descriptive essay on drug abuse

Drugs Abuse Descriptive Essay

A drug abuse is considered as a chemical that has been intended to make a person addicted to the drugs. The study of Wills illustrates that drug abuse is the obsessed habit of a person to consume illegal drugs on a daily basis (Wills 79). In this concern, it becomes evident that drugs abuse is regarded as illegal as it has numerous adverse effects on the general public.

On the other hand, it is an observable fact that illegal drugs are easily available all over the places in the metropolitan cities as well. It is estimated that more than 30 million people consume illegal drugs on a daily basis (Wills 91). The worst aspect of drug abuse is that it makes a person addictive. Therefore, the consumers become obsessed with the harmful drugs and start to consume those drugs in an excessive amount which creates a lot of trouble for the people. The harmful drug compounds are available in different forms including liquor and cigarettes.

There are various reasons for consuming drugs and there are different types of drugs used by people that are harmful for them and for the entire society. It is difficult to understand that how people become addicted to drug use and then their brain change it to foster compulsive drug abuse. Drug abuse has become a social problem. Mostly, those who are morally weak get addicted to drugs.

Effect of Drugs Abuse on Public

The study based on drugs abuse illustrates that the habit that makes a person addictive to the harmful compounds has a negative and pessimistic impact on the health and social issues of human being (Lowinson 121). In this concern, it could be considered that drugs abuse is causing a lot of health related issues including cancer and asthma. Moreover, it makes a person drowsier and weaker, and they are not able to work effective which in return disturbs their financial scheme. Many cases have been reported where the employees are being fired by their company’s manager due to the reason that the employee was involved in usage of illegal drugs.

Apart from all the health-related issues, the illegal drugs abuse is also giving rise to the problems in the society as well (Roleff 187). For instance, a person that is consuming illegal and harmful drugs on regular basis typically loses their determination and strength of becoming an impactful person in society. Therefore, many students fail to achieve passing grades because of consumption of harmful drugs. The people who are drug addict become aggressive due to which they harm others in order to take out their frustrations.

Strategies Adopted to Control Drug Abuse

It is a noticeable fact that governmental organizations and commoners have adopted several strategies to control the issues and consequences of drugs abuse in society. The governmental organizations have established strict laws to prevent drug abuse by giving punishment to the consumers (Sloboda and Bukoski 27). Moreover, the general public has also actively participated in making the governmental policies successful by notifying the governmental officials about those people who are secretly consuming harmful drugs. On the other hand, many hospitals have also been established to provide a treatment to drug addicts and convince them to stop consuming drugs.

• Lowinson, Joyce H. Substance abuse. London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013.
• Roleff, Tamara L. Drug abuse: opposing viewpoints. New York: Greenhaven Press, 2014.
• Sloboda, Zili and William J. Bukoski. Handbook of drug abuse prevention. New York: Springer Publishers, 2015.
• Wills, Simon. Drugs of abuse. New York: Pharmaceutical Press, 2011
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Essay on Drug Abuse

Here we have shared the Essay on Drug Abuse in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Drug Abuse in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams. 

Topics covered in this article.

Essay on Drug Abuse in 150 words

Essay on drug abuse in 250-300 words, essay on drug abuse in 500-1000 words.

Drug abuse is a global issue that poses serious risks to individuals and society. It involves the harmful and excessive use of drugs, leading to physical and mental health problems. Drug abuse can result in addiction, organ damage, cognitive impairment, and social and economic difficulties. Prevention efforts should focus on education, raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse, and promoting healthy lifestyles. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is crucial for recovery. Strengthening law enforcement measures against drug trafficking is necessary to address the supply side of the problem. Creating supportive environments and opportunities for positive engagement can help prevent drug abuse. By taking collective action, we can combat drug abuse and build healthier communities.

Drug abuse is a growing global concern that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have negative effects on physical and mental health.

Drug abuse has severe consequences for individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, damage vital organs, and increase the risk of overdose. Mentally, it can cause cognitive impairment, and psychological disorders, and deteriorate overall well-being. Additionally, drug abuse often leads to social and economic problems, such as strained relationships, loss of employment, and criminal activities.

