essay on delta plan 2100

Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP), 2100

The Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100 is a long term integrated techno-economic mega plan that integrates all delta-related sector plans and policies, enveloping a Delta Vision and strategies that make it possible to integrate sector plans and policies for the long term and to present actionable interventions with a roadmap for realization. 

Government of Bangladesh has approved the Delta Plan 2100 on September 4, 2018 to secure the future of water resources and mitigate the likely effects of climate change and natural disasters.

The Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100 is a broad-based long-term vision about the likely changes and necessary intervention to make the Bangladesh Delta a safe by the end of the 21st Century. Thus, an integrated, comprehensive and long-term Delta Vision has been stated as:

The Mission for BDP 2100 is formulated as:

“    Ensure long term water and food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability while effectively reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and building resilience to climate change and other delta challenges through robust, adaptive andintegrated strategies, and equitable water governance ” .

This long-term vision needs to be translated into specific goals or targets for its implementation. This is done by combining long term development outcomes in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction in the Perspective of 2041 with targets for reducing long term vulnerability from water and climate change related hazards plus targets for environmental conservation. 

BDP 2100 approach to long term goals:

The BDP 2100 proposes 3 higher level national goals and 6 BDP 2100 specific goals that contribute to achieving these higher-level goals.

Higher level goals:

Goal 1: Eliminate extreme poverty by 2030;

Goal 2: Achieve upper middle-income status by 2030and

Goal 3: Being a Prosperous Country beyond 2041

BDP 2100 specific goals:

Goal 1: Ensure safety from floods and climate change related disasters; 

Goal 2: Enhance water security and efficiency of water usages; 

Goal 3: Ensure sustainable and integrated river systems and estuaries management; 

Goal 4: Conserve and preserve wetlands and ecosystems and promote their wise use; 

Goal 5: Develop effective institutions an- d equitable governance for in-country and trans-boundary water resources management; and

Goal 6: Achieve optimal and integrated use of land and water resources.

Strategies developed at 3 Levels.

• Flood Risk Management
• Coastal Zone (27, 738 sq. km)
• Barind and Drought Prone Areas (22,848 sq. km)
• Haor and Flash Flood Areas (16,574 sq. km)
• Chattogram Hill Tracts (13,295 sq. km)
• River Systems and Estuaries (35,204 sq. km)
• Urban Areas (19,823 sq. km)
• Sustainable Land Use and Spatial Planning
• Agriculture, Food Security and Livelihood
• Trans-boundary Water Resources Management
• Dynamic Inland Water Transport
• Blue Economy
• Renewable Energy
• Earthquakes

Investment Cost of the BDP 2100 and Financing Options

The Dutch officials may be informed that BDP 2100 Investment Plan (IP) consists of a total of 80 projects: 65 are physical projects, and 15 are institutional and knowledge development projects at the first phase up to 2030. Its total capital investment cost is BDT 2,978 billion (US$37 billion).  All projects can be started within the next eight years, though given the scale and programmatic nature of some investments, construction in some cases will extend over decades.

• Total investment need for new projects and maintenance of new and old projects is about 2.5% of GDP per annum. Presently it is only 0.8% of GDP.  
• Out of the total required 2.5% of GDP, some 0.5% of GDP could be funded by the private sector. 
• About 2% of GDP would need to be executed through the public sector. Of which about 0.5% of GDP would need to be spent on O&M activities and the remaining 1.5% of GDP should come under the BDP 2100 IP. It may be noted that at present O&M is very much neglected and the actual amount may not even be more than 0.1% of GDP. 

Bangladesh has undertaken a project of 4 years to support and follow-up implementation of BDP 2100 with assistance of the Government of the Netherlands.  The following projects of BDP 2100 IP are being implemented by the GOB: 

• Dredging and Excavation of Canals and Small Rivers in 64 Districts (1st Phase): Total Project Cost – BDT 2279.55 Crore (US$ 268 million). The project is being implemented by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). 
• Dredging/Re-excavation of Bangali-Karatoa-Fuljor-Hurasagor River System & Bank Protection Project: Total Project Cost- BDT 2335.60 crore ((US$ 275 million).  BWDB has already started execution of the project.
• Urir Char Cross Dam in Noakhali project with total cost of BDT 533 crore (US$ 63 million is now awaiting for approval of the Planning Commission. 
•  World Bank has already expressed its interest in financing BDP 2100 IP.  The Bank has undertaken a Feasibility Study for “The Multi-Phase Jamuna Integrated River Basin Management (a part of Integrated Jamuna-Padma Rivers Stabilization and Land Reclamation) project, which is expected to be completed this year.

Investment Priorities

Priority areas are-flood protection, river erosion control, river management including river training and navigability, urban and rural water supply and waste management, and urban flood control and drainage. These are highly capital-intensive investments.

