understand, and that every person should be able to defend themselves in court or have legal assistance, if required. Furthermore, the article emphasizes that the state should take steps to organize the legal system in such a way that it is responsive to the needs of the people, and that the resources of the legal system are deployed in an efficient and effective manner. To give effect to the provisions of Article 39-A, the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 was enacted. The Act provides for the constitution of legal services authorities at the national, state, and district levels, and for the provision of free legal aid to eligible persons. Article 39-A is a significant provision in the Indian Constitution that seeks to ensure equal access to justice for all citizens, especially those who are economically and socially disadvantaged. Its implementation through the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 has been instrumental in providing free legal aid to millions of people who would otherwise have been unable to afford it.

The historical development of Article 39-A can be traced back to the Indian freedom struggle and the post-independence era. The Indian Constitution, which was adopted on 26 January 1950, enshrined the principles of justice, liberty, and equality, and sought to establish a democratic and egalitarian society.

The idea of providing free legal aid to the poor and marginalized sections of society was first proposed by Mahatma Gandhi, who believed that justice should be accessible to all, regardless of their economic or social status. This idea was later taken up by other leaders of the Indian freedom struggle, such as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Jawaharlal Nehru.

The provision of free legal aid was also a key recommendation of the Report of the Law Commission of India on Legal Aid, which was submitted in 1956. The report highlighted the need for legal aid to be provided to the poor and marginalized sections of society, who were often unable to access justice due to their inability to pay for legal services.

In 1973, the Supreme Court of India delivered a landmark judgment in the case of Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, in which it held that the right to free legal aid is an integral part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. The judgment emphasized the need for legal aid to be provided to all persons who are unable to afford it, and called for the establishment of legal aid committees at the district and taluka levels. Subsequently, in 1976, the Constitution was amended by the 42nd Amendment Act, which inserted Article 39-A into the Constitution. The article provides for the provision of free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. To give effect to the provisions of Article 39-A, the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 was enacted, which provides for the constitution of legal services authorities at the national, state, and district levels, and for the provision of free legal aid to eligible persons. The Act has been instrumental in providing access to justice to millions of people who would otherwise have been unable to afford it.

Article 39-A of the Constitution of India has several merits, some of which are as follows:

• Access to justice: One of the primary merits of Article 39-A is that it provides for the provision of free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities. This ensures that all citizens, regardless of their economic or social status, have access to justice and are able to defend their rights in a court of law.
• Equality before the law: Article 39-A seeks to promote equality before the law by ensuring that legal aid is provided to all citizens, regardless of their economic or social background. This promotes a more just and egalitarian society, where everyone is equal before the law.
• Simplicity in legal procedures: Another merit of Article 39-A is that it emphasizes the need for simple and easy-to-understand procedures in courts. This makes the legal system more accessible and user-friendly, especially for those who may not have a legal background.
• Efficient and effective deployment of legal resources: Article 39-A recognizes that the legal system must be organized in such a way that it is responsive to the needs of the people, and that the resources of the legal system are deployed in an efficient and effective manner. This promotes the efficient use of legal resources and ensures that justice is delivered in a timely and cost-effective manner.
• Protection of fundamental rights: By providing free legal aid, Article 39-A helps to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, such as the right to life, liberty, and equality before the law. This ensures that citizens are able to defend their rights and hold the government accountable for any violations of their rights.

Article 39-A has several merits, including the promotion of access to justice, equality before the law, simplicity in legal procedures, efficient deployment of legal resources, and the protection of fundamental rights. These merits have made a significant contribution to the development of a just and egalitarian society in India.

While Article 39-A of the Constitution of India has several merits, there are also some limitations that need to be addressed. Some of the limitations of Article 39-A are:

• Limited scope of legal aid: The legal aid provided under Article 39-A is limited to those who are unable to afford legal services. This means that those who may not fall within this category, but still face significant barriers in accessing justice, may not be eligible for legal aid.
• Lack of awareness: Another limitation of Article 39-A is that many people who are eligible for legal aid may not be aware of its availability. This can result in a lack of uptake of legal aid services, and may prevent eligible individuals from accessing justice.
• Underfunding: The provision of legal aid under Article 39-A is dependent on government funding, which can be limited in some cases. This can result in a lack of resources for legal aid providers, and may limit the availability and quality of legal aid services.
• Lack of uniformity: The implementation of Article 39-A can vary from state to state, and there may be a lack of uniformity in the provision of legal aid services. This can result in disparities in access to justice for different sections of society, and may limit the effectiveness of legal aid as a tool for promoting social justice.
• Limited access to quality legal services: Legal aid under Article 39-A may not always result in the provision of high-quality legal services. This can result in a lack of effective representation for those who are eligible for legal aid, and may limit the effectiveness of legal aid as a means of promoting access to justice.

