self reliance ralph waldo emerson full essay

A Summary and Analysis of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s ‘Self-Reliance’

By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University)

‘Self-Reliance’ is an influential 1841 essay by the American writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82). In this essay, Emerson argues that we should get to know our true selves rather than looking to other people to fashion our individual thoughts and ideas for us. Among other things, Emerson’s essay is a powerful rallying cry against the lure of conformity and groupthink.

Emerson prefaces his essay with several epigraphs, the first of which is a Latin phrase which translates as: ‘Do not seek yourself outside yourself.’ This axiom summarises the thrust of Emerson’s argument, which concerns the cultivation of one’s own opinions and thoughts, even if they are at odds with those of the people around us (including family members).

This explains the title of his essay: ‘Self-Reliance’ is about relying on one’s own sense of oneself, and having confidence in one’s ideas and opinions. In a famous quotation, Emerson asserts: ‘In every work of genius we recognise our own rejected thoughts; they come back to us with a certain alienated majesty.’

But if we reject those thoughts when they come to us, we must suffer the pangs of envy of seeing the same thoughts we had (or began to have) in works of art produced by the greatest minds. This is a bit like the phenomenon known as ‘I wish I’d thought of that!’, only, Emerson argues, we did think of it, or something similar. But we never followed through on those thoughts because we weren’t interested in examining or developing our own ideas that we have all the time.

In ‘Self-Reliance’, then, Emerson wants us to cultivate our own minds rather than looking to others to dictate our minds for us. ‘Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind,’ he argues. For Emerson, our own minds are even more worthy of respect than actual religion.

Knowing our own minds is far more valuable and important than simply letting our minds be swayed or influenced by other people. ‘It is easy in the world to live after the world’s opinion’, Emerson argues, and ‘it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.’

In other words, most people are weak and think they know themselves, but can easily abandon all of their principles and beliefs and be swept up by the ideas of the mob. But the great man is the one who can hold to his own principles and ideas even when he is the one in the minority .

Emerson continues to explore this theme of conformity:

A man must consider what a blindman’s-buff is this game of conformity. If I know your sect, I anticipate your argument. I hear a preacher announce for his text and topic the expediency of one of the institutions of his church. Do I not know beforehand that not possibly can he say a new and spontaneous word? Do I not know that, with all this ostentation of examining the grounds of the institution, he will do no such thing? Do I not know that he is pledged to himself not to look but at one side, – the permitted side, not as a man, but as a parish minister?

He goes on:

This conformity makes them not false in a few particulars, authors of a few lies, but false in all particulars. Their every truth is not quite true. Their two is not the real two, their four not the real four; so that every word they say chagrins us, and we know not where to begin to set them right.

Emerson then argues that consistency for its own sake is a foolish idea. He declares, in a famous quotation, ‘A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.’

Instead, great men change and refine their opinions from one day to the next, as new evidence or new ideas come to light. Although this inconsistency may lead us to be misunderstood, Emerson thinks there are worse things to be. After all, great thinkers such as Pythagoras, Socrates, and even Jesus were all misunderstood by some people.

Emerson also argues that, just because we belong to the same social group as other people, this doesn’t mean we have to follow the same opinions. In a memorable image, he asserts that he likes ‘the silent church before the service begins, better than any preaching’: that moment when everyone can have their own individual thoughts, before they are brought together by the priest and are told to believe the same thing.

Similarly, just because we share blood with our relatives, that doesn’t mean we have to believe what other family members believe. Rather than following their ‘customs’, ‘petulance’, or ‘folly’, we must be ourselves first and foremost.

The same is true of travel. We may say that ‘travel broadens the mind’, but for Emerson, if we do not have a sense of ourselves before he pack our bags and head off to new places, we will still be the same foolish person when we arrive at our destination:

Travelling is a fool’s paradise. Our first journeys discover to us the indifference of places. At home I dream that at Naples, at Rome, I can be intoxicated with beauty, and lose my sadness. I pack my trunk, embrace my friends, embark on the sea, and at last wake up in Naples, and there beside me is the stern fact, the sad self, unrelenting, identical, that I fled from. I seek the Vatican, and the palaces. I affect to be intoxicated with sights and suggestions, but I am not intoxicated. My giant goes with me wherever I go.