Preventing drug abuse requires a multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs play a crucial role in informing individuals about the dangers of drug abuse and promoting healthy lifestyle choices. Access to quality healthcare and addiction treatment services is vital to help individuals recover from substance abuse. Strengthening law enforcement efforts to curb drug trafficking and promoting international cooperation is also essential to address the supply side of the issue.

Community support and a nurturing environment are critical in preventing drug abuse. Creating opportunities for individuals, especially young people, to engage in positive activities and providing social support systems can serve as protective factors against drug abuse.

In conclusion, drug abuse is a significant societal problem with detrimental effects on individuals and communities. It requires a comprehensive approach involving education, prevention, treatment, and enforcement. By addressing the root causes, raising awareness, and providing support to those affected, we can combat drug abuse and create a healthier and safer society for all.

Title: Drug Abuse – A Global Crisis Demanding Urgent Action

Introduction :

Drug abuse is a pressing global issue that poses significant risks to individuals, families, and communities. It refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs, both legal and illegal, that have detrimental effects on physical and mental health. This essay explores the causes and consequences of drug abuse, the social and economic impact, prevention and treatment strategies, and the importance of raising awareness and fostering supportive communities in addressing this crisis.

Causes and Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse

Several factors contribute to drug abuse. Genetic predisposition, peer pressure, stress, trauma, and environmental influences play a role in initiating substance use. The availability and accessibility of drugs, as well as societal norms and cultural acceptance, also influence drug abuse patterns. Additionally, underlying mental health issues and co-occurring disorders can drive individuals to self-medicate with drugs.

Consequences of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse has devastating consequences on individuals and society. Physically, drug abuse can lead to addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Substance abuse affects vital organs, impairs cognitive function, and increases the risk of accidents and injuries. Mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis, are often associated with drug abuse. Substance abuse also takes a toll on relationships, leading to strained family dynamics, social isolation, and financial instability. The social and economic costs of drug abuse include increased healthcare expenses, decreased productivity, and the burden on criminal justice systems.

Prevention and Education

Preventing drug abuse requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. Education and awareness programs are essential in schools, communities, and the media to inform individuals about the risks and consequences of drug abuse. Promoting healthy coping mechanisms, stress management skills, and decision-making abilities can empower individuals to resist peer pressure and make informed choices. Early intervention programs that identify at-risk individuals and provide support and resources are crucial in preventing substance abuse.

Treatment and Recovery

Access to quality healthcare and evidence-based addiction treatment is vital in addressing drug abuse. Treatment options include detoxification, counseling, behavioral therapies, and medication-assisted treatments. Rehabilitation centers, support groups, and outpatient programs provide a continuum of care for individuals seeking recovery. Holistic approaches, such as addressing co-occurring mental health disorders and promoting healthy lifestyles, contribute to successful long-term recovery. Support from family, friends, and communities plays a significant role in sustaining recovery and preventing relapse.

Law Enforcement and Drug Policies

Effective law enforcement efforts are necessary to disrupt drug trafficking and dismantle illicit drug networks. International cooperation and collaboration are crucial in combating the global drug trade. Additionally, drug policies should focus on a balanced approach that combines law enforcement with prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. Shifting the emphasis from punitive measures toward prevention and rehabilitation can lead to more effective outcomes.

Creating Supportive Communities:

Fostering supportive communities is vital in addressing drug abuse. Communities should provide resources, social support networks, and opportunities for positive engagement. This includes promoting healthy recreational activities, providing vocational training, and creating safe spaces for individuals in recovery. Reducing the stigma associated with drug abuse and encouraging empathy and understanding are crucial to building a compassionate and supportive environment.

Conclusion :

Drug abuse remains a complex and multifaceted issue with far-reaching consequences. By addressing the causes, raising awareness, implementing preventive measures, providing quality treatment and support services, and fostering supportive communities, we can combat drug abuse and alleviate its impact. It requires collaboration and a collective effort from individuals, communities, governments, and organizations to build a society that is resilient against the scourge of drug abuse. Through education, prevention, treatment, and compassion, we can pave the way toward a healthier and drug-free future.

Drug and Substance Abuse Essay

Introduction, physiology and psychology of addiction, prescription drug abuse, depressants, hallucinogens.

Drug and substance abuse is an issue that affects entirely all societies in the world. It has both social and economic consequences, which affect directly and indirectly our everyday live. Drug addiction is “a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use” (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010).

