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AP European History Practice Exams

See below for a complete list of all the the online AP European History practice exams. Each of these sites has dozens of free practice questions. Start your test prep right now!

AP Euro Practice Test

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AP European History | Practice Exams | DBQ & FRQ | Notes | Videos |   Study Guides

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Advanced Placement (AP)

Are you taking AP European History? If so, you know the big AP test occurs in May. Doing well on this exam is a great boost to your college applications, and it can even earn you college credit. So how can you ensure you get the score you want? That's where we come in! This AP European History study guide covers everything you need for your AP Euro review. Read on to learn what the AP Euro exam will be like (including looking at sample questions), what topics the exam will cover, how to create a personalized study plan, and the tips to follow to help you get your best score.

What's the Format of the AP European History Exam?

Before we discuss how to develop your AP European History study guide, let's get familiar with the test. The AP Euro test is three hours and 15 minutes long and consists of two sections, each of which is further split into a Part A and a Part B. Section 1 is worth 60% of your exam score, and Section 2 is worth 40%.

Section 1 consists of a 55-question multiple-choice section, worth 40% of your overall grade, and a three-question short-answer section, worth 20% of your score. In total, Part 1 is 95 minutes long.

Meanwhile, Section 2 consists of one document-based question, for which you have to synthesize historical documents into a coherent analysis of a historical moment, and a longer essay, for which you must write one essay analyzing a historical moment, with no outside sources at your disposal.

The DBQ is worth 25% of your final grade, and the long essay is worth 15%. You'll get 100 minutes for Section 2, including a 15-minute reading period. There are recommended amounts of time to spend on each essay, but no one will force you to move on to the long essay after 60 minutes (or do the DBQ first). You have the entire 100 minutes to spend as you wish on both essays.

It's worth noting that the exam was recently revised in 2018 and changed slightly again in 2020. The most recent revision is minimal, though: according to the College Board , not much is changing except for the fact that "the short answer questions will now be more tightly aligned with the course skills."

These revisions mean that there are not that many up-to-date practice resources available through the College Board, since old released exams have slightly different formats. That doesn't mean you can't use them—just that you'll need to be aware of these differences.

What Will the AP European History Exam Test You On?

The AP European History course has nine units:

• Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration (1450-1648)
• Unit 2: Age of Reformation (1450-1648)
• Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism (1648-1815)
• Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648-1815)
• Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century (1648-1815)
• Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects (1815-1914)
• Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments (1815-1914)
• Unit 8: 20th-Century Global Conflicts (1914-present)
• Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe (1914-present)

Each unit will make up about 10-15% of the questions on the AP Euro exam.

Questions on the exam aren't ordered by unit, so you'll be jumping around time periods and themes throughout the test. Interested in seeing what exam questions will look like? Of course you are! Below are explanations and sample questions for each of the four main AP Euro exam sections.

For this section, you'll be shown primary and secondary historical sources and asked to answer three to four questions relevant to each source. The 55 questions are essentially divided up into a series of mini-quizzes. Each question has four possible answer choices.

Note that the presentation of sources in the text ties into the AP test's focus on historical evidence and the actual work historians do when it comes to evaluating and analyzing evidence.

There are two basic kinds of questions on the multiple-choice section: source-analysis questions, and outside-knowledge questions. Source-analysis questions ask you to analyze the historical source presented in some way. You might be asked to link the events described in the given source to a broader historical movement, contrast it with other sources, determine whether it supports or contradicts a certain historical trend, and so on. Outside knowledge questions have little to do with the source and require you to have outside knowledge to answer them. Here's an example of an outside knowledge question:

The short-answer section is three questions long and lasts 40 minutes, giving you approximately 13 minutes per question. You will be asked to give a total of three pieces of information (labeled A-C). For example, you might be asked to provide two pieces of information in favor of a historical thesis and one piece of information against.

