funny essay on depression

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The Coronavirus Crisis

Humorist lightens depression's darkness by talking (and laughing) about it.

Terry Gross

"If we can erase some of the stigma around [depression and suicide]," says podcast host John Moe, "that person can have at least a better shot at treatment and avoiding this kind of fate." Malte Mueller/fStop/Getty Images hide caption

"If we can erase some of the stigma around [depression and suicide]," says podcast host John Moe, "that person can have at least a better shot at treatment and avoiding this kind of fate."

For much of his life, humorist John Moe has dealt with clinical depression that's triggered by stress. Now, faced with the COVID-19 crisis, he says, "my depression wants to flare up."

On his podcast, The Hilarious World of Depression , Moe interviews people who have depression — mostly comics. His new book, also called The Hilarious World of Depression, details his own experiences, his brother's suicide and his family's history of mental illness.

"A big thing I've been hearing [during the pandemic] is a fair number of depressed people doing miraculously OK through this, because we've been preparing for this for a long time," he says. "This is the world that a lot of 'saddies' (as I call them in the book) have been living for a while."

When it comes to his own mental health, Moe says, "When I feel my mind kind of going to some dark places and starting to distort reality, I fortunately now have the skills to spot that and blow the whistle on it and get to a better place."

Among Moe's skills are an ability to speak candidly about his mental health issues — and a willingness to seek help when needed. He notes he doesn't "suffer from" depression — nor is it something he is "cured of." Instead, he says, "it's just a thing I have to manage."

"The more I learn about myself, the more I learn about my traumas and triggers, the better I am at being proactive and heading it off before it can cause a lot of damage," he says.

If You Need Help: Resources

If you are someone you know is in crisis and need immediate help, call the Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 or go here for online chat .

For more help:

• Find 5 Action Steps for helping someone who may be suicidal, from the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline.
• Six questions to ask to help assess the severity of someone's suicide risk , from the Columbia Lighthouse Project.
• To prevent a future crisis, here's how to help someone make a safety plan .

Interview Highlights

On what he's hearing from other people with depression about how they're doing during the pandemic

A big thing I'm hearing is about people forgetting to take their meds, because their routine is completely disrupted. So if they had been in a situation where you take your meds before you get in the car to go to work, and they're never going to get in their car to go to work for the next while, then they might forget. ... I've had a couple days where it's just going to be a sweatpants day, so if you associate taking your meds with getting dressed in a professional way, then that can fall off. And I've paid the price for that.

The Hilarious World of Depression

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On how his wife and kids are coping now that they're sheltering in place

It's kind of a company policy around here to be open and talk about what's going on, and talk about if there is an issue that needs to be addressed with professional help — [or] if there's an issue that we can address just through our own knowledge. My wife and I have tried to approach mental health in the same way we would an ear infection or a sprained ankle. Like, let's let's get this out. Let's address it. ...

If six months ago somebody had said, "Hey, you're going to be pretty much locked up in the house together. You, your wife, the three kids — one of whom is home from his freshman year of college, that he was excited to get to, the other two are home from their school that they love — and you're going to be locked up for an indefinite period of time," I would say, "Oh, so we'll all be dead within five days, four days? Exactly how will they find us and in what positions?"

And so, by that standard, I think we're doing great. ... We're trying to kind of recognize the reality — and when the breakdowns come, we try to say, "Yes, of course."

We're not trying to say, "No, cheer up! Be happy. At least here you're healthy!" Because that's just not really helpful. You can have perspective, but you have to recognize the pain that you're in, because pain is pain and it's relative to the circumstances of your own life.

On how his depression began

It started for me in junior high school and it was this kind of tidal wave that hit right around the time of puberty. So I've never really known how much one contributed to the other, because they're both kind of mental upheaval moments. ... I was crying uncontrollably, but [it was] not coming from a source of something that had directly made me sad.

It might have been a little something that set me off, but then I just couldn't stop crying. It was like there was something wrong with my tear ducts and it matched a sort of deeper terror and sadness that I was feeling. I had no words for it. I just knew that something was wrong.

But then I could see my peers going about their day and teachers and society was continuing along. And I thought, "This is shameful. There's something wrong with me. But it's so strange, it's so unknown that I'd better keep it to myself."

And so it was this secret that I held — that I was disturbed, crazy, alien. Something like that. The only association I had of mental illness was from Bugs Bunny cartoons — which is that eventually you'll be in a straitjacket in a padded room, thinking you're Napoleon.

Humorist John Moe hosts the podcast, The Hilarious World of Depression. St. Martins Press hide caption

Humorist John Moe hosts the podcast, The Hilarious World of Depression.

I didn't want to be taken away from my family. I didn't want to get in trouble. I didn't want to be institutionalized. So I thought, I better keep it a secret. But it was just this unsourced terror that I had. ... It led to a lot of kind of hyper-achieving mentality. I joined every activity at school. I was elected to class offices of vice president and president of my class. I tried to be the friendliest, most outgoing kid I could — thinking that that could be medicinal and counteract it.

[Depression is] not about something, it's not about something that made you sad. It just is. It's an illogical condition — so applying logic to it is just as farcical.

On being told to "cheer up" or "snap out of it"

It's well-meaning idiocy by people who have never had to deal with an actual mental disorder to think that it can be repaired by something like that. I always say, "you wouldn't tell someone with leukemia, 'Just go for a walk and I bet they'll clear the leukemia right up' [or] 'If you smiled more, you wouldn't have such a broken leg.' " I try to see it as well-intentioned, but it's hard not to see it as careless ignorance at the same time.

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On losing his brother Rick to suicide

It's a delusion when you're suicidal to think that people are going to be relieved that you're gone. For all the trouble that my brother had, and for all the difficulty he had, and sometimes the difficulty we had dealing with him because he was a drug addict (later in recovery), his addiction created a lot of problems — but his death [is] what I measure my life by. Before he shot himself and after he shot himself — because those are different lives. The pain of what he did, I compare it to a bullet that continues to ricochet, like he shot the gun.

He chose to do that, and it went into his head, and then it just kept ricocheting off of everybody else in his life. And it still is. And so it's a horror of his absence and his voluntarily choosing that, that's created so much pain. My youngest hadn't been born when he died, but my other kids were about 6 and 4 years old and they met him once. And then we had to explain, "You'll never see him again. He's gone forever." And then, later on, we had to explain to them how he had died. And the pain — the searing pain — is something that we've all had to carry forever. I think the pain gets transferred to the people left behind, and the confusion and the guilt.

Marc Maron: A Life Fueled By 'Panic And Dread'

On deciding he wanted to talk about depression and suicide openly, in part because of his family's silence about the subject

I had this realization at [my brother's] service that, OK, if we don't talk about this stuff, then there's every likelihood that it gets worse, that it becomes more of a secret, that it becomes more shameful, that it becomes more hidden. And when it becomes more hidden and not discussed, it just metastasizes. It just grows. But if we do talk about it, there's a better chance that someone can get help. If we can erase some of the stigma around it, that person can have at least a better shot at treatment and avoiding this kind of fate. I mean, in essence, it's no decision at all. Of course, we talk about it. It's stupid not to. Why in the world are we choosing not to talk about it?

On managing depression long-term

Andy Richter was on our show and he's compared his depression to a bad back. Like, you know, that it's a thing that you have, and sometimes you're feeling great, and then when it starts to flare up, then you need to take a hard look at it. You need to go back to your therapies and your treatments. You need to look at what's the best way to address this flare up: Is that medication? Is it physical therapy (if it's a bad back) or mental therapy (if it's your mind)? So, things might go wrong, but you have a toolkit for dealing with it.

Manic And Depressed, 'I Didn't Like Who I Was,' Says Comic Chris Gethard

On how humor can change your perspective and make depression feel less isolating

I think humor allows you to see the same world everybody sees, but in a new way and in a new perspective, and I think that's part of the grand intelligence of comedy. ... It can bust me out of seeing things in a depressive way, which might be my tendency in that moment. So if I can make a joke about it, it becomes, in fact, a new world — and I have this superpower to go world-to-world, perspective-to-perspective. That's emboldening, and that gives me strength. So that's a strength that indirectly comes from the depression.

I want to say, I think a big reason for the success of our podcast is because we have comedians, in large part, and lyricists talking about what depression is ... and they can put words to the thing. ...

And when that connection happens — with that economy of words and that intelligence of words that a good comedian has — then suddenly the audience member is not alone in that weird alien space, but they're part of a club with this funny person on stage and the other people laughing. And suddenly there's safety in numbers.

And I think the laugh that then follows from that audience member is a laugh of relief. I think ... the exhalation of breath that forms a laugh is almost a form of a relieved sigh.

Sam Briger and Thea Chaloner produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Deborah Franklin adapted it for the Web.

• coronavirus pandemic
• anxiety disorder
• stand-up comedy

Den of Geek

It’s Kind Of A Funny Story: a 12A film tackling depression

Why It's Kind Of A Funny Story deserves praise for dealing with mental health in a very relatable way...

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Spoilers for It’s Kind Of A Funny Story lie ahead.

For many of us, the cinema is more than a night out. And for those in the grip of mental health issues, seeing something you’re up against in real life being reflected honestly on the big screen can be something of huge importance. That’s why I want to talk about a low profile movie called  It’s Kind Of A Funny Story. 

Mental health is hitting each generation younger and harder it seems, with devastating consequences. A spike in psychiatric disorders has seen depression and anxiety soar by a staggering 70 percent over the past 25 years. It’s causing a very real crisis in classrooms across the nation, with an estimated one in five young people suffering from some sort of mental illness. Childhoods are being snuffed out before our very eyes and yet there is a grave lack of resources to tackle this psychological wildfire. As a society we have never been more open and honest about our personal struggles, yet chronic underfunding ensures treatment is an excruciating waiting game for many, if not unattainable altogether.

It was towards the end of my secondary school days (back in 2009) that I first fell into the void of depression. It started off as a fleeting shadow here or there, a silent companion that no one else could see, slyly shrouding each day in encroachingly suffocating darkness. My life was seemingly over before it began. Mental health never appeared on the school syllabus back then, nor was it talked about anywhere near as much. Personally, I didn’t even know such a thing existed. We were supposed to take the overwhelming exam pressure and just ‘deal’ with it right? The good old British way, stiff upper lip and all.

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Having auto-piloted through my GCSEs the sense of numbness wore off rapidly leaving me open to emotions I had no idea how to handle. To hush the internal torment I started to physically hurt myself, whilst it gave some little escape to the unbearable emotional state I found myself in, there was some weird solace in knowing that outwardly I matched the inside. In 2011 I stumbled across a little known film called It’s Kind Of A Funny Story , which is based on Ned Vizzini’s semi-autobiographical novel of the same name. Starring Zach Galifianakis and Emma Roberts this coming-of-age dramedy serves up an unusual 12A look at clinical depression. Craig Gilner (Keir Gilchrist) is a determined New York teenager, striving for the best in life. So why is he repeatedly envisioning jumping off a bridge in the early hours of Sunday morning?

Craig hurriedly checks himself into the local A&E which in turn lands him in the adult psych ward (the children’s wing is under refurbishment). Concluding he doesn’t meet the required level of crazy, Craig seeks to leave hospital immediately but is told there is a mandatory five day stay once committed. Throughout the course of the film we witness Craig’s extreme amplification of chronic teenage angst, in his case the extraordinary stress of elite school pressure coupled with his father’s pushy occupational idea. He is also surrounded by a best friend who seems to effortlessly have it all and an unrequited crush who consumes Craig as a whirlpool of infatuation.

It may have been a couple of years after my school departure, but the resonance that echoed throughout It’s Kind Of A Funny Story was flabbergasting.

The constant comparison to peers, endless statistical and frequently unreachable targets across numerous subjects, it all wound up to a potentially lethal breaking point both in reality and fictitiously. There’s a plethora of triggers that can exacerbate mental illness (biological traits, bereavement for example). However, exam stress is the leading cause for youths. The inability to handle ever demanding stress filters down into every aspect of life, from self-esteem to social interactions. Plus with ever accessible technology there is no break.

It’s Kind Of A Funny Story can be accused of being seemingly light at times, especially when compared to the likes of Girl, Interrupted and other stalwart mental health depictions. Though this may be true it is important to remember that relaying comparable stories of illness, treatment and recovery is paramount when breaking down stigma. Mainstream age appropriate portrayals are hard to come by when trying to convey something as daunting and intricate as mental health.

Today’s youth are expected to have every moment of their lives perfectly polished for social media spotlight scrutiny at any given second. Breaking down these ridiculous celebrity driven ideals is wholly necessary. In the film, Craig comes to discover his envied best friend Aaron (Thomas Mann) and now ex crush Nia (Zoë Kravitz) both struggle with depression also. The more mental health is given a sense of normalcy the easier it is for everyone young and old alike. Films like this really, really help.

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It’s Kind Of A Funny Story can be interpreted with Craig being ‘cured’ in five days, yet I am inclined to disagree. The hormonal turbulence of adolescence is a rocky enough road, and if you throw depression or anxiety into the ring and you have an outright catastrophe waiting to happen. We began with a boy so desperate to take his own life and by the end we see a teenager who is beginning to see a sunray through the clouds. The fact Craig takes it upon himself to seek medical care is such a positive message especially for a character in crisis mode. Yes, he gets the girl he’s bonded with throughout treatment Noelle (Emma Roberts) and in reality we would all like a happy ending if possible however clichéd it may be.

In the face of such mental health challenges, we need to find coping strategies and an openness of honest dialogue no matter where. In the opening scenes of the film Craig states “Sometimes I wish I had an easy answer for why I’m depressed. That my father beat me, or I was sexually abused. But, my problems are less… dramatic than that.”

Mental illness doesn’t discriminate against anyone, though others may have more severe diagnoses and harder circumstances no scale should invalidate your access to care. It’s a message that needs to be shouted from the roof tops: you wouldn’t leave a physical wound untreated no matter how small. Education is the most fundamental factor for equipping our youth with the empowerment to tackle mental health head on. Films such as  It’s Kind Of A Funny Story   really do help.

Chloe Catchpole

50 Must-Read Memoirs of Mental Illness

Sarah S. Davis

Sarah S. Davis holds a BA in English from the University of Pennsylvania, a Master's of Library Science from Clarion University, and an MFA in Writing for Children and Young Adults from Vermont College of Fine Arts. Sarah has also written for Electric Literature, Kirkus Reviews, Audible, Psych Central, and more. Sarah is the founder of Broke By Books blog and runs a tarot reading business, Divination Vibration . Twitter: @missbookgoddess Instagram: @Sarahbookgoddess

View All posts by Sarah S. Davis

Descriptions graciously supplied from publisher descriptions and condensed when necessary.

Agorafabulous! by Sara Benincasa

“Comedian, writer, blogger, radio and podcast host, and YouTube sensation, Sara Benincasa bravely and outrageously brings us ‘Dispatches from My Bedroom’ with  Agorafabulous!  One of the funniest and most poignant books ever written about a mental illness,  Agorafabulous!  is a hilarious, raw, and unforgettable account of how a terrified young woman, literally trapped by her own imagination, evolved into a (relatively) high-functioning professional smartass.” (Amazon)

The Body Papers by Grace Talusan

“Winner of The Restless Books Prize for New Immigrant Writing, Grace Talusan’s memoir  The Body Papers  bravely explores her experiences with sexual abuse, depression, cancer, and life as a Filipino immigrant, supplemented with government documents, medical records, and family photos.” (Amazon)

Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness by Susannah Cahalan

“… Brain on Fire  is the powerful account of one woman’s struggle to recapture her identity.

When twenty-four-year-old Susannah Cahalan woke up alone in a hospital room, strapped to her bed and unable to move or speak, she had no memory of how she’d gotten there. Days earlier, she had been on the threshold of a new, adult life: at the beginning of her first serious relationship and a promising career at a major New York newspaper. Now she was labeled violent, psychotic, a flight risk. What happened?

In a swift and breathtaking narrative, Susannah tells the astonishing true story of her descent into madness, her family’s inspiring faith in her, and the lifesaving diagnosis that nearly didn’t happen.” (Amazon)

The Buddha and the Borderline by Kiera Van Gelder

“Kiera Van Gelder’s first suicide attempt at the age of twelve marked the onset of her struggles with drug addiction, depression, post-traumatic stress, self-harm, and chaotic romantic relationships-all of which eventually led to doctors’ belated diagnosis of borderline personality disorder twenty years later.

The Buddha and the Borderline  is a window into this mysterious and debilitating condition, an unblinking portrayal of one woman’s fight against the emotional devastation of borderline personality disorder. This haunting, intimate memoir chronicles both the devastating period that led to Kiera’s eventual diagnosis and her inspirational recovery through therapy, Buddhist spirituality, and a few online dates gone wrong. Kiera’s story sheds light on the private struggle to transform suffering into compassion for herself and others, and is essential reading for all seeking to understand what it truly means to recover and reclaim the desire to live.” (Amazon)

The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey Through Madness  by Elyn R. Saks

“Elyn R. Saks is an esteemed professor, lawyer, and psychiatrist and is the Orrin B. Evans Professor of Law, Psychology, Psychiatry, and the Behavioral Sciences at the University of Southern California Law School, yet she has suffered from schizophrenia for most of her life, and still has ongoing major episodes of the illness.

The Center Cannot Hold  is the eloquent, moving story of Elyn’s life, from the first time that she heard voices speaking to her as a young teenager, to attempted suicides in college, through learning to live on her own as an adult in an often terrifying world. Saks discusses frankly the paranoia, the inability to tell imaginary fears from real ones, the voices in her head telling her to kill herself (and to harm others), as well as the incredibly difficult obstacles she overcame to become a highly respected professional. This beautifully written memoir is destined to become a classic in its genre.” (Amazon)

The Collected Schizophrenias by Esmé Weijun Wang

“An intimate, moving book written with the immediacy and directness of one who still struggles with the effects of mental and chronic illness,  The Collected Schizophrenias  cuts right to the core. Schizophrenia is not a single unifying diagnosis, and Esmé Weijun Wang writes not just to her fellow members of the “collected schizophrenias” but to those who wish to understand it as well. Opening with the journey toward her diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, Wang discusses the medical community’s own disagreement about labels and procedures for diagnosing those with mental illness, and then follows an arc that examines the manifestations of schizophrenia in her life. In essays that range from using fashion to present as high-functioning to the depths of a rare form of psychosis, and from the failures of the higher education system and the dangers of institutionalization to the complexity of compounding factors such as PTSD and Lyme disease, Wang’s analytical eye, honed as a former lab researcher at Stanford, allows her to balance research with personal narrative. An essay collection of undeniable power,  The Collected Schizophrenias  dispels misconceptions and provides insight into a condition long misunderstood.” (Amazon)

The Color of Hope: People of Color Mental Health Narratives  edited by Vanessa Hazzard

“ The Color of Hope: People of Color Mental Health Narratives is a project that sheds light on mental health in communities of color by sharing stories by those affected by mental illness. By sharing our stories, we open up discussion around the topic and break through stigma and shame. The contributors represent those living with or affected by loved ones with depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and other conditions. They are men and women, children and adults, political prisoners, college students, politicians, musicians, business people, artists, fathers, mothers, daughters…all of African, Latino, and Asian descent. Their narratives add to the tapestry of the human experience and without them, our history is incomplete.” (Amazon)

Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness by William Styron

“A work of great personal courage and a literary tour de force, this bestseller is Styron’s true account of his descent into a crippling and almost suicidal depression. Styron is perhaps the first writer to convey the full terror of depression’s psychic landscape, as well as the illuminating path to recovery.”