• Firstly, Investments in flood control, river erosion, river management including dredging, training and navigability are amongst the highest priority investments areas and will likely absorb 35% of total Delta investments. 
• Secondly, the investments in urban water supply, sanitation, waste management and drainage in major cities coupled with rapidly growing concentration of population and economic density in these areas suggest that this category will absorb at least 25% of all delta investments. 
• Thirdly, the lack of water and sanitation services in small towns and rural areas suggest that the need to achieve the government’s targets for safe water supply and sanitation for these areas will call for massive investments in these services. This category may absorb as much as 20% of total BDP 2100 investment up to FY2031. 

Signed Documents

• MoU between Government of Bangladesh and the Netherlands on May 2012 for formulation of Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100
• MoU between Government of Bangladesh, the Netherlands, and the World Bank on 16 June 2015 regarding strengthening water management in Bangladesh Delta

Thanks for the summary of the Delta Plan-2100. I found it so intriguing and fascinating. I believe that it will surely help those who wish to know about it.

It’s a farsighted Action Plan for the sustainable development of Aquatic &Terrestrial Natural Resources to upgrade Bangladesh as a Asian Tiger

The summary of the BDP 2100 is very useful insights for many people who doesn’t know about BDP. I thank Embassy for this very brief but useful peace of document. Thanks a lot.

Very useful brief. Thank you.

Commodore (Retd) Mohammad Abdur Razzak, NUP, ndc, psc, M Phil

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Bangladesh's Delta Plan 2100 offers major opportunity for climate compatible development

Millions of livelihoods in Bangladesh's vast delta region are at risk from climate change impacts this century: the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 aims to tackle these risks head on and turn them into opportunities for the region's people. Jubaer Rashid of CDKN Asia describes the multi-institutional effort involved to bring the plan to reality.

Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100: strategic document to help reduce climate risks

Bangladesh has been ranked 7th again in Global Climate Risk Index 2020, as the most vulnerable country around the world to climate change. With increasing climate risk, the country has been dealing with frequent floods, cyclones, salinity, livelihood and biodiversity losses, reducing wetlands, impact on agriculture and food resources.

To address these challenges, the Government of Bangladesh has formulated climate change policies, including

• National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) 2005
• Climate Change Trust Act 2010
• Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (BCCCSAP) 2009
• Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC) 2015
• Climate Change and Gender Action Plan (ccGAP) 2013
• National Plan for Disaster Management, 2016-2020
• National Water Management Pan (NWMP) 2000
• and formulation of an incipient National Adaptation Plan (NAP) .

These all support climate actions by public and private agencies. However, these policies are sector wise and followed by different ministries. An integrated long-term policy was expected for the country to take coordinated actions and allocation of budget.

The Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP 2100) integrates all these individual sectoral plans and approved in 2018 by the Government of Bangladesh. The General Economics Division of the Bangladesh Planning Commission began working on BDP 2100, with the support of the Government of Netherlands, in 2011-12.

The process for creating the BDP 2100 included a Bangladesh and Netherlands intergovernmental committee, a national advisory committee, a national steering committee, an implementation committee and a project management unit. This rigorous process also involved inter-ministerial focal points, a panel of experts and stakeholder consultations.

BDP 2100 is a strategic and comprehensive planning document that covers the longest period (50-100 years) and also one that identifies and prioritises investable sectors for action to reduce climate risk and environmental losses in the delta region. One of the most useful features of the document is its flexibility – it allows for addition and amendments as and when new information becomes available.

Climate risks in delta region

Bangladesh has the largest deltaic region and floodplain in the world, comprising the deltas of three trans-boundary rivers – the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna - all flowing downstream into the Bay of Bengal. Climate change is a serious threat to this deltaic and coastal area due to rising sea levels, resulting in frequent flooding and increasing salinity in the region. Apart from this, there are major hydrological risks, such as of river bank erosion, land subsidence and siltation. All these risks cause long-term impacts on livelihood, migration and economic security

BDP 2100 is aligned with national goals and outlines policies for six proposed hotspots and other cross-cutting areas that are focused on flood risk management and freshwater conservation. These six hotspots – Barind and Drought-Prone Areas; Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT); Coastal Zone; Haor and Flash Flood Areas; River Systems and Estuaries; and Urban Areas - have been proposed on the basis of analysis from eight hydrological regions identified in the National Water Management Plan 2004, and their hydrological characteristics and climate risks. A definition of hotspots has been also provided in Chapter 1: “Hotspots are prototypical areas where similar hydrological and climate-change vulnerability characteristics and problems converge (such as sea-level rise, river erosion, intensity of flooding, water shortage, siltation constraints, etc.” (BDP 2100).