You'll get different types of stimuli, or sources, for each question, as well as different topics. Here's what you can expect on test day:

There is generally an element of choice to these questions. For example, you might need to name one reason of many that something happened or two consequences of a particular event, but you will not be required to name particular events.

Here's an example of Question 2, along with the primary source:

On the DBQ , you'll be given seven documents, made up of primary and secondary sources, and asked to write an essay that analyzes a historical issue. This is meant to put you in the role of historian, interpreting historical material and then relaying your interpretation in an essay. You'll need to combine material from the sources with your own outside knowledge . 

Here's an example of an AP Euro DBQ (documents not shown):

The Long Essay will ask you a broad thematic question about a particular historical period. You must craft an analytical essay with a thesis that you can defend using specific historical evidence you learned in class.

You'll get a choice between three prompts for this essay, each of which is based on a different historical period:

• Option 1: 1450-1700
• Option 2: 1648-1914
• Option 3: 1815-2001

Below is an example of a Long Essay question on the AP Euro exam:

AP European History Study Help: 5 Steps to Follow

Now that you know what to expect from the exam, you can design your AP European History study guide. In this section, we've outlined five steps to follow while studying for AP European History exam prep . In total, the steps will take at least 11.5 hours, although you can spend more time on each step as needed. You can also repeat the entire process if you reach step 5 but still want to prepare more during your AP Euro review.

Step 1: Take a Full-Length Practice Test

Time: 3 hours 15 minutes

The first step is to take a full, official AP US History practice test under realistic conditions. You can check out the best AP European History study resources here. (coming soon!) Make sure you strictly time yourself on each section. Don't give yourself more time than you'll get on the actual AP exam! Mark any multiple-choice questions you had to guess on—you'll review these questions in the next step.

When you're done, score your practice test to see how well you would do on the real AP exam if you were to take it right now.

Depending on how much you're hoping to improve your score, you might have to budget for more or less study time for your AP Euro exam review. If you're already scoring close to 5 (or a low 5), you might complete these steps once and find that you're satisfied with your results. If you're scoring 2 or more AP points lower than you'd like to, however, plan to go through this process several times.

Step 2: Review Your Mistakes and Guesses

Time: 1 hour

After you score your practice AP European History test, review each question you got wrong, as well as those you had to take a lucky guess on. Try to categorize the mistakes by content area so you can look for patterns and determine which parts of the course you need to study the most. For example, you might do really well with source-analysis questions but struggle with outside-knowledge questions. If this is the case, you'll know you need to build up your outside knowledge of European history if you want to raise your score.

Once you've identified what you need to study as part of your AP Euro study guide, move on to reviewing the actual content. Make a list in descending order of the topics that correspond to the highest number of missed multiple-choice questions and missed points on short-answer and free-response questions.

Step 3: Build Up Your Weak Areas

Time: 2 hours+

Use the list you made in the previous step to guide your review of the AP European History content. Start with the areas for which you need a little refresher, and work your way up to the bigger issues you had on the diagnostic test.

When you're satisfied that you've filled the content gaps that led to your errors, you should do some practice AP Euro multiple-choice questions to make sure you really know your stuff.

Step 4: Practice Writing Essays

Next is essay practice. You really want to feel comfortable with the AP Euro essays well before the exam. This is especially true when it comes to the Document-Based Question , which has a unique format.

After examining the problems with your essays from the original diagnostic test, practice your skills on additional free-response questions . For the sake of saving time, you don't necessarily need to write out entire essays, but you should at least make rough outlines that include all the components of a successful essay. That said, if you struggled a lot with time on your initial AP practice test, we recommend going through another timed free-response section in full so you can practice moving more quickly.

Step 5: Take a Second Full Practice Test

Time: 3 hours and 15 minutes

Once you've gotten more familiar with the material, it's the part of your AP Euro review where you take a second full AP practice test to assess your progress. If you find that you've improved to a satisfactory level, you might stop there and just do some light review until the exam. If you're still not happy with your results, repeat this process, taking special note of where you're still making mistakes. A prep book or AP tutor can often help you if you're still struggling to understand some of the material or how to tackle the free-response questions.