(Don’t) Call Me Crazy: 33 Voices Start the Conversation about Mental Health edited by (Book Riot Editor) Kelly Jensen

“To understand mental health, we need to talk openly about it. Because there’s no single definition of crazy, there’s no single experience that embodies it, and the word itself means different things—wild? extreme? disturbed? passionate?—to different people.

In  (Don’t) Call Me Crazy , thirty-three actors, athletes, writers, and artists offer essays, lists, comics, and illustrations that explore a wide range of topics: their personal experiences with mental illness, how we do and don’t talk about mental health, help for better understanding how every person’s brain is wired differently, and what, exactly, might make someone crazy.” (Amazon)

Down Came the Rain: My Journey Through Postpartum Depression by Brooke Shields

“In her bestselling memoir, Brooke Shields shares with the world her deeply personal experience with postpartum depression

When Brooke Shields welcomed her newborn daughter to the world, her joyful expectations were quickly followed by something unexpected–a crippling depression. In what is sure to strike a chord with the millions of women who suffer from depression after childbirth, Brooke Shields shares how she, too, battled a condition that is widely misunderstood, despite the fact that it affects many new mothers. She discusses the illness in the context of her life, including her struggle to get pregnant, the high expectations she had for herself and that others placed on her as a new mom, and the role of her husband, friends, and family as she struggled to attain her maternal footing in the midst of a disabling depression.” (Amazon)

Fast Girl: A Life Spent Running from Madness by Suzy Favor Hamilton

“The former middle distance Olympic runner and high-end escort speaks out for the first time about her battle with mental illness, and how mania controlled and compelled her in competition, but also in life. ” (Amazon)

This Fragile Life: A Mother’s Story of a Bipolar Son by Charlotte Pierce-Baker

“Charlotte Pierce-Baker did everything right when raising her son, providing not only emotional support but the best education possible. At age twenty-five, he was pursuing a postgraduate degree and seemingly in control of his life. She never imagined her high-achieving son would wind up handcuffed, dirty, and in jail.

The moving story of an African American family facing the challenge of bipolar disorder,  This Fragile Life  provides insight into mental disorders as well as family dynamics. Pierce-Bakertraces the evolution of her son’s illness and, in looking back, realizes she mistook warning signs for typical child and teen behavior. Hospitalizations, calls in the night, alcohol and drug relapses, pleas for money, and continuous disputes, her son’s journey was long, arduous, and almost fatal.  This Fragile Life  weaves a fascinating story of mental illness, race, family, the drive of African Americans to succeed, and a mother’s love for her son.” (Amazon)

Girl, Interrupted by Susanna Kaysen

“In 1967, after a session with a psychiatrist she’d never seen before, eighteen-year-old Susanna Kaysen was put in a taxi and sent to McLean Hospital. She spent most of the next two years in the ward for teenage girls in a psychiatric hospital as renowned for its famous clientele—Sylvia Plath, Robert Lowell, James Taylor, and Ray Charles—as for its progressive methods of treating those who could afford its sanctuary.

Kaysen’s memoir encompasses horror and razor-edged perception while providing vivid portraits of her fellow patients and their keepers. It is a brilliant evocation of a “parallel universe” set within the kaleidoscopically shifting landscape of the late sixties.  Girl, Interrupted  is a clear-sighted, unflinching document that gives lasting and specific dimension to our definitions of sane and insane, mental illness and recovery.” (Amazon)

Haldol and Hyacinths: A Bipolar Life by Melody Moezzi

“With candor and humor, a manic-depressive Iranian-American Muslim woman chronicles her experiences with both clinical and cultural bipolarity.

Born to Persian parents at the height of the Islamic Revolution and raised amid a vibrant, loving, and gossipy Iranian diaspora in the American heartland, Melody Moezzi was bound for a bipolar life. At 18, she began battling a severe physical illness, and her community stepped up, filling her hospital rooms with roses, lilies and hyacinths.

But when she attempted suicide and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder, there were no flowers. Despite several stays in psychiatric hospitals, bombarded with tranquilizers, mood-stabilizers, and anti-psychotics, she was encouraged to keep her illness a secret—by both her family and an increasingly callous and indifferent medical establishment. Refusing to be ashamed or silenced, Moezzi became an outspoken advocate, determined to fight the stigma surrounding mental illness and reclaim her life along the way.

Both an irreverent memoir and a rousing call to action,  Haldol and Hyacinths  is the moving story of a woman who refused to become a victim. Moezzi reports from the frontlines of an invisible world, as seen through a unique and fascinating cultural lens. A powerful, funny, and moving narrative,  Haldol and Hyacinths  is a tribute to the healing power of hope and humor.” (Amazon)

Heart Berries: A Memoir  by Terese Marie Mailhot

“ Heart Berries  is a powerful, poetic memoir of a woman’s coming of age on the Seabird Island Band in the Pacific Northwest. Having survived a profoundly dysfunctional upbringing only to find herself hospitalized and facing a dual diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder and bipolar II disorder; Terese Marie Mailhot is given a notebook and begins to write her way out of trauma. The triumphant result is  Heart Berries , a memorial for Mailhot’s mother, a social worker and activist who had a thing for prisoners; a story of reconciliation with her father―an abusive drunk and a brilliant artist―who was murdered under mysterious circumstances; and an elegy on how difficult it is to love someone while dragging the long shadows of shame.

Mailhot trusts the reader to understand that memory isn’t exact, but melded to imagination, pain, and what we can bring ourselves to accept. Her unique and at times unsettling voice graphically illustrates her mental state. As she writes, she discovers her own true voice, seizes control of her story, and, in so doing, reestablishes her connection to her family, to her people, and to her place in the world.” (Amazon)

Heavy: An American Memoir by Kiese Laymon

“In  Heavy , Laymon writes eloquently and honestly about growing up a hard-headed black son to a complicated and brilliant black mother in Jackson, Mississippi. From his early experiences of sexual violence, to his suspension from college, to time in New York as a college professor, Laymon charts his complex relationship with his mother, grandmother, anorexia, obesity, sex, writing, and ultimately gambling.  Heavy  is a ‘gorgeous, gutting…generous’ ( The New York Times ) memoir that combines personal stories with piercing intellect to reflect both on the strife of American society and on Laymon’s experiences with abuse. By attempting to name secrets and lies he and his mother spent a lifetime avoiding, he asks us to confront the terrifying possibility that few in this nation actually know how to responsibly love, and even fewer want to live under the weight of actually becoming free.” (Amazon)

How to Murder Your Life by Cat Marnell

“From the  New York Times  bestselling author and former beauty editor Cat Marnell, a “vivid, maddening, heartbreaking, very funny, chaotic” ( The   New York Times ) memoir of prescription drug addiction and self-sabotage, set in the glamorous world of fashion magazines and downtown nightclubs.

At twenty-six, Cat Marnell was an associate beauty editor at  Lucky , one of the top fashion magazines in America—and that’s all most people knew about her. But she hid a secret life. She was a prescription drug addict. She was also a “doctor shopper” who manipulated Upper East Side psychiatrists for pills, pills, and more pills; a lonely bulimic who spent hundreds of dollars a week on binge foods; a promiscuous party girl who danced barefoot on banquets; a weepy and hallucination-prone insomniac who would take anything— anything —to sleep.

This is a tale of self-loathing, self-sabotage, and yes, self-tanner. It begins at a posh New England prep school—and with a prescription for the Attention Deficit Disorder medication Ritalin. It continues to New York, where we follow Marnell’s amphetamine-fueled rise from intern to editor through the beauty departments of  NYLON ,  Teen Vogue ,  Glamour , and  Lucky . We see her fight between ambition and addiction and how, inevitably, her disease threatens everything she worked so hard to achieve. From the Condé Nast building to seedy nightclubs, from doctors’ offices and mental hospitals, Marnell “treads a knife edge between glamorizing her own despair and rendering it with savage honesty.…with the skill of a pulp novelist” ( The New York Times Book Review ) what it is like to live in the wild, chaotic, often sinister world of a young female addict who can’t say  no .” (Amazon)

Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body by Roxane Gay

“New York Times  bestselling author Roxane Gay has written with intimacy and sensitivity about food and bodies, using her own emotional and psychological struggles as a means of exploring our shared anxieties over pleasure, consumption, appearance, and health. As a woman who describes her own body as “wildly undisciplined,” Roxane understands the tension between desire and denial, between self-comfort and self-care. In  Hunger,  she casts an insightful and critical eye on her childhood, teens, and twenties—including the devastating act of violence that acted as a turning point in her young life—and brings readers into the present and the realities, pains, and joys of her daily life.

With the bracing candor, vulnerability, and authority that have made her one of the most admired voices of her generation, Roxane explores what it means to be overweight in a time when the bigger you are, the less you are seen.  Hunger  is a deeply personal memoir from one of our finest writers, and tells a story that hasn’t yet been told but needs to be.” (Amazon)

Irritable Hearts: A PTSD Love Story by Mac McClelland

“When thirty-year-old, award-winning human rights journalist Mac McClelland left Haiti after reporting on the devastating earthquake of 2010, she never imagined how the assignment would irrevocably affect her own life. Back home in California, McClelland cannot stop reliving vivid scenes of violence. She is plagued by waking terrors, violent fantasies, and crippling emotional breakdowns. She can’t sleep or stop crying. Her life in shambles, it becomes clear that she is suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Her bewilderment about this sudden loss of control is magnified by the intensity of her feelings for Nico, a French soldier she met in Port-au-Prince and with whom she connected instantly and deeply.

With inspiring fearlessness, McClelland tackles perhaps her most harrowing assignment to date: investigating the damage in her own mind and repairing her broken psyche. She begins to probe the depths of her illness, exploring our culture’s history with PTSD, delving into the latest research by the country’s top scientists and therapists, and spending time with veterans and their families. McClelland discovers she is far from alone: while we frequently associate PTSD with wartime combat, it is more often caused by other manner of trauma and can even be contagious-close proximity to those afflicted can trigger its symptoms. As she confronts the realities of her diagnosis, she opens up to the love that seems to have found her at an inopportune moment.” (Amazon)

Just Like Someone Without Mental Illness Only More So by Mark Vonnegut, M.D.

“More than thirty years after the publication of his acclaimed memoir  The Eden Express,  Mark Vonnegut continues his story in this searingly funny, iconoclastic account of coping with mental illness, finding his calling, and learning that willpower isn’t nearly enough.

Here is Mark’s life childhood as the son of a struggling writer, as well as the world after Mark was released from a mental hospital. At the late age of twenty-eight and after nineteen rejections, he is finally accepted to Harvard Medical School, where he gains purpose, a life, and some control over his condition. There are the manic episodes, during which he felt burdened with saving the world, juxtaposed against the real-world responsibilities of running a pediatric practice.

Ultimately a tribute to the small, daily, and positive parts of a life interrupted by bipolar disorder,  Just Like Someone Without Mental Illness Only More So  is a wise, unsentimental, and inspiring book that will resonate with generations of readers.” (Amazon)

Just Checking: Scenes from the Life of an Obsessive Compulsive by Emily Colas

“This raw, darkly comic series of astonishing vignettes is Emily Colas’ achingly honest chronicle of her twisted journey through the obsessive-compulsive disorder that came to dominate her world. In the beginning it was germs and food. By the time she faced the fact that she was really ‘losing it,’ Colas had become a slave to her own ‘hobbies’ — from the daily hair cutting to incessant inspections of her children’s clothing for bloodstains.

A shocking, hilarious, enormously appealing account of a young woman struggling to gain control of her life, this is Emily Colas’ exposé of a soul tormented, but balanced by a buoyance of spirit and a piercing sense of humor that may be her saving grace.” (Amazon)

A Kind of Mirraculas Paradise by Sandra Allen

“Writer Sandra Allen did not know their uncle Bob very well. As a child, Sandy had been told Bob was ‘crazy,’ that he had spent time in mental hospitals while growing up in Berkeley in the 60s and 70s. But Bob had lived a hermetic life in a remote part of California for longer than Sandy had been alive, and what little Sandy knew of him came from rare family reunions or odd, infrequent phone calls. Then in 2009 Bob mailed Sandy his autobiography. Typewritten in all caps, a stream of error-riddled sentences over sixty, single-spaced pages, the often-incomprehensible manuscript proclaimed to be a ‘true story’ about being ‘labeled a psychotic paranoid schizophrenic,’ and arrived with a plea to help him get his story out to the world.

In  A Kind of Mirraculas Paradise: A True Story about Schizophrenia , Sandy translates Bob’s autobiography, artfully creating a gripping coming-of-age story while sticking faithfully to the facts as he shared them. Lacing Bob’s narrative with chapters providing greater contextualization, Sandy also shares background information about their family, the culturally explosive time and place of their uncle’s formative years, and the vitally important questions surrounding schizophrenia and mental healthcare in America more broadly. The result is a heartbreaking and sometimes hilarious portrait of a young man striving for stability in his life as well as his mind, and an utterly unique lens into an experience that, to most people, remains unimaginable.” (Amazon)

Lights On, Rats Out by Cree LeFavour

“As a young college graduate a year into treatment with a psychiatrist, Cree LeFavour began to organize her days around the cruel, compulsive logic of self-harm: with each newly lit cigarette, the world would drop away as her focus narrowed on the blooming release of pleasure-pain as the burning tip was applied to an unblemished patch of skin. Her body was a canvas of cruelty; each scar a mark of pride and shame.

In sharp and shocking language,  Lights On, Rats Out  brings us closely into these years. We see the world as Cree did―turned upside down, the richness of life muted and dulled, its pleasures perverted. The heady thrill of meeting with her psychiatrist, Dr. Adam N. Kohl―whose relationship with Cree is at once sustaining and paralyzing―comes to be the only bright spot in her days.

Lights On, Rats Out  describes a fiercely smart and independent woman’s charged attachment to a mental health professional and the dangerous compulsion to keep him in her life at all costs.” (Amazon)

Lit by Mary Karr

“ Lit follows the self-professed blackbelt sinner, Mary Karr’s descent into the inferno of alcoholism and madness–and to her astonishing resurrection. Karr’s longing for a solid family seems secure when her marriage to a handsome, Shakespeare-quoting blueblood poet produces a son they adore. But she can’t outrun her apocalyptic past. She drinks herself into the same numbness that nearly devoured her charismatic but troubled mother, reaching the brink of suicide. A hair-raising stint in ‘The Mental Marriott,’ with an oddball tribe of gurus and saviors, awakens her to the possibility of joy and leads her to an unlikely faith. Not since Saint Augustine cried, ‘Give me chastity, Lord-but not yet!’ has a conversion story rung with such dark hilarity. Lit is about getting drunk and getting sober, becoming a mother by letting go of a mother, learning to write by learning to live. Written with Karr’s relentless honesty, unflinching self-scrutiny, and irreverent, lacerating humor, it is a truly electrifying story of how to grow up–as only Mary Karr can tell it.” (Amazon)

Losing Dad, Paranoid Schizophrenia: A Family’s Search for Hope  by Amanda LaPera

“Silver Award recipient of IBPA’s prestigious Benjamin Franklin book award in the category of psychology, Losing Dad, Paranoid Schizophrenia: A Family’s Search for Hope is the compelling true story of a family’s struggle with the sudden onset of their father’s severe mental illness. The wife, children, and extended family of ‘Joseph,’ lacking an understanding of his condition, are left to deal with his upsetting transformation. The perspectives of his three children, his spouse, and his own distorted reality combine to offer readers a glimpse of a world that will either feel hauntingly familiar or mind-boggling.

Losing Dad poignantly shows the effects of inadequate treatment for those living with a severe mental illness in America.” (Amazon)

Loud in the House of Myself: Memoir of a Strange Girl by Stacy Pershall

“Stacy Pershall grew up as an overly intelligent, depressed, deeply strange girl in Prairie Grove, Arkansas, population 1,000. From her days as a thirteen-year-old Jesus freak through her eventual diagnosis of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, this spirited memoir chronicles Pershall’s journey through hell and her struggle with the mental health care system.” (Amazon)

The Man Who Couldn’t Stop: OCD and the True Story of a Life Lost in Thought  by David Adam

“David Adam―an editor at  Nature  and an accomplished science writer―has suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder for twenty years, and  The Man Who Couldn’t Stop  is his unflinchingly honest attempt to understand the condition and his experiences. In this riveting and intimate blend of science, history, and memoir, Adam explores the weird thoughts that exist within every mind and explains how they drive millions of us toward obsession and compulsion. Told with fierce clarity, humor, and urgent lyricism,  The Man Who Couldn’t Stop  is a haunting story of a personal nightmare that shines a light into the darkest corners of our minds.” (Amazon)

Manic: A Memoir by Terri Cheney

“On the outside, Terri Cheney was a highly successful, attractive Beverly Hills entertainment lawyer. But behind her seemingly flawless façade lay a dangerous secret—for the better part of her life Cheney had been battling debilitating bipolar disorder and concealing a pharmacy’s worth of prescriptions meant to stabilize her moods and make her ‘normal.’

In bursts of prose that mirror the devastating highs and extreme lows of her illness, Cheney describes her roller-coaster life with shocking honesty—from glamorous parties to a night in jail; from flying fourteen kites off the edge of a cliff in a thunderstorm to crying beneath her office desk; from electroshock therapy to a suicide attempt fueled by tequila and prescription painkillers.

With  Manic , Cheney gives voice to the unarticulated madness she endured. The clinical terms used to describe her illness were so inadequate that she chose to focus instead on her own experience, in her words, ‘on what bipolar disorder felt like inside my own body.’ Here the events unfold episodically, from mood to mood, the way she lived and remembers life. In this way the reader is able to viscerally experience the incredible speeding highs of mania and the crushing blows of depression, just as Cheney did. Manic does not simply explain bipolar disorder—it takes us in its grasp and does not let go.” (Amazon)

Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me: A Graphic Memoir by Ellen Forney

“Shortly before her thirtieth birthday, Forney was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Flagrantly manic and terrified that medications would cause her to lose creativity, she began a years-long struggle to find mental stability while retaining her passions and creativity.

Searching to make sense of the popular concept of the crazy artist, she finds inspiration from the lives and work of other artists and writers who suffered from mood disorders, including Vincent van Gogh, Georgia O’Keeffe, William Styron, and Sylvia Plath. She also researches the clinical aspects of bipolar disorder, including the strengths and limitations of various treatments and medications, and what studies tell us about the conundrum of attempting to “cure” an otherwise brilliant mind.

Darkly funny and intensely personal, Forney’s memoir provides a visceral glimpse into the effects of a mood disorder on an artist’s work, as she shares her own story through bold black-and-white images and evocative prose.” (Amazon)

Mean by Myriam Gurba

“True crime, memoir, and ghost story,  Mean  is the bold and hilarious tale of Myriam Gurba’s coming of age as a queer, mixed-race Chicana. Blending radical formal fluidity and caustic humor, Gurba takes on sexual violence, small towns, and race, turning what might be tragic into piercing, revealing comedy. This is a confident, intoxicating, brassy book that takes the cost of sexual assault, racism, misogyny, and homophobia deadly seriously.” (Amazon)

Mental: Lithium, Love, and Losing My Mind by Jamie Lowe

“It began in Los Angeles in 1993, when Jaime Lowe was just sixteen. She stopped sleeping and eating, and began to hallucinate—demonically cackling Muppets, faces lurking in windows, Michael Jackson delivering messages from the Neverland Underground. Lowe wrote manifestos and math equations in her diary, and drew infographics on her bedroom wall. Eventu­ally, hospitalized and diagnosed as bipolar, she was prescribed a medication that came in the form of three pink pills—lithium.