It sets in as one form a habit of taking a certain drug. Full-blown drug abuse comes with social problems such as violence, child abuse, homelessness and destruction of families (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010). To understand to the impact of drug abuse, one needs to explore the reasons why many get addicted and seem unable pull themselves out of this nightmare.

Many experts consider addiction as a disease as it affects a specific part of the brain; the limbic system commonly referred to as the pleasure center. This area, which experts argue to be primitive, is affected by various drug substances, which it gives a higher priority to other things. Peele (1998) argues that alcoholism is a disease that can only be cured from such a perspective (p. 60). Genetics are also seen as a factor in drug addiction even though it has never been exclusively proven.

Other experts view addiction as a state of mind rather than a physiological problem. The environment plays a major role in early stages of addiction. It introduces the agent, in this case the drug, to the abuser who knowingly or otherwise develops dependence to the substance. Environmental factors range from violence, stress to peer pressure.

Moreover, as an individual becomes completely dependent on a substance, any slight withdrawal is bound to be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, which is purely psychological. This is because the victim is under self-deception that survival without the substance in question is almost if not impossible. From his psychological vantage point, Isralowitz (2004) argues that freedom from addiction is achievable provided there is the “right type of guidance and counseling” (p.22).

A doctor as regulated by law usually administers prescription drugs. It may not be certain why many people abuse prescription drugs but the trend is ever increasing. Many people use prescription drugs as directed by a physician but others use purely for leisure. This kind of abuse eventually leads to addiction.

This problem is compounded by the ease of which one can access the drugs from pharmacies and even online. Many people with conditions requiring painkillers, especially the elderly, have a higher risk of getting addicted as their bodies become tolerant to the drugs. Adolescents usually use some prescription drugs and especially painkillers since they induce anxiety among other feelings as will be discussed below.

Stimulants are generally psychoactive drugs used medically to improve alertness, increase physical activity, and elevate blood pressure among other functions. This class of drugs acts by temporarily increasing mental activity resulting to increased awareness, changes in mood and apparently cause the user to have a relaxed feeling. Although their use is closely monitored, they still find their way on the streets and are usually abused.

Getting deeper into the biochemistry of different stimulants, each has a different metabolism in the body affecting different body organs in a specific way. One common thing about stimulants is that they affect the central nervous system in their mechanism. Examples of commonly used stimulants include; cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cannabis. Cocaine, which has a tremendously high addictive potential, was in the past used as anesthetic and in treatment of depression before its profound effects were later discovered.

On the streets, cocaine is either injected intravenously or smoked. Within a few minutes of use, it stimulates the brain making the user feel euphoric, energetic and increases alertness. It has long-term effects such as seizures, heart attacks and stroke. Cocaine’s withdrawal symptoms range from anxiety, irritability to a strong craving for more cocaine.

Cannabis, also known as marijuana , is the most often abused drug familiar in almost every corner of the world, from the streets of New York to the most remote village in Africa. Although its addiction potential is lower as compared to that of cocaine, prolonged use of cannabis results to an immense craving for more.

It produces hallucinogenic effects, lack of body coordination, and causes a feeling of ecstasy. Long-term use is closely associated with schizophrenia, and other psychological conditions. From a medical perspective, cannabis is used as an analgesic, to stimulate hunger in patients, nausea ameliorator, and intraocular eye pressure reducer. Insomnia, lack of appetite, migraines, restlessness and irritability characterize withdrawal symptoms of cannabis.

Unlike stimulants, depressants reduce anxiety and the central nervous system activity. The most common depressants include barbiturates, benzodiazepines and ethyl alcohol. They are of great therapeutically value especially as tranquilizers or sedatives in reducing anxiety.

Depressants can be highly addictive since they seem to ease tension and bring relaxation. After using depressants for a long time, the body develops tolerance to the drugs. Moreover, body tolerance after continual use requires one use a higher dose to get the same effect. Clumsiness, confusion and a strong craving for the drug accompany gradual withdrawal. Sudden withdrawal causes respiratory complications and can even be fatal.

Narcotics have been used for ages for various ailments and as a pain reliever pain. They are also characterized by their ability to induce sleep and euphoria. Opium, for instance was used in ancient China as a pain reliever and treatment of dysentery and insomnia. Some narcotics such as morphine and codeine are derived from natural sources.