While Article 39-A has several merits, there are also some limitations that need to be addressed. These limitations include the limited scope of legal aid, lack of awareness, underfunding, lack of uniformity, and limited access to quality legal services. Addressing these limitations can help to improve the effectiveness of legal aid in promoting access to justice and protecting the fundamental rights of citizens.

There have been several landmark cases in India that have helped to shape the interpretation and implementation of Article 39-A of the Constitution of India. Some of these cases are:

• Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1979): In this case, the Supreme Court of India held that the right to free legal aid is a fundamental right of every person, and that it is the duty of the state to provide free legal aid to those who cannot afford it.
• Suk Das v. Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh (1986): In this case, the Supreme Court of India held that the right to legal aid is an essential element of the right to a fair trial, and that the state has a duty to provide legal aid to those who cannot afford it.
• State of Maharashtra v. Manubhai Pragaji Vashi (1995): In this case, the Supreme Court of India held that the state has a duty to ensure that legal aid is provided at every stage of the proceedings, and that legal aid should not be restricted to only certain stages of the trial.
• M. C. Mehta v. Union of India (1987): In this case, the Supreme Court of India held that access to justice is a fundamental right, and that the state has a duty to provide free legal aid to those who cannot afford it.
• State of Punjab v. Jagdev Singh Talwandi (2003): In this case, the Supreme Court of India held that legal aid should not only be restricted to criminal cases, but should also be available in civil cases, particularly in cases involving the poor and marginalized sections of society.

These landmark cases have played a significant role in shaping the interpretation and implementation of Article 39-A of the Constitution of India, and have helped to ensure that the right to legal aid is a fundamental right that is accessible to all citizens, regardless of their economic or social background.

Article 39-A of the Constitution of India provides for the provision of free legal aid to those who cannot afford it, in order to ensure that access to justice is not restricted to only the privileged sections of society. The article lays down the principle that the state shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

The article also provides for the appointment of legal aid committees at the national, state and district levels, to promote the provision of legal aid services to those who are in need of such services. The committees are tasked with identifying the poor and vulnerable sections of society who are in need of legal aid, and with providing them with the necessary legal assistance.

Overall, Article 39-A seeks to ensure that access to justice is a fundamental right that is accessible to all citizens, regardless of their economic or social background, and that the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity.

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Trump Media auditor warns that losses 'raise substantial doubt' about company's ability to continue

An auditor has raised doubts about the ability of former President Donald Trump's publicly traded company to stay in business, according to a new regulatory filing .

Trump Media and Technology Group , which operates the Truth Social platform, reported it lost $58.2 million in 2023 while generating total revenues of $4.1 million, according to the Monday filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Trump Media listed its largest expense for the year as interest payments totaling more than $39 million.

The filing includes a note from an independent accounting firm, Colorado-based BF Borgers CPA PC, warning that Trump Media's "operating losses raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern." In a separate filing Monday , Trump Media cited the auditor's analysis in describing the risks facing the business. Borgers has worked with Trump Media since 2022.

The note is dated March 25, the day before Trump's company started trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange under the symbol DJT, surging at first and earning comparisons to so-called meme stocks .

Shares of the company fell more than 21% to $48.66 on Monday. Its market value stood at more than $6.5 billion.

A spokesperson for Trump Media referred a request for comment to a Monday news release that quotes Trump Media CEO and former U.S. Rep. Devin Nunes.

“Closing out the 2023 financials related to the merger, Truth Social today has no debt and over $200 million in the bank, opening numerous possibilities for expanding and enhancing our platform," Nunes said in the release. "We intend to take full advantage of these opportunities to make Truth Social the quintessential free-speech platform for the American people.”