In  Mental , Lowe shares and investigates her story of episodic madness, as well as the stabil­ity she found while on lithium. She interviews scientists, psychiatrists, and patients to examine how effective lithium really is and how its side effects can be dangerous for long-term users—including Lowe, who after twenty years on the medication suffers from severe kidney damage.  Mental  is eye-opening and powerful, tackling an illness and drug that has touched millions of lives and yet remains shrouded in social stigma.” (Amazon)

My Age of Anxiety: Fear, Hope, Dread, and the Search for Peace of Mind  by Scott Stossel

“Drawing on his own longstanding battle with anxiety, Scott Stossel presents a moving and revelatory account of a condition that affects some 40 million Americans. Stossel offers an intimate and authoritative history of efforts by scientists, philosophers, and writers to understand anxiety. We discover the well-known who have struggled with the condition, as well as the afflicted generations of Stossel’s own family. Revealing anxiety’s myriad manifestations and the anguish it causes, he also surveys the countless psychotherapies, medications, and often outlandish treatments that have been developed to relieve it.

Stossel vividly depicts anxiety’s human toll—its crippling impact, its devastating power to paralyze. He also explores how individual sufferers—including himself—have managed and controlled symptoms. By turns erudite and compassionate, amusing and inspirational,  My Age of Anxiety  is the essential account of a pervasive and too often misunderstood affliction.” (Amazon)

My Body is a Book of Rules by Elissa Washuta

“As Elissa Washuta makes the transition from college kid to independent adult, she finds herself overwhelmed by the calamities piling up in her brain. When her mood-stabilizing medications aren’t threatening her life, they’re shoving her from depression to mania and back in the space of an hour. Her crisis of American Indian identity bleeds into other areas of self-doubt; mental illness, sexual trauma, ethnic identity, and independence become intertwined. Sifting through the scraps of her past in seventeen formally inventive chapters, Washuta aligns the strictures of her Catholic school education with C osmopolitan ’s mandates for womanhood, views memories through the distorting lens of  Law & Order: Special Victims Unit , and contrasts her bipolar highs and lows with those of Britney Spears and Kurt Cobain. Built on the bones of fundamental identity questions as contorted by a distressed brain,  My Body Is a Book of Rules  pulls no punches in its self-deprecating and ferocious look at human fallibility.” (Amazon)

My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness by Nagata Kabi

“ My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness  is an honest and heartfelt look at one young woman’s exploration of her sexuality, mental well-being, and growing up in our modern age. Told using expressive artwork that invokes both laughter and tears, this moving and highly entertaining single volume depicts not only the artist’s burgeoning sexuality, but many other personal aspects of her life that will resonate with readers.” (Amazon)

The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression by Andrew Solomon

“ The Noonday Demon  examines depression in personal, cultural, and scientific terms. Drawing on his own struggles with the illness and interviews with fellow sufferers, doctors and scientists, policy makers and politicians, drug designers, and philosophers, Andrew Solomon reveals the subtle complexities and sheer agony of the disease as well as the reasons for hope. He confronts the challenge of defining the illness and describes the vast range of available medications and treatments, and the impact the malady has on various demographic populations—around the world and throughout history. He also explores the thorny patch of moral and ethical questions posed by biological explanations for mental illness. With uncommon humanity, candor, wit and erudition, award-winning author Solomon takes readers on a journey of incomparable range and resonance into the most pervasive of family secrets. His contribution to our understanding not only of mental illness but also of the human condition is truly stunning.” (Amazon)

Not All Black Girls Know How to Eat: A Memoir of Bulimia  by Stephanie Covington Armstrong

“Stephanie Covington Armstrong does not fit the stereotype of a woman with an eating disorder. She grew up poor and hungry in the inner city. Foster care, sexual abuse, and overwhelming insecurity defined her early years. But the biggest difference is her race: Stephanie is black.

In this moving first-person narrative, Armstrong describes her struggle as a black woman with a disorder consistently portrayed as a white woman’s problem. Trying to escape her self-hatred and her food obsession by never slowing down, Stephanie becomes trapped in a downward spiral. Finally, she can no longer deny that she will die if she doesn’t get help, overcome her shame, and conquer her addiction to using food as a weapon against herself.” (Amazon)

Prozac Nation: Young and Depressed in America by Elizabeth Wurtzel

“Elizabeth Wurtzel writes with her finger on the faint pulse of an overdiagnosed generation whose ruling icons are Kurt Cobain, Xanax, and pierced tongues. Her famous memoir of her bouts with depression and skirmishes with drugs,  Prozac Nation  is a witty and sharp account of the psychopharmacology of an era for readers of  Girl, Interrupted  and Sylvia Plath’s  The Bell Jar. ” (Amazon)

The Quiet Room: A Journey Out of the Torment of Madness by Lori Schiller and Amanda Bennett

“At seventeen Lori Schiller was the perfect child-the only daughter of an affluent, close-knit family. Six years later she made her first suicide attempt, then wandered the streets of New York City dressed in ragged clothes, tormenting voices crying out in her mind. Lori Schiller had entered the horrifying world of full-blown schizophrenia. She began an ordeal of hospitalizations, halfway houses, relapses, more suicide attempts, and constant, withering despair. But against all odds, she survived.

In this personal account, she tells how she did it, taking us not only into her own shattered world, but drawing on the words of the doctors who treated her and family members who suffered with her.” (Amazon)

Running with Scissors by Augusten Burroughs

“ Running with Scissors  is the true story of a boy whose mother (a poet with delusions of Anne Sexton) gave him away to be raised by her unorthodox psychiatrist who bore a striking resemblance to Santa Claus. So at the age of twelve, Burroughs found himself amidst Victorian squalor living with the doctor’s bizarre family, and befriending a pedophile who resided in the backyard shed. The story of an outlaw childhood where rules were unheard of, and the Christmas tree stayed up all year round, where Valium was consumed like candy, and if things got dull an electroshock- therapy machine could provide entertainment. The funny, harrowing and bestselling account of an ordinary boy’s survival under the most extraordinary circumstances.” (Amazon)

Shadows in the Sun: Healing from Depression and Finding the Light Within by Gayathri Ramprasad

“A first-of-its-kind, cross-cultural lens to mental illness through the inspiring story of Gayathri’s thirty-year battle with depression. This literary memoir takes readers from her childhood in India where depression is thought to be a curse to life in America where she eventually finds the light within by drawing on both her rich Hindu heritage and Western medicine to find healing.” (Amazon)

Shook One: Anxiety Playing Tricks on Me by Charlemagne Tha God

“Being ‘shook’ is more than a rap lyric for Charlamagne, it’s his mission to overcome. While it may seem like he’s ahead of the game, he is actually plagued by anxieties, such as the fear of losing his roots, the fear of being a bad dad, and the fear of being a terrible husband. Shook One chronicles his journey to beat those fears and shows a path that you too can take to overcome the anxieties that may be holding you back.

Ironically, Charlamagne’s fear of failure—of falling into the life of stagnation or crime that caught up so many of his friends and family in his hometown of Moncks Corner—has been the fuel that has propelled him to success. However, even after achieving national prominence as a radio personality, Charlamagne still found himself paralyzed by anxiety and distrust. Now, in Shook One , he is working through these problems—many of which he traces back to cultural PTSD—with help from mentors, friends, and therapy. Being anxious doesn’t serve the same purpose anymore. Through therapy, he’s figuring out how to get over the irrational fears that won’t take him anywhere positive.

Charlamange hopes Shook On e can be a call to action: Getting help is your right. Therapy and showing weakness are not always easy subjects, but if you go to the gym three or four times a week, why can’t you put that same effort and energy into getting mentally strong?” (Amazon)

Sick: A Memoir  by Porochista Khakpour

“For as long as author Porochista Khakpour can remember, she has been sick. For most of that time, she didn’t know why. Several drug addictions, some major hospitalizations, and over $100,000 later, she finally had a diagnosis: late-stage Lyme disease.

Sick  is Khakpour’s grueling, emotional journey—as a woman, an Iranian-American, a writer, and a lifelong sufferer of undiagnosed health problems—in which she examines her subsequent struggles with mental illness and her addiction to doctor prescribed benzodiazepines, that both aided and eroded her ever-deteriorating physical health. Divided by settings, Khakpour guides the reader through her illness by way of the locations that changed her course—New York, LA, Santa Fe, and a college town in Germany—as she meditates on the physiological and psychological impacts of uncertainty, and the eventual challenge of accepting the diagnosis she had searched for over the course of her adult life.

A story of survival, pain, and transformation,  Sick  candidly examines the colossal impact of illness on one woman’s life by not just highlighting the failures of a broken medical system but by also boldly challenging our concept of illness narratives.” (Amazon)

Ten Ways Not to Commit Suicide by Darryl McDaniels

“As one third of the legendary rap group Run D.M.C., Darryl ‘DMC’ McDaniels—aka Legendary MC, The Devastating Mic Controller, and the King of Rock—had it all: talent, money, fame, prestige. While hitting #1 on the  Billboard  charts was exhilarating, the group’s success soon became overwhelming. A creative guy who enjoyed being at home alone or with his family, DMC turned to alcohol to numb himself, a retreat that became an addiction. For years, he went through the motions. But in 1997, when intoxication could no longer keep the pain at bay, he plunged into severe depression and became suicidal. He wasn’t alone. During the same period, suicide became the number three leading cause of death among black people—a health crisis that continues to this day.

In this riveting memoir, DMC speaks openly about his emotional and psychological struggles and the impact on his life, and addresses the many reasons that led him—and thousands of others—to consider suicide. Some of the factors include not being true to who you are, feelings of loneliness, isolation, and alienation, and a lack of understanding and support from friends and family when it’s needed most. He also provides essential information on resources for getting help. Revealing how even the most successful people can suffer from depression, DMC offers inspiration for everyone in pain—information and insight that he hopes can help save other lives.” (Amazon)

This Close to Happy: A Reckoning with Depression by Daphne Merkin

“‘Despair is always described as dull,’ writes Daphne Merkin, ‘when the truth is that despair has a light all its own, a lunar glow, the color of mottled silver.’  This Close to Happy ―Merkin’s rare, vividly personal account of what it feels like to suffer from clinical depression―captures this strange light.

Daphne Merkin has been hospitalized three times: first, in grade school, for childhood depression; years later, after her daughter was born, for severe postpartum depression; and later still, after her mother died, for obsessive suicidal thinking. Recounting this series of hospitalizations, as well as her visits to myriad therapists and psychopharmacologists, Merkin fearlessly offers what the child psychiatrist Harold Koplewicz calls ‘the inside view of navigating a chronic psychiatric illness to a realistic outcome.’ The arc of Merkin’s affliction is lifelong, beginning in a childhood largely bereft of love and stretching into the present, where Merkin lives a high-functioning life and her depression is manageable, if not ‘cured.’ ‘The opposite of depression,’ she writes with characteristic insight, ‘is not a state of unimaginable happiness . . . but a state of relative all-right-ness.’

In this dark yet vital memoir, Merkin describes not only the harrowing sorrow that she has known all her life, but also her early, redemptive love of reading and gradual emergence as a writer. Written with an acute understanding of the ways in which her condition has evolved as well as affected those around her,  This  Close to Happy  is an utterly candid coming-to-terms with an illness that many share but few talk about, one that remains shrouded in stigma. In the words of the distinguished psychologist Carol Gilligan, ‘It brings a stunningly perceptive voice into the forefront of the conversation about depression, one that is both reassuring and revelatory.'” (Amazon)

Unbearable Lightness: A Story of Loss and Gain by Portia de Rossi

“Author Portia de Rossi weighed only 82 pounds when she collapsed on the set of the Hollywood film in which she was playing her first leading role. This should have the culmination of all her years of hard work – first as a child model in Australia, then as a cast member of one of the hottest shows on American television. On the outside she was thin and blond, glamorous and successful. On the inside, she was literally dying. In this searing, unflinchingly honest book, Portia de Rossi captures the complex emotional truth of what it is like when food, weight, and body image take priority over every other human impulse or action. In this remarkable and beautifully written work, Portia shines a bright light on a dark subject. A crucial book for all those who might sometimes feel at war with themselves or their bodies. Unbearable Lightness is a story that inspires hope and nourishes the spirit.” (Amazon)

Unholy Ghosts: Writers on Depression  edited by Nell Casey

“ Unholy Ghost  is a unique collection of essays about depression that, in the spirit of William Styron’s Darkness Visible, finds vivid expression for an elusive illness suffered by more than one in five Americans today. Unlike any other memoir of depression, however,  Unholy Ghost  includes many voices and depicts the most complete portrait of the illness. Lauren Slater eloquently describes her own perilous experience as a pregnant woman on antidepressant medication. Susanna Kaysen, writing for the first time about depression since  Girl, Interrupted,  criticizes herself and others for making too much of the illness. Larry McMurtry recounts the despair that descended after his quadruple bypass surgery. Meri Danquah describes the challenges of racism and depression. Ann Beattie sees melancholy as a consequence of her writing life. And Donald Hall lovingly remembers the “moody seesaw” of his relationship with his wife, Jane Kenyon.” (Amazon)

An Unquiet Mind: A Memoir of Moods and Madness  by Kay Redfield Jamison

“In her bestselling classic,  An Unquiet Mind,  Kay Redfield Jamison changed the way we think about moods and madness.

Dr. Jamison is one of the foremost authorities on manic-depressive (bipolar) illness; she has also experienced it firsthand. For even while she was pursuing her career in academic medicine, Jamison found herself succumbing to the same exhilarating highs and catastrophic depressions that afflicted many of her patients, as her disorder launched her into ruinous spending sprees, episodes of violence, and an attempted suicide.

Here Jamison examines bipolar illness from the dual perspectives of the healer and the healed, revealing both its terrors and the cruel allure that at times prompted her to resist taking medication.  An Unquiet Mind  is a memoir of enormous candor, vividness, and wisdom—a deeply powerful book that has both transformed and saved lives.” (Amazon)

Wasted: A Memoir of Anorexia and Bulimia by Marya Hornbacher

“Precociously intelligent, imaginative, energetic and ambitious, Marya Hornbacher grew up in a comfortable middle-class American home. At the age of five, she returned from a ballet class one day, put on an enormous sweater, curled up on her bed and cried — because she thought she was fat. By age nine, she was secretly bulimic, throwing up at home after school while watching  The Brady Bunch  reruns on television and munching Fritos. She added anorexia to her repertoire a few years later and took great pride in her ability to starve.

Why would a talented young girl go through the looking glass and step into a netherworld where up is down and food is greed, where death is honor and flesh is weak? Why enter into a love affair with hunger, drugs, sex and death? Marya Hornbacher sustained both anorexia and bulimia through five lengthy hospitalizations, endless therapy, the loss of family, friends, jobs and, ultimately, any sense of what it meant to be “normal.” In this vivid, emotionally wrenching memoir, she re-creates the experience and illuminates the tangle of personal, family and cultural causes that underlie eating disorders.”

What Becomes of the Brokenhearted by E. Lynn Harris

“In many ways writing saved my life. It’s my hope that sharing my experience will give hope to others who are learning to deal with their “difference.” I want them to know they don’t have to live their lives in a permanent “don’t ask, don’t tell” existence. Truth is a powerful tool. “But my hope for this book doesn’t stop there. I think there is a message here for anyone who has ever suffered from a lack of self-esteem, felt the pain of loneliness, or sought love in all the wrong places. The lessons I have learned are not limited to race, gender, or sexual orientation. Anyone can learn from my journey. Anyone can overcome a broken heart.”–E. Lynn Harris (Amazon)

Willow Weep for Me: A Black Woman’s Journey Through Depression by Meri Nana-Ama Danquah

“This moving memoir of an African-American woman’s lifelong fight to identify and overcome depression offers an inspirational story of healing and emergence. Wrapped within Danquah’s engaging account of this universal affliction is rare and insightful testimony about what it means to be black, female, and battling depression in a society that often idealizes black women as strong, nurturing caregivers. A startlingly honest, elegantly rendered depiction of depression, Willow Weep for Me calls out to all women who suffer in silence with a life-affirming message of recovery. Meri Danquah rises from the pages, a true survivor, departing a world of darkness and reclaiming her life.” (Goodreads)

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434 Depression Essay Titles & Research Topics: Argumentative, Controversial, and More

Depression is undeniably one of the most prevalent mental health conditions globally, affecting approximately 5% of adults worldwide. It often manifests as intense feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. Many also experience physical symptoms like fatigue, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes. Recognizing and addressing this mental disorder is extremely important to save lives and treat the condition.

In this article, we’ll discuss how to write an essay about depression and introduce depression essay topics and research titles for students that may be inspirational.

• 🔝 Top Depression Essay Titles
• ✅ Essay Prompts
• 💡 Research Topics
• 🔎 Essay Titles
• 💭 Speech Topics
• 📝 Essay Structure

🔗 References

🔝 top 12 research titles about depression.

• How is depression treated?
• Depression: Risk factors.
• The symptoms of depression.
• What types of depression exist?
• Depression in young people.
• Differences between anxiety and depression.
• The parents’ role in depression therapy.
• Drugs as the root cause of depression.
• Dangerous consequences of untreated depression.
• Effect of long-term depression.
• Different stages of depression.
• Treatment for depression.

✅ Prompts for Essay about Depression

Struggling to find inspiration for your essay? Look no further! We’ve put together some valuable essay prompts on depression just for you!

Prompt for Personal Essay about Depression

Sharing your own experience with depression in a paper can be a good idea. Others may feel more motivated to overcome their situation after reading your story. You can also share valuable advice by discussing things or methods that have personally helped you deal with the condition.

For example, in your essay about depression, you can:

• Tell about the time you felt anxious, hopeless, or depressed;
• Express your opinion on depression based on the experiences from your life;
• Suggest a way of dealing with the initial symptoms of depression ;
• Share your ideas on how to protect mental health at a young age.

How to Overcome Depression: Essay Prompt

Sadness is a common human emotion, but depression encompasses more than just sadness. As reported by the National Institute of Mental Health, around 21 million adults in the United States, roughly 8.4% of the total adult population , faced at least one significant episode of depression in 2020. When crafting your essay about overcoming depression, consider exploring the following aspects:

• Depression in young people and adolescents;
• The main causes of depression;
• The symptoms of depression;
• Ways to treat depression;
• Help from a psychologist (cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy ).

Postpartum Depression: Essay Prompt

The birth of a child often evokes a spectrum of powerful emotions, spanning from exhilaration and happiness to apprehension and unease. It can also trigger the onset of depression. Following childbirth, many new mothers experience postpartum “baby blues,” marked by shifts in mood, bouts of tears, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. To shed light on the subject of postpartum depression, explore the following questions:

• What factors may increase the risk of postpartum depression?
• Is postpartum depression predictable?
• How to prevent postpartum depression?
• What are the symptoms of postpartum depression?
• What kinds of postpartum depression treatments exist?

Prompt for Essay about Teenage Depression

Teenage depression is a mental health condition characterized by sadness and diminishing interest in daily activities. It can significantly impact a teenager’s thoughts, emotions, and behavior, often requiring long-term treatment and support.

By discussing the primary symptoms of teenage depression in your paper, you can raise awareness of the issue and encourage those in need to seek assistance. You can pay attention to the following aspects:

• Emotional changes (feelings of sadness, anger, hopelessness, guilt, etc.);
• Behavioral changes (loss of energy and appetite , less attention to personal hygiene, self-harm, etc.);
• New addictions (drugs, alcohol, computer games, etc.).