Emerson concludes ‘Self-Reliance’ by urging his readers, ‘Insist on yourself; never imitate.’ If you borrow ‘the adopted talent’ of someone else, you will only ever be in ‘half possession’ of it, whereas you will be able to wield your own ‘gift’ if you take the time and effort to cultivate and develop it.

Although some aspects of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s argument in ‘Self-Reliance’ may strike us as self-evident or mere common sense, he does take issue with several established views on the self in the course of his essay. For example, although it is often argued that travel broadens the mind, to Emerson our travels mean nothing if we have not prepared our own minds to respond appropriately to what we see.

And although many people might argue that consistency is important in one’s thoughts and opinions, Emerson argues the opposite, asserting that it is right and proper to change our opinions from one day to the next, if that is what our hearts and minds dictate.

Similarly, Emerson also implies, at one point in ‘Self-Reliance’, that listening to one’s own thoughts should take precedence over listening to the preacher in church.

It is not that he did not believe Christian teachings to be valuable, but that such preachments would have less impact on us if we do not take the effort to know our own minds first. We need to locate who we truly are inside ourselves first, before we can adequately respond to the world around us.

In these and several other respects, ‘Self-Reliance’ remains as relevant to our own age as it was to Emerson’s original readers in the 1840s. Indeed, perhaps it is even more so in the age of social media, in which young people take selfies of their travels but have little sense of what those places and landmarks really mean to them.

Similarly, Emerson’s argument against conformity may strike us as eerily pertinent to the era of social media, with its echo chambers and cultivation of a hive mind or herd mentality.

In the last analysis, ‘Self-Reliance’ comes down to trust in oneself as much as it does reliance on oneself. Emerson thinks we should trust the authority of our own thoughts, opinions, and beliefs over the beliefs of the herd.

Of course, one can counter such a statement by pointing out that Emerson is not pig-headedly defending the right of the individual to be loudly and volubly wrong. We should still seek out the opinions of others in order to sharpen and test our own. But it is important that we are first capable of having our own thoughts. Before we go out into the world we must know ourselves , and our own minds. The two-word axiom which was written at the site of the Delphic Oracle in ancient Greece had it right: ‘Know Thyself.’

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Self-Reliance

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Emerson opens his essay with three epigraphs that preview the theme of self-reliance in the essay. He then begins the essay by reflecting on how often an individual has some great insight, only to dismiss it because it came from their own imagination. According to Emerson, we should prize these flashes of individual insight even more than those of famous writers and philosophers; it is the mature thinker who eventually realizes that originality of thought, rather than imitation of what everyone else believes, is the way to greatness.

Emerson then argues that the most important realization any individual can have is that they should trust themselves above all others. Babies, children, and even animals are intuitively aware of this fact, according to Emerson, and so are worthy of imitation. Emerson sees self-reliance as a characteristic of boys, too, with their independent attitudes, lack of respect for authority, and willingness to pass judgment on everything they encounter.

Emerson then shifts to a discussion of the relationship between the individual and society by noting that when we are alone, we can be like babies or children, but when we get out into the world, that little voice inside that carries our truth slips away. Emerson argues that people must embrace nonconformity to recover their self-reliance, even if doing so requires the individual to reject what most people believe is goodness. Emerson believes that there is a better kind of virtue than the opinions of respected people or demands for charity for the needy. This goodness comes from the individual’s own intuition, and not what is visible to society.

Besides, states Emerson, living according to the world’s notion of goodness seems easy, and living according to one’s own notions of goodness is easy in solitude, but it takes a truly brave person to live out one’s own notions of goodness in the face of pressure from society. Although it might seem easier to just go along with the demands of society, it is harder because it scatters one’s force. Aware that being a nonconformist is easier argued than lived, Emerson warns that the individual should be prepared for disapproval from people high and low once he or she finally refuses to conform to society’s dictates. It will be easy to brush off the polite disapproval of cultivated people, but the loud and rough disapproval of common people, the mob, will require all of the individual’s inner resources to face down.

