research project justification example

7 Examples of Justification (of a project or research)

The justification to the part of a research project that sets out the reasons that motivated the research. The justification is the section that explains the importance and the reasons that led the researcher to carry out the work.

The justification explains to the reader why and why the chosen topic was investigated. In general, the reasons that the researcher can give in a justification may be that his work allows to build or refute theories; bring a new approach or perspective on the subject; contribute to the solution of a specific problem (social, economic, environmental, etc.) that affects certain people; generate meaningful and reusable empirical data; clarify the causes and consequences of a specific phenomenon of interest; among other.

Among the criteria used to write a justification, the usefulness of the research for other academics or for other social sectors (public officials, companies, sectors of civil society), the significance in time that it may have, the contribution of new research tools or techniques, updating of existing knowledge, among others. Also, the language should be formal and descriptive.

Examples of justification

• This research will focus on studying the reproduction habits of salmon in the Mediterranean region of Europe, since due to recent ecological changes in the water and temperatures of the region produced by human economic activity , the behavior of these animals has been modified. Thus, the present work would allow to show the changes that the species has developed to adapt to the new circumstances of its ecosystem, and to deepen the theoretical knowledge about accelerated adaptation processes, in addition to offering a comprehensive look at the environmental damage caused by growth. unsustainable economic, helping to raise awareness of the local population.
• We therefore propose to investigate the evolution of the theoretical conceptions of class struggle and economic structure throughout the work of Antonio Gramsci, since we consider that previous analyzes have overlooked the fundamentally dynamic and unstable conception of human society that is present. in the works of Gramsci, and that is of vital importance to fully understand the author’s thought.
• The reasons that led us to investigate the effects of regular use of cell phones on the health of middle-class young people under 18 years of age are centered on the fact that this vulnerable sector of the population is exposed to a greater extent than the rest of society to risks that the continuous use of cell phone devices may imply, due to their cultural and social habits. We intend then to help alert about these dangers, as well as to generate knowledge that helps in the treatment of the effects produced by the abuse in the use of this technology.
• We believe that by means of a detailed analysis of the evolution of financial transactions carried out in the main stock exchanges of the world during the period 2005-2010, as well as the inquiry about how financial and banking agents perceived the situation of the financial system, it will allow us to clarify the economic mechanisms that enable the development of an economic crisis of global dimensions such as the one that the world experienced since 2009, and thus improve the design of regulatory and counter-cyclical public policies that favor the stability of the local and international financial system.
• Our study about the applications and programs developed through the three analyzed programming languages ​​(Java, C ++ and Haskell), can allow us to clearly distinguish the potential that each of these languages ​​(and similar languages) present for solving specific problems. , in a specific area of ​​activity. This would allow not only to increase efficiency in relation to long-term development projects, but to plan coding strategies with better results in projects that are already working, and to improve teaching plans for teaching programming and computer science.
• This in-depth study on the expansion of the Chinese empire under the Xia dynasty, will allow to clarify the socioeconomic, military and political processes that allowed the consolidation of one of the oldest states in history, and also understand the expansion of metallurgical and administrative technologies along the coastal region of the Pacific Ocean. The deep understanding of these phenomena will allow us to clarify this little-known period in Chinese history, which was of vital importance for the social transformations that the peoples of the region went through during the period.
• Research on the efficacy of captropil in the treatment of cardiovascular conditions (in particular hypertension and heart failure) will allow us to determine if angiotensin is of vital importance in the processes of blocking the protein peptidase, or if by the On the contrary, these effects can be attributed to other components present in the formula of drugs frequently prescribed to patients after medical consultation.

Related posts:

• Research Project: Information and examples
• 15 Examples of Empirical Knowledge
• 10 Paragraphs about Social Networks
• 15 Examples of Quotes
• What are the Elements of Knowledge?

Privacy Overview

Research proposal, thesis, exegesis, and journal article writing for business, social science and humanities (BSSH) research degree candidates

Topic outline, introduction and research justification.

Introduction and research justification, business, social sciences, humanities

Introduction.

• Signalling the topic in the first sentence
• The research justification or 'problem' statement 
• The 'field' of literature
• Summary of contrasting areas of research
• Summary of the 'gap' in the literature
• Research aims and objectives

Summary of the research design

Example research proposal introductions.

This topic outlines the steps in the introduction of the research proposal. As discussed in the first topic in this series of web resources, there are three key elements or conceptual steps within the main body of the research proposal. In this resource, these elements are referred to as the research justification, the literature review and the research design. These three steps also structure, typically, but not always in this order, the proposal introduction which contains an outline of the proposed research.

These steps pertain to the key questions of reviewers:

• What problem or issue does the research address? (research justification)
• How will the research contribute to existing knowledge? (the 'gap' in the literature, sometimes referred to as the research 'significance')
• How will the research achieve its stated objectives? (the research design)

Reviewers look to find a summary of the case for the research in the introduction, which, in essence, involves providing summary answers to each of the questions above.

The introduction of the research proposal usually includes the following content:

• a research justification or statement of a problem (which also serves to introduce the topic)
• a summary of the key point in the literature review (a summary of what is known and how the research aims to contribute to what is known)
• the research aim or objective
• a summary of the research design
• concise definitions of any contested or specialised terms that will be used throughout the proposal (provided the first time the term is used).

This topic will consider how to write about each of these in turn.

Signaling the topic in the first sentence

The first task of the research proposal is to signal the area of the research or 'topic' so the reader knows what subject will be discussed in the proposal. This step is ideally accomplished in the opening sentence or the opening paragraph of the research proposal. It is also indicated in the title of the research proposal. It is important not to provide tangential information in the opening sentence or title because this may mislead the reader about the core subject of the proposal.

A ‘topic’ includes:

• the context or properties of the subject (the particular aspect or properties of the subject that are of interest).

Questions to consider in helping to clarify the topic:

• What is the focus of my research?
• What do I want to understand?
• What domain/s of activity does it pertain to?
• What will I investigate in order to shed light on my focus?

The research justification or the ‘problem’ statement

The goal of the first step of the research proposal is to get your audience's attention; to show them why your research matters, and to make them want to know more about your research. The first step within the research proposal is sometimes referred to as the research justification or the statement of the 'problem'. This step involves providing the reader with critical background or contextual information that introduces the topic area, and indicates why the research is important. Research proposals often open by outlining a central concern, issue, question or conundrum to which the research relates.

The research justification should be provided in an accessible and direct manner in the introductory section of the research proposal. The number of words required to complete this first conceptual step will vary widely depending on the project.

Writing about the research justification, like writing about the literature and your research design, is a creative process involving careful decision making on your part. The research justification should lead up to the topic of your research and frame your research, and, when you write your thesis, exegesis or journal article conclusion, you will again return to the research justification to wrap up the implications of your research. That is to say, your conclusions will refer back to the problem and reflect on what the findings suggest about how we should treat the problem. For this reason, you may find the need to go back and reframe your research justification as your research and writing progresses.

The most common way of establishing the importance of the research is to refer to a real world problem. Research may aim to produce knowledge that will ultimately be used to:

• advance national and organisational goals (health, clean environment, quality education),
• improve policies and regulations,
• manage risk,
• contribute to economic development,
• promote peace and prosperity,
• promote democracy,
• test assumptions (theoretical, popular, policy) about human behaviour, the economy, society,
• understand human behaviour, the economy and social experience,
• understand or critique social processes and values.

Examples of 'research problems' in opening sentences and paragraphs of research writing

Management The concept of meritocracy is one replicated and sustained in much discourse around organisational recruitment, retention and promotion. Women have a firm belief in the concept of merit, believing that hard work, education and talent will in the end be rewarded (McNamee and Miller, 2004). This belief in workplace meritocracy could in part be due to the advertising efforts of employers themselves, who, since the early 1990s, attempt to attract employees through intensive branding programs and aggressive advertising which emphasise equality of opportunity. The statistics, however, are less than convincing, with 2008 data from the Equal Employment for Women in the Workplace agency signalling that women are disproportionately represented in senior management levels compared to men, and that the numbers of women at Chief Executive Officer level in corporate Australia have actually decreased (Equal Opportunity for Women Agency, 2008). Women, it seems, are still unable to shatter the glass ceiling and are consistently overlooked at executive level.

Psychology Tension-type headache is extremely prevalent and is associated with significant personal and social costs.

Education One of the major challenges of higher education health programs is developing the cognitive abilities that will assist undergraduate students' clinical decision making. This is achieved by stimulating enquiry analysis, creating independent judgement and developing cognitive skills that are in line with graduate practice (Hollingworth and McLoughlin 2001; Bedard, 1996).

Visual arts In the East, the traditional idea of the body was not as something separate from the mind. In the West, however, the body is still perceived as separate, as a counterpart of the mind. The body is increasingly at the centre of the changing cultural environment, particularly the increasingly visual culture exemplified by the ubiquity of the image, the emergence of virtual reality, voyeurism and surveillance culture. Within the contemporary visual environment, the body's segregation from the mind has become more intense than ever, conferring upon the body a 'being watched' or 'manufacturable' status, further undermining the sense of the body as an integral part of our being.

Literature review summary

The next step following the research justification in the introduction is the literature review summary statement. This part of the introduction summarises the literature review section of the research proposal, providing a concise statement that signals the field of research and the rationale for the research question or aim.

It can be helpful to think about the literature review element as comprised of four parts. The first is a reference to the field or discipline the research will contribute to. The second is a summary of the main questions, approaches or accepted conclusions in your topic area in the field or discipline at present ('what is known'). This summary of existing research acts as a contrast to highlight the significance of the third part, your statement of a 'gap'. The fourth part rephrases this 'gap' in the form of a research question, aim, objective or hypothesis.

For example

Scholars writing about ... (the problem area) in the field of ... (discipline or sub-discipline, part one) have observed that ... ('what is known', part two). Others describe ... ('what is known', part two). A more recent perspective chronicles changes that, in broad outline, parallel those that have occurred in ... ('what is known', part two). This study differs from these approaches in that it considers ... ('gap', research focus, part three). This research draws on ... to consider ... (research objective, part four).  

More information about writing these four parts of the literature review summary is provided below.

1. The 'field' of literature

The field of research is the academic discipline within which your research is situated, and to which it will contribute. Some fields grow out of a single discipline, others are multidisciplinary. The field or discipline is linked to university courses and research, academic journals, conferences and other academic associations, and some book publishers. It also describes the expertise of thesis supervisors and examiners. 

The discipline defines the kinds of approaches, theories, methods and styles of writing adopted by scholars and researchers working within them.

For a list of academic disciplines have a look at the wikipedia site at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines

The field or discipline is not the same as the topic of the research. The topic is the subject matter or foci of your research. Disciplines or 'fields' refer to globally recognised areas of research and scholarship.

The field or discipline the research aims to contribute to can be signalled in a few key words within the literature review summary, or possibly earlier withn the research justification.

Sentence stems to signal the field of research 

• Within the field of ... there is now agreement that ... .
• The field of ... is marked by ongoing debate about ... .
• Following analysis of ... the field of ... turned to an exploration of ... .

2. A summary of contrasting areas of research or what is 'known'

The newness or significance of what you are doing is typically established in a contrast or dialogue with other research and scholarship. The 'gap' (or hole in the donut) only becomes apparent by the surrounding literature (or donut). Sometimes a contrast is provided to show that you are working in a different area to what has been done before, or to show that you are building on previous work, or perhaps working on an unresolved issue within a discipline. It might also be that the approaches of other disciplines on the same problem area or focus are introduced to highlight a new angle on the topic.

3. The summary of the 'gap' in the literature

The 'gap' in the field typically refers to the explanation provided to support the research question. Questions or objectives grow out of areas of uncertainty, or gaps, in the field of research. In most cases, you will not know what the gap in knowledge is until you have reviewed the literature and written up a good part of the literature review section of the proposal. It is often not possible therefore to confidently write the 'gap' statement until you have done considerable work on the literature review. Once your literature review section is sufficiently developed, you can summarise the missing piece of knowledge in a brief statement in the introduction.

Sentence stems for summarising a 'gap' in the literature

Indicate a gap in the previous research by raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way:

• However, there is little information/attention/work/data/research on … .
• However, few studies/investigations/researchers/attempt to … .

Often steps two and three blend together in the same sentence, as in the sentence stems below.