💡 Research Topics about Depression

• The role of genetics in depression development.
• The effectiveness of different psychotherapeutic interventions for depression.
• Anti-depression non-pharmacological and medication treatment .
• The impact of childhood trauma on the onset of depression later in life.
• Exploring the efficacy of antidepressant medication in different populations.
• The impact of exercise on depression symptoms and treatment outcomes.
• Mild depression: pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy .
• The relationship between sleep disturbances and depression.
• The role of gut microbiota in depression and potential implications for treatment.
• Investigating the impact of social media on depression rates in adolescents.
• Depression, dementia, and delirium in older people .
• The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in preventing depression relapse.
• The influence of hormonal changes on depression risk.
• Assessing the effectiveness of self-help and digital interventions for depression.
• Herbal and complementary therapies for depression .
• The relationship between personality traits and vulnerability to depression.
• Investigating the long-term consequences of untreated depression on physical health.
• Exploring the link between chronic pain and depression.
• Depression in the elderly male .
• The impact of childhood experiences on depression outcomes in adulthood.
• The use of ketamine and other novel treatments for depression.
• The effect of stigma on depression diagnosis and treatment.
• The conducted family assessment: cases of depression .
• The role of social support in depression recovery.
• The effectiveness of online support groups for individuals with depression.
• Depression and cognitive decline in adults.
• Depression: PICOT question component exploration .
• Exploring the impact of nutrition and dietary patterns on depression symptoms.
• Investigating the efficacy of art-based therapies in depression treatment.
• The role of neuroplasticity in the development and treatment of depression.
• Depression among HIV-positive women .
• The influence of gender on depression prevalence and symptomatology.
• Investigating the impact of workplace factors on depression rates and outcomes.
• The efficacy of family-based interventions in reducing depression symptoms in teenagers.
• Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses .
• The role of early-life stress and adversity in depression vulnerability.
• The impact of various environmental factors on depression rates.
• Exploring the link between depression and cardiovascular health .
• Depression detection in adults in nursing practice .
• Virtual reality as a therapeutic tool for depression treatment.
• Investigating the impact of childhood bullying on depression outcomes.
• The benefits of animal-assisted interventions in depression management.
• Depression and physical exercise .
• The relationship between depression and suicidal behavior .
• The influence of cultural factors on depression symptom expression.
• Investigating the role of epigenetics in depression susceptibility.
• Depression associated with cognitive dysfunction .
• Exploring the impact of adverse trauma on the course of depression.
• The efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in treating depression.
• The relationship between depression and substance use disorders .
• Depression and anxiety among college students .
• Investigating the effectiveness of group therapy for depression.
• Depression and chronic medical conditions .

Psychology Research Topics on Depression

• The influence of early attachment experiences on the development of depression.
• The impact of negative cognitive biases on depression symptomatology.
• Depression treatment plan for a queer patient .
• Examining the relationship between perfectionism and depression.
• The role of self-esteem in depression vulnerability and recovery.
• Exploring the link between maladaptive thinking styles (e.g., rumination, catastrophizing) and depression.
• Investigating the impact of social support on depression outcomes and resilience.
• Identifying depression in young adults at an early stage .
• The influence of parenting styles on the risk of depression in children and adolescents.
• The role of self-criticism and self-compassion in depression treatment.
• Exploring the relationship between identity development and depression in emerging adulthood.
• The role of learned helplessness in understanding depression and its treatment.
• Depression in the elderly .
• Examining the connection between self-efficacy beliefs and depression symptoms.
• The influence of social comparison processes on depression and body image dissatisfaction .
• Exploring the impact of trauma-related disorders on depression.
• The role of resilience factors in buffering against the development of depression.
• Investigating the relationship between personality traits and depression.
• Depression and workplace violence .
• The impact of cultural factors on depression prevalence and symptom presentation.
• Investigating the effects of chronic stress on depression risk.
• The role of coping strategies in depression management and recovery.
• The correlation between discrimination/prejudice and depression/anxiety .
• Exploring the influence of gender norms and societal expectations on depression rates.
• The impact of adverse workplace conditions on employee depression.
• Investigating the effectiveness of narrative therapy in treating depression.
• Cognitive behavior and depression in adolescents .
• Childhood emotional neglect and adult depression.
• The influence of perceived social support on treatment outcomes in depression.
• The effects of childhood bullying on the development of depression.
• The impact of intergenerational transmission of depression within families.
• Depression in children: symptoms and treatments .
• Investigating the link between body dissatisfaction and depression in adolescence.
• The influence of adverse life events and chronic stressors on depression risk.
• The effects of peer victimization on the development of depression in adolescence.
• Counselling clients with depression and addiction .
• The role of experiential avoidance in depression and its treatment.
• The impact of social media use and online interactions on depression rates.
• Depression management in adolescent .
• Exploring the relationship between emotional intelligence and depression symptomatology.
• Investigating the influence of cultural values and norms on depression stigma and help-seeking behavior.
• The effects of childhood maltreatment on neurobiological markers of depression.
• Psychological and emotional conditions of suicide and depression .
• Exploring the relationship between body dissatisfaction and depression.
• The influence of self-worth contingencies on depression vulnerability and treatment response.
• The impact of social isolation and loneliness on depression rates.
• Psychology of depression among college students .
• The effects of perfectionistic self-presentation on depression in college students.
• The role of mindfulness skills in depression prevention and relapse prevention.
• Investigating the influence of adverse neighborhood conditions on depression risk.
• Personality psychology and depression .
• The impact of attachment insecurity on depression symptomatology.

Postpartum Depression Research Topics

• Identifying risk factors for postpartum depression.
• Exploring the role of hormonal changes in postpartum depression.
• “Baby blues” or postpartum depression and evidence-based care .
• The impact of social support on postpartum depression.
• The effectiveness of screening tools for early detection of postpartum depression.
• The relationship between postpartum depression and maternal-infant bonding .
• Postpartum depression educational program results .
• Identifying effective interventions for preventing and treating postpartum depression.
• Examining the impact of cultural factors on postpartum depression rates.
• Investigating the role of sleep disturbances in postpartum depression.
• Depression and postpartum depression relationship .
• Exploring the impact of a traumatic birth experience on postpartum depression.
• Assessing the impact of breastfeeding difficulties on postpartum depression.
• Understanding the role of genetic factors in postpartum depression.
• Postpartum depression: consequences .
• Investigating the impact of previous psychiatric history on postpartum depression risk.
• The potential benefits of exercise on postpartum depression symptoms.
• The efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions for postpartum depression.
• Postpartum depression in the twenty-first century .
• The influence of partner support on postpartum depression outcomes.
• Examining the relationship between postpartum depression and maternal self-esteem.
• The impact of postpartum depression on infant development and well-being.
• Maternal mood symptoms in pregnancy and postpartum depression .
• The effectiveness of group therapy for postpartum depression management.
• Identifying the role of inflammation and immune dysregulation in postpartum depression.
• Investigating the impact of childcare stress on postpartum depression.
• Postpartum depression among low-income US mothers .
• The role of postnatal anxiety symptoms in postpartum depression.
• The impact of postpartum depression on the marital relationship.
• The influence of postpartum depression on parenting practices and parental stress.
• Postpartum depression: symptoms, role of cultural factors, and ways to support .
• Investigating the efficacy of pharmacological treatments for postpartum depression.
• The impact of postpartum depression on breastfeeding initiation and continuation.
• The relationship between postpartum depression and post-traumatic stress disorder .
• Postpartum depression and its identification .
• The impact of postpartum depression on cognitive functioning and decision-making.
• Investigating the influence of cultural norms and expectations on postpartum depression rates.
• The impact of maternal guilt and shame on postpartum depression symptoms.
• Beck’s postpartum depression theory: purpose, concepts, and significance .
• Understanding the role of attachment styles in postpartum depression vulnerability.
• Investigating the effectiveness of online support groups for women with postpartum depression.
• The impact of socioeconomic factors on postpartum depression prevalence.
• Perinatal depression: research study and design .
• The efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for postpartum depression.
• Investigating the influence of birth spacing on postpartum depression risk.
• The role of trauma history in postpartum depression development.
• The link between the birth experience and postnatal depression .
• How does postpartum depression affect the mother-infant interaction and bonding ?
• The effectiveness of home visiting programs in preventing and managing postpartum depression.
• Assessing the influence of work-related stress on postpartum depression.
• The relationship between postpartum depression and pregnancy-related complications.
• The role of personality traits in postpartum depression vulnerability.

🔎 Depression Essay Titles

Depression essay topics: cause & effect.

• The effects of childhood trauma on the development of depression in adults.
• The impact of social media usage on the prevalence of depression in adolescents.
• “Predictors of Postpartum Depression” by Katon et al.
• The effects of environmental factors on depression rates.
• The relationship between academic pressure and depression among college students.
• The relationship between financial stress and depression.
• The best solution to predict depression because of bullying .
• How does long-term unemployment affect mental health ?
• The effects of unemployment on mental health, particularly the risk of depression.
• The impact of genetics and family history of depression on an individual’s likelihood of developing depression.
• The relationship between depression and substance abuse .
• Child abuse and depression .
• The role of gender in the manifestation and treatment of depression.
• The effects of chronic stress on the development of depression.
• The link between substance abuse and depression.
• Depression among students at Elon University .
• The influence of early attachment styles on an individual’s vulnerability to depression.
• The effects of sleep disturbances on the severity of depression.
• Chronic illness and the risk of developing depression.
• Depression: symptoms and treatment .
• Adverse childhood experiences and the likelihood of experiencing depression in adulthood.
• The relationship between chronic illness and depression.
• The role of negative thinking patterns in the development of depression.
• Effects of depression among adolescents .
• The effects of poor body image and low self-esteem on the prevalence of depression.
• The influence of social support systems on preventing symptoms of depression.
• The effects of child neglect on adult depression rates.
• Depression caused by hormonal imbalance .
• The link between perfectionism and the risk of developing depression.
• The effects of a lack of sleep on depression symptoms.
• The effects of childhood abuse and neglect on the risk of depression.
• Social aspects of depression and anxiety .
• The impact of bullying on the likelihood of experiencing depression.
• The role of serotonin and neurotransmitter imbalances in the development of depression.
• The impact of a poor diet on depression rates.
• Depression and anxiety run in the family .
• The effects of childhood poverty and socioeconomic status on depression rates in adults.
• The impact of divorce on depression rates.
• The relationship between traumatic life events and the risk of developing depression.
• The influence of personality traits on susceptibility to depression.
• The impact of workplace stress on depression rates.
• Depression in older adults: causes and treatment .
• The impact of parental depression on children’s mental health outcomes.
• The effects of social isolation on the prevalence and severity of depression.
• The role of cultural factors in the manifestation and treatment of depression.
• The relationship between childhood bullying victimization and future depressive symptoms.
• The impact of early intervention and prevention programs on reducing the risk of postpartum depression.
• Treating mood disorders and depression .
• How do hormonal changes during pregnancy contribute to the development of depression?
• The effects of sleep deprivation on the onset and severity of postpartum depression.
• The impact of social media on depression rates among teenagers.
• The role of genetics in the development of depression.
• The impact of bullying on adolescent depression rates.
• Mental illness, depression, and wellness issues .
• The effects of a sedentary lifestyle on depression symptoms.
• The correlation between academic pressure and depression in students.
• The relationship between perfectionism and depression.
• The correlation between trauma and depression in military veterans.
• Anxiety and depression during childhood and adolescence .
• The impact of racial discrimination on depression rates among minorities.
• The relationship between chronic pain and depression.
• The impact of social comparison on depression rates among young adults.
• The effects of childhood abuse on adult depression rates.

Depression Argumentative Essay Topics

• The role of social media in contributing to depression among teenagers.
• The effectiveness of antidepressant medication: an ongoing debate.
• Depression treatment: therapy or medications ?
• Should depression screening be mandatory in schools and colleges?
• Is there a genetic predisposition to depression?
• The stigma surrounding depression: addressing misconceptions and promoting understanding.
• Implementation of depression screening in primary care .
• Is psychotherapy more effective than medication in treating depression?
• Is teenage depression overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed: a critical analysis.
• The connection between depression and substance abuse: untangling the relationship.
• Humanistic therapy of depression .
• Should ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) be a treatment option for severe depression?
• Where is depression more prevalent: in urban or rural communities? Analyzing the disparities.
• Is depression a result of chemical imbalance in the brain? Debunking the myth.
• Depression: a serious mental and behavioral problem .
• Should depression medication be prescribed for children and adolescents?
• The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in managing depression.
• Should depression in the elderly be considered a normal part of aging?
• Is depression hereditary? Investigating the role of genetics in depression risk.
• Different types of training in managing the symptoms of depression .
• The effectiveness of online therapy platforms in treating depression.
• Should psychedelic therapy be explored as an alternative treatment for depression?
• The connection between depression and cardiovascular health: Is there a link?
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in preventing depression relapse.
• Depression as a bad a clinical condition .
• Should mind-body interventions (e.g., yoga , meditation) be integrated into depression treatment?
• Should emotional support animals be prescribed for individuals with depression?
• The effectiveness of peer support groups in decreasing depression symptoms.
• The use of antidepressants: are they overprescribed or necessary for treating depression?
• Adult depression and anxiety as a complex problem .
• The effectiveness of therapy versus medication in treating depression.
• The stigma surrounding depression and mental illness: how can we reduce it?
• The debate over the legalization of psychedelic drugs for treating depression.
• The relationship between creativity and depression: does one cause the other?
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and depression .
• The role of childhood trauma in shaping adult depression: Is it always a causal factor?
• The debate over the medicalization of sadness and grief as forms of depression.
• Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture or meditation, are effective in treating depression.
• Depression as a widespread mental condition .

Controversial Topics about Depression

• The existence of “chemical imbalance” in depression: fact or fiction?
• The over-reliance on medication in treating depression: are alternatives neglected?
• Is depression overdiagnosed and overmedicated in Western society?
• Measurement of an individual’s level of depression .
• The role of Big Pharma in shaping the narrative and treatment of depression.
• Should antidepressant advertisements be banned?
• The inadequacy of current diagnostic criteria for depression: rethinking the DSM-5.
• Is depression a biological illness or a product of societal factors?
• Literature review on depression .
• The overemphasis on biological factors in depression treatment: ignoring environmental factors.
• Is depression a normal reaction to an abnormal society?
• The influence of cultural norms on the perception and treatment of depression.
• Should children and adolescents be routinely prescribed antidepressants?
• The role of family in depression treatment .
• The connection between depression and creative genius: does depression enhance artistic abilities?
• The ethics of using placebo treatment for depression studies.
• The impact of social and economic inequalities on depression rates.
• Is depression primarily a mental health issue or a social justice issue?
• Depression disassembling and treating .
• Should depression screening be mandatory in the workplace?
• The influence of gender bias in the diagnosis and treatment of depression.
• The controversial role of religion and spirituality in managing depression.
• Is depression a result of individual weakness or societal factors?
• Abnormal psychology: anxiety and depression case .
• The link between depression and obesity: examining the bidirectional relationship.
• The connection between depression and academic performance : causation or correlation?
• Should depression medication be available over the counter?
• The impact of internet and social media use on depression rates: harmful or beneficial?
• Interacting in the workplace: depression .
• Is depression a modern epidemic or simply better diagnosed and identified?
• The ethical considerations of using animals in depression research.
• The effectiveness of psychedelic therapies for treatment-resistant depression.
• Is depression a disability? The debate on workplace accommodations.
• Polysubstance abuse among adolescent males with depression .
• The link between depression and intimate partner violence : exploring the relationship.
• The controversy surrounding “happy” pills and the pursuit of happiness.
• Is depression a choice? Examining the role of personal responsibility.

Good Titles for Depression Essays

• The poetic depictions of depression: exploring its representation in literature.
• The melancholic symphony: the influence of depression on classical music.
• Moderate depression symptoms and treatment .
• Depression in modern music: analyzing its themes and expressions.
• Cultural perspectives on depression: a comparative analysis of attitudes in different countries.
• Contrasting cultural views on depression in Eastern and Western societies.
• Diagnosing depression in the older population .
• The influence of social media on attitudes and perceptions of depression in global contexts.
• Countries with progressive approaches to mental health awareness.
• From taboo to acceptance: the evolution of attitudes towards depression.
• Depression screening tool in acute settings .
• The Bell Jar : analyzing Sylvia Plath’s iconic tale of depression .
• The art of despair: examining Frida Kahlo’s self-portraits as a window into depression.
• The Catcher in the Rye : Holden Caulfield’s battle with adolescent depression.
• Music as therapy: how jazz artists turned depression into art.
• Depression screening tool for a primary care center .
• The Nordic paradox: high depression rates in Scandinavian countries despite high-quality healthcare.
• The Stoic East: how Eastern philosophies approach and manage depression.
• From solitude to solidarity: collective approaches to depression in collectivist cultures.
• The portrayal of depression in popular culture: a critical analysis of movies and TV shows.
• The depression screening training in primary care .
• The impact of social media influencers on depression rates among young adults.
• The role of music in coping with depression: can specific genres or songs help alleviate depressive symptoms?
• The representation of depression in literature: a comparative analysis of classic and contemporary works.
• The use of art as a form of self-expression and therapy for individuals with depression.
• Depression management guidelines implementation .
• The role of religion in coping with depression: Christian and Buddhist practices.
• The representation of depression in the video game Hellblade: Senua’s Sacrifice .
• The role of nature in coping with depression: can spending time outdoors help alleviate depressive symptoms?
• The effectiveness of dance/movement therapy in treating depression among older adults.
• The National Institute for Health: depression management .
• The portrayal of depression in stand-up comedy: a study of comedians like Maria Bamford and Chris Gethard.
• The role of spirituality in coping with depression: Islamic and Hindu practices .
• The portrayal of depression in animated movies : an analysis of Inside Out and The Lion King .
• The representation of depression by fashion designers like Alexander McQueen and Rick Owens.
• Depression screening in primary care .
• The portrayal of depression in documentaries: an analysis of films like The Bridge and Happy Valley .
• The effectiveness of wilderness therapy in treating depression among adolescents.
• The connection between creativity and depression: how art can help heal.
• The role of Buddhist and Taoist practices in coping with depression.
• Mild depression treatment research funding sources .
• The portrayal of depression in podcasts: an analysis of the show The Hilarious World of Depression .
• The effectiveness of drama therapy in treating depression among children and adolescents.
• The representation of depression in the works of Vincent van Gogh and Edvard Munch.
• Depression in young people: articles review .
• The impact of social media on political polarization and its relationship with depression.
• The role of humor in coping with depression: a study of comedians like Ellen DeGeneres.
• The portrayal of depression in webcomics: an analysis of the comics Hyperbole and a Half .
• The effect of social media on mental health stigma and its relationship with depression.
• Depression and the impact of human services workers .
• The masked faces: hiding depression in highly individualistic societies.

💭 Depression Speech Topics

Informative speech topics about depression.