In the filing, the company acknowledged that it expects to operate at a loss for the "foreseeable future" as it works to expand Truth Social's user base and attract more advertisers. It said it would be "premature" to predict when it will attain profitability and positive cash flows from its operations.

As of the end of 2023, Trump Media had about $2.6 million in cash on hand and total liabilities of $70.1 million, according to the filing. The company received an infusion of about $300 million from its merger a week ago with shell company Digital World Acquisition Corp.

Trump Media went public last week and gave the former president a paper net worth of around $7 billion. However, Trump is barred from selling the shares he owns in the company for six months. Even before the latest losses were revealed, analysts said the value of the company would plummet if Trump were to sell his shares.

“If he goes ahead [with selling], it could sink DJT by at least 15% to 40% based on option pricing,” said Ben Emons, senior portfolio manager and head of fixed income at NewEdge Wealth, in a research note.

In a filing, the company cited Trump's candidacy for the presidency in warning that "he may divest his interest in Truth Social and may cease any involvement in its management."

Analysts also expect trading in the stock to be volatile while the legal and political fortunes of the former president shift as he seeks a new term in the White House. John Rekenthaler, vice president for research at Morningstar financial services group, likened the company's stock to a cryptocurrency .

"As with bitcoin, people buy Trump Media not for future cash flows but because: 1) they expect its price to rise, and 2) they feel an affiliation for the asset," Rekenthaler wrote. "Bitcoin owners are members of a club. So, too, are Trump Media investors, to an even greater degree. For them, DJT shares represent a currency by which they can express their beliefs and commitment."

Rob Wile is a breaking business news reporter for NBC News Digital.

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Directive Principles of Our State Policy: Part IV (Articles 36-51)

Last updated on August 16, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

Directive Principles of State Policy are a set of guidelines or principles enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36 to 51) of the Constitution of India. Unlike fundamental rights, which are justiciable and can be enforced by the courts, Directive Principles are non-justiciable. This means that they are not legally enforceable by the courts, but they serve as important guidelines for the government in formulating policies and laws. Read here to know them in detail.

Part IV of the Indian Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of our State Policy (DPSP).

The provisions contained in this Part cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from the Irish Constitution. While most of the Fundamental Rights are negative obligations on the state, DPSPs are positive obligations on the state, though not enforceable in a court of law.

Table of Contents

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

The Directive Principles of State Policy aim to promote the welfare of the people, ensure social and economic justice, and create a just and equitable society. They provide a framework for the government to strive towards achieving certain socio-economic goals, even though they may not be immediately attainable due to various constraints.

• While the Directive Principles themselves are not legally enforceable, they are considered fundamental in the governance of the country.
• They guide the formulation of policies and laws by the government and are taken into consideration by the legislature while enacting laws.
• Over the years, many judicial decisions and legislative measures have been influenced by the spirit of the Directive Principles.
• The balance between fundamental rights and Directive Principles is essential for creating a just and equitable society that respects individual freedoms while striving for the welfare of all citizens.

Some of the key principles outlined in the DPSP include:

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• Equal Pay for Equal Work: Ensuring that men and women receive equal pay for equal work .
• Right to Work, Education, and Public Assistance in Certain Cases: Ensuring opportunities for work, education, and public assistance, particularly for marginalized sections of society.
• Provision of Adequate Means of Livelihood: Ensuring that the citizens have the means to earn a livelihood that is adequate and sustainable.
• Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid: Ensuring that justice is accessible to all and that free legal aid is provided to those who cannot afford it.
• Promotion of Educational and Economic Interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Weaker Sections: Ensuring the development and protection of marginalized communities.
• Protection of Monuments and Places of National Importance: Preserving cultural heritage and historical sites.
• Promotion of International Peace and Security: Pursuing policies that contribute to international peace and security.
• Uniform Civil Code: Striving to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
• Protection of the Environment: Promoting sustainable development and protecting the environment.

DPSP in detail

Article 36: definition.

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” has the same meaning as in Part III .

Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part

The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforced by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people

(1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic, and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life.

(2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimize the inequalities in income, and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities, and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.

Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing –

(a) that the citizen, men, and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood; (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good; (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment;  (d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women; (e) that the health and strength of workers, men, and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength; (f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and moral and material abandonment.

Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid

The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen because of economic or other disabilities.

Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats

The State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.

Article 41: Right to work, education, and public assistance in certain cases

The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.

Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief

The State shall make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers

The State shall endeavor to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way, to all workers agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas.

Article 43A: Participation of workers in the management of industries

The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry.

Article 43B: Promotion of cooperative societies

The State shall endeavor to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperative societies.

This Article was not a part of the Constitution of India 1950 and was inserted by the Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act, 2011 . It directs the State to promote the democratic functioning of cooperative societies.

Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizen

The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.

Article 45: Provision for free and compulsory education for children

The State shall endeavor to provide, within ten years from the commencement of this Constitution , for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.

Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic Interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections

The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes , and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health

The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purpose of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

Article 48: Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry

The State shall endeavor to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.

Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife

The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance

It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal, or export, as the case may be.

Article 50: Separation of Judiciary from the executive

The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security

The State shall endeavor to –

(a) promote international peace and security; (b) maintain just and honorable relations between nations; (c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized people with one another; and (d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Amendments to DPSP

The DPSP has been amended four times.

• 42nd Amendment 1976: It added four new directive principles- Article 39, Article 39A, Article 43A, and Article 48A.
• 44th Amendment 1978: The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 created a new DPSP under Article 38, which mandates the State to reduce inequalities in income, status, facilities, and opportunities.
• 86th Amendment 2002: It altered Article 45’s subject matter, and under Article 21A, basic education became a fundamental right.
• 97th Amendment 2011: The 97th Amendment Act of 2011 created a new DPSP for cooperative societies under Article 43B.

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Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

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Reader Interactions

September 15, 2016 at 6:03 am

April 3, 2018 at 10:07 pm

Can you tell me,why Directive principles of state policy ‘S provisions shall not be enforceable in any court?

October 29, 2018 at 7:09 am

These are morals like things for state. But legally might not be binding anyone nd always not possible to follow.

December 20, 2018 at 2:37 pm

As the name suggests..this are the guidelines which means they are suggestions for better governance,since they are suggestions which means it comes with choice to use them or don’t use them. So they can not be challenged… Moreover India at Independence did not had enough resources to take the burden of fundamental rights and dpsp together.. because of it the constitutional assembly opted for it’s nature to be non justiciable.

February 21, 2019 at 11:52 pm

Because our economy is not big as we need. State or Central government can’t give all these facilities to the people of India at a time. It will take many years.

April 23, 2019 at 7:38 pm

Because the DPSP is just a recommendation to the state government to implement or create schemes which was added by the law makers thats why it was not enforced and we can’t file case in courts to get DPSP rights (sorry i don’t know that much english)

January 11, 2021 at 5:26 am

because in some cases govt. can not have such resources to give all provisions to public like employment , if it should be enforcable in any court than there should be a lot of cases in courts regarding employment, social and economic case . to remove these case it is not enforcable in courts .

August 8, 2021 at 1:32 am

Bcz these are not guaranteed as fundamental right so these are not enforceable against the state on the court.

September 12, 2021 at 9:41 am

beacuse it’s implementation cost more money but in india economic condition is not good for how thew implement it and if it is enforcible in court then everyone go to court for not implementing it by government.that’s why it is not enforcible in court😊

October 1, 2023 at 12:29 pm

because the assembly thought that the policies will turn out of date in future and they found unnecessary to add this ….

March 15, 2024 at 9:30 pm

Because the directive principles itself says under Article 37 that it is not enforceable in any court 🤣

May 1, 2018 at 4:00 pm

Very useful nice good

August 22, 2018 at 11:34 am

it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

December 20, 2018 at 10:30 pm

Very nice question The main reason behind left DPSP unenforced. If once it became enforced then it become legal obligation upon the state to bring into conformity. So that it is left only for directive’s and compulsion.

December 29, 2018 at 12:18 pm

DPSP outside part IV i.e. Article 350 to 351 missing in this article.

February 23, 2019 at 5:22 pm

Thank you sir….this is very useful for upsc aspirants.. I’m also n IAS aspirant…

July 16, 2019 at 7:50 am

A Lengring sort of regime can’t be able to implement these norms.