Bangladesh Hydrological Zones Delta Plan Hotspots

All eight hydrological regions (shown in the map) are covered by the six hotpots. The major climate risks identified at these hotspots are:

• Barind and Drought-Prone Areas – rising temperature, drought, reduced groundwater levels, reducing wetlands
• Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) – loss of forest and vegetation cover, flash floods in hilly terrain
• Coastal Zone – tidal fluctuation, accelerated sea level rise (ASLR), salinity intrusion with sea-level rise, cyclones, storm surges
• Haor and Flash Flood Areas – precipitation, subsidence and decreased sediment supply, land filling, encroachment, land use change
• River Systems and Estuaries – riverine erosion and accretion, drought, river avulsion, sedimentation offtake, subsidence, tidal fluctuation, sea-level rise, flash floods in hilly terrain and dry periods
• Urban Areas – urban sprawl, unplanned settlements and development, falling groundwater levels, faecal sludge and industrial effluents, air and noise pollution, sea-level rise and increase in precipitation

District-wise natural hazard ranking has also been done for 64 districts of the country, which showed that floods and river erosion were the most common hazards faced by a majority of the districts.

Adaptive measures to reduce risks

Risk reduction strategies have been proposed for the period until 2050, based on the baseline study in 2015. Though the initial delta agenda covers the period until 2050, the plan has a long-term vision until the end of 2100. These strategies aim to achieve the long-term goals step-by-step. Thus the strategies have been categorised for the national level, and as per hotspots and other cross-cutting issues. The development of these strategies is considered to be in line with the projected business-as-usual (BAU) climate scenarios of the country and with expert reports. The adaptive pathways have been drawn into the plan based on a set of strategies and sub-strategies for the national level, each hotspot and other cross-cutting issues.

The strategies for Barind and drought-prone areas focus mainly on drought in Natore, Bogra and Thakurgaon districts; groundwater decline in Bogra, Dinajpur, Joypurhat and Naogaon, besides Pabna, Rajshahi and Rangpur districts; floodplain connectivity and degradation of wetland ecosystems in Chalan Beel area; floods and drainage congestion in Atrai basin; and water supply and sanitation in all regions.

The Barind hot spot strategy aims to balance supply and demand of freshwater, in support of sustainable growth.

• On the supply side, immediate plans include deep groundwater development and expansion of irrigation to provide farmers with more water; but by 2050, the plan is to also increase recycling of wastewater to help meet people’s needs.
• On the demand side, the aim is to introduce less water-hungry crops and far more efficient irrigation systems, to make freshwater go further. By 2050, full cost water pricing schemes and precision irrigated agriculture could curb water demand to sustainable levels.
• Further measures planned in Barind include: undertaking ecological restoration works and creating groundwater protection zones in the decades to 2050.
• By the end of the century, the hot spot strategy sees Barind benefiting from a wider range of infrastructure and integrated management processes in the Brahmaputra-Ganges basin, such as joint water resources development and protection across the basin, a Brahmaputra barrage and the practice of low-impact, high-intensity agriculture.

The strategies for the rest of the hotspots also incorporate plans for specific risks and the regions they impact; these are expected to be implemented with the help of both public and private expenditure.

Implementation process

The implementation of BDP 2100 is planned to be supported by the development of a Delta Act, the establishment of a Bangladesh delta governance council, Bangladesh delta commission, Bangladesh delta fund and a delta knowledge portal and data bank, besides a monitoring and evaluation system. General Economics Division has the overall responsibility of coordinating, monitoring and implementing this plan. These could be extremely fruitful if the concerned ministries could carry out their responsibilities, as they would be undertaking the implementation of the approved projects under BDP 2100. However, they need a large amount of investment and proper maintenance of existing projects.

The cost of implementing BDP 2100 has been estimated at US$ 38 billion in its Investment Plan (2017-2030). This includes 65 infrastructure projects and 15 institutional and knowledge development projects in the six hotspots. The Investment Plan also aims to get 427 million USD from private finance over the first 10 years ( World Bank 2017 ) and to increase private investment in the later stages.

Supporting research

The Institute of Bangladesh Water and Flood Management (IWFM) at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has been supporting General Economics Division since the formulation of BDP 2100 through ESPA Deltas and DECCMA projects. The IWFM is conducting another research programme, “Evaluation of adaptation trials for coastal livelihoods in GBM delta,” which is supported by CDKN Phase II and undertakes field validation for an adaptation model in two coastal regions (Golachipa and Barguna). This adaptation model will also help the Government of Bangladesh and General Economics Division to estimate their future adaptation demands in the delta region, as per BDP 2100.

The Government of Bangladesh needs an increased focus on planned implementation of BDP 2100 as its next step. Apart from the government allocation in Annual Development Programme (ADP), the availability of private financing could potentially be a major challenge in its implementation, since this is largely dependent on successful public-private partnership (PPP). It relies on private financing institutions to be interested and get involved. Different ministries can play a major role in attracting the interest of private agencies for investment. Building capacity, knowledge, and awareness of the benefits of the BDP 2100 need to be spread among all public and private stakeholders, so that coordinated actions can be ensured.