Sentence stems which both introduce research in the field (what is 'known') and summarise a 'gap'

• The research has tended to focus on …(introduce existing field foci), rather than on … ('gap').
• These studies have emphasised that … …(introduce what is known), but it remains unclear whether … ('gap').
• Although considerable research has been devoted to … (introduce field areas), rather less attention has been paid to … ('gap').

The 'significance' of the research

When writing the research proposal, it is useful to think about the research justification and the  ‘gap in the literature’ as two distinct conceptual elements, each of which must be established separately. Stating a real world problem or outlining a conceptual or other conundrum or concern is typically not, in itself, enough to justify the research. Similarly, establishing that there is a gap in the literature is often not enough on its own to persuade the reader that the research is important. In the first case, reviewers may still wonder ‘perhaps the problem or concern has already been addressed in the literature’, or, in the second, ‘so little has been done on this focus, but perhaps the proposed research is not important’? The proposal will ideally establish that the research is important, and that it will provide something new to the field of knowledge.

In effect, the research justification and the literature review work together to establish the benefit, contribution or 'significance' of the research. The 'significance' of the research is established not in a statement to be incorporated into the proposal, but as something the first two sections of the proposal work to establish. Research is significant when it pertains to something important, and when it provides new knowledge or insights within a field of knowledge.

4. The research aim or objective

The research aim is usually expressed as a concise statement at the close of the literature review. It may be referred to as an objective, a question or an aim. These terms are often used interchangeably to refer to the focus of the investigation. The research focus is the question at the heart of the research, designed to produce new knowledge. To avoid confusing the reader about the purpose of the research it is best to express it as either an aim, or an objective, or a question. It is also important to frame the aims of the research in a succinct manner; no more than three dot points say. And the aim/objective/question should be framed in more or less the same way wherever it appears in the proposal. This ensures the research focus is clear.

Language use

Research generally aims to produce knowledge, as opposed to say recommendations, policy or social change. Research may support policy or social change, and eventually produce it in some of its applications, but it does not typically produce it (with the possible exception of action research). For this reason, aims and objectives are framed in terms of knowledge production, using phrases like:

• to increase understanding, insight, clarity;
• to evaluate and critique;
• to test models, theory, or strategies.

These are all knowledge outcomes that can be achieved within the research process.

Reflecting your social philosophy in the research aim

A well written research aim typically carries within it information about the philosophical approach the research will take, even if the researcher is not themselves aware of it, or if the proposal does not discuss philosophy or social theory at any length. If you are interested in social theory, you might consider framing your aim such that it reflects your philosophical or theoretical approach. Since your philosophical approach reflects your beliefs about how 'valid' knowledge can be gained, and therefore the types of questions you ask, it follows that it will be evident within your statement of the research aim. Researchers, variously, hold that knowledge of the world arises through:

• observations of phenomena (measurements of what we can see, hear, taste, touch);
• the interactions between interpreting human subjects and objective phenomena in the world;
• ideology shaped by power, which we may be unconscious of, and which must be interrogated and replaced with knowledge that reflects people's true interests; 
• the structure of language and of the unconscious;
• the play of historical relations between human actions, institutional practices and prevailing discourses;
• metaphoric and other linguistic relations established within language and text.

The philosophical perspective underpinning your research is then reflected in the research aim. For example, depending upon your philosophical perspective, you may aim to find out about:

• observable phenomenon or facts;
• shared cultural meanings of practices, rituals, events that determine how objective phenomena are interpreted and experienced;
• social structures and political ideologies that shape experience and distort authentic or empowered experience;
• the structure of language;
• the historical evolution of networks of discursive and extra-discursive practices;
• emerging or actual phenomenon untainted by existing representation.

You might check your aim statement to ensure it reflects the philosophical perspective you claim to adopt in your proposal. Check that there are not contradictions in your philosophical claims and that you are consistent in your approach. For assistance with this you may find the Social philosophy of research resources helpful.

Sentence stems for aims and objectives

• The purpose of this research project is to … .
• The purpose of this investigation is to … .
• The aim of this research project is to … .
• This study is designed to … .

The next step or key element in the research proposal is the research design. The research design explains how the research aims will be achieved. Within the introduction a summary of the overall research design can make the project more accessible to the reader.

The summary statement of the research design within the introduction might include:

• the method/s that will be used (interviews, surveys, video observation, diary recording);
• if the research will be phased, how many phases, and what methods will be used in each phase;
• brief reference to how the data will be analysed.

The statement of the research design is often the last thing discussed in the research proposal introduction.

NB. It is not necessary to explain that a literature review and a detailed ouline of the methods and methodology will follow because academic readers will assume this.

Title: Aboriginal cultural values and economic sustainability: A case study of agro-forestry in a remote Aboriginal community

Further examples can be found at the end of this topic, and in the drop down for this topic in the left menu. 

In summary, the introduction contains a problem statement, or explanation of why the research is important to the world, a summary of the literature review, and a summary of the research design. The introduction enables the reviewer, as well as yourself and your supervisory team, to assess the logical connections between the research justification, the 'gap' in the literature, research aim and the research design without getting lost in the detail of the project. In this sense, the introduction serves as a kind of map or abstract of the proposed research as well as of the main body of the research proposal.

The following questions may be useful in assessing your research proposal introduction.

• Have I clearly signalled the research topic in the key words and phrases used in the first sentence and title of the research proposal?
• Have I explained why my research matters, the problem or issue that underlies the research in the opening sentences,  paragraphs and page/s?
• Have I used literature, examples or other evidence to substantiate my understanding of the key issues?
• Have I explained the problem in a way that grabs the reader’s attention and concern?
• Have I indicated the field/s within which my research is situated using key words that are recognised by other scholars?
• Have I provided a summary of previous research and outlined a 'gap' in the literature?
• Have I provided a succinct statement of the objectives or aims of my research?
• Have I provided a summary of the research phases and methods?

This resource was developed by Wendy Bastalich.

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Indian J Dermatol
• v.62(5); Sep-Oct 2017

Summary and Synthesis: How to Present a Research Proposal

Maninder singh setia.

From the MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Saumya Panda

1 Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

This concluding module attempts to synthesize the key learning points discussed during the course of the previous ten sets of modules on methodology and biostatistics. The objective of this module is to discuss how to present a model research proposal, based on whatever was discussed in the preceding modules. The lynchpin of a research proposal is the protocol, and the key component of a protocol is the study design. However, one must not neglect the other areas, be it the project summary through which one catches the eyes of the reviewer of the proposal, or the background and the literature review, or the aims and objectives of the study. Two critical areas in the “methods” section that cannot be emphasized more are the sampling strategy and a formal estimation of sample size. Without a legitimate sample size, none of the conclusions based on the statistical analysis would be valid. Finally, the ethical parameters of the study should be well understood by the researchers, and that should get reflected in the proposal.

As we reach the end of an exhaustive module encompassing research methods and biostatistics, we need to summarize and synthesize the key learning points, to demonstrate how one may utilize the different sections of the module to undertake research projects of different kinds. After all, the practical purpose behind publishing such a module is to facilitate the preparation of high quality research proposals and protocols. This concluding part will make an attempt to provide a window to the different sections of the module, underlining the various aspects of design and analysis needed to formulate protocols applicable to different kinds of clinical research in dermatology.

Components of a Research Proposal

The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. A research proposal is generally meant to be presented by an investigator to request an agency or a body to support research work in the form of grants. The vast majority of research proposals, in India, however, are not submitted to agency or body for grants, simply because of the paucity of such agencies, bodies, and research grants. Most are academic research proposals, self-financed, and submitted to scientific and ethics committee of an institution. The parts of a proposal include the title page, abstract/project summary, table of contents, introduction, background and review of literature, and the research protocol.

The title page should contain the personal data pertaining to the investigators, and title of the project, which should be concise and comprehensive at the same time. The table of contents, strictly speaking, is not necessary for short proposals. The introduction includes a statement of the problem, purpose, and significance of the research.

The protocol is the document that specifies the research plan. It is the single most important quality control tool for all aspects of a clinical research. It is the instrument where the researcher explains how data will be collected, including the calculation for estimating sample size, and what outcome variables to measure.

A complete clinical research protocol includes the following:

Study design

• Precise definition of the disease or problem
• Completely defined prespecified primary and secondary outcome measures, including how and when these will be assessed
• Clear description of variables
• Well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Efficacy and safety parameters
• Whenever applicable, stopping guidelines and parameters of interim analyses
• Sample size calculation
• Randomization details
• Plan of statistical analysis
• Detailed description of interventions
• A chronogram of research flow (Gantt chart)
• Informed consent document
• Clinical research form
• Details of budget; and
• References.

(Modified from: Bagatin et al ., 2013).

Project Summary

The project summary is a brief document that consists of an overview, and discusses the intellectual merits, and broader impacts of the research project. Each of these three sections is required to be present and must be clearly defined. The project summary is one of the most important parts of the proposal. It is likely the first thing a reviewer will read, and is the investigators’ best chance to grab their interest, and convince them of the importance, and quality, of their research before they even read the proposal. Though it is the first proposal element in order, many applicants prefer to write the project summary last, after writing the protocol. This allows the writer to better avoid any inconsistencies between the two.

The overview specifies the research goal and it should demonstrate that this goal fits with the principal investigator's long-term research goals. It should specify the proposed research approach and the educational goal of the research project.

The intellectual merits (the contribution your research will make to your field) should specify the current state of knowledge in the field, and where it is headed. It should also clarify what your research will add to the state of knowledge in the field. Furthermore, important to state is what your research will do to enhance or enable other researches in the field. Finally, one should answer why your research is important for the advancement of the field.

The broader impacts (the contribution the research will make to the society) should answer the questions on the benefit to the society at large from the research, and the possible applications of the research, and why the general public would care. It should also clarify how the research can benefit the site of research (medical college or university, etc.) and the funding agency.

Background and Review of Literature

This is an important component of the research protocol. The review should discuss all the relevant literature, the method used in the literature, the lacunae in the literature, and justify the proposed research. We have provided a list of the useful databases in the section on systematic reviews and meta-analysis (Setia, 2017). Some of these are PubMed, Cochrane database, EMBASE, and LILACS.

Provide a critical analysis of the literature

The researcher should not provide a descriptive analysis of literature. For instance, the literature reviews should not be a list of one article followed by the next article. It should be a critical analysis of literature.

A study by XXXX et al . found that the prevalence of psoriasis was 20%. It was a hospital-based study conducted in North India. The prevalence was 35% in males and 12% in females.

Another study by YYYYY et al . found that the prevalence of psoriasis was 14%. The study was conducted in a private clinic in North India. The prevalence was 8% in males and 18% in females.

A third study by ZZZZZ et al . found that the prevalence of psoriasis was 5%. This study was a community-based study. The prevalence was 7% in males and 3% in females.

In this type of review, the researcher has described all the studies. However, it is useful to understand the findings of these three studies and summarize them in researcher's own words.

A possible option can be “ The reported prevalence of psoriasis in the Indian population varied from 5% to 20%. In general, it was higher in hospital-based studies and lower in community-based studies. There was no consistent pattern in the prevalence of psoriasis in males and females. Though some studies found the prevalence to be higher in males, others reported that females had a higher prevalence .”

Discuss the limitations and lacunae of these studies

The researcher should discuss the limitations of the studies. These could be the limitations that the authors have presented in the manuscript or the ones that the researcher has identified. Usually, the current research proposal should try to address the limitations of a previous study.

A study by BBBB et al : “ One of the main limitations of our study was the lack of objective criteria for assessing anemia in patients presenting with psoriasis. We classified the patients based on clinical assessment of pallor .”

The present proposal can mention “ Though previous studies have assessed the association between anemia and psoriasis, they have not used any objective criteria (such as hemoglobin or serum ferritin levels). Furthermore, pallor was evaluated by three clinicians; the authors have not described the agreement between these clinicians .”

In the above example, the authors have stated the limitation of their research in the manuscript. However, in the review of literature, the researcher has added another limitation. It is important to convince the reviewers that the researcher has read and understood the literature. It is also important that some or most of these lacunae should be addressed in the present proposal as far as possible.

Justify the present proposal by review

The researcher should adequately justify the present proposal based on the review of literature. The justification should not only be for the research question, but also the methods, study design, variables of interest, study instruments or measurements, and statistical methods of choice. Sometimes, the justification can be purely statistical. For example, all the previous studies have used cross-sectional data or cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal data in their manuscripts. The present proposal will use methods used for longitudinal data analysis. The researcher should justify the benefit of these methods over the previous statistical methods.