Tips for Your AP European History Exam Prep

You're now nearly ready to begin your AP Euro review, but first, here are three tips in mind to help make your AP Euro exam review as effective as possible. 

Tip 1: Understand Historical Evidence

One of the most important skills you can build for the AP Euro exam is understanding historical evidence. When you see primary and secondary sources on the AP exam, you'll need to think about who is writing, why they're writing, who their audience is, and the historical (or current) context they are writing in. Ask yourself, what is this source evidence of? Is it relating facts, opinions, or interpretations?

For more guidance on working with primary and secondary sources, see this online lesson from a college history professor .

Tip 2: Practice the DBQ

Because the DBQ is somewhat unusual compared with the typical AP essay, you will need to make sure you understand how to plan and write one. Really work on not just your ability to understand historical evidence but also your ability to synthesize different pieces of historical evidence into a coherent interpretation or argument about a historical topic.

On top of that, you'll need to make a connection to another time period, movement, or discipline! Use the rubric as a guide to improve your DBQ skills. You can also check out our guide to writing a great DBQ essay .

Tip 3: Balance Learning Details and Large Themes

As you review historical content, be sure to balance acquiring breadth and depth. You definitely need to understand the major historical movements and moments of European history, but you should also know specific facts and events about each era to maximize your chances of success on the short-answer and free-response sections of the exam.

Of course, you aren't going to be able to memorize every single date and person's name ever mentioned in class for the purposes of the AP exam, but do try to make sure you have at least a few facts you could use as specific evidence in an essay about any of the major historical happenings covered in the course.

What's Next?

Taking practice tests is a key step in being well-prepared for the AP Euro exam.  Learn what the best AP Euro practice tests are by reading our guide to AP Euro study resources. (coming soon)

Is AP Euro hard? How does it compare to other AP exams in terms of how well students do and how much they need to study? Our "Is AP Euro Hard" article ranks this course's difficulty on several metrics so you fully understand what you're getting into. (coming soon)

Looking for help studying for your AP exam?

Our one-on-one online AP tutoring services can help you prepare for your AP exams. Get matched with a top tutor who got a high score on the exam you're studying for!

Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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AP European History Practice Tests

The AP European History Exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and broken up into two sections, each of which consists of two parts. Your performance on these four parts, outlined in the table below, is compiled and weighted to find your overall exam score.

• All About the AP Psychology Exam
• A Guide to the AP European History Exam
• AP European History Exam Time Periods

If you are a mobile user, click here: Do AP European History Practice Questions .

AP European History Multiple-Choice Practice Tests

• AP European History Practice Test 33: Renaissance and Exploration
• AP European History Practice Test 34: Age of Reformation
• AP European History Practice Test 35: Absolutism and Constitutionalism
• AP European History Practice Test 36: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648-1789)
• AP European History Practice Test 37: The French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Congress of Vienna
• AP European History Practice Test 38: The Industrial Revolution Reshapes Europe
• AP European History Practice Test 39: The Growth and Suppression of Democracy: From the Age of Metternich to the First World War (1815–1914)
• AP European History Practice Test 40: The Ideologies of the 19th Century: Liberalism, Conservatism, Nationalism, and Culture
• AP European History Practice Test 41: Imperialism and the Causes of the First World War (1870–1914)
• AP European History Practice Test 42: The First World War, Russian Revolution, and U.S.S.R. Until 1939
• AP European History Practice Test 43: Democracy, Depression, Dictatorship, World War and Its Aftermath (1919–1945)
• AP European History Practice Test 44: Recovery, Cold War, and Contemporary Europe (1945 to Present)
• AP European History Practice Test 45: Time Period 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 46: Time Period 1649–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 47: Time Period 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 48: Time Period 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 1
• AP European History Practice Test 2
• AP European History Practice Test 3
• AP European History Practice Test 4
• AP European History Practice Test 5
• AP European History Practice Test 6
• AP European History Practice Test 7
• AP European History Practice Test 8
• AP European History Practice Test 9
• AP European History Practice Test 10
• AP European History Practice Test 11
• AP European History Practice Test 12
• AP European History Practice Test 13
• AP European History Practice Test 14
• AP European History Practice Test 15
• AP European History Practice Test 16
• AP European History Practice Test 17
• AP European History Practice Test 18
• AP European History Practice Test 19
• AP European History Practice Test 20
• AP European History Practice Test 21
• AP European History Practice Test 22
• AP European History Practice Test 23
• AP European History Practice Test 24
• AP European History Practice Test 25
• AP European History Practice Test 26
• AP European History Practice Test 27
• AP European History Practice Test 28
• AP European History Practice Test 29
• AP European History Practice Test 30
• AP European History Practice Test 31
• AP European History Practice Test 32