Others are structural analogs to morphine and these include heroin, oxymorphone among others. Narcotics are highly addictive resulting to their strict regulation by a majority of governments. Narcotics act as painkillers once they enter the body.

They are used legally in combination with other drugs as analgesics and antitussives but are abused due to their ability to induce a feeling of well being. Their addiction potential is exceptionally high due to the body’s tolerance after consistent use, forcing the user to use and crave for more to get satisfaction. Increase in respiration rate, diarrhea, anxiety, nausea and lack of appetite are symptoms common to narcotic withdrawal. Others include; running nose, stomach cramps, muscle pains and a strong craving for the drugs.

Hallucinogens affect a person’s thinking capacity causing illusions and behavioral changes especially in moods. They apparently cause someone to hear sounds and see images that do not exist. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which commonly abused hallucinogen, has a low addiction potential because it does not have withdrawal effects. They also affect a person’s sexual behavior and other body functions such as body temperature. There are no outright withdrawal symptoms for hallucinogens.

Isralowitz, R. (2004). Drug use: a reference handbook . Santa Barbara, Clif.: ABC-CLIO. Print.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2010). NIDA INfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction . Web.

Peele, S. (1998). The meaning of Addiction : Compulsive Experience and its Interpretation . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

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• The Psychology of Addiction and Addictive Behaviors
• Alcohol as the Most Common Depressant on Earth
• Prescription Painkillers, the New Drug Abuse of Choice
• Sedatives or Depressants in Individuals With a Mental Health Problem
• Using Depressants During Sleep Time
• The Role of CBT in Managing Severe Depressant Patients
• Post Incarceration Syndrome
• Psychoactive Drugs
• Adolescent’s Drug Abuse and Therapy Success
• Analysis of the Video “Effects of Alcoholism on Children: An Oral History Video”
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Essays About Drugs: Top 5 Examples and 8 Prompts

Writing essays about drugs can be challenging; read our guide to find out how to tackle your next essay.

A sheriff once asked a teenager caught with drugs in his car to pen an essay about the substances’ effects . Instead of handcuffing the 17-year-old, the sheriff took into account the kid’s future and threw him a lifeline by giving him a second chance. The 500-word essay effectively made the teenager reflect on his wrongdoings. 

There’s still an ongoing debate on the recreational use of drugs. However, their harmful effects outweigh the positive as many fall victim to drug addiction. Drugs risk many lives and relationships, resulting in dangerous living environments, mental health disorders, and other trauma. As of last year, almost 32 million people actively participate in drug use. 

Because writing about drugs includes sensitive subjects, it’s critical to demonstrate your complete understanding of the topic and cite reliable sources. Consider the essay samples below to inspire your piece.

1. Long Essay on Drug Addiction by Veerendra

2. causes of drug use among young people by jill nicholson, 3. the failure of america’s war on drugs by anonymous on gradesfixer.com, 4. drugs and alcohol abuse: reasons, effects and measures by anonymous on edubirdie.com, 5. social media impact on drug abuse by anonymous on ivypanda.com, 1. drug addiction: painkillers, 2. types of drugs, 3. causes and effects of drug abuse, 4. drug use vs. drug abuse, 5. drugs and destruction, 6. drugs as depicted in the movies, 7. depression and drug abuse, 8. a drug abuse journey.

“Drug addiction impacts millions and needs to be treated carefully to prevent further harm to the individual and letting them live a better life.”

Veerendra defines drug addiction as excessive substance intake leading to various behavioral and physical changes. First, he lists drugs that increase dopamine levels, including alcohol, cocaine, nicotine, and painkillers. Then, after adding the early symptoms of drug addiction, he delves into how it impacts a person’s mental cognition, communication skills, and mental health.

When a person stops taking drugs, withdrawal symptoms follow. These signs (nausea, fatigue, and tremors) can lead to the more detrimental phase known as relapse. Ultimately, he believes that drug addiction treatments and the full support of family and friends greatly aid in overcoming addiction. You might also be interested in these articles about driving under the influence .

“Many curious teens have died the first time they tried certain drugs, like ecstasy. Others have found their temporary escape became a permanent addiction.”

Nicholson discusses the three leading causes of drug use: curiosity, escape, and peer pressure. Mainstream media like TV, movies and social networking sites drive curiosity. Family and friends can also precipitate interest by discussing drugs in front of youngsters.