In short, the review should not be a “laundry list” of all the articles. The review should be able to convince the reader that the present research is required and it builds on the existing literature (either as a novel research question, new measurement of the outcome, a better study design, or advanced and appropriate statistical methods).

Kindly try to avoid this justification: “ It has not been done in our center .”

Aims and Objectives

The “aim” of the study is an overarching goal of the study. The objectives are measurable and help the researcher achieve the overall aim.

For example, the overall aim of our study is to assess the long-term health of patients of psoriasis.

The specific objectives are:

• To record the changes in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score in patients with psoriasis over a period of 5 years
• To study the side effects of medications in these patients over a period of 5 years.

It is important to clearly state the objectives, since the research proposal should be designed to achieve these objectives.

For example, the methods should describe the following:

• How will the researcher answer the first objective?
• Where will the researcher recruit the study participants (study site and population)?
• Which patients of psoriasis will be recruited (inclusion and exclusion criteria)?
• What will be the design of the study (cohort, etc.)?
• What are all the variables to be measured to achieve the study outcomes (exposure and outcome variables)?
• How will the researcher measure these variables (clinical evaluation, history, serological examination, etc.)?
• How will the researcher record these data (clinical forms, etc.)?
• How will the researcher analyze the data that have been collected?
• Are there any limitations of these methods? If so, what has the researcher done to minimize the limitations?

All the ten modules on research methodology have to be read and grasped to plan and design any kind of research applicable to one's chosen field. However, some key areas have been outlined below with examples to appreciate the same in an easier manner.

The study setting must be specified. This should include both the geographical location and the population from which the study sample would be recruited.

“The study took place at the antiretroviral therapy clinic of Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi, from January 2006 to April 2007. Blantyre is the major commercial city of Malawi, with a population of 1,000,000 and an estimated HIV prevalence of 27% in adults in 2004” (Ndekha et al ., 2009).

This is a perfect example of description of a study setting which underscores the importance of planning it in detail a priori .

Study population, sampling strategy, and sample size

Study population has to be clearly and precisely defined. For example, a study on atopic dermatitis may be conducted upon patients defined according to the UK Working Party's modified diagnostic criteria, or the Hanifin and Rajka's criteria, or some other criteria defined by the investigators. However, it should always be prespecified within the protocol.

Similarly, the eligibility criteria of the participants for the study must be explicit. One truism that is frequently forgotten is that the inclusion and exclusion criteria are mutually exclusive, and one is not the negative image of the other. Eligible cases are included according to a set of inclusion criteria, and this is followed by administration of the exclusion criteria. Thus, in fact, they can never be the negative image of each other.

“Eligible participants were all adults aged 18 or over with HIV who met the eligibility criteria for antiretroviral therapy according to the Malawian national HIV treatment guidelines (WHO clinical stage III or IV or any WHO stage with a CD4 count < 250/mm 3 ) and who were starting treatment with a BMI < 18.5. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy and lactation or participation in another supplementary feeding program” (Ndekha et al ., 2009).

To put in perspective the point we made about inclusion and exclusion criteria, in the above example, “age above 18 years” or “CD4 count >250/mm 3 ” cannot be exclusion criteria, as these have already been excluded.

Sampling strategy has been adequately discussed in the Module 5 of the Methodology series (Setia, 2016). A few points are worth repeating:

• The sampling strategy should never be misrepresented. Example: If you have not done random sampling, no big deal. There are other legitimate sampling strategies available for your study. But once you have mentioned “random sampling” in your protocol, you cannot resort to purposive sampling
• Sometimes, the researcher might want to know the characteristics of a certain problem within a specific population, without caring for generalizability of results. In such a scenario, purposive sampling may be resorted to
• Nonprobability sampling methods such as consecutive consenting sampling or any such convenience sampling are perfectly legitimate and easy to do, particularly in case of dissertations where time and resources are limited.

Sample size is one of the most misunderstood, yet fundamentally important, issues among clinicians and has to be addressed once the study objectives have been set and the design has been finalized. Too small a sample means that there would be a failure to detect change following test intervention. A sample larger than necessary may also result in bad quality data. In either case, there would be ethical problems and wastage of resources. The researcher needs just enough samples to draw accurate inferences, which would be adequately powered (Panda, 2015).

Estimation of sample size has been dealt with adequately in the Module 5 biostatistics series (Hazra et al ., 2016), including the different mathematical derivations and the available software. Sample size determination is a statistical exercise based on the probability of errors in testing of hypothesis, power of the sample, and effect size. Although, relatively speaking, these are simple concepts to grasp, a large number of different study designs and analytical methods lead to a bewilderingly large number of formulae for determining sample size. Thus, the software are really handy and are becoming increasingly popular.

The study design defines the objectives and end points of the study, the type and manner of data collection, and the strategy of data analysis (Panda 2015). The different types of clinical studies have been depicted in Figure 1 . The suitability of various study designs vis-à-vis different types of research questions is summarized in Table 1 .

Types of study (Source: Panda, 2015)

Research questions vis-a-vis study designs

In our previous series of ten modules on methodology, we have discussed all these different kinds of studies and more. Some key issues that require reiteration are given below:

• The control of a case–control study and that of a randomized controlled trial is more different from each other than chalk is from cheese. The former is an observational study, while the latter is an interventional one. Every study with a control group is not a case–control study. For a study to be classified as a case–control study, the study should be an observational study and the participants should be recruited based on their outcome status (Setia, 2016). Apparently, this is not so difficult to understand, yet even now we have publications which confuse between the different kinds of controls (Bhanja et al ., 2015)
• Due to the fact that the outcome and exposure are assessed at the same time point in a cross-sectional study, it is pretty difficult, if not impossible, to derive causal relationships from such a study. At most, one may establish statistical association between exposures and outcomes by calculating the odds ratio. However, these associations must not be confused with causation.
• It is generally said that a cohort design may not be efficient for rare outcomes. However, if the rare outcome is common in some exposures, it may be useful to follow a cohort design. For example, melanoma is a rare condition in India. Hence, if we follow individuals to study the incidence of melanoma, it may not be efficient. However, if we know that, in India, acral lentiginous melanoma is the most commonly reported variant, we should follow a cohort of individuals with acral lentiginous and study the incidence of melanoma in this group (Setia, 2016).

Clinical researchers should also be accustomed with observational designs beyond case–control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies. Sometimes, the unit of analysis has to be a group or aggregate rather than the individual. Consider the following example:

The government introduced the supplementation of salt with iodine for about 20 years. However, not all states have used the same level of iodine in salt. Certain hilly states have used higher quantities compared with other states. Incidentally, you read a report that high iodine levels are associated with psoriasis. You are intrigued to find if introduction of iodine has altered the picture of psoriasis in the country. You feel compelled to design a study to answer this question .

It is obvious that here the unit of study cannot be individuals, but a large population distributed in a certain geographical area. This is the domain of ecologic studies. An allied category of observational studies is named “natural experiments,” where the exposure is not assigned by the investigator (as in an interventional study), but through “natural processes.” These may be through changes in the existing regulations or public policies or, may be, through introduction of new laws (Setia, 2017).

Another category of research questions that cannot be satisfactorily captured by all the quantitative methods described earlier, like social stigma experienced by patients or their families with, say, vitiligo, leprosy, or sexually transmitted infections, are best dealt with by qualitative research. As can be seen by the examples given above, this is a type of research which is very relevant to medical research, yet to which the regular medical researcher has got a very poor exposure, if any. We shall encourage interested researchers to take a look at the 10 th Module of the Methodology series that specifically deals with qualitative research (Setia, 2017).

Clinical studies are experiments that are not conducted in laboratories but in controlled real-life settings on human subjects with some disease. Hence, designing a study involves many pragmatic considerations aside pure methodology. Thus, factors to consider when selecting a study design are objectives of the study, time frame, treatment duration, carryover effects, cost and logistics, patient convenience, statistical considerations, sample size, etc. (Panda, 2015).

Certain truisms regarding study designs should always be remembered: a study design has to be tailored to objectives. The same question may be answered by different designs. The optimum design has to be based on workforce, budgetary allocation, infrastructure, and clinical material that may be commanded by the researchers. Finally, no design is perfect, and there is no design to provide a perfect answer to all research questions relevant to a particular problem (Panda, 2015).

Variables of interest and collection of these variables

Data structure depends on the characteristics of the variables [ Figure 2 ]. A variable refers to a particular character on which a set of data are recorded. Data are thus the values of a variable (Hazra et al ., 2016).

Types of data and variables (Source: Panda, 2015)

Quantitative data always have a proportional scale among values, and can be either discrete (e.g., number of moles) or continuous (e.g., age). Qualitative data can be either nominal (e.g., blood groups) or ordinal (e.g., Fitzpatrick's phototypes I-VI). Variables can be binary or dichotomous (male/female) or multinomial or polychotomous (homosexual/bisexual/heterosexual) (Panda, 2015).

Changing data scales is possible so that numerical data may become ordinal and ordinal data may become nominal. This may be done when the researcher is not confident about the accuracy of the measuring instrument, is unconcerned about the loss of fine detail, or where group numbers are not large enough to adequately represent a variable of interest. It may also make clinical interpretation easier (Hazra et al ., 2016).

The variables whose effects are observed on other variables are known as independent variables (e.g., risk factors). The latter kind of variables that change as a result of independent variables are known as dependent variables (i.e., outcome). Confounders are those variables that influence the relation between independent and dependent variables (e.g., the clinical effect of sunscreen used as part of a test intervention regimen in melasma). If the researcher fails to control or eliminate the confounder, it will damage the internal validity of an experiment (Panda, 2015).

Biostatistics begins with descriptive statistics that implies summarizing a collection of data from a sample or population. An excellent overview of descriptive statistics has been given in the Module 1 of the Biostatistics series (Hazra et al ., 2016). We would encourage every researcher to embark on designing and collecting data on their own to go through this particular module to have a clear idea on how to proceed further.

Statistical methods

As briefly discussed earlier, the “methods” section should also include a detailed description of statistical methods. It is best to describe the methods for each objective.

For example: Which statistical methods will the researcher use to study the changes in PASI score over time?

It is important to first identify the nature of the outcome – will it be linear or categorical?

• It may be noticed that the PASI is a score and can range from 0 to 72. The researcher can measure the actual score and assess the changes in score. Thus, the researcher will use methods for statistical analysis of continuous data (such as means, standard deviations, t -test, or linear regressions)
• However, the researcher may choose to cut off the PASI score at 60 (of course, there has to be justification!) and call it severe psoriasis. Thus, the researcher will have an outcome variable with two outcomes (Yes: >60 PASI, and No: <60 PASI). Thus, in this case, the researcher will use methods for statistical analysis of categorical data (proportions, Chi-square test, or logistic regression models).

The statistical methods have been described in detail in the Biostatistics section of the series. The reader is encouraged to read all the sections to understand these methods. However, the key points to remember are:

• Identify the nature of the outcome for each objective
• Describe the statistical methods separately for each objective
• Identify the methods to handle confounding and describe them in the statistical methods
• If the researcher is using advanced statistical methods or specific tools, please provide reference to these methods
• Provide the name of the statistical software (including the version) that will be used for data analysis in the present study
• Do not provide a laundry list of all the statistical methods. It just shows that the researcher has not understood the relevance of statistics in the study design.

Multivariate models

In general, multivariate analyses are used in studies and research proposals. These analyses are useful to adjust for confounding (though these are also useful to test for interaction, we shall discuss confounding in this section). For example, we propose to compare two different types of medications in psoriasis. We have used secondary clinical data for this study. The outcome of interest is PASI score. We have collected data on the type of medication, age, sex, and alcohol use. When we compare the PASI score in these two groups, we will use t -test (if linear comparison) or Chi-square test (if PASI is categorized – as described earlier). However, it is possible that age, sex, and alcohol use may also play a role in the clinical progression of psoriasis (which is measured as PASI score). Thus, the researcher would like to account for differences in these variables in the two groups. This can be done using multivariate analytical methods (such as linear regression for continuous variables and logistic regression for categorical dichotomous variables). This is a type of mathematical model in which we include multiple variables: the main explanatory variable (type of drug in this study) and potential confounders (age, sex, and alcohol use in this study). Thus, the outcome (PASI score) after multivariate analyses will be “adjusted” for age, sex, and alcohol use after multivariate analysis. We would like to encourage the readers to consult a statistician for these methods.