For more information

A new open access book “ Integrated Assessment for the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100: Analysis of selected interventions “, edited by Munsur Rahman, Robert Nicholls, Susan Hanson, Mashfiqus Salehin and Shamsul Alam has just been published. The book reports analysis undertaken as part of the ESPA Deltas project. Many of the project’s findings are integrated into the Delta Dynamic Integrated Emulator Model (ΔDIEM), which is designed to analyse the present and future of the delta in a policy relevant way in order to benefit the ecosystems, livelihoods and people of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta.

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Overview of BDP 2100

Bangladesh faces substantial downside risks from the interface of its deltaic geographical configuration, high population density, and regular episodes of a range of natural disasters including flooding, river bank erosion, sea level rise, salinity intrusion, tidal surge, cyclones and water-logging. Moreover, dry season water shortage and wet season water surpluses; vulnerability from being a lower riparian to much of the river inflows are important characteristics. In addition, the growing water demand from rapid urbanization and industrialization; rapid depletion of groundwater owing to over-exploitation in many areas; arsenic poisoning of ground water; and a range of water quality issues emerging from industrialization and urbanization all combine to make the effective management of the Delta challenge a major driver of national development. In view of the special long-term challenges for development outcomes presented by climate change and natural hazards, the Government of Bangladesh has adopted a long-term integrated tecno-economic plan ‘Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100’ (BDP2100) which was approved at the National Economic Council (NEC) meeting, presided over by the Hon’ble Prime Minister and Chairperson of the NEC, on 4 September 2018.

BDP 2100 seeks to integrate the short to medium term aspirations of Bangladesh to achieve upper middle income (UMIC) status and eliminate extreme poverty by FY2031 and developed country status by 2041 with the longer-term challenge of sustainable management of water, ecology, environment and land resources in the context of their interaction with natural disasters and climate change. The BDP2100 looks primarily at the medium-term delta agenda (2016-40) but is concerned that the decisions taken today have implications for the longer-term agenda for 2040 and beyond. In this regard, it sets up a long-term vision for the evolution of the Bangladesh Delta by the end of the 21st Century but defines short and medium-term goals as steps to reach that vision. These goals, associated strategies, policies, institutions and investments are moving targets and adaptive in nature. They are adaptive to changing natural events in order to respond appropriately and stay the course to the path of the long-term Delta vision. 4 September 2018.

BDP 2100 Vision, Mission and Goals:

A long-term delta vision and mission were adopted in BDP 2100 alongwith three higher-level national goals and six Delta specific goals focusing on water, ecology and land use that contribute to achieving these higher-level goals to realize the mission and translate the vision into reality.

Vision: Achieving safe, climate resilient and prosperous Delta

Mission: Ensure long term water and food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability while effectively reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and building resilience to climate change and other delta challenges issues through robust, adaptive and integrated strategies, and equitable water governance.

Higher level National goals:

• Goal 1: Eliminate extreme poverty by 2030;
• Goal 2: Achieve upper middle-income status by 2030, and
• Goal 3: Being a prosperous country beyond 2041.

BDP 2100 Delta specific goals:

• Goal 1: Ensure safety from floods and climate change related disasters;
• Goal 2: Enhance water security and efficiency of water usages;
• Goal 3: Ensure sustainable and integrated river systems and estuaries management;
• Goal 4: Conserve and preserve wetlands and ecosystems and promote their wise use;
• Goal 5: Develop effective institutions and equitable governance for in-country and transboundary water resources management; and

BDP2100 Strategies

Furthermore, BDP has provided nation-wide strategies on i) Flood Risk and ii) Freshwater Management. It has also provided strategies for a total of 9 thematic areas:

i) Water Supply Sanitation and Waste Management; ii) Transboundary Water Management; iii) Dynamizing Inland Water Transport System; iv) Agriculture, Food Security, Nutrition and Livelihood; v) Sustainable Land Use and Spatial Planning; vi) Environment, Ecology and Bio-Diversity; vii) Advancing the Blue Economy; viii) Renewable Energy and ix) Earthquake.

BDP 2100 has also devised strategies for six hotspots (the planning unit of BDP 2100):

i) Coastal Zone, ii) Barind and Drought Prone Areas, iii) Haor and Flash Flood Areas, iv) Chattogram Hill Tracts, v) River Systems and Estuaries and vi) Urban Areas.

The formulation of BDP2100 and its implementation is a complicated process, as a holistic approach is being applied to a complex delta with long-term time horizon and its execution. Adaptive Delta Management basically means managing uncertainty and risks, being prepared to some extent, able to adapt as and when required and when better solutions are available. In this respect, BDP2100 requires changing the usual planning and decision-making process impacting the delta and related governance and institutional environment.