The other thing Emerson sees as a roadblock to the would-be nonconformist is the world’s obsession with consistency. Really though, he argues, why should you be bound at all by your past actions or fear contradicting yourself? Emerson notes that society has made inconsistency into a devil, and the result is small-mindedness. He uses historical and religious examples to point out that every great person we have ever known refused to be bound by the past. If you want to be great, he says, embrace being misunderstood just like them. Emerson argues that the individual should have faith that inconsistency is an appearance only, since every action always reflects an underlying harmony that is rooted in one’s own individuality. So long as the individual is true to themselves, their actions will be authentic and good.

Given his arguments in the first part of the essay, Emerson hopes by now that everyone realizes how ridiculous conformity is and the negative impact it is having on American culture. He describes American culture of the day as one of mediocrity that can only be overcome with the recognition that in each individual is a little bit of the universe, of God, and that wherever the individual lives authentically, God is to be found. Emerson believes people tap into that truth, into justice, and into wisdom by sitting still and letting the underlying reality that grounds us and all creation speak through us in the form of intuition. Everything else—time, space, even the past—appears as something apart from the underlying reality only because of our habits of thinking. Emerson counsels that people can escape that way of thinking by living in the present like plants do, and, like everything in nature , expressing one’s self against all comers.

Emerson laments that his society has lost all sense of what it means to be self-reliant individuals. He describes his historical moment as a weak one that has birthed no great people, and city boys seeking professions quit as soon as they are confronted with an initial failure. Emerson admires the country boy who tries thing after thing, not at all concerned about any failure or conforming to society; these are the kinds of people Emerson believes will make America’s history. If the individual wants to achieve true virtue, Emerson argues, they must go to war against anything that oppresses their sense of individuality, even if people accuse them of gross immorality as a result. Taking care to meet their idea of their duties to loved ones or even to themselves will vindicate them and maybe even bring people around to their way of seeing. Ultimately, Emerson believes that living in this state of war against society is actually true virtue.

Emerson closes his essay by applying the abstract concept of self-reliance to specifics. He believes that self-reliance can revolutionize every part of society if we let it: We should quit praying for something outside of ourselves to save us and instead act. We should quit subordinating our experiences to religions and philosophies and instead listen to our intuition. Emerson argues that Americans especially should stop traveling abroad to become cultured and instead create their own arts, literature, and culture using the materials we find right here at home. Emerson believes that progress is beside the point: we should quit pushing for it because it only saps our strength; society does not progress in a straight line. Emerson argues that people should stop locating their identities in property and instead understand that the most valuable part of a man is inside of him. Self-reliance can even be applied to politics: Emerson argues that we should quit governing ourselves by political parties and instead have each man govern himself by intuition. Emerson concludes by noting that self-reliance is the true path to peace.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

• Literature Notes
• About Self-Reliance
• Ralph Waldo Emerson Biography
• Summary and Analysis of Nature
• About Nature
• Introduction
• Summary and Analysis of The American Scholar
• About The American Scholar
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• Summary and Analysis of Self-Reliance
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• Summary and Analysis of The Transcendentalist
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Self-reliance : the original 1841 essay Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Ralph Waldo Emerson — Ralph Waldo Emersons Self Reliance Analysis

Ralph Waldo Emersons Self Reliance Analysis

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Published: Mar 13, 2024

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Table of contents

Emerson's assertion of self-reliance, exploration of conformity and individualism, emphasis on self-trust and individualism, implications for contemporary society, personal development and fulfillment.

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Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson

Table of Contents

“Self-Reliance” is an essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson and first published in 1841. It is one of the most influential works of American literature and is considered a foundational text of transcendentalism, a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the 19th century.

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- The essay emphasizes the importance of individualism and self-reliance in society. Emerson argues that individuals should trust their own intuition and beliefs rather than conforming to the expectations and opinions of others. He encourages people to embrace their unique perspectives and talents and to express themselves authentically.