• Different types of depression and their symptoms.
• The causes of depression: biological, psychological, and environmental factors.
• How depression and physical issues are connected .
• The prevalence of depression in different age groups and demographics.
• The link between depression and anxiety disorders .
• Physical health: The effects of untreated depression.
• The role of genetics in predisposing individuals to depression.
• What you need to know about depression .
• How necessary is early intervention in treating depression?
• The effectiveness of medication in treating depression.
• The role of exercise in managing depressive symptoms.
• Depression in later life: overview .
• The relationship between substance abuse and depression.
• The impact of trauma on depression rates and treatment.
• The effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in managing depressive symptoms.
• Enzymes conversion and metabolites in major depression .
• The benefits and drawbacks of electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression.
• The effect of gender and cultural norms on depression rates and treatment.
• The effectiveness of alternative therapies for depression, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies .
• The importance of self-care in managing depression.
• Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic dissociation .
• The role of support systems in managing depression.
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression.
• The benefits and drawbacks of online therapy for depression.
• The role of spirituality in managing depression.
• Depression among minority groups .
• The benefits and drawbacks of residential treatment for severe depression.
• What is the relationship between childhood trauma and adult depression?
• How effective is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment-resistant depression?
• The benefits and drawbacks of art therapy for depression.
• Mood disorder: depression and bipolar .
• The impact of social media on depression rates.
• The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in treating depression.
• Depression in older people .
• The impact of seasonal changes on depression rates and treatment options.
• The impact of depression on daily life and relationships, and strategies for coping with the condition.
• The stigma around depression and the importance of seeking help.

Persuasive Speech Topics about Depression

• How important is it to recognize the signs and symptoms of depression ?
• How do you support a loved one who is struggling with depression?
• The importance of mental health education in schools to prevent and manage depression.
• Social media: the rise of depression and anxiety .
• Is there a need to increase funding for mental health research to develop better treatments for depression?
• Addressing depression in minority communities: overcoming barriers and disparities.
• The benefits of including alternative therapies , such as yoga and meditation, in depression treatment plans.
• Challenging media portrayals of depression: promoting accurate representations.
• Two sides of depression disease .
• How social media affects mental health: the need for responsible use to prevent depression.
• The importance of early intervention: addressing depression in schools and colleges.
• The benefits of seeking professional help for depression.
• There is a need for better access to mental health care, including therapy and medication, for those suffering from depression.
• Depression in adolescents and suitable interventions .
• How do you manage depression while in college or university?
• The role of family and friends in supporting loved ones with depression and encouraging them to seek help.
• The benefits of mindfulness and meditation for depression.
• The link between sleep and depression, and how to improve sleep habits.
• How do you manage depression while working a high-stress job?
• Approaches to treating depression .
• How do you manage depression during pregnancy and postpartum?
• The importance of prioritizing employee mental health and providing resources for managing depression in the workplace.
• How should you manage depression while caring for a loved one with a chronic illness?
• How to manage depression while dealing with infertility or pregnancy loss.
• Andrew Solomon: why we can’t talk about depression .
• Destigmatizing depression: promoting mental health awareness and understanding.
• Raising funds for depression research: investing in mental health advances.
• The power of peer support: establishing peer-led programs for depression.
• Accessible mental health services: ensuring treatment for all affected by depression.
• Evidence-based screening for depression in acute care .
• The benefits of journaling for mental health: putting your thoughts on paper to heal.
• The power of positivity: changing your mindset to fight depression .
• The healing power of gratitude in fighting depression.
• The connection between diet and depression: eating well can improve your mood.
• Teen depression and suicide in Soto’s The Afterlife .
• The benefits of therapy for depression: finding professional help to heal.
• The importance of setting realistic expectations when living with depression.

📝 How to Write about Depression: Essay Structure

We’ve prepared some tips and examples to help you structure your essay and communicate your ideas.

Essay about Depression: Introduction

An introduction is the first paragraph of an essay. It plays a crucial role in engaging the reader, offering the context, and presenting the central theme.

A good introduction typically consists of 3 components:

• Hook. The hook captures readers’ attention and encourages them to continue reading.
• Background information. Background information provides context for the essay.
• Thesis statement. A thesis statement expresses the essay’s primary idea or central argument.

Hook : Depression is a widespread mental illness affecting millions worldwide.

Background information : Depression affects your emotions, thoughts, and behavior. If you suffer from depression, engaging in everyday tasks might become arduous, and life may appear devoid of purpose or joy.

Depression Essay Thesis Statement

A good thesis statement serves as an essay’s road map. It expresses the author’s point of view on the issue in 1 or 2 sentences and presents the main argument.

Thesis statement : The stigma surrounding depression and other mental health conditions can discourage people from seeking help, only worsening their symptoms.

Essays on Depression: Body Paragraphs

The main body of the essay is where you present your arguments. An essay paragraph includes the following:

• a topic sentence,
• evidence to back up your claim,
• explanation of why the point is essential to the argument;
• a link to the next paragraph.

Topic sentence : Depression is a complex disorder that requires a personalized treatment approach, comprising both medication and therapy.

Evidence : Medication can be prescribed by a healthcare provider or a psychiatrist to relieve the symptoms. Additionally, practical strategies for managing depression encompass building a support system, setting achievable goals, and practicing self-care.

Depression Essay: Conclusion

The conclusion is the last part of your essay. It helps you leave a favorable impression on the reader.

The perfect conclusion includes 3 elements:

• Rephrased thesis statement.
• Summary of the main points.
• Final opinion on the topic.

Rephrased thesis: In conclusion, overcoming depression is challenging because it involves a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors that affect an individual’s mental well-being.

Summary: Untreated depression heightens the risk of engaging in harmful behaviors such as substance abuse and can also result in negative thought patterns, diminished self-esteem, and distorted perceptions of reality.

We hope you’ve found our article helpful and learned some new information. If so, feel free to share it with your friends. You can also try our free online topic generator !

• Pain, anxiety, and depression – Harvard Health | Harvard Health Publishing
• Depression-related increases and decreases in appetite reveal dissociable patterns of aberrant activity in reward and interoceptive neurocircuitry – PMC | National Library of Medicine
• How to Get Treatment for Postpartum Depression – The New York Times
• What Is Background Information and What Purpose Does It Serve? | Indeed.com
• Thesis | Harvard College Writing Center
• Topic Sentences: How Do You Write a Great One? | Grammarly Blog

725 Research Proposal Topics & Title Ideas in Education, Psychology, Business, & More

414 proposal essay topics for projects, research, & proposal arguments.

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7 Depression Research Paper Topic Ideas

Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be.

Cara Lustik is a fact-checker and copywriter.

In psychology classes, it's common for students to write a depression research paper. Researching depression may be beneficial if you have a personal interest in this topic and want to learn more, or if you're simply passionate about this mental health issue. However, since depression is a very complex subject, it offers many possible topics to focus on, which may leave you wondering where to begin.

If this is how you feel, here are a few research titles about depression to help inspire your topic choice. You can use these suggestions as actual research titles about depression, or you can use them to lead you to other more in-depth topics that you can look into further for your depression research paper.

What Is Depression?

Everyone experiences times when they feel a little bit blue or sad. This is a normal part of being human. Depression, however, is a medical condition that is quite different from everyday moodiness.

Your depression research paper may explore the basics, or it might delve deeper into the  definition of clinical depression  or the  difference between clinical depression and sadness .

What Research Says About the Psychology of Depression

Studies suggest that there are biological, psychological, and social aspects to depression, giving you many different areas to consider for your research title about depression.

Types of Depression

There are several different types of depression  that are dependent on how an individual's depression symptoms manifest themselves. Depression symptoms may vary in severity or in what is causing them. For instance, major depressive disorder (MDD) may have no identifiable cause, while postpartum depression is typically linked to pregnancy and childbirth.

Depressive symptoms may also be part of an illness called bipolar disorder. This includes fluctuations between depressive episodes and a state of extreme elation called mania. Bipolar disorder is a topic that offers many research opportunities, from its definition and its causes to associated risks, symptoms, and treatment.

Causes of Depression

The possible causes of depression are many and not yet well understood. However, it most likely results from an interplay of genetic vulnerability  and environmental factors. Your depression research paper could explore one or more of these causes and reference the latest research on the topic.

For instance, how does an imbalance in brain chemistry or poor nutrition relate to depression? Is there a relationship between the stressful, busier lives of today's society and the rise of depression? How can grief or a major medical condition lead to overwhelming sadness and depression?

Who Is at Risk for Depression?

This is a good research question about depression as certain risk factors may make a person more prone to developing this mental health condition, such as a family history of depression, adverse childhood experiences, stress , illness, and gender . This is not a complete list of all risk factors, however, it's a good place to start.

The growing rate of depression in children, teenagers, and young adults is an interesting subtopic you can focus on as well. Whether you dive into the reasons behind the increase in rates of depression or discuss the treatment options that are safe for young people, there is a lot of research available in this area and many unanswered questions to consider.

Depression Signs and Symptoms

The signs of depression are those outward manifestations of the illness that a doctor can observe when they examine a patient. For example, a lack of emotional responsiveness is a visible sign. On the other hand, symptoms are subjective things about the illness that only the patient can observe, such as feelings of guilt or sadness.

An illness such as depression is often invisible to the outside observer. That is why it is very important for patients to make an accurate accounting of all of their symptoms so their doctor can diagnose them properly. In your depression research paper, you may explore these "invisible" symptoms of depression in adults or explore how depression symptoms can be different in children .

How Is Depression Diagnosed?

This is another good depression research topic because, in some ways, the diagnosis of depression is more of an art than a science. Doctors must generally rely upon the patient's set of symptoms and what they can observe about them during their examination to make a diagnosis. 

While there are certain  laboratory tests that can be performed to rule out other medical illnesses as a cause of depression, there is not yet a definitive test for depression itself.

If you'd like to pursue this topic, you may want to start with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The fifth edition, known as DSM-5, offers a very detailed explanation that guides doctors to a diagnosis. You can also compare the current model of diagnosing depression to historical methods of diagnosis—how have these updates improved the way depression is treated?

Treatment Options for Depression

The first choice for depression treatment is generally an antidepressant medication. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most popular choice because they can be quite effective and tend to have fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants.

Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is another effective and common choice. It is especially efficacious when combined with antidepressant therapy. Certain other treatments, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), are most commonly used for patients who do not respond to more common forms of treatment.

Focusing on one of these treatments is an option for your depression research paper. Comparing and contrasting several different types of treatment can also make a good research title about depression.

A Word From Verywell

The topic of depression really can take you down many different roads. When making your final decision on which to pursue in your depression research paper, it's often helpful to start by listing a few areas that pique your interest.

From there, consider doing a little preliminary research. You may come across something that grabs your attention like a new study, a controversial topic you didn't know about, or something that hits a personal note. This will help you narrow your focus, giving you your final research title about depression.

Remes O, Mendes JF, Templeton P. Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: A review of recent literature . Brain Sci . 2021;11(12):1633. doi:10.3390/brainsci11121633

National Institute of Mental Health. Depression .

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition . American Psychiatric Association.

National Institute of Mental Health. Mental health medications .

Ferri, F. F. (2019). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2020 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 . Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences.

By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be.  

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Psychiatry & Mental Health — Depression

Essays About Depression

Depression essay topic examples.

Explore topics like the impact of stigma on depression, compare it across age groups or in literature and media, describe the emotional journey of depression, discuss how education can help, and share personal stories related to it. These essay ideas offer a broad perspective on depression, making it easier to understand and engage with this important subject.

Argumentative Essays

Argumentative essays require you to analyze and present arguments related to depression. Here are some topic examples:

• 1. Argue whether mental health stigma contributes to the prevalence of depression in society.
• 2. Analyze the effectiveness of different treatment approaches for depression, such as therapy versus medication.

Example Introduction Paragraph for an Argumentative Essay: Depression is a pervasive mental health issue that affects millions of individuals worldwide. This essay delves into the complex relationship between mental health stigma and the prevalence of depression in society, examining the barriers to seeking help and the consequences of this stigma.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for an Argumentative Essay: In conclusion, the analysis of mental health stigma's impact on depression underscores the urgent need to challenge and dismantle the stereotypes surrounding mental health. As we reflect on the far-reaching consequences of stigma, we are called to create a society that fosters empathy, understanding, and open dialogue about mental health.

Compare and Contrast Essays

Compare and contrast essays enable you to examine similarities and differences within the context of depression. Consider these topics:

• 1. Compare and contrast the symptoms and risk factors of depression in adolescents and adults.
• 2. Analyze the similarities and differences between the portrayal of depression in literature and its depiction in modern media.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Essay: Depression manifests differently in various age groups and mediums of expression. This essay embarks on a journey to compare and contrast the symptoms and risk factors of depression in adolescents and adults, shedding light on the unique challenges faced by each demographic.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Essay: In conclusion, the comparison and contrast of depression in adolescents and adults highlight the importance of tailored interventions and support systems. As we contemplate the distinct challenges faced by these age groups, we are reminded of the need for age-appropriate mental health resources and strategies.

Descriptive Essays

Descriptive essays allow you to vividly depict aspects of depression, whether it's the experience of the individual or the societal impact. Here are some topic ideas:

• 1. Describe the emotional rollercoaster of living with depression, highlighting the highs and lows of the experience.
• 2. Paint a detailed portrait of the consequences of untreated depression on an individual's personal and professional life.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Descriptive Essay: Depression is a complex emotional journey that defies easy characterization. This essay embarks on a descriptive exploration of the emotional rollercoaster that individuals with depression experience, delving into the profound impact it has on their daily lives.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Descriptive Essay: In conclusion, the descriptive portrayal of the emotional rollercoaster of depression underscores the need for empathy and support for those grappling with this condition. Through this exploration, we are reminded of the resilience of the human spirit and the importance of compassionate understanding.

Persuasive Essays

Persuasive essays involve arguing a point of view related to depression. Consider these persuasive topics:

• 1. Persuade your readers that incorporating mental health education into the school curriculum can reduce the prevalence of depression among students.
• 2. Argue for or against the idea that employers should prioritize the mental well-being of their employees to combat workplace depression.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay: The prevalence of depression underscores the urgent need for proactive measures to address mental health. This persuasive essay asserts that integrating mental health education into the school curriculum can significantly reduce the prevalence of depression among students, offering them the tools to navigate emotional challenges.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay: In conclusion, the persuasive argument for mental health education in schools highlights the potential for early intervention and prevention. As we consider the well-being of future generations, we are called to prioritize mental health education as an essential component of a holistic education system.

Narrative Essays

Narrative essays offer you the opportunity to tell a story or share personal experiences related to depression. Explore these narrative essay topics:

• 1. Narrate a personal experience of overcoming depression or supporting a loved one through their journey.
• 2. Imagine yourself in a fictional scenario where you advocate for mental health awareness and destigmatization on a global scale.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Narrative Essay: Personal experiences with depression can be transformative and enlightening. This narrative essay delves into a personal journey of overcoming depression, highlighting the challenges faced, the support received, and the lessons learned along the way.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Narrative Essay: In conclusion, the narrative of my personal journey through depression reminds us of the resilience of the human spirit and the power of compassion and understanding. As we reflect on our own experiences, we are encouraged to share our stories and contribute to the ongoing conversation about mental health.

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Depression, known as major depressive disorder or clinical depression, is a psychological condition characterized by enduring feelings of sadness and a significant loss of interest in activities. It is a mood disorder that affects a person's emotional state, thoughts, behaviors, and overall well-being.

Its origin can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where melancholia was described as a state of sadness and melancholy. In the 19th century, depression began to be studied more systematically, and terms such as "melancholic depression" and "nervous breakdown" emerged. The understanding and classification of depression have evolved over time. In the early 20th century, Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts explored the role of unconscious conflicts in the development of depression. In the mid-20th century, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was established, providing a standardized criteria for diagnosing depressive disorders.

Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition plays a role in depression, as individuals with a family history of the disorder are at a higher risk. Psychological Factors: These may include a history of trauma or abuse, low self-esteem, pessimistic thinking patterns, and a tendency to ruminate on negative thoughts. Environmental Factors: Adverse life events, such as the loss of a loved one, financial difficulties, relationship problems, or chronic stress, can increase the risk of depression. Additionally, living in a socioeconomically disadvantaged area or lacking access to social support can be contributing factors. Health-related Factors: Chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic pain, are associated with a higher risk of depression. Substance abuse and certain medications can also increase vulnerability to depression. Developmental Factors: Certain life stages, including adolescence and the postpartum period, bring about unique challenges and changes that can contribute to the development of depression.

Depression is characterized by a range of symptoms that affect an individual's emotional, cognitive, and physical well-being. These characteristics can vary in intensity and duration but generally include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. One prominent characteristic of depression is a noticeable change in mood, which can manifest as a constant feeling of sadness or emptiness. Individuals may also experience a significant decrease or increase in appetite, leading to weight loss or gain. Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or excessive sleepiness, are common as well. Depression can impact cognitive functioning, causing difficulties in concentration, decision-making, and memory recall. Negative thoughts, self-criticism, and feelings of guilt or worthlessness are also common cognitive symptoms. Furthermore, physical symptoms may arise, including fatigue, low energy levels, and a general lack of motivation. Physical aches and pains, without an apparent medical cause, may also be present.

The treatment of depression typically involves a comprehensive approach that addresses both the physical and psychological aspects of the condition. It is important to note that the most effective treatment may vary for each individual, and a personalized approach is often necessary. One common form of treatment is psychotherapy, which involves talking to a mental health professional to explore and address the underlying causes and triggers of depression. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a widely used approach that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with depression. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage depressive symptoms. Antidepressant medications work by balancing neurotransmitters in the brain that are associated with mood regulation. It is crucial to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the right medication and dosage that suits an individual's needs. Additionally, lifestyle changes can play a significant role in managing depression. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, sufficient sleep, and stress reduction techniques can all contribute to improving mood and overall well-being. In severe cases of depression, when other treatments have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered. ECT involves administering controlled electric currents to the brain to induce a brief seizure, which can have a positive impact on depressive symptoms.

1. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 264 million people worldwide suffer from depression, making it one of the leading causes of disability globally. 2. Depression can affect people of all ages, including children and adolescents. In fact, the prevalence of depression in young people is increasing, with an estimated 3.3 million adolescents in the United States experiencing at least one major depressive episode in a year. 3. Research has shown that there is a strong link between depression and other physical health conditions. People with depression are more likely to experience chronic pain, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders, among other medical conditions.

The topic of depression holds immense significance and should be explored through essays due to its widespread impact on individuals and society as a whole. Understanding and raising awareness about depression is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, depression affects a significant portion of the global population, making it a pressing public health issue. Exploring its causes, symptoms, and treatment options can contribute to better mental health outcomes and improved quality of life for individuals affected by this condition. Additionally, writing an essay about depression can help combat the stigma surrounding mental health. By promoting open discussions and providing accurate information, essays can challenge misconceptions and foster empathy and support for those experiencing depression. Furthermore, studying depression allows for a deeper examination of its complex nature, including its psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors. Lastly, essays on depression can highlight the importance of early detection and intervention, promoting timely help-seeking behaviors and reducing the burden of the condition on individuals and healthcare systems. By shedding light on this critical topic, essays have the potential to educate, inspire action, and contribute to the overall well-being of individuals and society.

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2. World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. World Health Organization. 3. Kessler, R. C., Bromet, E. J., & Quinlan, J. (2013). The burden of mental disorders: Global perspectives from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Cambridge University Press. 4. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press. 5. Nierenberg, A. A., & DeCecco, L. M. (2001). Definitions and diagnosis of depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 22), 5-9. 6. Greenberg, P. E., Fournier, A. A., Sisitsky, T., Pike, C. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2015). The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(2), 155-162. 7. Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Andersson, G., Quigley, L., Kleiboer, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2013). A meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adult depression, alone and in comparison with other treatments. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(7), 376-385. 8. Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (2014). The comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders: Recognition and management in primary care. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 16(2), PCC.13r01611. 9. Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., ... & Fava, M. (2006). Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR*D report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(11), 1905-1917. 10. Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(6), 833-842.