In the next section, Nicholson explains that most young people who have problems and are unhappy with their lives use drugs to escape reality and hide behind the feel-good chemicals. The last reason young people use drugs is to look cool to impress their peers. Nicholson notes that in a circle of friends if one is using drugs, people assume everyone else is doing it. One way to help these young people is by detailing the health risks accompanying these materials, zeroing in on the chains of addiction.

“… the United States has spent a lot of years trying to wage war on drugs. The cost has been violence, crime, corruption, the devastation of social bonds as well as the destruction of inner-city communities and the exponential development of several minorities and women ending up in jail.”

The essay focuses on the fact that despite spending billions of dollars on resources, alternative treatments, and casualties, the illegal drug trade in America continues and grows stronger. Some reason for this failure includes the public’s perception influenced by media campaigns and ill-suited punishments for non-violent and victimless crimes. 

The piece concludes that society will not benefit from anti-drug efforts as long as the government’s solution focuses on criminalization and not treatment.

“… drug abuse means when you use legal or illegal substances in ways you shouldn’t.”

Drug abuse refers to using chemicals to stimulate areas in the brain responsible for immediate gratification. The writer also pins down different drug types and their effects. Further, the essay accounts for users’ reasons for engaging with substance abuse (relationship complications, work pressure, and loneliness.) 

These chemical reactions deteriorate a person mentally and physically, with brain function the most affected. Exercising, consulting a doctor, eating healthy, and venting are the four measures to overcome drug and alcohol abuse.

“…active social media uses, especially adolescents, are more likely to try drugs because of the influence they see on the platforms.”

The essay expounds on how social media contributes to drug abuse by romanticizing their consumption. Unfortunately, these idealized posts are so rampant that drug use is socially acceptable. The steady increase of this content on social media attests to this phenomenon. 

The main encouragers are celebrities and social media influencers who advertise their wild lifestyle without regard for their followers’ ages or naivete.

If you want to learn about more essay topics, check out the best essay topics about social media.

8 Easy Writing Prompts for Essays About Drugs

Opioid addiction stems from the need to relieve pain from injury and other accidents. Unfortunately, up to 19% of these patients abuse prescription painkillers . For this prompt, research the roots of how painkillers begin as a means to heal victims to being the reason individuals suffer. Identify and explain how narcotic ruins the body. Include how people who need to take these medications can avoid getting addicted. 

Briefly explain the different drug types to give your readers an overview of how they work. Next, discuss the most commonly abused drugs and how they affect a person. Finally, add research findings, reliable data, and news articles to strengthen your essay and make it credible. 

There are many pieces discussing the causes and effects of drug abuse. To make your essay stand out, compare two families with one parent addicted to illegal substances. The addict in the first family went to rehab and counseling, while the second one didn’t. List down the different futures of these families, such as how the experience resonated with the children. 

A person who takes drugs to treat ailments differs from an individual who uses drugs in search of satisfying an impulse craving. Use this prompt to compare and contrast drug use and abuse and why their similarities and differences matter. 

Improper use of drugs doesn’t only ruin an individual’s psychological and physical health. It also destroys relationships and families. This destruction can be passed from generation to generation, snowballing the problem and making it more challenging to find a solution. Present this issue to discourage your readers from trying drugs.

Leonardo De Caprio’s “The Wolf of Wall Street” is one of the most famous movies showing how people justify taking drugs. First, write a short review of this film or pick other drug-related flicks you want to review in your essay. Next, juxtapose things you notice in movies that also happen in an addict’s real life. Finally, finish your piece by sharing what you learned from the film and its main characters.

Another reason some turn to drugs is to run away from their mental illness, such as depression. Substance Use Disorder explains why an individual can’t control the urge to abuse drugs and alcohol. Delve more into this condition and how it rewires the brain. Include addicts’ grounds for self-medication and other risk factors that can trigger this disorder.

It’s not easy to share drug-related experiences. However, many get inspiration from these stories too. To connect with your readers, write about a drug abuse journey. It can be your own or from a close friend or relative. Share how it started, including the reasons and influence it left on the people involved. Conclude with the steps the person did to overcome their drug addiction and how they rebuild relationships. Finally, end your essay with how they are currently living.