Emerson criticizes societal institutions and traditions that stifle individuality and hinder personal growth. He calls for people to reject conformity and embrace nonconformity, urging them to listen to their inner voice and follow their own path.

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Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- According to Emerson, self-reliance involves relying on one’s own judgment and instincts rather than relying on external authorities or conventions. He encourages individuals to think for themselves, question established norms, and trust their own thoughts and experiences.

Emerson also discusses the concept of self-trust, which he considers crucial for self-reliance. He believes that individuals should have confidence in their own abilities and convictions, even if they go against the opinions of society. He argues that self-trust leads to self-confidence and personal growth.

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- Throughout the essay, Emerson emphasizes the importance of individuality and the potential for greatness within each person. He believes that by embracing self-reliance, individuals can tap into their inner resources and achieve personal fulfillment and success.

In summary, “Self-Reliance” is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson that advocates for the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and nonconformity. Emerson encourages individuals to trust their own judgment, embrace their unique perspectives, and reject societal expectations. He argues that self-reliance and self-trust are essential for personal growth and fulfillment.

About Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was an American essayist, philosopher, poet, and lecturer who is considered one of the most influential figures in American literature. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up in a Unitarian family. Emerson’s father died when he was only eight years old, and he was raised by his mother and aunt.

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- Emerson attended Harvard College, where he studied a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, literature, and science. After graduating, he became a minister and served as a pastor for several years. However, he eventually left the ministry to pursue a career as a writer and public speaker.

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- Emerson was one of the leading figures of the transcendentalist movement, which emerged in the 19th century. Transcendentalism emphasized the importance of intuition, self-reliance, and the inherent goodness of humanity. Emerson’s writings and lectures embodied these ideals, and he became known for his philosophical essays that explored topics such as individualism, nature, and the relationship between the individual and society.

His most famous essay, “Self-Reliance,” along with other works such as “Nature,” “The American Scholar,” and “The Divinity School Address,” established him as a leading intellectual of his time. Emerson’s writing style was characterized by his poetic language, powerful imagery, and profound insights into human nature and the human experience.

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- Emerson was also a mentor and friend to other notable figures of the time, including Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Walt Whitman. He continued to write and lecture throughout his life, covering a wide range of subjects such as philosophy, politics, and culture.

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- Ralph Waldo Emerson’s works had a significant impact on American literature and thought, and his ideas continue to resonate today. His emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and the power of nature has had a lasting influence on subsequent generations of writers, thinkers, and activists. Emerson’s legacy as a leading figure of American transcendentalism and his contributions to the development of American literature are widely recognized and celebrated.

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- “Self-Reliance” by Ralph Waldo Emerson is a powerful and influential essay that advocates for individualism, self-reliance, and nonconformity. Emerson’s message continues to resonate today, as he encourages individuals to trust their own judgment, embrace their unique perspectives, and reject societal expectations. 

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- By promoting self-trust and the importance of following one’s own path, Emerson’s essay inspires personal growth, self-confidence, and the pursuit of individual fulfillment. 

Self-Reliance Essays Summary By Ralph Waldo Emerson- “Self-Reliance” remains a foundational text of American literature and continues to offer valuable insights into the nature of the self and the pursuit of authenticity in our modern society.

Q: What is the main message of “Self-Reliance”? 

A: The main message of “Self-Reliance” is the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and nonconformity. Emerson urges individuals to trust their own judgment, embrace their unique perspectives, and reject societal expectations.

Q: When was “Self-Reliance” written? 

A: “Self-Reliance” was written by Ralph Waldo Emerson and was first published in 1841.

Q: What is transcendentalism? 

A: Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that emerged in the 19th century. It emphasizes the inherent goodness of humanity, the spiritual and intuitive aspects of knowledge, and the importance of individualism and self-reliance.

Q: Why does Emerson criticize societal institutions and traditions? 

A: Emerson criticizes societal institutions and traditions because he believes they stifle individuality and hinder personal growth. He encourages individuals to question established norms and trust their own thoughts and experiences.

Q: What does Emerson mean by self-trust?