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Humor interventions in psychotherapy and their effect on levels of depression and anxiety in adult clients, a systematic review

Associated data.

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Introduction

Humor as a valuable construct in psychology has been the subject of much discussion for many years and has received increased attention more recently in the field of positive psychology. However, empirical research on the application of humor in a clinical setting with depressed or anxious clients has been difficult to discover. Because of the potential benefits and the low costs of providing humorous interventions, our goal was to give an overview of the studies conducted in psychotherapy and to show the effect of humor on the levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, we wanted to assess the empiric support of humor as a clinical intervention in psychotherapy according to the SIGN system.

We used the PRISMA guidelines. Because of the differences in the design of the 10 included studies, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis.

Results from studies performed in seven different countries show that humorous interventions can have significant positive effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety. The results also confirm the prior observation that empirical research in the field is based on different designs with different populations and different methods of translating the abstract concept of humor into measurable observations. The results need to be considered with caution because of the methodological limitations of the research to date.

Some authors advocate for an integrative approach to continue research on humor in psychotherapy. It is our recommendation to first focus on the separate aspects of humor and to conduct research based on sound methodology. To initiate wider research to the application of humor in psychotherapy, we propose an approach to humorous interventions based on surprise and confusion which can help clients to search for an alternative framework to resolve the confusion and therefore promote taking on new perspectives and distancing themselves from the actual problem.

Theorizing about humor can be traced back as far as Aristotle, according to Martin ( 1 ). However, Martin found that a common observation made by most authors in the field of humor is that although it could be important in the different disciplines of human sciences, psychology has put little importance on this subject up to now. Gremigni ( 2 ) states that literature about the role of humor has been focused more on its use as a coping strategy than on its use as a tool for therapists. Martin ( 1 ) adds that a sense of humor as a concept has grown in importance over the years. Siurana Aparisi ( 3 ) defines the concept of humor as the capacity to perceive or present something as comical and as a consequence activate the emotion of hilarity. When directing the focus on “a sense of humor” Falkenberg et al. ( 4 ) found that a definition could be borrowed from personality psychology in which humor is a personality characteristic that contains different components. These correspond with the components that Martin mentions ( 1 , 2 ) in his multidimensional conceptualization, which comprises a cognitive ability, an aesthetic response, a habitual behavior pattern, an emotion-related temperament trait, an attitude, and a coping strategy or defense mechanism.

Although many of the writings on humor in psychotherapy have been dedicated to a sense of humor, there have been therapists who have written about strategies to consciously incorporate humor as a therapeutic tool ( 5 – 13 ). O’Brien ( 10 ) for example used the acronym SLAP (Surprise, Light-heartedness, Absurdity, and Perspective development) to instruct therapists in his study to deliberately take a humorous stance in the therapy sessions. Studying the possible benefits of positive psychology interventions on the wellbeing of participants, Wellenzohn et al. ( 5 , 12 , 13 ) and Crawford and Caltabiano ( 11 ) tested several humorous interventions and found results confirming happiness enhancing and depressive feelings decreasing effects. From another perspective than the positive psychology, Ellis ( 14 ) has written how he uses humor in his Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) in different ways with the goal of challenging the “crazy ideas” of his clients directly. The rationale behind this, according to Ellis, is that human disturbance is mainly based on “the exaggeration of the importance of the seriousness of things.” One of the main methods of helping the client could be the “ripping up of the exaggerations by humorous counter-exaggerations of the therapist.” Sarink ( 7 ) points out that humor is an essential ingredient when using the paradoxical techniques as applied in provocative therapy and in an approach like the logotherapy of Frankl ( 15 ). McGhee took a different approach and designed a method to teach clients to be more humorous and therefore be able to take on a humorous perspective on the problems they are dealing with ( 11 , 16 , 17 ). Even though the above authors use humor as a therapeutical technique, the problem remains that there is a scarcity of empirical research. Without more empirical support, the application of humor as a therapeutic intervention might be limited to merely an interesting topic to discuss. For clinicians to learn about the possibilities of humor interventions, more convincing data is required instead of theoretical assumptions and anecdotal evidence.

To be able to investigate humor in the clinical field, a starting point is to find a definition of what humor in therapy exactly is. This appears to be a challenging task because of the different perspectives researchers have ( 2 , 10 ). Authors have tried to explain too many different types of humor, while it still is questionable if a comprehensive theory of humor is possible at all ( 1 ). Although empirical research to humor production is scanty, when looking for a definition of “humorous interventions in psychotherapy” authors have proposed several aspects. Martin ( 1 ) for example considers the humor process as divided into four essential components: a social context; a cognitive-perceptual process; an emotional response; and the vocal-behavioral expression of laughter.

In the last decades, the perspective on humor in psychotherapy has mainly been one that explores the beneficial aspects. Sarink ( 7 ) describes how in earlier days some authors were advocating against the use of humor in the clinical setting ( 18 ). One of the problems of the use of humor by the therapist might be the blocking of the client’s flow of feeling and thinking. Another risk might be the disguised hostility of the therapist using humor. Moreover, humor could lead the client to doubt whether to take the therapist seriously or not.

Other authors are not negative about the use of humor but propose that therapists should always use the frame of reference of the clients, and the humor should not be directed at the clients as persons, but at their non-functional ideas ( 7 , 14 ). Panichelli ( 19 ) suggests that if therapists transmit their esteem and respect for the clients and their suffering, the use of humor is a situation of joining. Joining is seen as a fundamental aspect of establishing a therapeutic relationship which is necessary for therapeutic change.

The present study

Based on the current literature, we have found that the application of humor in psychotherapy is mainly considered to be useful. But with so many different viewpoints on humor and its application in mental health care, it is important to evaluate the empirical evidence on the subject. This review intends to give an overview of the studies on the application of humor as a therapeutic intervention that have been conducted in psychotherapy applied to clients with depressive or anxiety symptoms. Humor as a therapeutical intervention in psychotherapy has not been the subject of a systemic review of the literature so far.

Our second goal is to show the effect of humor on the levels of depression and anxiety symptoms, not so much whether they are effective in decreasing the symptoms.

Furthermore, we want to assess the empiric support of humor as a clinical intervention in psychotherapy according to the SIGN system ( 20 ).

Some systematic reviews focused on humor-related constructs like banter ( 6 ) and laughter ( 21 , 22 ). Although banter and laughter share conceptual similarities with humor, it is important to note that although laughter has been used frequently as a measure of (perceived) humor, laughter is not the same as humor. Sometimes we do not laugh although we find something funny. At other times, we laugh, not because of humor but because we feel guilt, anxiety, or nervousness ( 23 ). The same can be said about banter. Brooks et al. ( 6 ) found that when they split down the concept of banter in its main components, overlap with humor was found in the literature. Therefore, in this systematic review, we consider all humorous interventions and not just interventions based on banter or laughter.

Materials and methods

A systematic literature review of qualitative and quantitative research was performed in September and October of 2021. New publications were checked until June of 2022. We used the PRISMA guideline ( 24 ).

Review protocol

A review protocol was written before starting the literature search and was evaluated and approved by the director of the Ph.D thesis. Because this was not a clinical study, we did not preregister. Modifications and reports of the research process were added in a modified version of the review protocol. Both are accessible through: http://humorinpsychotherapy.com/review-protocol/ .

Eligibility criteria

Based on an early-stage orientation on the subject, our initial impression was that it would be difficult to find enough studies that would be eligible if we would only select for the variables: humor interventions and the effect on psychological flexibility, depression, and anxiety. 1 This was confirmed when we asked S. Hayes to provide scientific literature on these criteria. Hayes is a specialist in psychological flexibility through his work on the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). He could provide us with only three articles, which did not meet the eligibility criteria for this systematic review. Therefore, to prevent losing information that could be relevant to our research we decided to look for humor in the broadest sense of the word.

We used the following inclusion and exclusion criteria:

(a) No restrictions were imposed on the date of publication, (b) published, as well as unpublished, investigations were included, (c) articles in the English, Spanish, and Dutch language were included, (d) participants were adults (18–65 years). Regarding the type of studies we included (e) meta-analysis and systematic reviews, (f) randomized controlled trials, (g) observational studies with the principal focus on humor as a therapeutic intervention, (h) case studies with the principal focus on humor as a therapeutic intervention, (i) cross-sectional studies which contain humor as at least a variable of the personality of the therapist or client, (j) correlational studies that relate humor with one or more variables relevant to therapeutical interventions. Regarding the type of interventions, we included studies with (k) the focus on applying any type of humor in therapy, on the influence of humor on the psychopathology of the clients and/or their personality, (l) with interventions in an individual and/or group setting, and (m) the length of the interventions investigated should be at least a minimum of three sessions (brief therapy). There was no maximum to the number of sessions. Finally, regarding the type of outcome measures, we searched for studies that investigated (n) the role of humor in increasing the psychological flexibility of clients and the effect on their depression or anxiety. And (o) the outcome measures should have been derived from standardized and validated scales.

(p) Studies that focused on participants who are cognitively impaired due to, for example, autism, dementia, or an accident which led to brain damage, (q) studies that focused on participants from the main public, without being diagnosed with a depression and/or an anxiety disorder, and (r) studies performed outside a therapeutical setting.

Study selection

Information sources.

To search for relevant studies, we used the databases of the library of the University of Almería. We selected SCOPUS and Proquest as the main databases to start our search. These databases contain among others the following databases: Psychinfo, Medline/Pubmed, Psycarticles, PsycBOOKS, PsycTESTS, and Psychology database. Furthermore, we used the database Psicodoc because it contains studies in the Spanish language, and the database Narcis because it contains studies in the Dutch language.

When the full text article was not directly available after the initial search, we utilized the library of the University of Almería. The website ResearchGate also proved useful to request the full text articles from the authors themselves. On other occasions, we contacted the authors directly or asked for suggestions on more studies on the topic.

The search strategy that we used for all the databases can also be found in the online aforementioned review protocol.

Final study selection

Because of the scarcity of research we found that was consistent in method and target group, case studies were excluded because they would only provide a blurred vision on the subject, adding more anecdotal evidence/theorizing instead of a methodologically sound and clear contribution. Other studies were rejected because (a) they had nothing to do with humor, but for example with humoral body fluids or with humor in the sense of “mood,” (b) because they were addressing a setting in the (somatic) health psychology, or (c) they addressed research conducted in a coaching setting which both differ from the clinical psychology. (d) Many studies included humor as “a sense of humor” as part of coping without “humor” being the main focus of the research.

The entire process of searching for studies through selecting based on the eligibility criteria was performed by the main author and monitored by the second author.

In Figure 1 , the PRISMA flowchart is presented to demonstrate the results during the screening process of the literature.

PRISMA 2009 flow diagram ( 24 ). Adapted with permission from the PRISMA team as stated on https://www.prisma-statement.org//PRISMA Statement/CitingAndUsingPRISMA.aspx .

Risk of bias

For the present review, one problem is evident. Participants across the studies differ to a large extent. Research on a clinical population, investigating humor interventions applied to participants, and measuring the effect on depression and/or anxiety was scarce. So other studies with a different clinical population, but investigating depression and anxiety were included. Even though we included only two studies that reported solely about schizophrenic participants, in the selection procedure this population appeared most frequently as a type of participant, which made us suspect that this population is more commonly used for investigating different types of interventions compared to participants with other mental health issues. That could contribute to the selection bias as other populations are less frequently used in clinical research.

The number of participants in the selected outcome studies varied between 20 and 40 participants. Although this number was sufficient for statistical purposes, questions can be raised whether the results also have clinical validity. In one correlational study ( 25 ) the number of participants was 110. In the two systematic reviews that we included, a total of 86 studies without stating the total number of participants ( 21 ) and 814 participants over 10 studies ( 22 ) were used. It is to be assumed that these are sufficient numbers. We should note that in both these review articles, the participants were very heterogeneous (see Table 1 ). A possible bias inherent in our systematic review is that we only present the findings on depression and anxiety outcome measures, whereas seven of the 10 included studies report on other outcome measurements as well. This could lead to reporting bias.

Selected articles for qualitative synthesis.

Analytical approach

The included studies differed too much to perform a meta-analysis of the results (see Table 1 ). Therefore, we only performed a systematic review on all the included studies. In Table 2 the humor interventions used in each study are presented.

Interventions and control groups.

Outcome measures

Because of the differences between the studies selected, the individual outcomes of each study are presented.

Designs, countries, and languages used in studies

Of the 10 studies included in the analysis, two of them are review articles following the PRISMA guidelines. Four studies reported on randomized controlled trials (RCT). Three had a quasi-experimental design. One study was correlational (see Table 1 ).

Some of the studies in our review were also included in the systematic reviews. In the review by Van der Wal and Kok ( 21 ), the study of Cai et al. ( 17 ) is part of the 86 studies included in their qualitative synthesis. In the review by Zhao et al. ( 22 ), both the study of Cai et al. ( 17 ) and the study by Gelkopf et al. ( 26 ) are included in the selection of 10 articles to be analyzed. We have to conclude that there is some overlap, a bigger percentage for the Zhao review (20%), and a small percentage (1.16%) in the Van der Wal and Kok review.

Even though we searched for studies in Spanish and Dutch as well, only studies in English were included in the final analyses. The countries in which the research of the studies took place differ considerably: Belgium (1), Canada (1), China (2), Germany (1), Israel (1), The Netherlands (1), and USA (3).

Type of participants

The focus of this systematic review is on adults (age 18–65) in a clinical setting with a mild depression or mild anxiety disorder. In the 10 studies that we selected, we found a rather diverse group (see Table 1 ). First, in the systematic reviews that we included ( 21 , 22 ) participants differed considerably in age (children, adults, and elderly age 70) and in symptoms (for example, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, or breast cancer). In the RCT studies, we also saw a mix of different types of participants, who were all adults: not specified mental illness ( 27 ), undergraduate students with an anxiety disorder ( 28 ) or with mild symptoms in wellbeing ( 10 ), depression ( 29 ), or schizophrenia ( 17 , 26 ). Falkenberg et al. ( 16 ) included participants with a major depression in their quasi-experimental study. In the correlational study by Panichelli et al. ( 25 ), the same trend is being observed with participants suffering one or more of 12 different diagnoses ranging from depression, and anxiety to brief psychotic disorder.

Type of interventions and control conditions

Two of the 10 studies ( 10 , 25 ) contained therapeutic interventions applied by a therapist, such as: giving a humorous provocative nickname, using jokes and metaphors, exaggerating client’s ideas and behavior, or employing elements of SLAP (Surprise, Light-heartedness, Absurdity, and Perspective development) (see Table 2 ).

The other eight studies contained interventions that were not applied by a therapist in a one-on-one or a group therapy session with clients. Examples of these kinds of interventions are laughter induced by dancing, clapping, and laughing exercises ( 21 ), Humor Skill training ( 16 , 17 , 22 , 27 ), watching humorous movies or programs ( 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 , 29 ), and systematic desensitization where participants were taught to elicit a humorous perspective and complete incomplete statements about spiders in a humorous way ( 28 ).

The study of Deutsch ( 29 ) had an experimental design in which depressive and non-depressive participants had to react to humorous material by pressing a lever to see more humorous material. Although the design was not clinical, outcome was measured on the Beck Depression Inventory II and the amount of laughing.

In all studies a control group was used, except for Falkenberg et al. ( 16 ) and Panichelli et al. ( 25 ). The first because it was a quasi-experimental study, the latter because it was a correlational study. In the systematic reviews ( 21 , 22 ) all types of control groups were allowed. In the other six studies, treatment as usual ( 10 , 27 ), a waiting list ( 28 ), and a neutral condition ( 17 , 26 , 29 ) were chosen as control conditions.

Analysis of outcomes

In seven studies, depression was an outcome measure (see Table 3 ): The systematic review by Van der Wal and Kok ( 21 ) showed that 26 of the 31 studies reported on depression. Depression decreased significantly. There was a larger effect size when all included studies were selected, compared to when only RCT studies were selected. For humor-induced laughter, the average effect size was 41% lower than for non-humor-induced laughter ( d ppc 2 = 0.43 vs. d ppc 2 = 0.73). Non-humorous therapies showed an effect size twice as large as humorous therapies. However, questions were raised either about the replicability of the results or the clinical relevance of the significant, but small, reduction of outcome on the depression scales used (Beck Depression Inventory and Geriatric Depression Scale). The meta-analysis showed results similar to those of the systematic review.

Results on depression studies.

BDI, beck depression scale; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CGI-2, clinical global impressions scales for global improvement; STCI-S and T, State and Trait Cheerfulness Inventory; VAS, Visual Analog Scale, measuring expectations and effectiveness of the humor training on their mood as perceived by the participants.

In the Zhao et al. ( 22 ) systematic review nine of the 10 studies reported on depression. A significant effect of the interventions on depression was found in four of them. Laughter and humor interventions provided a statistical improvement in depression ( p = 0.001) with a small effect size pooled across studies. Six studies provided data on laughter therapies. A statistical improvement was found ( p < 0.0001), with a medium effect size pooled across studies. Three studies provided data on humor therapies. No significant intervention effect was found ( p = 0.34).

Deutsch ( 29 ) reports in his experimental study that a small but significant correlation was found between pre-test and post-test scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II for the non-depressed group: t (19) = 2.163 ( p < 0.05) indicating a decrease of depressive symptoms. For the depressed group, no significant differences were found: t (19) = –0.38 ( p > 0.05). It was not specified which of the three conditions (humorous, non-humorous, or control condition audio-visual material) contributed to what extent to these results.

In the study by Cai et al. ( 17 ), a decrease was found in the depression score [ F (1, 28) = 18.89; p < 0.005] in the humor group. Participants in the control group reported no changes in the depression score.

Gelkopf et al. ( 26 ) report that significant results were found for the total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score ( p < 0.001) as for anxiety-depression ( p < 0.001), which indicates that in the humor experimental group there was a decrease in the total number of observed psychiatric symptoms, especially those concerning anxiety and depression. These scores were based on the judgment of a psychiatrist. Self-scores by participants on anxiety or depression were significant.

Panichelli et al. ( 25 ) found that scores on the Hamilton Depression Scale significantly decreased ( p < 0.001) from 10.8 ± 5.8 (range 1–29) at session 1 to 7.9 ± 5.2 (range 0–23) at session 10 or later, which accounted for a Hamilton difference score of 2.9 ± 3.1 (range 7–12). Furthermore, a negative correlation was found with the Clinical General Impressions scale-2 score: r s = –0.37 ( p < 0.001), indicating higher ratings of the presence of humor in the therapy when participants improved more according to the clinical impression of the therapist. No correlation was found with Hamilton difference scores. But when applying a multiple regression analysis between session 10 Hamilton scores and client ratings of the presence of humor during sessions, a significant negative association between both parameters was found when adjusted for session 1 Hamilton scores ( p < 0.001). This same pattern was observed as seen from the therapist’s perspective ( p < 0.01). In the subgroup of clients who reported a high frequency of therapist-initiated humor (score > 2; 4 maximum; N = 45) clients who rated the therapist’s humor as less funny (score 0–2; N = 11) were compared with those who rated it as funnier (score 3–4; N = 34).