Here’s a great tip: If writing an essay seems daunting, start by simplifying it to simple paragraphs first. Then, read our guide on how to write a 5 paragraph essay .

Maria Caballero is a freelance writer who has been writing since high school. She believes that to be a writer doesn't only refer to excellent syntax and semantics but also knowing how to weave words together to communicate to any reader effectively.

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Essay On Drug Abuse

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Drug abuse is a serious problem that affects people from all walks of life. It can lead to addiction, health problems, and even death. The use of drugs is often associated with experimentation and curiosity, but it can quickly escalate into addiction. The abuse of drugs can have a profound impact on individuals, families, and communities. It can create a sense of hopelessness and helplessness, and it can strain relationships within families and communities. Drug abuse is a problem that requires a concerted effort from individuals, society, and policymakers to address effectively.

Drug abuse is a major health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. It refers to the excessive or inappropriate use of drugs which can result in physical and psychological harm to the individual. The negative effects of drug abuse can range from mild symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia to severe consequences such as addiction, overdose, and even death. Many drugs are addictive, which means that repeated use can result in physical and psychological dependence. Furthermore, drug abuse can also lead to a host of social and legal problems, including loss of employment, financial ruin, and imprisonment. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness about the dangers of drug abuse and provide effective treatment and prevention programs to help individuals overcome their addiction.

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A list of impressive essay topics on drug and alcohol abuse.

Depending on the student's major, essays on drug addiction and alcohol abuse may be common assignments. Counseling programs and psychology classes will normally spend at least one class focused on this subject. To create a well-written essay, students must have a good topic. If the student actually cares about the topic of their paper, they are more likely to spend the extra time researching and writing that A+ papers require.

A List of Potential Topics

• 1. Does a gambling addiction activate the same parts of the brain as a drug addiction?
• 2. How does alcoholism increase someone's chances of having a child fetal alcohol syndrome?
• 3. Are 12-step programs the most effective way to combat an addiction?
• 4. What caused methamphetamine to become a common recreational drug in the United States?
• 5. Which drug is “easier” to quit? Are certain drugs more addictive than others?
• 6. How does alcohol abuse during adolescence increase the chances of someone developing a drug addiction?
• 7. Are smokers more likely to abuse drugs or alcohol?
• 8. Is marijuana addictive? Should recovered addicts be allowed to use marijuana?
• 9. Does the presence of drugs increase crime rates in a specific area? Is this true for every drug or just some of the drugs?10. What are some of the techniques available for preventing substance abuse during pregnancy?
• 11. If a women tests positive for drugs after giving birth, should her child be taken away or should she be required to attend an outpatient rehab?
• 12. How is the treatment of sex addiction similar to treating drug abuse?
• 13. What is the difference between alcohol abuse and alcoholism?
• 14. Are steroids addictive? Why are they illegal like recreational drugs?
• 15. What are some activities that recovered addicts can use to replace the time that used to be spent on their addiction?
• 16. Are the children of addicts more likely to become addicts when they are adults?
• 17. How does drug abuse relate to domestic violence, crime and sexual abuse? Is this a correlation or a causation?
• 18. In countries like the Netherlands, drugs are completely legal and taxed heavily. These taxes are later used to pay for rehabilitation rather than prison for addicts. Is this a more effective or less effective than the techniques practiced in the United States?
• 19. If alcohol were created today, would it be legal to sell in the United States? What are some of the physical health effects of drinking?
• 20. What is the difference between binge drinking and alcoholism?
• 21. Does drinking during pregnancy also increase the health risks for the mother?

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Prescription Drug Abuse: From Epidemiology to Public Policy

R. kathryn mchugh.

1 Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital; 115 Mill Street, Belmont MA 02478

2 Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; 25 Shattuck Street, Boston MA 02115

Suzanne Nielsen

3 University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia

4 Drug and Alcohol Services, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia

Roger D. Weiss

Prescription drug abuse has reached an epidemic level in the United States. The prevalence of prescription drug abuse escalated rapidly beginning in the late 1990s, requiring a significant increase in research to better understand the nature and treatment of this problem. Since this time, a research literature has begun to develop and has provided important information about how prescription drug abuse is similar to, and different from the abuse of other substances. This introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment on prescription drug abuse provides an overview of the current status of the research literature in this area. The papers in this special issue include a sampling of the latest research on the epidemiology, clinical correlates, treatment, and public policy considerations of prescription drug abuse. Although much has been learned about prescription drug abuse in recent years, this research remains in early stages, particularly with respect to understanding effective treatments for this population. Future research priorities include studies on the interaction of prescription drugs with other licit and illicit substances, the impact of prescription drug abuse across the lifespan, the optimal treatment for prescription drug abuse and co-occurring conditions, and effective public policy initiatives for reducing prescription drug abuse.