A: Self-trust, according to Emerson, is having confidence in one’s own abilities and convictions, even if they go against the opinions of society. It is the belief in one’s own judgment and the willingness to follow one’s own path.

Q: How does “Self-Reliance” encourage personal growth? 

A: “Self-Reliance” encourages personal growth by urging individuals to tap into their inner resources, embrace their unique perspectives, and trust their own instincts. By doing so, individuals can achieve personal fulfillment and reach their full potential.

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Self-Reliance

Publisher description.

"Self-Reliance" is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, a prominent American philosopher and essayist from the 19th century. Published in 1841, the essay explores the concept of individualism and the importance of trusting one's own instincts and beliefs. Emerson advocates for the rejection of conformity and societal expectations, encouraging readers to rely on their own intuition and inner convictions. The essay is a powerful call to embrace self-reliance as a means of personal growth and fulfillment, promoting the idea that true wisdom arises from individual experience and authenticity."

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12 episodes

Essays: First Series is a series of 12 essays written by Ralph Waldo Emerson concerning transcendentalism, including Self-Reliance. It was published in 1841. View our full collection of podcasts at our website: https://www.solgoodmedia.com or YouTube channel: https://www.solgood.org/subscribe Check out our ad free subscription: http://www.adfreesounds.com for our Premium, 10 Hour Sounds The best audiobooks - Our collection includes memoirs, fiction, non fiction, and more! www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/audiobooks Fairy Tales, Short Stories and More! Listen to a bedtime story tonight! www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/childrens-stories Wanna Listen to Something Funny? Check out our Collection of Best Comedy Podcasts! www: https://www.solgood.org/subscribeolgoodmedia.com/categories/comedy The best daily podcasts for your morning, afternoon or evening routine! www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/daily-podcasts Explore our Audio Drama Podcasts. You'll love our collection of immersive rich stories. www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/drama The top educational podcasts. Our collection includes Economics, History, Science, Religion and More! http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/educational The Best Fantasy Podcasts that'll take you on an adventure during your next commute http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/fantasy From Thrillers to Science Fiction, Here are some of the best Fiction Podcasts to Binge http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/fiction Top Health & Fitness Podcasts to increase your Vitality, Wellness, and Longevity http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/fiction The Best History Podcasts That Will Help You Remember What You Forgot In School http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/history These Horror Podcasts Will Chill You to the Bone! http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/horror Listen to the world's greatest minds on topics such as spirituality, history, science, and more! http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/lectures The Best Mystery Podcasts to bend your mind and ask "Who did it?!?" http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/mystery-and-suspense Shows that broaden your knowledge, our collection includes topics such as history, business, science, and more! http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/non-fiction Shows that broaden your knowledge, our collection includes topics such as history, business, science, and more! http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/philosophy-and-religion Top Philosophy and Religion Podcasts, Our Favorites to have a Deeper Understanding of our World http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/plays Experience Live Theatre From the Comfort of your Home! - Top Plays & Dramatic Reading Podcasts http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/romance Top Romance Podcasts for Snuggling http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/romance Top Science Fiction Podcasts That are Out of This World! http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/science-fiction The Best Self-Help Podcasts For Overall Wellness www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/self-help Expand your horizons with this collection of classic short stories and tales by writers like HG Wells, Edgar Allen Poe, HP Lovecraft, Jules Verne, & more! http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/short-stories Our growing collection of original shows that explore the nature of our human experience. http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/sol-good-originals The most popular sounds for improving sleep - Ocean, rain, river, and many more sounds. Perfect for Insomnia, Relaxation, and Meditation. www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/sounds The best podcasts to deepen your Yoga and Meditation practice http://www.solgoodmedia.com/categories/yoga-and-meditation

Essays - Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson

Episode 1 - history - essay by ralph waldo emerson.

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Episode 2 - Self-Reliance - Essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Episode 3 - Compensation - Essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson

Episode 4 - spiritual laws - essay by ralph waldo emerson, episode 5 - love - essay by ralph waldo emerson, episode 6 - friendship - essay by ralph waldo emerson.

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Self-reliance, and other essays

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