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Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100: Implementation challenges and way forward

 Shamsul Alam |  March 31, 2019

Bangladesh Government has approved Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP 2100) on September 04, 2018 with the aspiration of achieving ‘safe, climate resilient and prosperous Delta’ by 2100. In other words, ‘BDP 2100 is the plan for moving Bangladesh forward towards the end of 21st Century. Efforts have been made to formulate BDP 2100 exactly in the same way we want to build Bangladesh in coming years of this century.

BDP 2100 is indeed the combination of long-term strategies and subsequent interventions for ensuring long term water and food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability while effectively reducing vulnerability to natural disasters and building resilience to climate change and other delta challenges through robust, adaptive and integrated strategies, and equitable water governance.

In fact, the complexity and dynamics of the Bangladesh delta necessitates a long term plan to address challenges and realise the opportunities of Bangladesh Delta. From that necessity with the directives from the Hon’ble Prime Minister, General Economics Division (GED) of Bangladesh Planning Commission has formulated BDP 2100 which is a holistic and integrated plan considering many themes and sectors for the whole country. The needs of natural resource management have also been articulated in this mega plan. Side by side, it is also a techno-economic plan, which covers both technical and economic issues (GDP growth, poverty reduction, employment, food security, investment etc) for the whole country. BDP 2100 is also an implementable plan having an investment programme up to year 2030 linked with mobilisation of financial resources. Another important thing regarding this plan is that it has strongly focused on climate change issues such as temperature rise, erratic rainfall pattern, sea level rise etc., and for that it followed an Adaptive Delta Management (ADM) approach. For the first time in any development planning, BDP 2100 has taken the climate change issue as an exogenous variable in developing the macroeconomic framework of the plan.

In order to illustrate the role of BDP 2100 and its contribution to the long term development of Bangladesh, two policy options are considered. One is called the Business As Usual (BAU) Policy Option where it is illustrated that when the adverse impact of climate change and natural hazards increases, the GDP growth rate starts falling over time, efficiency of capital falls resulting in lower agricultural production, unemployment, migration and pressure on urbanisation. The other option, Delta Plan (DP) Policy Option incorporates the adoption of strong climate change related adaptation measures to achieve higher and sustainable growth trajectories in the face of the various weather-related natural hazards and risks. This DP policy option will allow us to achieve national level goals of eradicating extreme poverty and achieving the status of UMIC by 2030 and also secure being a prosperous country by 2041. Moreover, macro-economic analysis done for BDP 2100 reveals that in Business As Usual (BAU) policy option, the extreme poverty will be eradicated around 2041. But, if the country adopts Delta Plan policy option extreme poverty could be eradicated around 2027.

Side by side, yearly economic loss of about 1.7 per cent or more of GDP due to climate change impacts and natural hazards has been predicted in future for Bangladesh Delta without BDP 2100.

BDP 2100 is a long-term holistic and integrated plan where management of water resources following Adaptive Delta Management (ADM) is the cornerstone. Efforts have been made to link the integrated water resources management (IWRM) with economic growth and development considering the impact of climate change and natural disaster as the exogenous factor. In BDP 2100, water has been considered the most important factor for the sustainability of this delta, not only for the human beings but also for sustainable environment. Important components of the IWRM include different areas covering water security, CC impact and environmental sustainability, food security and livelihood, economic growth, social development, knowledge development, biodiversity conservation, forestry, crop production etc. Consistent with this, Delta specific goals are fixed. The goals are to: ensure safety from floods and climate change related disasters; ensure water security and efficiency of water usages; ensure sustainable and integrated river systems and estuaries management; conserve and preserve wetlands and ecosystems and promote their proper use; develop effective institutions and equitable governance for in-country and trans-boundary WR management; and achieve optimal use of land and water resources. All these goals are directly or indirectly related to the SDGs also. It must be mentioned that, all six BDP 2100 goals are fully linked with SDG Goal 2, 6, 13 and 14 and partially linked with Goal 1, 5, 8, 9, 11 and 15. This linkage supported by appropriate interventions and policy will be continued in the upcoming 8th Five Year Plan (FYP) as well as the 2nd Perspective Plan (2021-41) in achieving the Bangladesh’s Vision for 2041.

In BDP 2100 strategies as well as interventions are devised at three levels, viz. National level (Flood Risk Management and Fresh Water), Hotspot wise and Strategies for cross-cutting issues. Cross cutting issues considered in BDP are: sustainable land use and spatial planning; agriculture, food security and livelihood, trans-boundary water resources management; activating inland water transport system; blue economy; renewable energy; and preparedness for earthquakes.