Falkenberg et al.’s ( 16 ) study results showed that there was no significant long-term improvement of depressive symptoms: Z = –1.4, p = 0.17 on the Beck Depression Inventory. Although the State and Trait Cheerfulness Inventory and the Visual Analog Scale were not designed to measure depression itself, cheerfulness and mood are frequently related to depression ( 30 , 31 ). The improvement in both state (Z = –2.2, p = 0.03) and trait cheerfulness (Z = –1.9, p = 0.05) proved to be significant. Meanwhile, decreases were significant in both state (Z = –2.2, p = 0.03) and trait seriousness (Z = –1.9, p = 0.05) and state (Z = –2.2, p = 0.03) but not trait (Z = –1.57, p = 0.12) bad mood. In the sessions, short-term mood improvement was achieved.

Five studies reported results on anxiety (see Table 4 ). In Van der Wal and Kok ( 21 ), anxiety was measured in 15 studies. In 14 of them, anxiety decreased significantly after the laughter-inducing intervention. The average effect size for humorous therapies was 49% lower than for non-humorous therapies ( d ppc 2 = 0.51 vs. d ppc 2 = 1.00).

Results on anxiety studies.

BAT, Behavioral Approach Test; SCD, Spider Cognitive-Dimensions; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.

Zhao et al. ( 22 ) reported on seven studies about the anxiety of which two found a significant effect. A significant improvement in anxiety was found ( p = 0.01) with a medium effect size of laughter and humor interventions. Five studies reported on laughter interventions. A significant result was found ( p = 0.02). In the two studies that reported on humor interventions no significant result was found ( p = 0.28).

The Ventis et al. ( 28 ) study shows that the two treatment groups (humorous and non-humorous systematic desensitization) showed significantly greater post-test scores on three measures: First of all, both groups completed significantly more items on the Behavioral Approach Test than the control group did [ F (2, 36) = 5,95, p = 0.006]. But the groups did not differ from each other. Then, both groups also exhibited significantly higher post-test scores on their Spider Cognitive-Dimension ratings, than the control group did [ F (2, 35) = 8.00, p = 0.001]. And again, no differences were found between the two groups. Only the systematic desensitization group differed significantly on the fear ratings [ F (2, 36) = 3.29, p = 0.049]. The humor desensitization group showed numerically similar results, but apparently not significant.

Cai et al. ( 17 ) report a decrease in the anxiety [ F (1, 28) = 27.11; p < 0.005] score in the humor group. In the control group, participants did not report changes in the anxiety score.

The results of Gelkopf et al. ( 26 ) on anxiety were described in the depression section above.

Not specified

In two studies (see Table 5 ), it was not clear whether depression or anxiety was measured, because of the use of transdiagnostic diagnosis in which there was no differentiation between disorders ( 27 ) or because the researcher used instruments measuring generalized discomfort or distress and the degree in which the problems bothered the participants rather than depression or anxiety explicitly ( 10 ).

Results on unspecified depression or anxiety studies.

Rudnick ( 27 ) reported that no significant results were found for attrition of mental health measures. There was only a marginally significant interaction effect for one of the experimental conditions with humor and time for self-esteem scores. The principal author of the study confirmed, after consulting him, that they did not explain what type of mental health measures were involved because it concerned a transdiagnostic research.

In the study by O’ Brien ( 10 ), both participants and therapist could distinguish between sessions in which more or less humor was used. But there the study failed to show a significant difference between the two conditions. A decrease of symptoms of distress measured on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-58 for both conditions was significant, t (9) = 5.64, p < 0.06 (humor) and t (9) = 3.21, p < 0.06 (non-humor). A decrease of problem distress based on global judgments by both the therapist and the participant measured on a 9-point Likert scale was only significant for the humor condition, t (9) = 3.61, p < 0.06.

Several authors consider humor as a useful tool in psychotherapy ( 1 , 7 , 14 , 19 , 25 , 32 ). We intended to present an overview of empirical evidence-based studies on all types of humor interventions and not just humor-related constructs like banter ( 6 ) and laughter ( 21 , 22 ). Our second goal was to present the available empirical data showing the effect of humor interventions on levels of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, we wanted to assess the empiric support of humor as a clinical intervention in psychotherapy according to the SIGN system ( 20 ). Based on the systematic reviews, the positive effects of humor on a decrease of depression seem present but less than the positive effects of the control groups which consisted of interventions that were not humorous ( 21 ), or no significant effect could be established for humorous interventions ( 22 ). Regarding the RCT, we can observe that three of them show a significant effect for humor interventions ( 16 , 17 , 25 , 26 , 29 ). However, in the Falkenberg ( 16 ) study, the main depression scale failed to show a significant effect. And although a significant effect was found in the study by Deutsch ( 29 ), it was only found in the non-depressive group of participants.

Regarding the effect of humor on anxiety, the same trend was noticeable in the Van der Wal and Kok ( 21 ) study. Humorous interventions showed a significant effect size, but the non-humorous interventions had an effect size twice as large. In the Zhao et al. ( 22 ) study, the laughter and humorous interventions together had a significant effect size. But when divided into a subgroup of laughter interventions and a subgroup of humorous interventions, only the laughter interventions continued to show this significant effect size. Of the four RCT studies on anxiety ( 17 , 26 – 28 ), only the Rudnick ( 27 ) study failed to show a significant effect on a decrease of anxiety. In the Ventis ( 28 ) study, three scales measured the effect on anxiety. On two scales, a significant result was found for both the humorous and neutral treatment groups. On the third, only the neutral treatment group was significant.

We have found that differently designed humorous interventions in different populations tend to show significant effects on a decrease of both depression and anxiety in several studies. At the same time, the variety in the design of the studies mirrors the image pictured in the introduction of this review that there is a great variety in viewpoints on the use of humor in psychotherapy. This is also being reflected in the selection procedure for this systematic review. First of all, we broadened the scope of participants in our systematic review. Second, both studies that included humorous interventions applied by a therapist only and studies in which participants were taught to apply humor themselves were included. Using the SIGN system ( 20 ) to assess the empirical support of the studies incorporated in our systematic review, we came to the conclusion that a B would be appropriate. It is important to note that this is due to the individual assessments of the studies. As a whole, there is still a high level of inconsistency between the studies regarding design, participants, and operationalization [ We use the term “operationalization” to refer to the process of turning abstract, in our case “humor,” concepts into measurable observations ]. Therefore, conclusions based on this review are not directly applicable in the clinical field but should be regarded as noteworthy information to continue the research in this area.

With such low consistency in the design of the studies, what are the challenges in the field of investigating humor according to our findings? First of all, the operationalization of humor. The definition of humor has an important impact on the operationalization in empirical research. In the selected studies we have observed humor with or without laughter, clown intervention, stand-up comedy training, watching comedy movies with or without discussing them, desensitization training applying humorous outlooks on the object of fear, humor skill training and humor applied by therapists containing elements of provocative therapy, or for example making comments which contained elements summarized by the acronym SLAP: surprise, lightheartedness, absurdity, and perspective development ( 10 ). Some of these interventions require the clients to produce humor themselves, others put them in a position of consuming or undergoing humor. A fundamental question that arises is, do clients need to produce humor themselves or not for it to be effective? According to Mindess ( 33 ), a shift from passive to active absorption of humor is very important. In a passive way, people may be able to reproduce humor, in an active way people might start to see things clearly and apply a humorous outlook on life themselves. This can be linked to the psychological flexibility in the ACT. Clients can sometimes be unable to distance themselves from their own situation to put into a broader context what happened to them and what they can do or change ( 7 ). Increasing psychological flexibility would mean that clients would be better able to distance themselves just like when producing humor. Another question is whether clients need to laugh as a result of the humor, i.e., do they need to find the humor funny to be effective? This question can be illustrated by the findings in Gelkopf et al. ( 26 ) and Panichelli et al. ( 25 ) where positive effects of the use of humor were found even when participants rated the particular sessions as less funny. Furthermore, how effective is humor if it is not directed specifically at the personal problems clients are dealing with, as is the case in the interventions where clients were presented with comedy movies or funny videoclips? Because of the differences in operationalization in the selected studies, it is not possible to say if they measured the same construct. Therefore, the moderate positive findings in this systematic review should be regarded with even more prudence.

Moreover, the design of the studies can have an important impact on the results found. Not only did we find differences in operationalizations of humor, but the participants differed as well. Although we selected studies in which a clinical setting was applied, participants differed in symptomology (ranging from distress to depression, anxiety, or even schizophrenia) and in the way they were recruited (ranging from students in undergraduate courses to chronic patients in a hospital ward). The number of participants was low in three studies (6, 20, and 22 participants). In the others, the number of participants ranged between 30 and 110. Only in the systematic reviews that we used data of larger numbers of participants were incorporated. Therefore, it is difficult to draw clear conclusions based on these findings.

Another point of criticism on the selected studies is that one had an experimental design, two a quasi-experimental design, one had a correlational design, five were RCT and two were systematic reviews. The inferences one can make based on these different designs are very different. Even though the results of these differently designed studies are presented together, we do not want to pretend that their conclusions can be added up.

And finally, in the study of Panichelli et al. ( 25 ), data were analyzed in retrospect, making reporting bias and confounding factors possible which could not be controlled and presenting a possible risk for the validity of the findings.

The empirical data presented in this review of the present literature about humor in psychotherapy offers interesting perspectives about its potential psychotherapeutic effects on depression and anxiety. However, more research taking into account the above suggestions for improving the research design is needed. It would be valuable to investigate the effects of stimulating participants to actively produce humor compared to the situation in which participants are passive recipients of humor. Also of interest is the question of whether a difference might be observed when humor interventions of the therapist are directed at the client’s presenting problem, or whether the therapist’s humor is directed at anything else. The first might be a more risky move for the therapist because of the strain it can put on the therapeutic relationship, but could have more impact and therefore be more effective for the client. The latter could be “safer” for the therapist and the client but could be beneficial in lowering anxiety and establishing and enhancing the therapeutic alliance. An important starting point should be a clear operationalization, i.e., using a consistent way of measuring humor in psychotherapy. Although Martin ( 1 ) suggested that the reversal theory of humor could be seen as a future framework for an integrative theory of humor, in our opinion it is too early to integrate different viewpoints while within the individual theories there still is a lack of well-designed RCT research. At some point, an integration approach could prove to be the optimum solution, because probably the best way to view the concept of humor is the same as approaching the multi-facetted construct of IQ. Different aspects of humor can all contribute in some way to the wellbeing of clients with mental health problems. Thus, interventions based on a cognitive approach of humor will focus on other dimensions of humor and its application in psychotherapy than an emotional or a behavioral approach. Similarly, interventions designed to stimulate clients to produce humor themselves will have other effects on them than interventions in which they are more passive recipients of humor. They all can be beneficial, and the different approaches might be combined. But let us first investigate the different aspects before integrating them.

To continue this investigation to humor and to integrate its different aspects we propose an approach to humorous interventions in psychotherapy based on Koestler’s ( 34 ), Sul’s ( 35 ), and Shultz’s ( 36 ) approaches. A humorous intervention in psychotherapy contains surprise which will make clients confused for a moment. Because of this confusion clients are invited to doubt their habitual form of approaching their life and must search for an alternative framework to resolve the confusion. In this process, clients are taking on new perspectives, have a chance to distance themselves from the actual situation, and feel relieved when they discover a solution or realizes that what first seemed to be a problem, stopped being one. Most commonly clients recognize the intervention as a humorous one and/or have to laugh. However, an intervention can be humorous without clients recognizing it and having to laugh because of it. This framework is intended to initiate wider research to the application of humor in psychotherapy. There is, of course, a possibility that based on the results of future research, this definition needs to be modified.

Data availability statement

Author contributions.

FS and JG-M conceived the study. FS wrote the initial draft and all tabular material. JG-M supervised the study and critically revised the manuscript. Both authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We thank the University of Almería’s Contextual Therapies training program for the suggestions about the content of this article and the financial support. We also thank P. Jeremiah and M. McCabe for proofreading the language.

1 This review is part of a Ph.D thesis on the role of humor on the psychological flexibility of patients with a mild depression or anxiety disorder. Our goal therefore was to present a systematic review on humor interventions and the effect on psychological flexibility, depression, and anxiety.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

120 Creative and Funny Ways to Say Depressed

Depression can be a funny thing. When we think of the word “ depressed ,” we often immediately associate it with sadness and gloominess. But what if there was a way for us to flip the script on this difficult emotion and approach every day with humor? Research has shown that humor is an excellent coping mechanism for depression, so why not use some creative and funny ways to say depressed to lighten up our lives just a bit?

In this blog post, we will discuss how laughter can transform our moods when dealing with depression and provide eight innovative yet humorous words or phrases that you can use in your own life. Keep reading to find out more!

Ways to Say Depressed

Below are the 5 best ways to say “Depressed” in 2024:

• Experiencing a mental health low
• Struggling with emotional wellness
• Feeling overwhelmingly down
• Battling inner darkness
• In a mental fog

Funny Ways to Say Depressed

Below are the 60 funny ways to say “Depressed”:

• Feeling like I’m the lead character in a blues song.
• Riding the emotional roller coaster but stuck at the bottom.
• Currently a VIP member of the existential dread club.
• Got a season pass to the melancholy museum.
• In a funk funkier than an old jazz club.
• Hosting a pity party, and I’m the guest of honor.
• My happy meter is running on empty.
• Feeling like a deflated balloon after a party.
• Riding the downward spiral like a theme park attraction.
• My inner sunshine is experiencing a solar eclipse.
• Stuck in a jar of pickles, metaphorically speaking.
• My enthusiasm decided to take a rain check.
• Playing tag with my shadow and losing.
• At the bottom of a well, sending up smoke signals.
• My pep has left the building.
• On a treasure hunt for my lost smiles.
• My spirit animal is a sloth on a slow day.
• Surfing the low tide of my mood wave.
• Dancing with the doldrums.
• My get-up-and-go got up and went without me.
• In a pickle with my inner gherkin.
• Feeling like Eeyore lost in a fog.
• Cuddling with my pet gloom.
• Having a not-so-amusing time at the funk fair.
• My inner clown is frowning.
• Singing the blues without a microphone.
• My joy buzzer is on the fritz.
• Lost in the sauce of sorrow.
• Playing hide and seek with my mojo, and I’m losing.
• The sparkle in my sparkle has gone out.
• Feeling like a sunflower on a cloudy day.
• My inner comedian forgot the punchline.
• It’s like my joy took a wrong turn.
• Marching in the gloom parade.
• My giggle generator is on the fritz.
• Feeling like a deflated whoopee cushion.
• My smile is stuck in traffic.
• The batteries in my happy remote need changing.
• Riding the melancholy merry-go-round.
• My optimism is out to lunch.
• I’m in a tango with a gloomy tune.
• My mood is sponsored by the color gray.
• Playing solitaire with my sorrows.
• My zest for life is zesting lemons instead.
• It’s like I’m the main act at the bummer circus.
• Stuck in the sandbox of sulk.
• My laugh track is on mute.
• The DJ in my head is playing sad songs on repeat.
• Feeling like a raincloud in a parade.
• My inner child is taking a time-out.
• Waiting for my happy app to update.
• My pep rally got rained out.
• It’s like I’m a balloon caught in a thorn bush.
• My spirit is stuck in a slow elevator.
• Feeling like a muted trumpet in a jazz band.
• I’m on a detour down dreary lane.
• It’s like my soul is wearing socks on a slippery floor.
• My mental merry-go-round lost its merry.
• I’m the king of the castle of gloom.
• It’s like my happiness is hibernating.

More Related:

Funny Ways to Say You’re Depressed

Funny Ways to Say I’m Sad

Creative Ways to Say Depressed

Below are the 60 creative ways to say “Depressed”:

• Gloomy cloud looms.
• Sorrowful heart sinks.
• Darkness engulfs soul.
• Despair grips tightly.
• Mirthless spirit wanders.
• Happiness eludes grasp.
• Melancholy drowns thoughts.
• Dismal fog descends.
• Bleak mood prevails.
• Feeling void inside.
• Joylessness consumes me.
• Drowning in desolation.
• Lost in sadness.
• Heavy heart weighs.
• Emotional storm brews.
• Swallowed by hopelessness.
• Wallowing in woe.
• Smothered by dejection.
• Sunken into misery.
• Cheerlessness shrouds mind.
• Down in the dumps
• Unhappy/sad
• Discouraged
• Weary/Tired
• Defeated/Deflated
• Heavy-hearted
• Low-spirited
• Glum/Despondent
• Forlorn/Hopeless
• Broken-hearted
• Disheartened
• Heartbroken
• Suicidal thoughts/ideation
• Struggling/Battling
• Gutted/Devastated
• Overwhelmed
• Unbearable sadness
• Exhausted from trying to hide it
• In a funk/daze
• Grief-stricken/Grieving
• Despairing/Despair
• At wit’s end
• Chaotic/Confused mind
• Inner turmoil/turmoil in the soul
• Lost and scared/frightened of the future
• Anxious about everything, even things that should be enjoyable
• Feeling powerless to make it better
• Buried under a mountain of worries and fears
• Numb/Emotionally detached
• Exhausted from burying emotions
• Frozen in sadness and fear
• Unable to face one more day
• Heavy hearted
• In a deep, dark hole
• Out of hope

Synonyms of Depression:

• Despondency
• Unhappiness
• Hopelessness
• Low spirits
• Discouragement
• Displeasure
• Peevishness
• Disheartenment
• Dejectedness
• Self-reproach
• Apprehension
• Nervousness

Related Posts

100 Creative and Funny Ways to Say Get Well Soon

20+ Creative and Funny Ways to Say Cum

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April 18, 2024

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Donald Trump and Megan Mullally performing the Green Acres theme song at the Emmy Awards, Los Angeles, September 2005

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In the Warsaw Ghetto in October 1941 Mary Berg, then a teenager, wrote in her diary about the improbable persistence of laughter in that hellish place:

Every day at the Art Café on Leszno Street one can hear songs and satires on the police, the ambulance service, the rickshaws, and even the Gestapo, in a veiled fashion. The typhus epidemic itself is the subject of jokes. It is laughter through tears, but it is laughter. This is our only weapon in the ghetto—our people laugh at death and at the Nazi decrees. Humor is the only thing the Nazis cannot understand.

Berg here movingly expresses a common and comforting idea. Laughter is one of the few weapons that the weak have against the strong. Gallows humor is the one thing that cannot be taken away from those who are about to be hanged, the final death-defying assertion of human dignity and freedom. And the hangmen don’t get the jokes. Fascists don’t understand humor.

There is great consolation in these thoughts. Yet is it really true that fascists don’t get humor? Racist, misogynistic, antisemitic, xenophobic, antidisabled, and antiqueer jokes have always been used to dehumanize those who are being victimized. The ghetto humor that Berg recorded was a way of keeping self-pity at bay. But as Sigmund Freud pointed out, jokes can also be a way of shutting down pity itself by identifying those who are being laughed at as the ones not worthy of it: “A saving in pity is one of the most frequent sources of humorous pleasure.” Humor, as in Berg’s description, may be a way of telling us not to feel sorry for ourselves. But it is more often a way of telling us not to feel sorry for others. It creates an economy of compassion, limiting it to those who are laughing and excluding those who are being laughed at. It makes the polarization of humanity fun.

Around the time that Berg was writing her diary, Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer were pointing to the relationship between Nazi rallies and this kind of comedy. The rally, they suggested, was an arena in which a release that was otherwise forbidden was officially permitted:

The anti-Semites gather to celebrate the moment when authority lifts the ban; that moment alone makes them a collective, constituting the community of kindred spirits. Their ranting is organized laughter. The more dreadful the accusations and threats, the greater the fury, the more withering is the scorn. Rage, mockery, and poisoned imitation are fundamentally the same thing.