AP European History Free-Response Practice Tests

• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 1: Renaissance and Exploration
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 2: Age of Reformation
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648-1789)
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 5: The French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Congress of Vienna
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 6: The Industrial Revolution Reshapes Europe
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 7: The Growth and Suppression of Democracy: From the Age of Metternich to the First World War (1815–1914)
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 8: The Ideologies of the 19th Century: Liberalism, Conservatism, Nationalism, and Culture
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 9: Imperialism and the Causes of the First World War (1870–1914)
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 10: The First World War, Russian Revolution, and U.S.S.R. Until 1939
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 11: Democracy, Depression, Dictatorship, World War and Its Aftermath (1919–1945)
• AP European History Free-Response Practice Test 12: Recovery, Cold War, and Contemporary Europe (1945 to Present)
• AP European History FRQ-Short Answer Questions: Time Period 1450–1648
• AP European History FRQ-Short Answer Questions: Time Period 1649–1815
• AP European History FRQ-Short Answer Questions: Time Period 1815–1914
• AP European History FRQ-Short Answer Questions: Time Period 1914 to Present
• AP European History FRQ-Long Essay Question: Time Period 1450–1648
• AP European History FRQ-Long Essay Question: Time Period 1649–1815
• AP European History FRQ-Long Essay Question: Time Period 1815–1914
• AP European History FRQ-Long Essay Question: Time Period 1914 to Present

AP European History Downloads

• AP European History Practice Test: Period 1 (1450–1648) pdf download
• AP European History Practice Test: Period 2 (1648–1815) pdf download
• AP European History Practice Test: Period 3 (1815–1914) pdf download
• AP European History Practice Test: Period 4 (1914–Present) pdf download
• More AP European History Downloads

More AP European History Tests

• AP European History Practice Test 1: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 2: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 3: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 4: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 5: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 6: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 7: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 8: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 9: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 10: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 11: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 12: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 13: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 14: 1450–1648
• AP European History Practice Test 15: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 16: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 17: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 18: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 19: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 20: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 21: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 22: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 23: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 24: 1648–1815
• AP European History Practice Test 25: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 26: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 27: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 28: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 29: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 30: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 31: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 32: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 33: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 34: 1815–1914
• AP European History Practice Test 35: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 36: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 37: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 38: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 39: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 40: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 41: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 42: 1914 to Present
• AP European History Practice Test 43: 1914 to Present

AP European History Practice Test: Period 2 (1648–1815)

Congratulations - you have completed .

You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%.

Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%

Questions 1–3 refer to the passage below:

The english bill of rights was written after which of the following conflicts, the bill of rights established all of the following except, which of the following political philosophers would have been least likely to agree with the sentiments expressed in the passage, questions 4–6 refer to the passage below:, wollstonecraft’s ideas presented in the passage would have been viewed in a negative manner in which of the following places, which of the following documents most likely had the greatest influence on wollstonecraft, which of the following philosophers would have been most likely to agree with wollstonecraft, questions 7–8 refer to the passage below:, which of the following characteristics most closely resembles the conditions or principals of newgate prison, at the time, this document would have been used to argue for which of the following, questions 9–11 refer to the map below:.