1. Introduction

Markers of public health impact ranging from incidence to mortality indicate that the abuse of prescription drugs has reached an epidemic level. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) estimated that more than 16.7 million people age 12 and older in the United States abused prescription drugs in 2012, with approximately 2.1 million people meeting criteria for a diagnosis of a substance use disorder related to prescription drugs ( Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013a , 2013b ). This reflects an increase of 250% in prescription drug abuse over the previous 20 years ( SAMHSA, 1998 , 2013a ). Treatment admissions for substance use disorder services for prescription opioids alone increased more than 5-fold from 2000-2010 in the U.S. ( SAMHSA Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2014 ), with some regions experiencing more than a 770% increase in admissions ( SAMHSA Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2013 ). During that time, accidental prescription opioid overdoses increased almost 400%, surpassing accidental overdose deaths from heroin, cocaine, and other stimulants combined ( Calcaterra, Glanz, & Binswanger, 2013 ).

The rapid escalation of this problem initially far outpaced clinical research on its nature and on interventions to prevent and treat prescription drug use disorders. However, in recent years, a research base on prescription drug abuse has begun to take shape. The aim of this special issue of the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment is to highlight a sampling of the latest research on prescription drug abuse. The articles in this issue address a range of topics, highlighting the state of the science from perspectives such as epidemiology, clinical correlates, treatment outcomes, and public policy considerations. For the purpose of this special issue we use the term prescription drug abuse to encompass a range of potential patterns of nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including using a prescribed medication at a higher dose or greater frequency than instructed by the prescriber, or using without a legitimate prescription (see Compton & Volkow, 2006 ).

2. Epidemiology of Prescription Drug Abuse

The prevalence of prescription drug abuse increased dramatically and rapidly in the U.S. in the late 1990s through the mid-2000s, with some plateau since that time at approximately 2.3-2.8 million initiators of prescription drug abuse annually ( SAMHSA, 2013b ). In 2012, prescription drugs were second only to marijuana in prevalence of both illicit use and drug use disorders ( SAMHSA, 2013b ). Opioids are the most commonly abused type of prescription drug and appear to be the largest contributor to these increases. The number of adults abusing prescription opioids increased from 4.9 million in 1992 to almost 12.5 million in 2012 ( SAMHSA, 1998 , 2013a ) and the rate of treatment receipt for prescription opioid use disorders now is second only to alcohol ( SAMHSA, 2013b ). After opioids, the most commonly abused prescription drugs in the US are tranquilizers (6 million people in 2012) and stimulants (3.3 million) ( SAMHSA, 2013a ). Although much of the attention in both the research literature and the media has focused on the abuse of prescription opioids and stimulants, this problem encompasses the range of psychotropic medications that provide potentially reinforcing effects. For example, Malekshahi et al. (2014) found that 17% of inpatients sampled at a substance use disorder treatment facility had abused antipsychotic medications, such as quetiapine.

Variability in definitions of prescription drug abuse and in the availability of specific types of prescription drugs limits comparison across countries. Although the U.S. appears to have the highest prevalence of prescription drug abuse internationally, significant rates of prescription opioid abuse has been reported in countries, such as Canada, New Zealand, and India, among others ( Dengenhardt et al., 2008 ). For example, a large population-based study in Canada suggested that almost 5% of the population abused opioids in the previous year ( Shield, Jones, Rehm, & Fischer, 2013 ). The prevalence of prescription drug abuse appears to vary based on the availability of medications with abuse potential, including the prevalence of the legal availability of these medications, proximity to areas producing these medications, and availability of alternative substance abuse ( Dengenhardt et al., 2008 ).