TRIVIA: The singular for “data” is “datum,” just as “stratum” is the singular for “strata.” Thus, “ data were analyzed …,” “ data were collected …,” and “ data have been ….”

Clinical Record Forms

We have discussed designing of questionnaires and clinical record forms (CRFs) in detail in two modules. We shall just highlight the most important aspects in this part. The CRF is an important part of the research protocol. The CRF should include all the variables of interest in the study. Thus, it is important to make a list of all parameters of interest before working on the CRF. This can be done by a thorough review of literature and discussion with experts. Once the questionnaire/CRF has been designed, the researcher should pilot it and change according to the feedback from the participants and one's own experience while administering the questionnaire or recording data in the CRF. The CRF should use coded responses (for close-ended questions), this will help in data entry and analysis. If the researcher has developed a scale, the reliability and validity should be tested (methods have been discussed in earlier sections). The CRF can be paper based or computer based (it will depend on the resources).

It is very important to describe the ethics for the present study. It should not be restricted to “ The study will be evaluated by an Institutional Review Committee …” The researcher should demonstrate that s/he has understood the various ethical issues in the present study. The three core principles for ethics are: autonomy (the participants have a right to decide whether to participate in the study or opt out), beneficence/nonmaleficence (the study should not be harmful to participants and the risk–benefit ratio should be adequately understood and described), and justice (all the risks and benefits of the present study should be equally distributed).

The researcher should try to address these issues in the section of “Ethics.” Currently, the National Institutes of Health has proposed the following seven principles of “Ethics in Clinical Research:” social and clinical value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, favorable risk–benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent, and respect for potential and enrolled subjects. The Indian Council of Medical Research has also published guidelines to conduct biomedical research in India. We strongly encourage the readers to be familiar with these guidelines. Furthermore, the researchers should keep themselves updated with changes in these regulations. If it is a clinical trial, the researcher should also be familiar with Schedule Y and Consent form requirements for these types of clinical trials.

Concluding Remarks

This module has been designed as a comprehensive guide for a dermatologist to enable him/her to embark on the exciting journey of designing studies of almost any kind that can be thought to be of relevance to clinical dermatology. There has been a conscious attempt to customize the discussion on design and analysis keeping not only dermatology, but also Indian conditions in mind. However, the module can be of help to any medical doctor embarking on the path to medical research. As contributors, it is our ardent hope that this module might act as a catalyst of good-quality research in the field of dermatology and beyond in India and elsewhere.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Bibliography

Researched by Consultants from Top-Tier Management Companies

Powerpoint Templates

Icon Bundle

Kpi Dashboard

Professional

Business Plans

Swot Analysis

Gantt Chart

Business Proposal

Marketing Plan

Project Management

Business Case

Business Model

Cyber Security

Business PPT

Digital Marketing

Digital Transformation

Human Resources

Product Management

Artificial Intelligence

Company Profile

Acknowledgement PPT

PPT Presentation

Reports Brochures

One Page Pitch

Interview PPT

All Categories

Top 5 Project Justification Templates with Examples and Samples

Lakshya Khurana

You have faith in your idea and you know how the project will benefit the company. Then, for approval and resources for execution all you need is a presentation that rocks and gets the bosses to say Yes. Presenting your project justification holds the key to your career skyrocketing, while also ensuring your company is in awe of your concepts. This is where SlideTeam’s Project Justification Templates help you.

With dozens of employees, each with hundreds of ideas, there is no lack of new directions the company can take. But not all ideas are good, which is why the person who comes up with one must provide the reasons/logic it could benefit the business. Their project needs justification before resources like man-power and money are invested into it.

Project Assessment Templates to Deliver a Convincing Pitch

Persuasion is an art and presentation is the canvas you paint on. We aid you with both. Using our content-ready and 100% editable slides, you can deliver your message in a visually-appealing package that the audience can’t help but agree with. These slides are customizable, which means you can alter any element to suit your needs. The well-research material within offers you an excellent starting point and a structured framework that bolsters your ideas.

This is not to mention the time and energy you save in not having to create a PowerPoint Presentation from scratch!

Let’s tour our curated collection of the five best Project Justification Templates supported by samples and examples.

Template 1: Project Justification with Business Case

Going through proper channels is important to make a good first-impression or you may come across as brash and impatient. Use this template to present the details of your project, reinforced with a business case. This information is placed in an easy-to-follow table that lists metrics like the pitch options under consideration, benefits of the project, timelines, cost, expected ROI, etc. Download this template to get your foot in the door and provide initial reference to the merits of your ideas.

DOWNLOAD NOW

Template 2: Steps Involved in Project Justification

Provide a step-by-step explanation that makes stakeholders see the value in your project with this PPT Slide. The slide showcases a visual representation of this justification in an arrow chart format beginning with the project need and moving on to the economic, social, and environmental impact. Each reason has space under it to detail and clarify it. Download this template now.

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

Template 3: Project Justification with Desired Outcomes Details

This presentation helps answer the question, “What will this do for the company?” Showcase a tabulated statement on your project’s desired outcomes in sections like the project’s purpose, background, objectives, stakeholders involved, and organizational requirements. With this journey encompassing all facets of your project implementation, you’ll have an easier time getting the go-ahead you need. Download now.

GET IT HERE

Template 4: Project Justification Including Role Name Signature and Date

Required signatures and documents sustain the momentum of a project’s implementation. Use this slide to present a reference to your due diligence in gaining all necessary approvals before making the effort to present your project justification. Get these approvals added, signed, and dated in this slide to present when needed and keep the process going smoothly by downloading this presentation theme.

Template 5: Project Scope Justification Constraints Objectives Assumptions

Keep the audience’s attention and have them nod along in agreement using this PowerPoint Theme. Present your project’s components under the banner of project scope and showcase the justification, objectives, constraints, assumptions, etc. to stakeholders. Download this PPT Slide to deliver a well-researched argument in favor of your ideas, with enough space to describe each of the components.

Presentation Approved

When you have something worth presenting, SlideTeam has got your back. Our amazing Project Justification Templates will help your audience understand your vision and want to be a part of it. Get the corporate machine going with a persuasive presentation with our readymade templates, available for immediate download.

Access these slides with a single click and get the approval for your ideas. You can choose one of our subscription services: monthly, semi-annual, annual, annual+ with a click here .

P.S. The templates in this blog are not ranked in any order. Pick the one(s) you like and download!

Related posts:

• How to Design the Perfect Service Launch Presentation [Custom Launch Deck Included]
• Quarterly Business Review Presentation: All the Essential Slides You Need in Your Deck
• [Updated 2023] How to Design The Perfect Product Launch Presentation [Best Templates Included]
• 99% of the Pitches Fail! Find Out What Makes Any Startup a Success

Liked this blog? Please recommend us

This form is protected by reCAPTCHA - the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Digital revolution powerpoint presentation slides

Sales funnel results presentation layouts

3d men joinning circular jigsaw puzzles ppt graphics icons

Business Strategic Planning Template For Organizations Powerpoint Presentation Slides

Future plan powerpoint template slide

Project Management Team Powerpoint Presentation Slides

Brand marketing powerpoint presentation slides

Launching a new service powerpoint presentation with slides go to market

Agenda powerpoint slide show

Four key metrics donut chart with percentage

Engineering and technology ppt inspiration example introduction continuous process improvement

Meet our team representing in circular format

Sample Budget Justifications

Sponsor requirements differ, and sample budget justifications should be seen only as a starting point. Guidelines for sponsor requirements are in the annotated budget justifications. Read the solicitation and the sponsor’s proposal preparation guidelines for each proposal's requirements.

For Research Sponsors

• Sample Budget Justification for Non-Federal Research [DOCX]  - April 6, 2023
• Annotated Budget Justification - Non-Federal Research
• Sample Budget Justification for Federal Research  [DOCX]  - April 6, 2023
• Annotated Budget Justification - Federal Research

For Non-Research Sponsors:

• Sample Budget Justification for Non-Federal Non-Research [DOCX]  - July 29, 2022
• Annotated Budget Justification - Non-Federal Non-Research
• Sample Budget Justification for Federal Non-Research [DOCX]  - July 29, 2022
• Annotated Budget Justification - Federal Non-Research
• Uniform Guidance Fixed Rate Requirements
• F&A Methodology
• F&A Components
• MIT Use of a de minimis Rate
• Fund Account Overhead Rates
• Allocation Rates
• Determination of On-Campus and Off-Campus Rates
• Employee Benefits (EB) Rates
• Vacation Accrual Rates
• Graduate Research Assistant Tuition Subsidy
• Historical RA Salary Levels
• MIT Facts and Profile Information
• Classification of Sponsored Projects
• Types of Sponsored Awards
• How Are Sponsored Projects Generated?
• Cost Principles and Unallowable Costs
• Direct and Indirect Costs
• EHS Role in MIT Grant Writing Process
• Pre-Proposals / Letters of Intent
• MIT Investigator Status
• Components of a Proposal
• Special Reviews
• Applying Through Workspace
• Proposal Preparation Checklist
• Proposals and Confidential Information
• Personnel Costs
• Subcontracts and Consultants
• Kuali Coeus Approval Mapping
• Roles and Responsibilities
• Submission of Revised Budgets
• Standard Contract Terms and Conditions
• Contractual Obligations and Problematic Terms and Conditions
• Review and Negotiation of Federal Contract and Grant Terms and Conditions
• Industrial Collaboration
• International Activities
• MIT Export Control - Export Policies
• Nondisclosure and Confidentiality Agreements
• Negative Confirmation On Award Notices
• Routing and Acceptance of the Award Notice
• COI and Special Review Hold Notice Definitions
• Limiting Long-Term WBS Account Structures
• SAP Project WBS Element Conditions
• Kuali Coeus Electronic Document Storage (EDS)
• Billing Agreements
• PI Absence from Project
• Cost Transfers
• Equipment Threshold
• Uniform Guidance and the FAR
• MIT Standard Terms and Policies
• Guidelines for Charging Faculty Summer Salary
• Key Personnel
• Limitations on Funds - Federal Contracts
• Managing Salary Costs
• Monitoring Project Budgets
• Monthly Reconciliation and Review
• No-Cost Extensions
• Reporting Requirements
• Return of Unexpended Funds to Foundations
• Determining the Sponsor Approved Budget (SAB)
• Working With the Sponsor Approved Budget (SAB)
• Sponsor Approved Budget (SAB) and Child Account Budgets
• Sponsor Approved Budget (SAB) and Prior Approvals
• Submitting an SAB Change Request
• When a PI Leaves MIT
• Research Performance Progress Reports
• Closing Out Fixed Price Awards
• Closeout of Subawards
• Record Retention
• Early Termination
• Reporting FAQs
• Using SciENcv
• AFOSR No-Cost Extension Process
• Terms and Conditions
• New ONR Account Set Ups
• Department of Defense Disclosure Guidance
• Department of Energy / Office of Science Disclosure Guidance
• Introduction to Industrial Sponsors
• General Considerations for Industrial Proposals
• SRC Guidance to Faculty Considering Applying for SRC Funding
• Find Specific RFP Information
• Industrial Proposal Checklist
• Proposal Formats
• Special Requirements
• Deadline Cycles
• Model Proposals
• Non-Competitive Industrial Proposals
• Master and Alliance Agreements With Non-Standard Proposal Processes
• Template Agreements
• New Consortium Agreements
• Competitive Industrial Proposals
• Collaborative (No-cost) Research Agreements
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration Disclosure Guidance
• NASA Graduate Research Fellowship Programs
• NASA PI Status and Definitions
• NIH Checklists and Preparation Guides
• National Institutes of Health Disclosure Guidance
• Human Subjects and NIH Proposals
• NIH Data Management and Sharing
• NIH Research Performance Progress Reports
• Grant Opportunities for Academic Liaison with Industry (GOALI) proposals
• MIT Guidance Regarding the NSF CAREER Program
• Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Supplements
• National Science Foundation Disclosure Guidance
• NSF Proposals: Administrative Review Stage
• NSF Collaborations
• NSF Pre-Award and Post-Award Actions
• NSF Reporting
• NSF Frequently Asked Questions
• NSF Safe and Inclusive Working Environment
• Research Terms and Conditions Prior Approval and Other Requirements Matrix
• Process, Roles and Responsibilities
• What Is Allowable/Eligible Cost Sharing?
• MIT’s Preferred Cost Sharing Funds
• Third-Party Cost Sharing
• Showing Cost Sharing in a Proposal Budget
• Sponsor Specific Instructions Regarding Location in the Proposal
• Funding F&A Costs as Cost Sharing
• Using Faculty Effort for Cost Sharing
• Information about Completing the Cost Sharing Template
• NSF Cost Sharing Policy
• Tracking/Reporting Cost Sharing
• Special Cost Sharing Topics
• International Activities Examples
• Rubicon Fellowships
• Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowships
• Criteria for Subrecipients
• Subawards at Proposal
• Requesting New Subawards
• Managing Subawards
• RAS Subaward Team Contacts
• Funding and Approval
• Proposal Phase
• Award Set-up
• Monitoring Research During Project Period
• Closeout Phase
• Voluntary Cost Sharing
• Sponsor-Specific Guidance
• Audits and Auditors
• Upcoming Trainings and Events
• Research Administration Practices (RAP)
• NCURA Virtual Workshops and Webinars
• Guide to RA Resources and Training
• Career Paths
• Newsletters
• Tools and Systems
• Award Closeout & Audits
• Award Setup
• Cost Sharing
• Export Control
• Financial Conflict of Interest
• Kuali Coeus
• Project Monitoring
• Proposal Preparation & Submission
• Research Sub Awards
• Research Administration Email Lists
• RAS Operations
• VPR Research Administration Organization Chart
• By department
• By administrator
• Research Administrator Day
• News & Announcements
• Onsite searching on the VPR public websites

• Course Description
• Course Info
• Calendar/Links

Theme by Anders Norén

Project: Final Report

Project report.