The country that fell victim to its neighbors in 1795 was

Which of the following ruled russia at the time, who reconstituted poland, questions 12–14 refer to the following illustration:.

Based on the image, it can be inferred that the figure on the ground represents which of the following?

The figure on the ground will be unlikely to get up because of the, during which time period did the three-estate system exist in france, questions 15–16 refer to the following illustration:.

The figure above represents

Who would have been most likely to criticize triangular trade, questions 17–18 refer to the passage below:, which of the following best describes the religious beliefs of napoleon bonaparte, from palmer’s perspective, the reference to the vote is.

Next Practice Test: Period 3 (1815–1914) >>

Find what you need to study

AP Euro Period 3 Review (1815-1914)

8 min read • december 20, 2021

Period 3: Industrialization, Nationalism, & Imperialism (1815-1914)

In AP® European History, period 3 spans from 1815 to 1914 CE. The following guide will be updated periodically with hyperlinks to excellent resources. As you are reviewing for this era, focus on the key concepts!

🇪🇺 Check the Fiveable calendar for this week's free AP Euro live stream!

PERIOD 3 DATES TO KNOW

STUDY TIP:  You will never be asked specifically to identify a date. However, knowing the order of events will help immensely with cause and effect. For this reason, we have identified the most important dates to know.

1830 - Revolutions in France, Belgium, & Greece

1848 - Liberal Revolutions

1848 - Marx & Engel publish Communist Manifesto

1861 - Unification of Italy

1861 - Emancipation of Serfs in Russia

1871 - Unification of Germany

1884 - Berlin Conference (Scramble for Africa)

1900 - Freud publishes Interpretation of Dreams

1905 - Russian Revolution

Past Essay Questions from Period 3

STUDY TIP:  Content from the this era has appeared on the essays twenty-one times since 2010. Take a look at these questions before you review the key concepts & vocabulary below to get a sense of how you will be assessed. Then, come back to these later and practice writing as many as you can!

*The AP European History exam was significantly revised in 2016, so any questions from before then are not representative of the current exam format. You can still use prior questions to practice, however DBQs will have more than 7 documents, the LEQ prompts are worded differently, and the rubrics are completely different. All prompts from 1999-2015 can be found here .

2018 - LEQ 2: European colonies

2017 - SAQ 1: European families

2017 - LEQ 3: Waging war

2016 - SAQ 3: Railroads

2016 - SAQ 4: French workforce

2016 - DBQ: Bismarckian Conservatism

2015 - LEQ 4: Colonial Empires

2014 - LEQ 5: Factors for Urbanization

2014 - LEQ 6: Balance of Power

2013 - LEQ 3: Colonial Expansion

2012 - DBQ: Improving Work Conditions

2012 - LEQ 5: Family & Gender Roles

2011 - LEQ 5: Consumer Culture

2011B - LEQ 5: Socialism & Marx

2011B - LEQ 6: Conservative Movements

2011B - LEQ 7: Science & Tech

2010 - LEQ 5: Keeping Empires Together

2010 - LEQ 6: Feminism, 1st vs. 2nd Wave

2010 - LEQ 7: Darwin vs. Freud

2010B - DBQ: Italian National Identity

2010B - LEQ 7: Development of Socialism

PERIOD 3 KEY CONCEPTS - COURSE OUTLINE

*The following outline was adapted from the AP® European History Course Description as published by College Board in 2019 found here . This outline reflects the most recent revisions to the course.

3.1. The Industrial Revolution

1. Great Britain established the first industrial dominance.

• Britain had a natural supply of coal, iron ore, and other raw materials.
• British private initiative led the process of industrialization.
• Britain’s parliament promoted industrial interests.