As such, some salient features of this mega plan are that it followed the principle of “Living with Nature” which has been complimented by following “no regret” measures. All the strategies and associated interventions are considered through the lens of “economic growth” and “environmental sustainability”. Formulation and implementation of BDP 2100 is inclusive of all the stakeholders. During the preparation of the plan, lessons have been drawn from all other relevant plans and policies. Most importantly, the plan itself is both ‘horizontally’ and ‘vertically’ integrated. Another very important task conducted before the formulation of the plan is conducting baseline studies in 26 major areas relevant to the. The studies conducted were related to climate change, natural resources, environment and ecology, reviewing past experiences and considered investment and finance, governance, knowledge and data management etc. All of these baseline studies were reviewed and finally approved by the Technical Advisory Committee comprising renowned researchers, academia, subject specialist and professionals.

Formulation and approval of BDP 2100 is only the first step towards achieving safe, climate resilient and prosperous delta. Challenges mainly lie with its successful implementation. There are few challenges which should be addressed in a systematic and articulated manner. The challenges are namely, financing of its investment plan; capacity building of the implementers who will take the plan in the field; coordination among/between/within agencies and ministry/divisions; aligning planning, implementation and financing activities of Delta ministries/divisions with BDP 2100; aligning delta implementation works with Annual Development Programme (ADP); designing the appropriate mode of financing for PPP related projects under investment plan; climate financing under BDP 2100; practising appropriate feasibility studies before taking up delta investment works (e.g. dredging, TRM, etc.); rationalization and effective functioning of water management infrastructures keeping climate change and ADM principle in view; funding and effective O&M suggested under BDP 2100; and designing new projects taking climate change impacts into consideration.

To address the above mentioned challenges apart from cooperation and coordination of all the stakeholders, we should take up some activities immediately. These are: establishment of ‘Delta Wing’ in GED for overall support, guidance and coordination for the implementation of the BDP 2100; establishment of ‘Delta Fund’ and relevant essential institutional arrangements; establishment of ‘Delta Knowledge Hub’ for hosting, updating and sharing of data/information collected for and relevant to BDP 2100; presenting BDP 2100 to the development partners and also negotiating with them in order to secure investments for the projects enlisted in the IP of BDP 2100; reviewing the concepts for the Water User Association (WUA) and its Terms of Reference (ToR); developing new pricing policies for Water and Sewerage services.

Coordination and cooperation among implementing agencies as well as cooperation with upper riparian countries are considered crucial for the successful implementation of BDP 2100. The cooperation is vital in the following areas namely– strong regional cooperation for Trans-boundary water management issues; basin wide water management and sharing approach for the Ganges, Brahmaputra and the Meghna basin; continuing efforts for signing treaty for sharing water of the Teesta and all other trans-boundary rivers; pursuing construction of the Padma Barrage in suitable location following basin wide Approach through mutual cooperation for retention of water in the dry season; international cooperation on water uses and development in the next 12 years; realising the potentials of blue economy; supporting the Delta Coalition formed by 13 countries for mutual benefits and exchanging/accessing water technologies for improved production and consumption for both home and industrial use; sensitising development partners for mobilising support to the implementation of BDP 2100 Investment Plan; capacity building of the relevant government organisations, acquiring knowledge of international best practices and technology transfer; and realisation of the yearly 100 billion US$ fund to the LDCs and developing countries for achieving SDGs, particularly for climate mitigation and adaptation actions.

Successful implementation of BDP 2100 is earmarked as the major concern in the coming days. Successful implementation mainly lies with the appropriate skills and technical capacity of the relevant organisations. To address this challenge, GED is currently working on a project to support the implementation of BDP 2100. The project aims to support capacity building, institutional strengthening, facilitating implementation, supporting investment planning and financing, validating investment plan, reviewing and updating of BDP 2100, if deem necessary with continuously evolving new knowledge and tools.

The plan took four years to formulate with the help of local, national and international experts and involved a huge number of stakeholders from all walks of life. In each and every stage of its formulation till its final approval, it went through the scrutiny of technical experts and also the policy makers in the government. We are looking forward to the active participation, contribution and support from the government, private and civil society, and media equally in this respect.

Dr. Shamsul Alam is Member (Senior Secretary), General Economics Division, Bangladesh Planning Commission and

coordinating lead Author of Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100

The article appeared in the Financial Express on 24 March 2019

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A 100 year climate resilient delta plan for Bangladesh

A central role for the youth and nature based solutions.

Published on: 02/06/2022

River Meghna, near Lakshmipur, Bangladesh. Credit: Digbijoy Dey/IRC

Bangladesh Development Plan 2100 Conference

Since 2009, processes have been underway in Bangladesh to formulate long-term strategic plans to chart out the country’s development pathway. Of these, the longest envisioned plan is the Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP), which sets the target of achieving a safe, climate resilient and prosperous delta by 2100. On 26 th and 27 th of May 2022, the first International Conference on BDP  2100 was held in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. From the beginning, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands has been a strategic partner for BDP 2100, helping in formulating the plan and developing the projects under the BDP. The international conference was jointly organised by the General Economic Division of the Planning Commission of the Government of Bangladesh and the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Bangladesh.