Due: Wednesday, 4/24

Example report in box folder, linked here

General Directions

The final report is intended to provide a comprehensive account of your collaborative course project in data science. The report should demonstrate your ability to apply the data science skills you have learned to a real-world project holistically, from posing research questions and gathering data to analysis, visualization, interpretation, and communication. The report should stand on its own so that it makes sense to someone who has not read your proposal or prototype.

The report should contain at least the parts defined below. In terms of length, it should be 5-7 pages using standard margins (1 in.), font (11-12 pt), and line spacing (1-1.5). A typical submission is around 3-4 pages of text and 5-7 pages overall with tables and figures. It is important to stay within the page limit, as practicing being succinct is an important skill. Your final report should also have a descriptive title, not “CS216 Project Report”. You should convert your written report to a pdf and upload it to Gradescope under the assignment “Project Final Report” by the due date, and assign the appropriate pages to questions in the grading rubric. Be sure to include your names and NetIDs in your final document and use the group submission feature on Gradescope. You do not need to upload your accompanying data, code, or other supplemental resources demonstrating your work to Gradescope; instead, your report should contain instructions on how to access these resources (see the Results and Methods section below for more details).

In general, your approach to this report should be to write as if you had “planned this as your project all along.” A report is not a chronological story of your project, it is a summary of what you did where the “story” serves the reader’s comprehension.

• E (Exemplary, 20pts) – Work that meets all requirements in terms of formatting and sections.
• S (Satisfactory, 19 pts) – Work that meets all requirements but is over 7 pages.
• N (Not yet, 12pts) – Does not meet all requirements.
• U (Unassessable, 4pts) –  Missing at least one section.

Part 1: Introduction and Research Questions (15 points)

Your final report should begin by introducing your topic and restating your research question(s) as in your proposal. As before, your research question(s) should be (1) substantial, (2) feasible, and (3) relevant. In contrast to the prior reports, the final report does not need to explicitly justify that the research questions are substantial and feasible in the text ; your results should demonstrate both of these points. Therefore, you should remove that text to save space.

You should still explicitly justify how your research questions are relevant. In other words, be sure to explain the motivation of your research questions. Remember that relevant research questions address a subject of importance and interest within the scientific community or broader society. Additionally, we are looking for why your group believes this research project is worthwhile to your time in this course.

You can start with the text from your prototype, but you should update your introduction and research questions to reflect changes in or refinements of the project vision. You should not state specific updates, rather, write the report as the final product and the prior milestones do not exist. Pretend the readers are unaware of the prior milestones. If you feel like an explanation of changes since the prototype is warranted, place that in the appendix. Your introduction should be sufficient to provide context for the rest of your report.

• E (Exemplary, 15pts) – Comprehensive introduction with clearly labeled, up-to-date research questions and a justification for how the research questions are relevant. Report  introduction can stand alone without references to prior versions of the project; no text for explicit justifications for “substantial” and “feasible” are made for the research question(s).   
• S (Satisfactory, 14pts) – Comprehensive introduction with clearly labeled, updated research questions and a justification for how the research questions are relevant. The introduction and research questions may not have been refined from the prototype (they have still kept reasoning for why their research questions are substantial and feasible).
• N (Not yet, 9pts) – Incomplete introduction where the research questions or justification are missing pieces, but at least some of it is present. Or the justification is clearly not reasonable.
• U (Unassessable, 3pts) – Incomplete introduction where it is entirely missing the research questions or justification or does not demonstrate meaningful effort.

Part 2: Data Sources (15 points)

Discuss the data you have collected and are using to answer your research questions. Be specific: name the datasets you are using, the information they contain, and where they were collected from / how they were prepared. You can begin with the text from your prototype, but be sure to update it to fit the vision for your final project.

• E (Exemplary, 15pts) – Origins of data are properly specified, cited, and relevant to answering the research question(s). If any significant data wrangling, cleaning, or other data preparation was done, these processes are explained.
• S (Satisfactory, 14pts) – Origins of data are properly specified and cited. However, the justification is not clear why the data is relevant to the proposed research question(s). If any significant data wrangling, cleaning, or other data preparation was done, these processes are explained.
• N (Not yet, 9pts) – Poorly specified data sources or the justification for using that data set or the methods to acquire the data is lacking. No discussion of preparing the dataset.
• U (Unassessable, 3pts) – Data sources or methods to acquire data are missing or do not demonstrate meaningful effort.

Part 3: What Modules Are You Using? (15 points)

Your project should utilize concepts from modules we have covered in this course to answer your research question(s). We will assume you will use modules 1 (Python), 2 (Numpy/Pandas), and 5 (Probability).  Your final report should state at least 3 more modules that you have utilized for your project. Each module should have a short description of how you used the knowledge in this module and a justification for that use. In addition, include what specific concepts from the module you used and at what stage of your project you mostly used this module. Potential stages include, but are not limited to: data gathering, data cleaning, data investigation, data analysis, and final report.

• Module 3: Visualization
• Module 4: Data Wrangling
• Module 6: Combining Data
• Module 7: Statistical Inference
• Module 8: Prediction & Supervised Machine Learning
• Module 9: Databases and SQL
• Module 10: Deep Learning

Your overall report should clearly show that you used the modules discussed in this section. You should add any additional modules used and update the existing modules to be more specific to the different tasks and stages of your projects that changed since your prototype.

• E (Exemplary, 15pts) – States at least 3 modules. For each module, they provide an updated (1) short description of how they used the module, (2) justification for using this module, (3) specific concepts they used, (4) what stage they used it, and (5) clearly implemented it in the final report. 
• S (Satisfactory, 14pts) – States at least 3 modules. For each module, they provide an updated (1) short description of how they used the module, (2) justification for using this module, (3) what concepts they used and (4) what stage they used it. Less than 3 modules are clearly implemented in the final report. 
• N (Not yet, 9pts) – States at least 3 modules. For each module, they provide an updated (1) short description of how they used the module, (2) justification for using this module, (3) what concepts they used and (4) what stage they used it. Only one module is clearly implemented in the final report.
• U (Unassessable, 3pts) – Does not meet the Not Yet criteria.

Part 4: Results and Methods (15 points)

This is likely to be the longest section of your paper at multiple pages. The results and methods section of your report should explain your detailed results and the methods used to obtain them. Where possible, results should be summarized using clearly labeled tables or figures and supplemented with written explanations of the significance of the results with respect to the research questions outlined previously. Please note that a screenshot of your dataset does not count as a table or figure and should not be included in your final report.

Your description of your methods should be specific. For example, if you scraped multiple web databases, merged them, and created a visualization, then you should explain how each step was conducted in enough detail that an informed reader could reasonably be expected to reproduce your results with time and effort. Just saying, “we cleaned the data and dealt with missing values” or “we built a predictive model” is insufficient detail.

Your report should also contain instructions on how to access your full implementation (that is, your code, data, and any other supplemental resources like additional charts or tables). The simplest way to do so is to include a link to the box folder, GitLab repo, or whatever other platforms your group is using to house your data and code.

• E (Exemplary, 15pts) – Results are thoroughly discussed using clearly labeled tables or figures followed by written descriptions. Specific explanation of how the results were generated and from what data. Link to code/data to create charts or visualizations is provided. 
• S (Satisfactory, 14pts) – Results are thoroughly discussed using clearly labeled tables or figures followed by written descriptions. Explanation of how the results were generated may lack some specification or it is somewhat unclear as to what data the results are from. Link provided.
• N (Not yet, 9pts) – Results are discussed using tables with missing labels or lacking written descriptions. It is unclear how the results were generated and from what data.
• U (Unassessable, 3pts) – Results are missing or do not demonstrate meaningful effort.

Part 5: Limitations and Future Work (10 points)

In this part, you should discuss any important limitations or caveats to your results with respect to answering your research questions. For example, if you don’t have as much data as you would like or are unable to fairly evaluate the performance of a predictive model, explain and contextualize those limitations. You may want to consider any ethical implications or potential biases of your results as well. 

Finally, provide a brief discussion of future work. This could explain how future research might address the limitations you outline, or it could pose additional follow-up research questions based on your results so far. In short, explain how an informed reader (such as a peer in the class) could improve on and extend your results.

• E (Exemplary, 10pts) – Comprehensive and explicit discussion of important limitations and caveats to results. Brief discussion of future work and how results could be extended and improved upon.
• S (Satisfactory, 9pts) – Discussion of important limitations and caveats to results could be improved or the discussion of future work and how results could be extended and improved upon lacks some specification.
• N (Not yet, 6pts) –  Incomplete discussion of important limitations and caveats to results. Discussion of future work and how results could be extended and improved upon may lack some specification.
• U (Unassessable, 2pts) – Limitations and future work are missing or do not demonstrate meaningful effort.

Part 6: Conclusion (5 points)

Provide a brief (one or two paragraphs) summary of your results. This summary of results should address all of your research questions.

If one of your research questions was “Did COVID-19 result in bankruptcy in North Carolina during 2020?” then a possible (and purely hypothetical) summary of results might be:

We aggregate the public records disclosures of small businesses in North Carolina from January 2019 to December 2020 and find substantial evidence that COVID-19 did result in a moderate increase in bankruptcy during 2020. This increase is not geographically uniform and is concentrated during summer and fall 2020. We also examined the impact of federal stimulus but cannot provide an evaluation of its impact from the available data.

• E (Exemplary, 10pts) – Research questions are clearly and completely addressed through a summary of results. 
• S (Satisfactory, 9pts) – Research questions are clearly addressed through a summary of results. The results may be lacking in completely answering the research questions.
• N (Not yet, 6pts) –  Research questions are somewhat addressed through a summary of results. The results are lacking in completely answering the research questions. Or the results of one of the research questions is missing.
• U (Unassessable, 2pts) – Conclusion is missing or does not demonstrate meaningful effort.

(Optional) Part 7: Appendix of additional figures, tables, and updates summary.

If you are struggling to keep your report within the 5-7 page limit, you may move some (not all) of your figures and tables to an optional appendix that will not count against your page limit. However, your report should stand on its own without the appendix . The appendix is for adding more nuance to your results, not to give you more space to talk about your results. Succinctness is an important skill to practice when doing data science. Your grader is not expected to look at the appendix when grading.

If you strongly feel like a summary of project updates since the proposal is required, you may put them in this appendix as well and mention they are in the appendix in the introduction.

Checklist Before You Submit:

• 5-7 pages in length
• Standard margins (1 in.)
• Font size is 11-12 pt
• Line spacing is 1-1.5
• Final document is a pdf
• Descriptive project title
• Do you feel as if this part meets the requirements of E (Exemplary) or S (Satisfactory) ?