2. Industrialization spread throughout continental Europe.

• France industrialized gradually, with government support.
• Prussia industrialized rapidly under government sponsorship.
• Eastern and Southern Europe lagged in industrial development because of serfdom, inadequate government support, and lack of natural resources.

3. Second Industrial Revolution sparked activity across Europe.

• Mechanization and the factory system became predominant.
• New technologies (electricity, mass production) , new transportation (railroads), and better communication (radio, telegraph, telephones) contributed to a more integrated economy and increased urbanization.
• Corporations and governments managed the market through monopolies, banking practices, and tariffs.

🎥 Live Stream Replay - The Industrial Revolution

3.2. Everyday life was shaped by industrialization

1. New social classes developed in industrial regions.

• Socioeconomic changes created divisions of labor (middle class).
• In less industrialized areas, agricultural elites continued to dominate.
• Social associations and trade unions reinforced class identity.

2. Rapid population growth and urbanization affected social classes.

• Population increased because of longer life expectancy, lower infant mortality, and increased production of food.
• Cities experienced overcrowding while rural areas suffered from the decline of labor. 

3. Industrialization altered the family structure and class relations.

• Bourgeois families focused on the nuclear family and cult of domesticity.
• Quality of life for the working class was improved by higher wages, restrictions to child labor, social welfare programs, improved diet, and access to birth control.
• Motivation for marriage shifted from economic to companionship.
• Leisure time centered on activities for family (parks, beaches, theaters).

4. Second Industrial Revolution increased consumerism.

• Consumerism was increased because of mass marketing and industrial production for consumer goods.
• Better transportation created new industries, improved distribution of goods, and enhanced the quality of life (steamships, railroads, refrigerated rail cars, cars).

5. Less industrialized areas of Europe faced famine, debt, and land shortages.

• Hungry ‘40s, Irish potato famine, Russian serfdom

3.3. Political revolutions and the effects of industrialization triggered a range of responses.

1. New ideologies developed in response to revolution and industrialization.

• Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty and individual rights, but debated which groups in society should actively participate (Bentham, Mill).
• Activists demanded universal male suffrage and some argued for female suffrage.
• Conservatives supported traditional political and religious authorities based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible (Metternich).
• Socialists argued that resources and wealth should be redistributed (Marxism).
• Anarchists asserted that all forms of government were unnecessary.
• Nationalists encouraged loyalty to a nation in a variety of ways.
• Zionism (Jewish nationalism) developed in response to growing anti-semitism.

2. Governments responded to the problems created by industrialization.

• Liberalism shifted from laissez-faire to interventionist economic policies.
• Cities were transformed by modernizing infrastructure.
• Public education was promoted to advance nationalism and economic growth.

3. Political movements and social organizations responded to industrialization.

• Political parties emerged to promote reforms.
• Workers established labor unions to promote reforms.
• Feminists promoted legal, economic, and political rights for women.
• Religious movements assisted the poor and worked to abolish slavery and serfdom.

🎥 Live Stream Replay - 19th Century ISMs

3.4. An Age of Nationalism and Revolution

1. Concert of Europe sought to maintain the status quo.

• Metternich used the Concert of Europe to suppress nationalist & liberal revolutions.
• Conservatives re-established control and suppressed movements for change.
• Revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo (Decembrist revolt).
• Revolutions of 1848 triggered by economic hardship and political discontent.

2. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe opened the door for nationalism and liberal reforms.

• Crimean War created the conditions in which Italy and Germany could be unified.
• Conservative leaders used popular nationalism to strengthened state (Bismarck).
• Austria-Hungary developed a dual monarchy to stabilize the state.
• Russian leaders reformed & modernized, which gave way to the Russian Rev. of 1905.