The two-day conference was planned to share the progress of the BDP. Bangladesh is good at planning and developed many good policies and strategies in the past. Despite that a plan for 100 years sounds unique to the people of Bangladesh. In the conference it was revealed that a 100 year delta plan is even unique to most other countries in the world.

Progress and challenges since 2009

The purpose of the conference was to share with the wider audience the progress made in BDP 2100 since its commencement in 2009, and set the course for its implementation. The conference saw participation of concerned government officials, development partners, delta experts, private sectors actors, civil society organisations, youth enthusiasts and journalists. The conference began with the sharing of activities completed till date. These included the findings from the initial assessments the BPD team has carried out, getting the concerned government ministries and departments on board, discussions with external stakeholders (e.g. development partners, civil society organisations etc.) and finalisation of the inception reports. 

The session on 'Institutional Challenges & Opportunities with International lessons', moderated by John Roome and Dr. Saleemul Huq from the World Bank and ICCAD respectively, brought to the fore the issue of the siloed approach of the different stakeholders, the lack of collaboration amongst them, the absence of legal recognition of the BDP 2100, and the higher need for investment, as key challenges of the plan. However, the opportunity that shrouds the challenges is the prospect of the youth. It was echoed in the discussion that the Delta Plan has been formulated and kicked-off by the matured ones, but the upcoming generations will have to foster it and carry it out. It is therefore crucial that BDP 2100 builds up good communication with the youth. 

The BDP has identified six climate hotspots in Bangladesh. They are: Coastal Zone, River Systems, Urban Areas, Hill Tracts, Barind and Haors. Among the six, the first three were discussed in three break-out sessions. The other two break-out session topics, Agriculture Transformation and Valuing Water Initiatives covered the cross-cutting issues of all six Delta hotspots of Bangladesh. Water and sanitation challenges for example, were discussed in break-out sessions for both urban areas and coastal zones.

The break-out sessions discussed the challenges and opportunities and an effort was made to formulate a few specific recommendations. One of the challenges which was also identified in the plenary session was that different government departments are engaged in implementing the Delta Plan. It is difficult to form a common understanding about the plan among all these actors. Mr. Zaheed Farooque, MP, Honourable State Minister from Ministry of Water Resources suggested that providing legal recognition for the Delta Plan can be a good way to address this challenge. The Government of Bangladesh plans to provide national policy status to the Delta Plan and to develop a follow-up parliamentary act (regulation) to govern the Delta Plan at all levels of the state machinery.

Connecting with the youth

Another challenge that was highlighted was engaging the youth in the implementation of the plan, since it is the youth who will eventually take over the role of implementation and will benefit from it. Government officials described how they were planning to engage the youth in their operations. A notable example was given by Kabir Bin Anwar, Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Water Resources. He stated that the youth from the coastal and riverine areas will be engaged in the Water Management Committees of the Water Development Board so that they can contribute to decision making in water resource management. Dr. Saleemul Huq shared that there is a process underway to develop an academic syllabus on the Delta Plan for the universities of Bangladesh. In the discussion ministers also stated that the Delta Plan content will eventually be included in the school text book curriculum.

BDP  2100 is an ambitious plan which holds great promise for the development of Bangladesh, not only post 2100 but also along the course. However, for it to deliver its benefits a few things need to be considered:

• Generating a common understanding/vision about the plan among the different government ministries and departments with a dedicated communication channel for all levels.
• It is important to not just engage youth but engage them meaningfully so that they can contribute in decision making.
• Use learnings from the experience of the Dutch and Mekong Delta, to develop a communication plan to accompany the BDP to communicate with the various stakeholders as well as engage the youth meaningfully.
• Setting up a results framework for the overall BDP and develop indicators for monitoring progress. Sustainability should be a guiding principle for the results framework and monitoring progress.

Nature based solutions

It is worth mentioning that Nature Based Solutions are increasingly being adopted by government departments (e.g. water resources, agriculture) as a key approach in the BDP. Nevertheless, Nature Based Solutions  is not just an approach but a philosophy. And to successfully apply the approach, in-depth knowledge on the indigenous practices is required. For instance, the sand-motor in The Hague (see the video below) or Ecosystem Service Modelling in Vietnam were adopted after long observation of indigenous knowledge and practices. We are at a nascent stage of the implementation of the Delta Plan. Taking a closer look at nature from the indigenous lens may give us better ecological solutions for the future.

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Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100: Knowledge Portal

International conference on the bangladesh delta plan 2100 - issues and challenges of implementation,, introducing the swibangla project, climate change, water resources and wash systems.