Author Joey Scarpa

Posted March 30, 2024 — 4:30 pm

Categories Project

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

What is justification in research/15 examples of justification

Research in science is fundamental projects to obtain advances and new knowledge that allow us to better understand the world, managing and dealing with all kinds of phenomena. But investigations are not a spontaneous phenomenon: they require planning, design and, especially, a reason that justifies their being carried out. This rationale must be particularly compelling in cases where financial and other means are required for the investigation to begin. What is justification in research ?

For this reason, before starting a scientific project, it is necessary to develop a justification for that research . Next we are going to see  different examples of justification for an investigation  and what questions they must answer.

What is justification in an investigation/research?

The justification of an investigation is the  part of a scientific project in which the reasons and arguments that have led the person behind proposing it and wanting to carry it out are exposed  . This justification must be added when writing the work in writing, usually appearing at the beginning of it, both in the abstract and in the theoretical introduction. Its objective is to try to answer what, how, why and for what purpose the investigation has been carried out.

Therefore, the part of the justification is something fundamental that all scientific work must explain, since it provides the reasons that have led one or more people to decide to start the research that they present in the article or book. These are the reasons that are considered to make research useful and beneficial to the scientific community . It is very important to indicate in it what benefits for common knowledge can carry out or have carried out such research, as well as to advance in the understanding of a certain knowledge as its practical applications.

As its name indicates, the justification of an investigation is the part that justifies the work, that is, within it a series of arguments must be highlighted that must be valid and powerful enough to prove the need to carry out the investigation. When it comes to demonstrating that the work will be useful, there are many options for arguing and defending such research . What is justification in research ?

Among the most common we have the fact that  this research will allow science to advance in a specific field of knowledge  , something that serves as a precedent for more complex and larger investigations to be developed in the future. It can also be indicated that the research will serve so that what has been discovered can be applied as a solution to an important problem for society.

Another interesting argument used in the justification of an investigation is that, based on what has been discovered in it, a new method can be developed of something that was already known to be solved but that will be more economical, that is, that the investigation will allow develop a new system to face a certain problem but lowering costs, improving efficiency or reducing the consumption of resources, improving the quality of life of people who could not afford to pay the classical method or promoting social and educational changes without having as obstacle to the liquidity of funds.

Several examples of justification for an investigation

Now that we know what the justifications of an investigation are and what questions they must answer, using solid and valid arguments,  we move on to see several examples of justification of an investigation from different areas  . Most come from real investigations, only that here a summary of the part of the introduction has been exposed in which the antecedents of the field to be investigated are exposed a little and what are the reasons, objectives and arguments that have led the research team to deepen on that theme .

1. The effects of television on the behavior of young people

“ Television has become the most influential medium in the development of behavior and thought patterns in children and adolescents around the world, some of them quite disruptive (violence, aggressiveness, lack of respect towards teachers and other reference adults. ..). The relationship between television and youth behavior is suspected, but no clear causal link had been identified.

This article aims to  review the evidence in favor of the hypothesis of the harmful effects of television , trying to understand more fully the effect of this means of communication on younger audiences, its repercussions at a social level and define how it should be a more responsible television “. What is justification in research ?

2. Local development and microfinance as strategies to attend to social needs

“Today, states are involved in two important processes but seen too much at a global level: economics and politics. People often make the mistake of leaving aside the local, a sphere that, focusing on the economic aspect, cannot be understood without understanding the nature of small-scale social development (family, neighborhood, town …) and small economic transactions. that occur in it: microfinance. Although microfinance has been largely ignored, it undoubtedly influences socio-economic policies, albeit often in unexpected ways.

The development of a society cannot be approached only at the global level, but also by paying special interest to the local and trying to understand microfinance in its multiple dimensions: economic, social, environmental, political, cultural and institutional. The objective of this article is precisely to explore these dimensions, addressing the different theoretical approaches to the notions of local development and microfinance in order to establish them as tools for addressing the socioeconomic needs of people with fewer resources.

Since the needs and the capacity to satisfy them are indicative of the poverty of the society ,  these seemingly insignificant socio-economic aspects should be included in the political agenda  , in order to understand and design better intervention strategies for the most disadvantaged people ”.

3. Expression of rabies virus G protein in carrots and corn

“Rabies supposes great economic losses, both in cure methods and in prevention vaccines. The current vaccines are difficult to access and acquire for the population of developing countries, since they do not have the logistical or economic resources so that they The entire population is vaccinated against this pathology, which is why it is necessary to develop new rabies vaccine alternatives, made with resources that can be obtained in countries with mostly subsistence economies.

Among the advantages of plant-derived vaccines we have lower costs in production , storage, transportation and distribution. Furthermore, it is possible to administer plant tissue to human animals without the need to purify the protein of interest. For this reason, it  is of interest to find out how the G protein of the rabies virus is expressed in vegetables, specifically in carrots and corn , plants widely cultivated throughout the world. ” What is justification in research ?

4. Comprehensive use of crustacean waste

“The shrimp industry discards every year hundreds of tons of crustacean remains, specifically the exoskeleton (the shell) and the cephalothorax (head). These parts contain a substance, chitin, which could have applications in the preservation of highly perishable foods, such as fresh fruits.

At present, several methods have been used to preserve fruit and not all of them are respectful with the environment . The objective of this research is to determine if the application of a biofilm of chitin and chitosan, obtained by green chemistry, is beneficial to extend the useful life of fruits and  propose it as a new ecological method in the conservation of the harvest  , since these two substances are neither harmful nor aggressive to the environment “.

5. Reduction of depression in old age through reminiscence therapy

“There is little work on the modification of autobiographical memories with different age groups. However, some research has suggested that life review based on the retrieval of autobiographical memories is effective in modifying such memories in people with depression.

This work is based on the results of several studies that indicate a significant reduction in depression symptoms in elderly people who have undergone a program with individual reminiscence sessions, a program that promotes recovery from positive and negative events. The objective of the present study is to  analyze what is the relationship between depressive symptoms in old age and the characteristics of autobiographical memories  , that is, what role do the memories obtained that explain reduce the symptoms of depression play “.

6. Adherence to pharmacological treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes

“Diabetes mellitus is a disease strongly determined by genetics, in which the individual presents alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, with a relative or absolute deficit of insulin secretion. Between 85 and 90% of patients with diabetes mellitus are type 2 diabetic and it is chronic. What is justification in research ?

We understand as adherence to a treatment the behavior of the patient when it coincides with the medical prescription, taking the prescribed drugs, following prescribed diets or maintaining healthy lifestyle habits . Adherence to a treatment is important to evaluate the clinical evolution of a pathology. Studies indicate that 50% of people with chronic diseases comply with their treatment, with several risk factors for this not being the case.

We consider it important to identify in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus what is the frequency of therapeutic non-adherence, what relationship it has with metabolic control, in addition to more precisely detecting which are the most common associated risk factors, in order to carry out tending programs to change their behavior  in order to encourage them to follow the treatment that has been prescribed for them  . ”

7. Relationship between family climate and school climate

“Classic studies, like that of Bernstein in the 70s, point out that the negative or positive attitude of the adolescent towards the teachers can be determined by the perception that his family has about the educational field. Both the family environment and the attitude towards authority in the classroom seem to be two very important factors in explaining violent behavior in adolescence in the school context .

Taking this into account, the main objective of this work has been to  examine the relationship between both contexts from the adolescent’s perception of the family and school climates  , analyzing the role played by different individual factors in the interaction between these two contexts ” .

8. Prevention of gender violence in universities

“University faculties are not places outside of gender violence. As a social problem that it is, gender violence affects women of all social classes , ages, cultures and economic levels, and overcomes the classic stereotypes associated with those who suffer it , why and where it occurs It does not matter if it is a socio-economically unfavorable context or if you are in the most select private university: violence against women is everywhere. What is justification in research ?

For this reason, the purpose of this research has been to  analyze the existence of gender-based violence in Spanish universities and to identify and develop measures that can help prevent it  , detecting the main foci, motives and contexts in which there are more possibilities for it to occur. produce in the university population “.

9. Linguistic study in children with Down syndrome

“This final degree project focuses on Down Syndrome , specifically on defining the basic abilities possessed by people with this intellectual disability , focusing on the processes of literacy during Primary Education.

The purpose of the study is to  obtain information that will help those families who have a member with this syndrome  , in order to help them progress taking into account their linguistic abilities and develop resources that allow the acquisition of theoretical-practical skills to be able to progress at work , socially and personally “.

10. Effects of the implementation of a VAT system in the United Arab Emirates

“The six member countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCEAG) agreed to launch a common market to increase investment and trade among their members. To facilitate this proposal, the countries agreed to implement a value -added tax system (VAT) for the year 2012.

It is very necessary to evaluate the basic principles and the social and economic implications that this new measure could have before it is officially applied  . The purpose of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the proposed VAT system and what socio-economic repercussions it could imply for the Gulf countries, in addition to identifying possible risks and developing preventive strategies. ” What is justification in research ?

11. Study on the benefits of reading aloud to students

“One of the most traditional pedagogical techniques is to read aloud to students. One student reads aloud, while the others follow the reading in their respective books, being aware of which line they go to and, if any, the teacher so requests, change another student to read aloud.

Although classic, the benefits of reading aloud and listening for content acquisition in class have not been fully evaluated. Among the suspected benefits of this technique we have that the student not only learns to control the volume of his voice or knows how to project it in a public context such as the class, but also, if he has to listen, it allows him to improve the capacity active listening, internalizing academic knowledge.

The objective of the present investigation is to find out to what extent these suspected advantages are real, and to  see if the method of reading aloud to students, both by the teacher and by one of them, improves comprehension and skills. It feeds the student’s critical thinking  , following the class more and asking himself questions about the content while simultaneously acquiring it “.

12. Project to increase production in Chino Winds

“Before 1992, the Yavapai ranch was exploited in a traditional way. About two-thirds of the ranch was not fenced and a rather simple irrigation system was used. The cattle walked freely all year round within this portion of land, having little control of what they ate and without exposing potentially fertile areas that could be used for growing fruits, vegetables , and cereals. Livestock’s favorite areas were those near water sources, wasted as there was no complex irrigation system to irrigate the entire property. What is justification in research ?

The poor exploitation of the Yavapai Ranch is surprising since, taking into account its potential profitability, it turns out to be a great wasted production opportunity. The reason for this project is to improve the irrigation system and make better use of the land, hoping for a greater increase in production and consequently a greater obtaining of income that defies investment costs. In addition, by  controlling grazing, it is expected to improve the vegetation cover of the historically exploited areas  on the ranch, albeit passively. ”

13. Teaching mathematics and understanding its usefulness in real life

“Until today, the way of teaching mathematics has focused on giving the student a definition or a formula, showing them an example of how to use it and hoping that they know how to imitate it, without explaining or having the certainty that they understand what they have to do Nor does it promote the development of the student’s creative and integrative capacity, memorization is more emphasized than comprehension, and traditional tools do not provide the tools to investigate, analyze and discern the problem.

The main objective and motive of this project is to make students learn to use mathematics in their day to day, learning that they are useful for all kinds of areas beyond the subject of mathematics: economics, technology, science … So, It is proposed to give them real examples, in which they themselves have to use their knowledge and resolution capacity to propose a resolution process, talking to each other or communicating in the most precise way all their mental processing. What is justification in research ?

The justification for this project is the large number of students who, after being explained what to do or what formula to apply, detach it from reality itself. There are not a few students who when they finish the mathematics course it is as if they had not learned anything, in the sense that they are not able to see the relationship between what they have learned in that subject and their real life. The subject of mathematics is not in the curriculum to teach useless content, but to  make it easier for people to understand reality and solve problems in real life  , like any other subject “.

14. Study on the reproduction of sockeye salmon in Canada

“The objective of this study is to observe and analyze the habits of the sockeye salmon from the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada). The justification for this research is that, due to global environmental changes and the increase in the temperature of the water, it has been found that the population of this species in this area has changed, not being certain that the species is out of danger and even suspecting a possible risk that the sockeye salmon could end up being a threatened species ”

The incidence of human beings on this species is well known and historical, since the exploitation of natural resources in its habitat and other economic activities had already dramatically modified the ecological niche where sockeye salmon develop and reproduce. Knowing what the adaptation and change processes of this species  have been, more specific conservation programs can be developed, in addition to starting environmental projects  that prevent the total disappearance of the sockeye salmon “.