3. Unification of Italy & Germany transformed the European balance of power.

• Italy was unified through Cavour’s diplomacy and Garibaldi’s military campaigns.
• Germany was unified through Bismarck’s Realpolitik strategies.
• Bismarck created a complex system of alliances directed at isolating France.
• International tensions were heightened in 1890 after Bismarck’s dismissal.
• Tensions in the Balkans pulled the Great Powers into crises leading up to WWI.

🎥 Live Stream Replay - Revolutions of 1848

🎥Live Stream Replay - Modernization & Unification

3.5. Nationalism and imperialism increased tensions between the Great Powers.

1. Asia and Africa became increasingly colonized by European states.

• National rivalries and strategic concerns led to imperial expansion and competition.
• Search for materials & markets motivated Europeans to colonize Africa & Asia.
• Europeans used theories of cultural and racial superiority to justify imperialism.

2. Europeans strengthened control of global empires with new technologies.

• Advanced weaponry ensured a military advantage for Europeans abroad.
• Communication and transportation technologies facilitated expansion.
• Medicinal advancements enabled European survival in Asia and Africa.

3. Imperialism affected society and culture in Europe, while also creating resistance abroad.

• Imperialism created diplomatic tensions (Berlin Conference).
• Works of art and literature provoked debate over imperialism.
• Non-Europeans educated in western values challenged imperialism through nationalist movements and modernizing economies (India, China, Japan).

🎥 Live Stream Replay - Imperialism

3.6. European ideas and culture showcased tensions between realism and expressionism.

1. Romanticism placed more emphasis on emotion.

• Romantic artists emphasized emotion, nature, and national histories.
• Romantic writers expressed similar themes and responded to current events.

2. The Revolutions of 1848 prompted a wave of realist and materialist world views.

• Positivism emphasized rational and scientific analyses.
• Darwin provided evidence for biological change that was used to justify racism.
• Marx provided a critique of capitalism and historical evolution.
• Realist and materialist attitudes were depicted through the lives of ordinary people.

3. Modernism in intellectual and cultural life reflected a loss of confidence in objectivity.

• Philosophy emphasized irrationality and impulse (Nietzsche).
• Freud emphasized the struggle between the conscious and subconscious.
• Scientists developed new theories - quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity.
• Impressionism and Cubism focused on abstract and expressive art forms.

🎥 Live Stream Replay - Impressionism

LIST OF CONCEPTS & VOCABULARY FROM PERIOD 3

STUDY TIP:  These are the concepts and vocabulary from period 3 that most commonly appear on the exam. Create a quizlet deck to make sure you are familiar with these terms!

• Albert Einstein
• Alexander II of Russia
• Anti-Corn Law League
• Anti-imperialism
• anti-Semitism
• Berlin Conference 1884
• BEssemer process
• Bismarckian System of Alliances
• bourgeoisie
• Boxer Rebellion
• British Labour Party
• Charles Darwin
• Charles Dickens
• Claude Monet
• Concert of Europe
• Congress of Berlin
• Congress System
• conservatism
• consumerism
• Crimean War
• Crystal Palace
• cult of domesticity
• Decembrist Revolt
• Dreyfus Affair
• Dual Monarchy
• economic liberalism
• Emmeline Pankhurst
• Factory Act
• factory system
• First & Second Balkan Wars
• First Industrial Revolution
• Friedrich Engels
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• german Unification
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Great Powers
• Greek War of Independence
• imperialism
• Impressionism
• Indian Congress Party
• Irish Potato Famine
• Italian Unification
• Jeremy Bentham
• John Stuart Mill
• Jules Verne
• July Revolution
• Marie Curie
• mass marketing
• mass production
• materialism
• Meiji Restoration
• Metternich Conservatism
• middle class
• Napoleon III
• nationalism
• nuclear family
• Otto von Bismarck
• Pablo Picasso
• Polish Revolt
• popular sovereignty
• proletariat
• Realpolitik
• Revolutions of 1848
• Robert Owen
• romanticism
• scientific realism
• scientific socialism
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Sepoy Mutiny
• Sergei Witte
• Sigmund Freud
• social darwinism
• Temperance Movement
• Ten Hours Act
• Theodor Herzl
• Thomas Malthus
• trade unions
• Triple Alliance
• urbanization
• Vincent Van Gogh

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AT&T says a data breach leaked millions of customers’ information online. Were you affected?