September 7, 2019 at 4:13 pm

Can the government of the day be taken to task for not implementing DPs? Why?

September 25, 2019 at 7:37 pm

Super sir….. It’s really a nice article It is very very very helpful to us …

November 25, 2020 at 12:05 am

It’s better to understand. Good.

February 15, 2021 at 4:12 pm

Can you tell me an example of the Article 43?

February 15, 2021 at 4:15 pm

Can anyone tell me an example of the Article 43??

Nice Explanation,but could have given an example for all the articles. Just a small example would have been more easy to understand! Can you tell an example only for 43 at least???

Please!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

November 26, 2021 at 6:27 am

The Directive Principles of State Policy is the basic sole of Our constitution which directs the law makers of our Nation to enact laws to ensure equal ownership of entire citizens on national wealth and resources, to ensure equality in providing justice, facilities and protection of health, life and human rights of citizens equally. If the DPSP become enforceable through court of law, pro-corporate law-makers who want to convert the national wealth and resources into personal properties of few individuals, would not have scope to make laws to curtail the rights and facilities of other citizens to be treated them inferior in grade or as slaves, deviating from socialist concept of freedom that will transform India again into capitalist monarchy.

August 23, 2022 at 9:30 pm

Very useful Thank u sir

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Article 39 Of Indian Constitution

Article 39 – Certain Principles of Policy to Be Followed by the State

Article 39 stands as a guiding compass for the state, outlining certain principles of policy that are essential for fostering a just, equitable, and welfare-oriented society. This article delves into the legal intricacies of Article 39, breaking down the principles that shape the state’s responsibilities toward its citizens.

Article 39 is a cornerstone of governance, outlining principles that guide the state in its pursuit of creating an inclusive and just society. Understanding the essence of these principles is pivotal for citizens and policymakers alike, as they shape the trajectory of the nation’s progress.

Legal Context

In legal terms, Article 39 delineates the principles of policy to be followed by the state. Situated within the broader legal framework, these principles form the ethical foundation upon which the state’s actions and policies should be built.

Principles of Policy

This section provides a comprehensive exploration of the principles enshrined in Article 39. Breaking down these principles into their constituent components is essential for a clear understanding of the state’s guiding values and objectives.

Social and Economic Justice

One of the core principles of Article 39 revolves around social and economic justice. This principle mandates the state to create an environment where justice is not just a legal concept but a lived reality for every citizen.

Equitable Distribution of Resources

The principle of equitable distribution of resources emphasizes fairness in resource allocation. Examining this principle involves looking at how the state strives to ensure that resources are distributed in a manner that benefits all segments of society.

Workers’ Rights

Article 39 places importance on workers’ rights, acknowledging the pivotal role of labor in the nation’s development. This principle delves into the responsibilities of the state in safeguarding the rights and well-being of the labor force.

Childhood and Youth Welfare

The welfare of children and youth is a focal point of Article 39. This section explores how the state, guided by this principle, endeavors to create an environment that nurtures the well-being and development of the younger population.

Promotion of Cottage Industries

The principle of promoting cottage industries underscores the importance of supporting small-scale enterprises. Examining this principle involves understanding how the state encourages the growth of cottage industries for economic empowerment.

Public Health and Nutrition

Article 39 addresses public health and nutrition as fundamental rights. This principle explores the state’s role in providing accessible and quality healthcare and nutrition to all citizens, ensuring a healthy and thriving population.

Environmental Protection

Environmental protection is a key principle outlined in Article 39. This section discusses how the state, guided by this principle, implements policies and initiatives to address environmental challenges and ensure sustainable development.

Promotion of Educational and Cultural Heritage

The principles promoting educational and cultural heritage recognize the importance of preserving a nation’s identity. This part delves into how the state, following Article 39, contributes to the enrichment and preservation of its educational and cultural legacy.

Participation in Management of Industries

Workers’ participation in the management of industries is a significant principle of Article 39. This section explores the delicate balance the state seeks to achieve between the interests of labor and management in industrial settings.

Social Welfare Programs

Article 39 emphasizes the need for social welfare programs. This part highlights successful examples of state-driven initiatives aimed at uplifting marginalized sections of society and promoting social inclusion.