Donald Trump is not a Nazi, and his followers are (mostly) not fascists. But it is not hard to see how this description resonates with his campaign appearances. Trump is America’s biggest comedian. His badinage is hardly Wildean, but his put-downs, honed to the sharpness of stilettos, are many people’s idea of fun. For them, he makes anger, fear, and resentment entertaining.

For anyone who questions how much talent and charisma this requires, there is a simple answer: Ron DeSantis. Why did DeSantis’s attempt to appeal to Republican voters as a straitlaced version of Trump fall so flat? Because Trumpism without the cruel laughter is nothing. It needs its creator’s fusion of rage, mockery, and poisoned imitation, whether of a reporter with a disability or (in a dumb show that Trump has been playing out in his speeches in recent months) of Joe Biden apparently unable to find his way off a stage. It demands the withering scorn for Sleepy Joe and Crooked Hillary, Crazy Liz and Ron DeSanctimonious, Cryin’ Chuck and Phoney Fani. It requires the lifting of taboos to create a community of kindred spirits. It depends on Trump’s ability to be pitiless in his ridicule of the targets of his contempt while allowing his audience to feel deeply sorry for itself. (If tragedy, as Aristotle claimed, involves terror and pity, Trump’s tragicomedy deals in terror and self-pity.)

Hard as it is to understand, especially for those of us who are too terrified to be amused, Trump’s ranting is organized laughter. To understand his continuing hold over his fans, we have to ask: Why is he funny?

This is not the 1930s or the 1940s, and we should not expect this toxic laughter to be organized quite as it was then. Trump functions in a culture supersaturated with knowingness and irony. In twentieth-century European fascism, the relationship between words and actions was clear: the end point of mockery was annihilation. Now, the joke is “only a joke.” Populist politics exploits the doubleness of comedy—the way that “only a joke” can so easily become “no joke”—to create a relationship of active connivance between the leader and his followers in which everything is permissible because nothing is serious.

This shift has happened in Europe, too. Think of Boris Johnson’s clown act, his deliberately ruffled hair, rumpled clothes, and ludicrous language. Or think of Giorgia Meloni, the first Italian prime minister from the far right since Benito Mussolini, posting on election day in September 2022 a TikTok video of herself holding two large melons ( meloni in Italian) in front of her breasts: fascism as adolescent snigger. It is impossible to think of previous far-right leaders engaging in such public self-mockery. Only in our time is it possible for a politician to create a sense of cultlike authority by using the collusiveness of comedy, the idea that the leader and his followers are united by being in on the joke.

Trump may be a narcissist, but he has a long history of this kind of self-caricature. When he did the Top Ten List on the David Letterman show in 2009, he seemed entirely comfortable delivering with a knowing smirk the top ten “financial tips” written for him, including “When nobody’s watching I go into a 7/11 and stick my head under a soda nozzle”; “Save money by styling your own hair” (pointing to his own improbable coiffure); “Sell North Dakota to the Chinese”; “If all else fails, steal someone’s identity”; and “The fastest way to get rich: marry and divorce me.” This performance, moreover, was the occasion for Trump’s entry into the world of social media. His first ever tweet was: “Be sure to tune in and watch Donald Trump on Late Night with David Letterman as he presents the Top Ten List tonight!”

At the 2005 Emmy Awards, Trump dressed in blue overalls and a straw hat and, brandishing a pitchfork, sang the theme song from the 1960s TV comedy Green Acres . Trump is a terrible singer and a worse actor, but he seemed completely unembarrassed on stage. He understood the joke: that Oliver, the fictional character he was impersonating, is a wealthy Manhattanite who moves to rustic Hooterville to run a farm, following his dream of the simple life—an alternative self that was amusing because it was, for Trump, unimaginable. But he may have sensed that there was also a deep cultural resonance. The Apprentice was “reality TV ,” a form in which the actual and the fictional are completely fused.

Green Acres , scenes from which played on a screen behind Trump as he was singing, pioneered this kind of metatelevision. Its debut episode set it up as a supposed documentary presented by a well-known former newscaster. Its characters regularly broke the fourth wall. When Oliver launched into rhapsodic speeches about American rural values, a fife rendition of “Yankee Doodle” would play on the soundtrack, and the other characters would move around in puzzlement trying to figure out where the musician was. Eva Gabor, playing Oliver’s pampered wife, admits on the show that her only real talent is doing impressions of Zsa Zsa Gabor, the actor’s more famous real-life sister.

The critic Armond White wrote in 1985 that “ Green Acres ’ surreal rationale is to capture the moment American gothic turns American comic.” Trump playing Oliver in 2005 may be the moment American comedy turned gothic again. Whoever had the idea of connecting Trump back to Green Acres clearly understood that “Donald Trump” had by then also become a metatelevision character, a real-life failed businessman who impersonated an ultrasuccessful mogul on The Apprentice . And Trump went along with the conceit because he instinctively understood that self-parody was not a threat to his image—it was his image. This connection to Green Acres was reestablished by Trump himself as president of the United States. In December 2018, as he was about to sign the Farm Bill into law, Trump tweeted, “Farm Bill signing in 15 minutes! #Emmys #TBT,” with a clip of himself in the Green Acres spoof. Hooterville and the White House were as one.

What is new in the development of antidemocratic politics is that Trump brings all this comic doubleness—the confusion of the real and the performative, of character and caricature—to bear on the authoritarian persona of the caudillo, the duce, the strongman savior. The prototype dictators of the far right may have looked absurd to their critics (“Hitler,” wrote Adorno and Horkheimer, “can gesticulate like a clown, Mussolini risk false notes like a provincial tenor”), but within the community of their followers and the shadow community of their intended victims, their histrionics had to be taken entirely seriously. Trump, on the other hand, retains all his self-aware absurdity even while creating a political persona of immense consequence.

This comic-authoritarian politics has some advantages over the older dictatorial style. It allows a threat to democracy to appear as at worst a tasteless prank: in the 2016 presidential campaign even liberal outlets like The New York Times took Hillary Clinton’s e-mails far more seriously than Trump’s open stirring of hatred against Mexicans and Muslims. Funny-autocratic functions better in a society like that of the US, where the boundaries of acceptable insult are still shifting and mainstream hate-mongering still has to be light on its feet. It allows racial insults and brazen lies to be issued, as it were, in inverted commas. If you don’t see those invisible quotation marks, you are not smart enough—or you are too deeply infected by the woke mind virus—to be in on the joke. You are not part of the laughing community. The importance of not being earnest is that it defines the boundaries of the tribe. The earnest are the enemy.

The extreme right in America was very quick to understand the potency of “only a joke” in the Internet age. In a 2001 study of three hate speech websites sympathetic to the Ku Klux Klan, Michael Billig noted that each of them described itself on its home page as a humorous exercise. The largest, called “N…..jokes KKK ” (the ellipsis is mine) carried the disclaimers: “You agree by entering this site, that this type of joke is legal where you live, and you agree that you recognize this site is meant as a joke not to be taken seriously”; “And you agree that this site is a comedy site, not a real racist site”; “We ARE NOT real life racists.”

What does “real life” even mean when Klansmen are not really racist? The power of this “humorous” mode of discourse lies at least partly in the way it blurs the distinctions between the real and the symbolic, and between words and actions. Consider the example of some of the men tried for their alleged parts in a 2020 plot to kidnap Gretchen Whitmer, the Democratic governor of Michigan. One of them, Barry Croft, insisted at his trial in 2022 that he was joking most of the time when he posted on Facebook questions like “Which governor is going to end up being dragged off and hung for treason first?” Another, Brandon Caserta, was acquitted in 2022 in part because he successfully pleaded that violent statements he made on Facebook and in secretly recorded meetings of the group were not serious. These included claims that the Second Amendment sanctions the killing of “agents of the government when they become tyrannical.” “I may kill dozens of agents but eventually die in the process,” Caserta wrote on Facebook in May 2020. He later posted that he would beat government agents so hard they would “beg til they couldn’t beg any more because their mouth is so full of blood.”

At Croft’s trial, his defense attorney put it to an FBI witness that a meme Croft posted showing thirty bullets as “30 votes that count” was “A little tongue-in-cheek? A little bit funny?” On the second season of Jon Ronson’s superb podcast series for the BBC , Things Fell Apart , Caserta acknowledges that, on the secret recordings, he is heard to urge his fellow militia members that any lawyers advocating for the Covid vaccine be decapitated in their own homes, speaks of “wanting Zionist banker blood,” and advocates blowing up buildings where the vaccine is manufactured. He nonetheless insists to Ronson:

This isn’t something I’m dead serious about. This is nothing I ever planned. It’s funny, dude! It’s funny! It’s fun to blow stuff up. It’s fun to shoot guns. It’s fun to say ridiculous offensive shit. And if it offends you, so what? I don’t care about your feelings and how you feel about words. Sorry!

The twist of logic here is striking: Caserta equates blowing stuff up and shooting people with saying ridiculous offensive shit. Violent words and violent actions are all covered by the same disclaimer—one that Trump’s apologists use to blur the relationship between his words and his followers’ actions in the assault on the Capitol on January 6, 2021. In the Trumpian twilight zone where democracy is dying but not yet dead, the connection between words (“fight like hell”) and deeds (the armed invasion of the Capitol) must be both strong and weak, sufficiently “no joke” to be understood by the faithful yet sufficiently “only a joke” to be deniable to the infidels. The comic mode is what creates the plausible deniability that in turn allows what used to be mainstream Republicans (and some Democrats) to remain in denial about what Trumpism really means.

For those who love Trump, there is something carnivalesque in all of this. In his discussion of “mediaeval laughter” in Rabelais and His World , Mikhail Bakhtin wrote that “one might say that it builds its own world versus the official world, its own church versus the official church, its own state versus the official state.” Bakhtin suggested that the

festive liberation of laughter…was a temporary suspension of the entire official system with all its prohibitions and hierarchic barriers. For a short time life came out of its usual, legalized and consecrated furrows and entered the sphere of utopian freedom.

Trump and many of his followers have made this quite literal. They create their own America, their own republic, their own notions of legality, their own church of the leader’s cult, their own state versus what they see as the official state. In this way, extreme polarization becomes a sphere of utopian freedom.

This is the capacious zone in which Trump’s comedy operates, an arena that admits everyone who gets the joke, from those who fantasize about killing tyrants, decapitating lawyers, and torturing government agents to those who just like to blow off steam by listening to their hero saying stuff that riles the woke enemy. It is crucial that in Trump’s delivery there is no shift from mockery to seriousness, no line between entertainment and violence. His singsong tone is generous and flexible, serving equally well for vaudeville and vituperation. In his streams of consciousness, they flow together as complementary currents.

In the recent speeches in which he has upped the ante on openly fascist rhetoric by characterizing his opponents as “vermin” and accusing immigrants of “poisoning the blood of our country,” it is notable that his cadence is soft, almost lilting. There is no warning to his audience that these comments are of a different order. They are not even applause lines. By underplaying them, Trump leaves open the fundamental question: Is his mimicking of Hitler’s imagery just another impersonation, all of a piece with the way he does Biden and Haley in funny voices or even with the way he sings the theme song from Green Acres ?

Even when Trump actually goes the whole way and acknowledges that his rhetoric is indeed Hitlerian, as he did in a speech in Iowa after the alarmed reaction of liberals to his previous “poisoning the blood” speech, it is in a passage that jumbles together murderous intent, complaint about the media, and comic acting: “They are destroying the blood of our country. That’s what they’re doing…. They don’t like it when I said that. And I never read Mein Kampf .” But he makes the “Kampf” funny, puckering his lips and elongating the “pf” so it sounds like a rude noise. He continues: “They said ‘Oh, Hitler said that.’” Then he adds his defense: “in a much different way.” It is the stand-up comedian’s credo: it’s not the jokes, it’s the way you tell ’em. And this is, indeed, true—the difference is in the way he tells it, in a voice whose ambiguous pitch has been perfected over many years of performance.

The knowingness is all. In the speech in Conway, South Carolina, on February 10, in which he openly encouraged Russia to attack “delinquent” members of NATO , this startling statement, with potential world-historical consequences, was preceded by Trump’s metatheatrical riff on the idea of “fun.” What was fun, he told his followers, was the reaction he could provoke just by saying “Barack Hussein Obama”:

Every time I say it, anytime I want to have a little fun…even though the country is going to hell, we have to have a little bit of fun…. Remember Rush Limbaugh, he’d go “Barack Hooosaynn Obama”—I wonder what he was getting at.

He then segued into another commentary on his own well-honed send-up of Joe Biden: “I do the imitation where Biden can’t find his way off the stage…. So I do the imitation—is this fun?—I say this guy can’t put two sentences together…and then I go ‘Watch!’” (He said the word with a comic pout.) “I’ll imitate him. I go like this: ‘Haw!’” Trump hunches his shoulders and extends his arm, in a parody of Biden’s gestures. In this burlesque, Trump is not just mimicking his opponent; he is explicitly reenacting his own previous mocking impersonation, complete with commentary. He is simultaneously speaking, acting, and speaking about his acting.

It is within this “fun” frame that Trump proceeded to insinuate that there is something awry with Nikki Haley’s marriage: “Where’s her husband? Oh he’s away…. What happened to her husband? What happened to her husband! Where is he? He’s gone. He knew, he knew.” He and presumably many members of the audience were aware that Michael Haley is currently serving in Djibouti with the South Carolina National Guard. But as part of the show, with the funny voices and the exaggerated gestures, that lurid hint at some mysteriously unmentionable scandal (“He knew, he knew”) is somehow amusing. And then so is Trump’s story about telling an unnamed head of a “big” NATO country that the US would not defend it from invasion and—the punch line—that he would “encourage” Russia “to do whatever the hell they want.” Here Trump is acting in both senses, both ostentatiously performing and exerting a real influence on global politics—but which is which? How can we tell the dancer from the dance?

This shuffling in a typical Trump speech of different levels of seriousness—personal grudges beside grave geopolitics, savage venom mixed with knockabout farce, possible truths rubbing up against outrageous lies—creates a force field of incongruities. Between the looming solidity of Trump’s body and the airy, distracted quality of his words, in which weightless notions fly off before they are fully expressed, he seems at once immovable and in manic flux.

Incongruity has long been seen as one of the conditions of comedy. Francis Hutcheson in Reflections Upon Laughter (1725) noted that it is “this contrast or opposition of ideas of dignity and meanness which is the occasion of laughter.” The supposedly dignified idea of “greatness” is vital to Trump’s presence and rhetoric. But it is inextricably intertwined with the mean, the inconsequential, even the infantile. He is at one moment the grandiose man of destiny and the next a naughty child—an incongruity that can be contained only within an organized laughter in which the juxtaposition of incompatibilities is the essence of fun. This is why Trump’s lapses into pure gibberish—like telling a National Rifle Association gathering in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on February 9 that the Democrats are planning to “change the name of Pennsylvania” and that, in relation to the marble columns in the hall, it was “incredible how they could [have been built] years ago without the powerful tractors that you have today”—do not make his fans alarmed about his mental acuity. Cognitive dysfunction is not a worry with a man whose métier is cognitive dissonance.

Part of the dissonance is that Trump’s stand-up routine is completely dependent on the idea that he and his audience most despise: political correctness. Like much of the worst of contemporary comedy, Trump both amuses and thrills his audience by telling them that he is saying what he is not allowed to say. “Beautiful women,” he said at the rally in South Carolina after pointing to a group of female superfans in the audience. “You’re not allowed to say that anymore, but I’ll say it…. That usually is the end of a career, but I’ll say it.” There are so many layers to a moment like this: the idea that the woke mob is stopping manly men from complimenting attractive women, a sideways nod toward the “pussygate” tapes that should have ended Trump’s political career but didn’t, a dig at the Me Too movement, a reiteration of Trump’s right to categorize women as “my type” or “not my type,” the power of the leader to lift prohibitions—not just for himself but, in this carnivalesque arena of utopian freedom, for everyone in the audience.

Flirting with the unsayable has long been part of his shtick. If we go all the way back to May 1992 to watch Trump on Letterman’s show, there is a moment when Trump silently mouths the word “shit.” He does this in a way that must have been practiced rather than spontaneous—it takes some skill to form an unspoken word so clearly for a TV audience that everyone immediately understands it. Letterman plays his straight man: “You ain’t that rich, Don, you can’t come on here and say that.” But of course Trump did not “say” it. A sympathetic audience loves a moment like this because it is invited to do the transgressive part in its head. It gets the pleasure of filling in the blank.

Trump’s audiences, in other words, are not passive. This comedy is a joint enterprise of performer and listener. It gives those listeners the opportunity for consent and collusion. Consider a televised speech Trump gave at the Al Smith Dinner, hosted by the Catholic archbishop of New York, Cardinal Timothy Dolan, in October 2016, near the end of the presidential campaign. The dinner, held to raise money for Catholic charities, is traditionally the last occasion on which the two main presidential candidates share a stage—Hillary Clinton was also present. Trump deadpanned that he knew he would have a receptive audience because “so many of you in the archdiocese already have a place in your heart for a guy who started out as a carpenter working for his father. I was a carpenter working for my father. True.”

What is the joke here? That Trump is like Jesus Christ. Imagine if Clinton had attempted an equivalent gag. There would have been outrage and uproar: Clinton has insulted all Christians by making a blasphemous comparison between herself and the divine Savior. But the cameras cut to Dolan, a sycophantic supporter of Trump, and showed him laughing heartily. And if the cardinal found it funny, it was funny. It was thus an in-joke. If Clinton had made it, it would be the ultimate out-joke, proof of the Democrats’ contempt for people of faith.

But what is allowed as funny will sooner or later be proposed seriously. Many of those attending Trump rallies now wear T-shirts that proclaim “Jesus Is My Savior. Trump Is My President.” Some of them illustrate the slogan with a picture of an ethereal Christ laying both his hands on Trump’s shoulders. What begins as a risqué quip ends up as a religious icon. There is no line here between sacrilege and devotion, transgressive humor and religious veneration.

Just as Trump’s jokes can become literal, his ugly realities can be bathed in the soothing balm of laughter. Long before he ran for president, he was indulged on the late-night talk shows as the hilarious huckster. In 1986 Letterman tried repeatedly to get Trump to tell him how much money he had, and when he continually evaded the question, Letterman broke the tension with the laugh-line, “You act like you’re running for something.” In December 2005 Conan O’Brien asked him, “You also have an online school? Is that correct?” Trump replied, “Trump University—if you want to learn how to get rich.” The audience howled with laughter, presumably not because they thought he was kidding but because the very words “Trump University” are innately absurd. When he did that Top Ten List on Letterman in 2009, Trump’s comic financial advice included “For tip number four, simply send me $29.95.”

But these jokes came true. Trump wouldn’t say how much he was worth because his net worth was partly fictional. Trump did run for something. Trump University was an innately funny idea that people took seriously enough to enable Trump to rip them off. And Trump does want you to send him $29.95—the first thing you get on Trump’s official website is an insistent demand: “Donate Today.” This is the thing about Trump’s form of organized laughter, in which the idea of humor obscures the distinction between outlandish words and real-life actions. Sooner or later, the first becomes the second. The in-joke becomes the killer line.

March 21, 2024

Who Should Regulate Online Speech?

Small Island

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Fintan O’Toole is the Advising Editor at The New York Review and a columnist for The Irish Times. His most recent book, We Don’t Know Ourselves: A Personal History of Modern Ireland , was published in the US last year. (March 2024)

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