Digbijoy Dey

Senior Programme Officer | Asia Regional Programme

• পরিকল্পনা বিভাগের কার্যপরিধি
• পরিকল্পনা কমিশনের বিভিন্ন বিভাগের কার্যপরিধি
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• অধীনস্থ সংস্থা
• সমস্যা এবং চ্যালেঞ্জসমূহ
• ভবিষ্যৎ পরিকল্পনা
• পরিকল্পনা বিভাগ কর্তৃক সম্পাদিত কার্যক্রম ও সাফল্য
• বাংলাদেশ ‍সরকারের বিগত বছরের উল্লেখযোগ্য উন্নয়ন প্রকল্পসমূহ
• গঠন ও কার্যপরিধি
• একনেক সভায় মাননীয় প্রধানমন্ত্রীর অনুশাসন (২০০৯-২০১৯)
• পরিকল্পনা বিভাগ
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• ভৌত অবকাঠামো বিভাগ
• শিল্প ও শক্তি বিভাগ
• আর্থ-সামাজিক অবকাঠামো বিভাগ
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• পরিকল্পনা বিভাগ ও পরিকল্পনা কমিশনে ওয়াইফাই ব্যবহারের জন্য রেজিস্ট্রেশন ফরম
• সামাজিক বিজ্ঞান গবেষণা নীতিমালা এবং কর্মকৌশল-২০২২
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• ই-সার্ভিস (ই-নথি, ই-মেইল, ওয়েবসাইট) সমস্যা সংক্রান্ত লগসিট
• বৈদেশিক শিক্ষা সফর/সেমিনার/ওয়ার্কশপ/কনফারেন্স/প্রশিক্ষণ শেষে প্রতিবেদন দাখিল ফর্ম
• ১ম শ্রেনীর কর্মকর্তাদের তথ্য প্রদান বিষয়ক ডাটা সিট
• ২য় শ্রেনীর কর্মকর্তাদের তথ্য প্রদান বিষয়ক ডাটা সিট
• উদ্ধাবন প্রকল্প ছক
• গাড়ী অধিযাচন ফরম
• প্রকল্প পরিদর্শন/পরিবীক্ষণ প্রতিবেদন
• সরকারি কর্মচারী কর্তৃক জমি, বাড়ি, ফ্ল্যাট, সম্পত্তি ক্রয় এবং অর্জনের অনুমতির জন্য আবেদনপত্র
• ৪র্থ শ্রেনীর কর্মচারীদের সেবা প্রদান সংক্রান্ত সংশ্লিষ্ট ফরমসমূহ
• সরকারি খাতে উন্নয়ন প্রকল্প সংক্রান্ত পরিপত্র
• গোপনীয় অনুবেদন ফরম সংক্রান্ত অনুশাসনমালা, ২০১২
• সরকারি অ্যাপস ডাউনলোড
• অভ্যন্তরীণ ফরমসমূহ
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বাংলাদেশ ব-দ্বীপ পরিকল্পনা ২১০০

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• "বঙ্গবন্ধু ও পরিকল্পনা কমিশন" বিষয়ক প্রামান্যচিত্র

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পরিকল্পনা ও বাস্তবায়নে:  মন্ত্রিপরিষদ বিভাগ ,  এটুআই ,  বিসিসি ,  ডিওআইসিটি  ও  বেসিস ।

কারিগরি সহায়তায়:

Bangladesh Delta Plan: Anatomy of a Long-Term Development Strategy

• First Online: 15 November 2023

Cite this chapter

• Rejaul Karim Bakshi 5 &
• Shajeda Aktar 6  

Part of the book series: World Regional Geography Book Series ((WRGBS))

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The Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 is formulated with a target of achieving a safer, secured, resilient and prosperous country by the end of the twenty-first century. The primary goals of the delta plan are to attain food and water security in the long run in this delta along with environmental sustainability and continuous economic growth. The country has been considered as one of the next 11 emerging economies of the world. However, the country is also one of the most climatic vulnerable countries across the globe. Ensuring food security for all remains a key policy challenge for Bangladesh for over a long period. The country also set 2030 as the year to eradicate extreme poverty and to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. In this perspective, the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 is unique in its nature that sets goals and identifies strategies for a period up to the year 2100. However, the delta plan has missed certain issues that are critical for the sustainable development of the delta. This paper, therefore, offers recommendations for consideration as there are scopes to explore these issues being the delta plan is adaptive in nature. Our recommendation ranges from education and research; from exploring the potential of the blue economy to trans-boundary cooperation for water and energy security; from ensuring food security to food-quality security, water and air quality security and public health; from ensuring credibility of the government institutions to providing a national database with comprehensive household information suitable to enable effective policy intervention during shocks, disasters and pandemic like Covid-19 situation.

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Bakshi, R.K., Aktar, S. (2023). Bangladesh Delta Plan: Anatomy of a Long-Term Development Strategy. In: Ahmed, R., Al-Maruf, A., Jenkins, J.C. (eds) Transforming Bangladesh. World Regional Geography Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45093-8_4

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