15. Justification of the treatment and use of laboratory animals

“The use of animals in scientific research is something historically seen as necessary since there are ethical codes that protect people from taking part in experiments without their consent or causing them some kind of damage, both physical and mental. Although to a certain extent Necessary point, animal research has opened many debates, since the use of non-human animals is done to test techniques that would never be used in humans, such as implanting diseases, testing potentially dangerous drugs or removing vital parts.

Despite the fact that throughout the 20th century and what we have been in the 21st, multiple ethical codes have been developed in which the ethical treatment of laboratory animals is addressed, the simple fact of using them without their consent is an aspect that movements animalists do not overlook.  Research should be carried out only if there is a clear scientific purpose, and that involves minimal harm and suffering to the animal.

This point is not the justification for actual research , but rather what is deemed necessary to justify research using animals. The scientific purpose of the research  must have a great potential benefit for scientific knowledge at the cost of suffering  , preferably not very serious, of the animal. The species that are chosen must be the most appropriate, that they are not in danger of extinction or protected by law and that it is known how to treat them in the least stressful way possible but that implies some kind of scientific benefit “.

Related Articles

Non experimental research Features Types Examples

What is a focus group/example/role of a focus group/how to do.

What is Observation in research Benefits Disadvantages Types

Ex post facto research characteristics advantages examples, leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Please input characters displayed above.

• Difference between local and global variable/definitions August 10, 2023

• Find My GCO
• IACUC applications (Cayuse Animal Management System)
• IBC Applications (eMUA)
• IRB Applications (RASS-IRB) External
• Institutional Profile & DUNS
• Rates and budgets
• Report external interests (COI)
• Join List Servs
• Ask EHS External
• Research Development Services
• Cornell Data Services External
• Find Your Next Funding Opportunity
• Travel Registry External
• RASS (Formerly Form 10 and NFA) External
• International research activities External
• Register for Federal and Non-Federal Systems
• Disclose Foreign Collaborations and Support
• Web Financials (WebFin2) External
• PI Dashboard External
• Research metrics & executive dashboards
• Research Financials (formerly RA Dashboard) External
• Subawards in a Proposal
• Proposal Development, Review, and Submission
• Planning for Animals, Human Participants, r/sNA, Hazardous Materials, Radiation
• Budgets, Costs, and Rates
• Collaborate with Weill Cornell Medicine
• Award Negotiation and Finalization
• Travel and International Activities
• Project Finances
• Project Modifications
• Research Project Staffing
• Get Confidential Info, Data, Equipment, or Materials
• Managing Subawards
• Animals, Human Participants, r/sNA, Hazardous Materials, Radiation
• Project Closeout Financials
• Project Closeout
• End a Project Early
• Protecting an Invention, Creation, Discovery
• Entrepreneurial and Startup Company Resources
• Gateway to Partnership Program
• Engaging with Industry
• Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR)
• Export Controls
• Research with Human Participants
• Research Security
• Work with Live Vertebrate Animals
• Research Safety
• Regulated Biological Materials in Research
• Financial Management
• Conflicts of Interest
•   Search

Appendix C: Sample Budget Justification

Costs for project budgets - appendix c.

The budget justification is one of the most important non-technical sections of the proposal, and it is often required by the sponsor. In this section, the Principal Investigator (PI) provides additional detail for expenses within each budget category and articulates the need for the items/expenses listed. The information provided in the budget justification may be the definitive criteria used by sponsor review panels and administrative officials when determining the amount of funding to be awarded.

The following format is a sample only; not all components will apply to every proposal. Many sponsors prefer that budget justifications follow their own format. In all cases, however, it is best to present the justification for each budget category in the same order as that provided in the budget itself.

Salaries and Wages:

Note: The quantification of  unfunded  effort (e.g., "The PI will donate 5% effort...") in the proposal narrative, budget, or budget justification is considered Voluntary Committed Cost Sharing. This is a legal commitment which must be documented in the University's accounting system. Consider quantifying effort  only  for the requested salary support. See  http://www.dfa.cornell.edu/treasurer/policyoffice/policies/volumes/academic/costsharing.cfm  for additional information.

• Principal Investigator:  This proposal requests salary support for _______% of effort during the academic year and 100% of effort for _______months during the summer.
• Other Professional Support:  List title and level of effort to be proposed to be funded. Other personnel categories (Research Associates, Postdoctoral Associates, Technicians) may be included here.
• Administrative and Clerical:  List the circumstances for requiring direct charging of these services, which must be readily and specifically identifiable to the project with a high degree of accuracy. Provide a brief description of actual job responsibilities, the proposed title, and the level of effort. (See note at the end of this Appendix regarding direct charging costs that are normally considered indirect.)
• Graduate Students:  List number and a brief description of project role. Include stipend, GRA allowance (tuition), and health insurance.
• Undergraduate Students:  List number and a brief description of project role.
• Employee Benefits have been proposed at a rate of ______% for all non-student compensation as approved by the Department of Health and Human Services. See  https://www.dfa.cornell.edu/capitalassets/cost/employee .

Capital Equipment:  The following equipment will be necessary for the completion of the project: Include item description(s), estimated cost of each item, and total cost. Provide a brief statement on necessity and suitability.

Travel:  For each trip, list destination, duration, purpose, relationship to the project, and total cost. Indicate any plans for foreign travel.

Technical Supplies and Materials:  Include type of supplies, per unit price, quantity, and cost. When the cost is substantial, provide a brief statement justifying the necessity.

Publications:  Page charges (number of pages multiplied by the per-page charge).

Services:  Include type of services, cost per type, and total cost.

Consultants : Include the consultant's name, rate, number of days, total cost per consultant, and total consultant cost. Provide a brief statement outlining each individual's expertise and justifying the anticipated need for consultant services. Note: Justifying a specific consultant in the proposal may avoid the need to competitively bid consulting services.

Subcontracts:  Include the subcontractor's name, amount, and total cost. Provide a brief description of the work to be performed and the basis for selection of the subcontractor. A separate budget and corresponding budget justification should be completed by the subcontractor, and is required by many agencies. Note: Justifying a specific subcontractor in the proposal may avoid the need to competitively bid subcontracted services. Post-award changes to subcontracts (additions, deletions, scope or budget modification) may require sponsor approval.

Other Expenses:  May include conferences and seminars (see  Appendix D ), Repair and Maintenance, Academic and User Fees.

Facilities and Administrative Costs (F&A) : F&A costs have been proposed at a rate of _____% of Modified Total Direct Cost (MTDC) as approved in Cornell's rate agreement with the Department of Health and Human Services. A copy of this agreement may be found at  https://www.dfa.cornell.edu/capitalassets/cost/facilities . MTDC exclusions include Capital Equipment, GRA Allowance and Health Insurance, and Subcontract costs in excess of $25,000 per subcontract.

Annual escalations are proposed in accordance with University policy as outlined HERE .

Special information for direct charging costs that are normally considered indirect.  Many costs such as administrative and clerical salaries, office supplies, monthly telephone and network charges, general purpose equipment, and postage are not typically considered direct costs. These may be proposed as direct costs where "unlike and different" circumstances exist. In such cases a budget justification detailing the request must be submitted to OSP for review and approval. Please read the University policy at  https://www.dfa.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/policy/vol3_14.pdf  or contact your  Grant and Contract Officer  for additional assistance.

Overview of Costs for Project Budgets (Budget and Costing Guide)

Appendix a: sample budget format showing major categories, appendix b: facilities and administrative (f&a) cost calculation detail, appendix d: sample budget for conferences and seminars, appendix e: cost sharing allowability matrix.

15 Examples of Project Justification

The Justification of a project Is the text written by a researcher or person working on a project, to explain why it is important to carry out the project and the consequences it may have.

The justification of a project is important, since it is critical when trying to convince or justify the reasons for the elaboration of the research work or project.

This section generally also defines the problem to be addressed; Precise descriptions of the problem situation can be given when using, quotes, examples, references and information.

If the project involves convincing other people, in the justification should appear the proposed solutions to solve the problem efficiently.

In this way you will have a greater possibility of convincing the donors or people in charge of approving the work.

In research, this section must justify virtually everything that is done. Critics may doubt the validity or relevance of the findings if they believe that something is wrong, so that every aspect of study design must have an appropriate justification.

Therefore, a rational logic must be applied for each aspect of the study. In justification must appear the reasons and importance of the study.

Usually the questions are answered as to why this research is being done and why the study is relevant.

For these reasons, the justification must have a great knowledge of the subject under investigation.

The objectives and the delimitation must be known, as well as some references of previous works related to the project.

Examples of justification for a project

1- chinese winds demonstration project.

Prior to 1992, the Yavapai ranch was operated in a fairly traditional manner. More than 2/3 of the ranch were not fenced and the watering was very poor. The cattle walked free all year over all this portion of the ranch.

Although the vegetation was abundant, much of this portion of the ranch was unused; Areas favored by livestock, especially those near water-dependent sources during periods of drought, were abundantly used by animals.

Poor distribution of livestock and grazing throughout the year at Yavapai Ranch prior to 1992 provides an opportunity for management.

Controlled time grazing is expected to provide improved vegetation cover in the historically used areas of the ranch, while maintaining a viable livestock operation.

2- Proposal for Computer Centers to Generate Jobs

This project will focus on the proposal for computer centers to train and generate employment opportunities for local youth.

This intervention can be achieved as local government policies will provide support for such activities.

This support will come in the form of some subsidy in the area of ​​infrastructure and in the area of ​​finding and subsidizing technicians capable of training young people.

3- Investigation of cloud-based management infrastructure

The main motivation behind this project was to keep information and customers at the same time.

To keep the two in a parallel fashion, cloud administration will be a better and superior solution today.

The cloud is an additional added administrative arrangement in itself, only a small group of individuals will be needed to maintain all the functionalities of the cloud.

To help these individuals monitor, block, and check backup management, there are extra procedures in cloud administration.

4- Microfinance intervention project for low-income families

We want to propose a microfinance intervention for low-income families in the region so they can have some savings to educate their children.

This project would be viable since many people in the region are interested in microfinance. In addition, some self-help group activities have been carried out in the area.

In addition, there are opportunities available for such microfinance activities in the region; For example, banks are willing to grant small loans to organized microfinance groups.

5- Effects of the implementation of the VAT collection system in the United Arab Emirates

6 Gulf Cooperation Partners (GCC) agreed to launch a common market to increase investment and trade among GCC members.

To facilitate investment and trade, member countries agreed to implement a Value Added Tax (VAT) system for 2012.

It is critical that the basic principles and implications of the VAT tax regime be thoroughly examined and understood before its adoption.

The purpose of this initiative is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the proposed VAT system and how it could affect the economies of the countries that implement it.

It also wants to identify the potential risks to the economies of these countries and formulate options to mitigate those risks.

6- Thesis on the implementation of public policies

The problem of this research is to determine how the implementation of adaptation policies were managed in universities and colleges of advanced education.

It is also necessary to examine the implications for a theory of implementation.

7- Study on the benefits of reading aloud to students

An oral reading of a book is planned, usually related to some subject seen in a previous lesson in classes.

It is important to read aloud as this method makes the student learn to listen. At the same time, an interest in the subject is created and general knowledge is developed.

This method also improves comprehension skills and fuels critical thinking of the student.

8- Research on the work of Professor Jane Jones

We want to carry out a study about Professor Jane Jones as she was a pioneer in the development of the field of Social Studies research.

This teacher was very strongly established in the field of general studies; We can highlight their great enthusiasm and ambition in the development of new research methods.

These methods include the Jones Variability Test, which has become a standard tool in the science of social studies.

Jones also has a strong record in publishing his work in scientific journals in his field. Jones has written and co-edited a number of important papers in the area of ​​Social Sciences.

9- Proposal to implement a new data entry system in a company

This company has a great data collection that must be done for an upcoming event.

Those individuals who work in customer service have been performing information entry with the old system, but have had several errors and the process does not develop quickly.

That is why we want to implement this new proposed data entry system. New data entries would be made much faster, and more importantly, specifically for each individual responsible for each task.

10- Research on the ethical treatment of laboratory animals

Research using laboratory animals should be carried out only if they have a clear scientific purpose.

There must be a reasonable explanation that the research will increase knowledge of the processes being studied.

In addition, it must provide results that will benefit the health and benefit of humans as well as other animals.

The scientific purpose of the research should have a potential of great importance to justify the use of animals.

The spices chosen for the study should be the most appropriate to answer the questions asked.