FILE - The sign in front of an AT&T retail store is seen in Miami, July 18, 2019. The theft of sensitive information belonging to millions of AT&T’s current and former customers has been recently discovered online, the telecommunications giant said Saturday, March 30, 2024. In an announcement addressing the data breach, AT&T said that a dataset found on the dark web contains information including some Social Security numbers and passcodes for about 7.6 million current account holders and 65.4 million former account holders. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky, File)

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NEW YORK (AP) — The theft of sensitive information belonging to millions of AT&T’s current and former customers has been recently discovered online, the telecommunications giant said this weekend.

In a Saturday announcement addressing the data breach, AT&T said that a dataset found on the “dark web” contains information including some Social Security numbers and passcodes for about 7.6 million current account holders and 65.4 million former account holders.

Whether the data “originated from AT&T or one of its vendors” is still unknown, the Dallas-based company noted — adding that it had launched an investigation into the incident. AT&T has also begun notifying customers whose personal information was compromised.

Here’s what you need to know.

WHAT INFORMATION WAS COMPROMISED IN THIS BREACH?

Although varying by each customer and account, AT&T says that information involved in this breach included Social Security numbers and passcodes — which, unlike passwords, are numerical PINS that are typically four digits long.

Full names, email addresses, mailing address, phone numbers, dates of birth and AT&T account numbers may have also been compromised. The impacted data is from 2019 or earlier and does not appear to include financial information or call history, the company said.

HOW DO I KNOW IF I WAS AFFECTED?

Consumers impacted by this breach should be receiving an email or letter directly from AT&T about the incident. The email notices began going out on Saturday, an AT&T spokesperson confirmed to The Associated Press.

WHAT ACTION HAS AT&T TAKEN?

Beyond these notifications, AT&T said that it had already reset the passcodes of current users. The company added that it would pay for credit monitoring services where applicable.

AT&T also said that it “launched a robust investigation” with internal and external cybersecurity experts to investigate the situation further.

HAS AT&T SEEN DATA BREACHES LIKE THIS BEFORE?

AT&T has seen several data breaches that range in size and impact over the years .

While the company says the data in this latest breach surfaced on a hacking forum nearly two weeks ago, it closely resembles a similar breach that surfaced in 2021 but which AT&T never acknowledged, cybersecurity researcher Troy Hunt told the AP Saturday.

“If they assess this and they made the wrong call on it, and we’ve had a course of years pass without them being able to notify impacted customers,” then it’s likely the company will soon face class action lawsuits, said Hunt, founder of an Australia-based website that warns people when their personal information has been exposed.

A spokesperson for AT&T declined to comment further when asked about these similarities Sunday.

HOW CAN I PROTECT MYSELF GOING FORWARD?

Avoiding data breaches entirely can be tricky in our ever-digitized world, but consumers can take some steps to help protect themselves going forward.

The basics include creating hard-to-guess passwords and using multifactor authentication when possible. If you receive a notice about a breach, it’s good idea to change your password and monitor account activity for any suspicious transactions. You’ll also want to visit a company’s official website for reliable contact information — as scammers sometimes try to take advantage of news like data breaches to gain your trust through look-alike phishing emails or phone calls.

In addition, the Federal Trade Commission notes that nationwide credit bureaus — such as Equifax, Experian and TransUnion — offer free credit freezes and fraud alerts that consumers can set up to help protect themselves from identity theft and other malicious activity.

AP Reporter Matt O’Brien contributed to this report from Providence, Rhode Island.