Challenges in Implementation

While the principles in Article 39 are noble, implementing them poses challenges. Identifying and understanding common challenges faced by states in adhering to these principles is crucial for developing effective strategies to overcome obstacles.

International Comparisons

Contrasting Article 39 with similar provisions in international law provides insights into the global perspectives on state principles of policy. Understanding how different nations interpret and implement such principles enriches the discourse on governance.

Impact on Governance

Adherence to the principles outlined in Article 39 significantly influences governance. Analyzing how the state follows these principles ensures citizen-centric and inclusive governance practices, fostering an environment of trust and accountability.

Public Awareness and Participation

Advocating for increased public awareness of Article 39 is not only a legal imperative but also a societal one. This section emphasizes the role of citizen participation in holding the state accountable, contributing to a more transparent and responsive governance.

In conclusion, Article 39 encapsulates the guiding principles that shape the state’s responsibilities toward its citizens. From social and economic justice to environmental protection, these principles are the pillars upon which a just and equitable society stands. Understanding and upholding these principles is not just a legal obligation but a shared commitment to building a nation that prioritizes the welfare and prosperity of all its citizens.

Related:- Article 38 Of Indian Constitution

Related:- Article 37 Of Indian Constitution

Frequently Asked Questions

• Article 39 outlines certain principles of policy to be followed by the state, focusing on creating a just, equitable, and welfare-oriented society.
• Article 39 places importance on workers’ rights, emphasizing the state’s responsibility in safeguarding the rights and well-being of the labor force.
• The principle of promoting cottage industries underscores the state’s efforts to support small-scale enterprises for economic empowerment.
• Public awareness of Article 39 is crucial for ensuring citizen participation in holding the state accountable and contributing to transparent and responsive governance.
• Adherence to the principles outlined in Article 39 significantly influences governance, fostering citizen-centric and inclusive governance practices.

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India's Ultratech Cement to set aside $3.9 bln for capex over three years

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Reporting by Nandan Mandayam in Bengaluru; Editing by Anil D'Silva and Ravi Prakash Kumar

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Slovak PM Fico's ally in tight presidential runoff with pro-west challenger

Ivan Korcok, a pro-Western diplomat and former foreign minister, is hoping to ride a wave of support energised by his first-round victory to edge out government party candidate Peter Pellegrini in Slovakia's presidential election run-off on Saturday.

April 2, 2024, update for OneNote 2016 (KB5002545)

This article discusses update 5002545 for Microsoft OneNote 2016 that was released on April 2, 2024.

Be aware that the update in the Microsoft Download Center applies to the Microsoft Installer (.msi)-based edition of Office 2016. It doesn't apply to the Office 2016 Click-to-Run editions, such as Microsoft Office 365 Home. (See  What version of Office am I using? )

Improvements and fixes

This update fixes an extended range of supported characters for sending files as attachments in the Microsoft OneNote desktop application.

This update also contains a fix for the following issue in OneNote 2016. To fix this issue completely, you have to install  KB 5002050  together with this update.

Fixes an issue in which OneNote cannot safely unload LibletAPI across multiple DLLs that it owns. After you install this update, LibletAPI can be safely uninitialized in various OneNote DLLs by uninitializing in a locked, reference-counted code block.

How to download and install the update

Microsoft update.

Use  Microsoft Update  to automatically download and install the update.

Download Center

This update is also available for manual download and installation from the Microsoft Download Center.

Download update 5002545 for 32-bit version of OneNote 2016

Download update 5002545 for 64-bit version of OneNote 2016

If you're not sure which platform (32-bit or 64-bit) you're running, see  Am I running 32-bit or 64-bit Office?  Additionally, see  more information about how to download Microsoft support files .

Virus-scan claim

Microsoft scanned this file for viruses by using the most current virus-detection software that was available on the date that the file was posted. The file is stored on security-enhanced servers that help prevent any unauthorized changes to it.

Update information

Prerequisites.

To apply this update, you must have Microsoft OneNote 2016 installed.

Restart information

You may have to restart the computer after you install this update.

More information

How to uninstall this update.

Windows 11 and Windows 10

Go to  Start , enter  Control Panel  in the search box, and then press Enter.