Animal research should not be conducted until the protocol has been reviewed by an appropriate animal care committee to ensure that procedures are appropriate.

11- Project to grow tomatoes in Ghana

Tomatoes are widely used as a food source as they are available year-round, both in preserved and fresh forms.

Tomato production in Ghana is a very lucrative business, despite the many setbacks in production. It is a source of employment for farmers and for that reason is a source of income that maintains their lifestyle.

Compared to the other vegetables used in earnest, the tomato is usually used in large quantities. The harvested crop can be used in the fresh market or can be processed into other foods.

12- Study on the implementation of cooperative marketing enterprises in poor farmers

Farmers with few marketing skills fall into poverty and migration. That is why we want to reinforce the contributions and the capacity of construction of the agriculturists in the collective marketing organizational.

Collective marketing through a cooperative-based community is a successful model that has been proven as a sustainable development of lifestyles.

13- Investigation of the work of Florence Pinchback

It is well known that Florence's eminence and its contribution to broad social sciences have been quite large.

Her contribution to the field of social sciences through her intellectual leadership on social problems and Social Studies makes her the perfect candidate for an in-depth research on her contributions.

14- Investigation of the regular use of cell phones in children under 18 years

This part of the population is more exposed to the consequences that could be observed after the continuous use of the cellular ones.

For this reason we want to study the potential dangers that this habit could present; As well as inform on possible solutions to the consequences of the prolonged use of the cell phones.

15- Study on the Chinese Empire

It wants to analyze the various military and political processes that made the Chinese empire become one of the most powerful cultures in history.

In this way you will be able to know more details about this historical culture that has been lost over the years.

• Justiying your study. Retrieved from msu.edu
• Sample statements of justification. Retrieved from acss.org.uk
• Ethical treatment of lab animals. Retrieved from slideplayer.com
• The critical role of the problem statement / justification / rationale in a project proposal on the promotion of democracy and good governance (2013). Recovered from fundsforngos.org
• 7 examples of justification. Recovered from examples.ca
• Vegetative cover monitoring, public perception survey and public outreach programs for Chino Winds demonstration project. Retrieved from cals.arizona.edu
• Purpose and justification of the project (2013). Retrieved from thinkspace.csu.edu.au
• Effects of implementing the vat collection system in the UAE. Retrieved from incu.org
• Implementations of public policies (2006), Retrieved from canberra.edu.au
• Of study in research. Recovered from essaypro.com
• How to write a Project Justification in a proposal on community livelihood development project (2010) Recovered from fundsforngos.org.

Recent Posts

For enquiries call:

+1-469-442-0620

• Project Management

Business Justification in Project Management: Definition, Example, Methods

Home Blog Project Management Business Justification in Project Management: Definition, Example, Methods

Project selection is a crucial aspect of business growth, and it is one decision that decides how successfully you sail through the competitive market. Every company gets multiple projects, but not every project proves beneficial for the business. If the company starts working on a non-beneficial project, it will not yield any productive results for the business. Moreover, it will lead to resource wastage, which they could otherwise use for another project to get the desired outcomes. So, they hire experts who study different aspects and decide which projects are worth taking up. The entire process of analyzing different projects and deciding which ones should get the go-ahead is called business justification. In this article, I will discuss everything you need to know about this process and how it supports business growth. 

What is business Justification in Project Management?

Business justification in project management is a process of evaluating justified reasons and significant benefits of a particular project before initiating it. The entire business justification process is the systematic assessment of how well the project aligns with the organizational goals. Highly qualified experts who have completed the PMP Certification training online or other reliable project management certifications carry out this process. The primary objective is to ensure that valuable resources are only allocated to the most valuable projects. Another benefit of the business justification is that it helps project stakeholders make informed decisions and is satisfied that every resource is being utilized efficiently. Thus, it is fair to say that this process forms a crucial foundation for project approvals and provides a rationale for resource investment.

Why is it important?

It is crucial to evaluate projects before giving them the go-ahead and assigning resources for them. You need valid reasons to prove that a particular project aligns with the overall business goals and the company will benefit by working on it. Some of the benefits that prove the significance are:

• It serves as a strategic compass. The assessment you do during this process helps you prioritize initiatives that contribute the most toward long-term business success.
• Another key aspect is the financial consideration. You can evaluate the return on investment (ROI) and allow your stakeholders to make informed decisions.
• You can also understand the potential risks involved and implement risk mitigation strategies before any unpleasant event occurs.
• There are countless benefits that make the justification process significant and highly fruitful for any organization. 

Key Components of Business Justification

Business justification is an elaborate process encompassing multiple components that provide the reasons for undertaking a project. Even the best courses for Project Management emphasize learning these components to get the best results. Let me list the components for you. 

• Firstly,   financial considerations   are crucial. It includes a thorough analysis of the expected return on investment (ROI) compared to the project’s costs.
• Another component is strategic alignment. It includes focusing on how well the project supports and contributes to the strategic business goals and objectives.
• Risk assessment is also a key component of business justification in project management. It involves the identification and evaluation of potential risks.
• Market demand also forms a critical aspect. It requires an assessment of whether the project addresses current market needs and presents opportunities for growth.

Top business justification methods

I have mentioned that business justification is crucial, and only qualified experts should conduct this entire process. Now, there are multiple Methods of business justification that help in this process and bring fruitful results. I have listed the top business justification methods for your reference.

1. Net Present Value (NPV)

It is a reliable method to evaluate the profitability of an investment by comparing the present value of expected cash inflows and outflows. If the value of your NPV is positive, the investment is favorable.

2. Cost-Benefit Analysis

It is the most widely used method for the justification of a business plan, involving a comparison of project cost and expected benefits. Through this method, one can quantify the tangible and intangible costs and perks, supporting fair and fruitful decision-making. The results are favorable if your benefits outweigh the project cost.

3. Return on Investment (ROI)

Calculating the financial metrics is another component, and ROI helps you with a fair assessment. You can calculate the ratio of the net gain from a project to the initial investment you would have to make. The percentage you get indicates the project’s profitability. If you get a positive ROI, it suggests that the project is favorable for the organization.

4. Market Analysis

Market analysis is one of the most trusted methods of business justification. By simply understanding the market demand and opportunities, the concerned teams can decide if the project is worth it. It tells if the project aligns with the market demand and helps improve the market positioning of the company. You should take it a step ahead if you see a higher market demand and popular trends associated with the project.

5. Payback Period

In this method, the experts check the time it will take to recoup the costs. The payback period is the timespan within which the investment is expected to generate cash flows to recover the initial capital invested. The decision-making is simple; the shorter your payback period, the quicker you should approve that investment.

These are the popular methods for business justification. The experts often use a combination of these methods to get a fair value and make a fruitful choice.

How do I write a business justification?

The project selection or justification process is an elaborate task. Any expert working on it requires a thorough understanding of the domain, which they gain through certifications like online PRINCE2 Foundation and Practitioner courses . Let me share the list of aspects you should cover while writing a business justification document for fair decision-making.

1.  Quick Summary & Introduction

Start your document with a summary that provides a clear overview of the business justification. It will include the project purpose, expected outcomes, and the reason for a project proposal.

In the introduction part, you will provide a context to the reader. It basically specifies the opportunity the project under question will address or aim to address.

2.  Project Objectives

Explain the project objectives, writing what the project aims to achieve. Experts working on the project selection process use this section to compare and ensure that the project objectives align with the organizational goals. 

3.  Market Assessment Report

Another significant aspect of writing the justification document is market analysis. You should attach a market analysis report demonstrating the project requirement. Research the current market trends, check customer demands, and get a justification for the opportunity in the business plan. This report is crucial in finding the right reasons to take up any project.

4.  Financial Justification

Give a detailed report of cost-benefit analysis that explains the financial aspects of a project. It should include project costs, ROI, and the anticipated return.

5.  Risk Assessment & Strategic Alignment

Identify the potential risks and provide an efficient risk-mitigation strategy to address those challenges.

Explain how the project complies with the strategic goals of the organization. Make sure you articulate how it will push the business toward long-term success.

6.  Legal or Regulatory requirements

In this section of your document, write the legal requirements, if there are any related to your project. When you check the justification in the business plan sample, you will see there is a huge emphasis on the legal compliance part.

7.  Milestones to Completion

Set a realistic timeline for the entire project and highlight the milestones. Make sure you write deliverables in front of each milestone for better understanding.

8.  Resource Requirements

A project cannot move a step forward without meeting the resource requirement. So, in the justification document, you should outline all the required resources, be they technology, human resources, or physical assets.

At the end of the document, brief every point and reinforce the significance of that particular project in achieving the desired goals.

These are all the aspects you should cover in the justification document. Understand that obtaining the approvals depends on how well you have crafted this document. So, review and revise it multiple times to ensure clarity and coherence.

Steps capture how business justification is determined

I have explained all the aspects you should include in your business justification document. Now, the question that often comes is what hierarchy to follow. Here are the steps that you can follow to make the right decisions. 

• Step 1 : You should start by defining the project objectives and specific goals. Make sure it aligns with the overall business goals. 
• Step 2 : Conduct a fair market analysis and learn about the latest trends to determine whether the project aligns with company goals. 
• Step 3: In this step, you should determine how the project will contribute to achieving or aligning with the long-term organization’s vision. 
• Step 4: Evaluate the alternatives and dig deeper to learn the pros and cons of each option. It will help justify the approach you chose.
• Step 5:   Check the financial details to calculate the expected ROI and see if it will help recoup the initial investment. The primary purpose of every project is to get monetary gains, so you should be aware of the finances before approving a project. 
• Step 6 : There are risks involved in every project. So, in this step, you should do a risk assessment analysis. Once you know the potential risks, you will write an effective risk mitigation strategy. 
• Step 7 : Write the legal compliance or regulations involved in the project. It is crucial as many projects get rejected due to a mismatch in the legal requirements. 
• Step 8 : Lastly, write the conclusion of your justification document. It is just the final word about all the analysis you have done. 

In every business justification example, you will find the experts following this same step-by-step process. 

Tools and Resources for Business Justification

As business justification is of utmost significance, there is no scope for making errors. That is also why various companies look for certified professionals or conduct KnowledgeHut’s Project Management training sessions to make their employees skilled enough for the job. In this process, you will find multiple tools and resources that might prove helpful. Let me list a few for you. 

• Project Management Software: Business justification is a crucial part of project management. So, you would certainly require platforms like Microsoft Project, Asana, or Jira that let you plan, track, and manage project timelines, milestones, and resources.
• Financial Modeling Software:  Project selection decisions require a lot of financial analysis. You may use tools like Tableau, Power BI, and more, which are reliable financial modeling software. These tools multiply the accuracy of results and provide data on which you can rely for decision-making.
• Collaboration Tools:  These tools are essential to facilitate communication and collaboration between the project stakeholders. Effective communication is helpful in making well-informed decisions, and the tools that help you in the process are Slack, Microsoft Teams, Trello, and the list is never-ending.
• Project Justification Templates: Having a pre-designed template is like checking the example of justification in the business plan. You can find the templates in tools like Google Docs, which typically include all the sections of a justification document I have listed above.

Apart from these tools, there are certification programs and training that prepare you for fair justification and project selection. 

The success of a business depends a lot on the kind of projects it takes up. From all the options a company obtains, it is crucial to research and pick the project that aligns with the vision and strategic goals. So, business justification plays an integral part in the process of choosing a project. Companies hire experts who dig deeper and research every possible aspect of the project to ensure it will be a win-win situation for the business. They research the financial details, identify potential risks, check market trends, and use all this information to propose which project they think should get approval and why. If their justification is fair, the project goes into the execution stage! Understand that the primary purpose is to inch closer to the desired goals and ensure optimum use of every resource.

Kevin D.Davis

Kevin D. Davis is a seasoned and results-driven Program/Project Management Professional with a Master's Certificate in Advanced Project Management. With expertise in leading multi-million dollar projects, strategic planning, and sales operations, Kevin excels in maximizing solutions and building business cases. He possesses a deep understanding of methodologies such as PMBOK, Lean Six Sigma, and TQM to achieve business/technology alignment. With over 100 instructional training sessions and extensive experience as a PMP Exam Prep Instructor at KnowledgeHut, Kevin has a proven track record in project management training and consulting. His expertise has helped in driving successful project outcomes and fostering organizational growth.

Avail your free 1:1 mentorship session.

Something went wrong

Upcoming Project Management Batches & Dates