In the Control Panel search box, enter  Installed Updates .

In the search results, select  View installed updates.

In the list of updates, locate and select  KB5002545 , and then select  Uninstall .

File information

The English (United States) version of this software update installs files that have the attributes that are listed in the following tables. The dates and times for these files are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The dates and times for these files on your local computer are displayed in your local time together with your current daylight saving time (DST) bias. Additionally, the dates and times may change when you perform certain operations on the files.

Learn about the standard  terminology  that is used to describe Microsoft software updates.

The  Office System TechCenter  contains the latest administrative updates and strategic deployment resources for all versions of Office.

Need more help?

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Microsoft 365 subscription benefits

Microsoft 365 training

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Communities help you ask and answer questions, give feedback, and hear from experts with rich knowledge.

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• IAS Questions
• IAS Polity Questions
• What Is Article 39 Of The Indian Constitution

What is Article 39 of the Indian Constitution?

Article 39 of the Indian Constitution deals with certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. 

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing

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• that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means to livelihood;
• that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;
• that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment;
• that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;
• that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;
• that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity, and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. 

Further Reading:

• List of Important Articles in the Indian Constitution
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

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Lawmakers in Thailand overwhelmingly approve a bill to legalize same-sex marriage

Lawmakers in Thailand’s lower house of Parliament overwhelmingly approved a marriage equality bill on Wednesday, Mar. 27 that would make the country the first in Southeast Asia to legalize equal rights for marriage partners of any gender.

FILE - Participants hold a rainbow flag during a Pride Parade in Bangkok, Thailand, on June 4, 2023. Lawmakers in Thailand’s lower house of Parliament overwhelmingly approved a marriage equality bill on Wednesday, March 27, 2024, that would make the country the first in Southeast Asia to legalize equal rights for marriage partners of any gender. (AP Photo/Sakchai Lalit, File)

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FILE - Women kiss while holding a poster to support marriage equality, during a Pride Parade in Bangkok, Thailand, on June 4, 2023. Lawmakers in Thailand’s lower house of Parliament overwhelmingly approved a marriage equality bill on Wednesday March 26, 2024, that would make the country the first in Southeast Asia to legalize equal rights for marriage partners of any gender. (AP Photo/Sakchai Lalit, File)

BANGKOK (AP) — Lawmakers in Thailand’s lower house of Parliament overwhelmingly approved a marriage equality bill on Wednesday that would make the country the first in Southeast Asia to legalize equal rights for marriage partners of any gender.

The bill passed its final reading with the approval of 400 of the 415 members of the House of Representatives in attendance, with 10 voting against it, two abstaining and three not voting.

Thailand has a reputation for acceptance and inclusivity but has struggled for decades to pass a marriage equality law. Thai society largely holds conservative values, and members of the LGBTQ+ community say they face discrimination in everyday life. The government and state agencies are also historically conservative, and advocates for gender equality have had a hard time pushing lawmakers and civil servants to accept change.

The bill now goes to the Senate, which rarely rejects any legislation that passes the lower house, and then to the king for royal endorsement. This would make Thailand the first country or region in Southeast Asia to pass such a law and the third in Asia, after Taiwan and Nepal.

The bill amends the Civil and Commercial Code to change the words “men and women” and “husband and wife” to “individuals” and “marriage partners.” It would open up access to full legal, financial and medical rights for LGBTQ+ couples.

Danuphorn Punnakanta, a spokesperson of the governing Pheu Thai party and president of a committee overseeing the marriage equality bill, said in Parliament that the amendment is for “everyone in Thailand” regardless of their gender, and would not deprive heterosexual couples of any rights.

“For this law, we would like to return rights to the (LGBTQ+ group). We are not giving them rights. These are the fundamental rights that this group of people … has lost,” he said.

Mookdapa Yangyuenpradorn of the human rights organization Fortify Rights called the approval of the bill a historic moment for Thailand and the LGBTQ+ community.

She noted, however, that lawmakers did not approve the inclusion of the word “parent” in addition to “father and mother” in the law, which activists said would limit the parental rights of LGBTQ+ couples.

The new government led by Pheu Thai, which took office last year, has made marriage equality one of its main goals.