In the US, increasing rates of prescription drug abuse have paralleled increases in the prescription of these medications. In 2012, there were as many opioid prescriptions written (259 million) as there were adults in the US ( Paulozzi, Mack, & Hockenberry, 2014 ). Prescriptions for opioids have increased significantly in adult ( Mazer-Amirshahi, Mullins, Rasooly, van den Anker, & Pines, 2014 ) and pediatric emergency departments ( Mazer-Amirshahi, Mullins, Rasooly, van den Anker, & Pines, 2014 ), and ambulatory settings ( Olfson, Wang, Iza, Crystal, & Blanco, 2013 ). A study of trends in prescription medication use and abuse among college students found evidence for significant increases in prescriptions for stimulants and decreases in opioid prescriptions among college students from 2003-2013; during that time, rates of stimulant abuse increased, while rates of opioid abuse decreased ( McCabe, West, Teter, & Boyd, 2014 ).

Large epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans and Caucasians have the highest rates of prescription drug abuse ( Huang et al., 2006 ; SAMHSA, 2013a ). Individuals with prescription drug abuse are younger and less likely than those without this problem to be married, and prescription drug use disorders co-occur at very high rates with other substance use disorders and psychiatric illnesses ( Huang et al., 2006 ). Although data from the NSDUH suggest that there are similar rates of prescription drug abuse between those living in rural relative to urban settings ( Wang, Becker, & Fiellin, 2013 ), prescription drug abuse appears to be more prevalent in rural than urban areas among adolescents ( Havens, Young, & Havens, 2011 ).

Several studies have identified gender differences in prescription drug abuse. For opioids, the higher prevalence in men observed across many substances of abuse appears to be smaller, with some studies reporting slightly higher prevalence among men, and others suggesting a similar prevalence in men and women ( Back, Payne, Simpson, & Brady, 2010 ; Green, Grimes Serrano, Licari, Budman, & Butler, 2009 ; Parsells Kelly et al., 2008 ; Tetrault et al., 2008 ). This may reflect the fact that women are more likely to be prescribed an opioid than men ( Parsells Kelly et al., 2008 ), or may reflect other factors that are unique to prescription drugs. For example, abusing prescription medication may be perceived as “safer” than abuse of illicit drugs ( Fleary, Heffer, & McKyer, 2013 ; Mateu-Gelabert, Guarino, Jessell, & Teper, 2014 ). In fact, women are more likely than men to abuse prescription opioids in a manner more consistent with their prescribed use, such as first receiving opioids via a legitimate prescription and using only via the intended route of administration (oral or sublingual) ( Back et al., 2010 ; McHugh et al., 2013 ).

2.1. Impact Across the Lifespan

Much like for other drugs of abuse, the primary developmental risk period for the onset of prescription drug abuse is during adolescence ( McCabe, West, Morales, Cranford, & Boyd, 2007 ). Data from the 2013 Monitoring the Future Study—an annual survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in the U.S.—reported alarmingly high rates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs, particularly stimulant and opioid medications. Opioids were the most commonly abused medications, with almost 13% of 12th graders reporting lifetime prescription opioid abuse ( McCabe, West, Teter, & Boyd, 2012 ). Abuse of prescription stimulants was as common as lifetime medically approved use (9.5%; McCabe & West, 2013 ), and abuse of benzodiazepines was also high (7.5%; McCabe & West, 2014 ). As with adults, Caucasians and Native Americans have higher rates of prescription drug abuse relative to other racial and ethnic groups ( McCabe, Cranford, & West, 2008 ), and gender differences in the prevalence of prescription drug abuse are small ( McCabe et al., 2008 ; SAMHSA, 2013b ). Rates of abuse are even higher among college students, with data from the Monitoring the Future Study suggesting that 23% of college students had a lifetime history of prescription drug abuse ( Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, & Schulnberg, 2007 ).

Certain risk factors are associated with prescription drug abuse among youth. Youth and adolescents with other substance use disorders are more likely to abuse prescription drugs ( McCabe, Boyd, & Teter, 2005 ; Whiteside et al., 2014 ). In a study of youth presenting to emergency departments, Whiteside et al. (2014) found that those with prescription drug abuse were more likely to have a number of risk factors, including poor school performance, interpersonal violence, and other substance use. Among adolescent offenders, prescription drug abuse is associated with exposure to violence, co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and delinquent behavior ( Drazdowski, Jaggi, Borre, & Kliewer, 2014 ).

Relatively little research has focused on issues related to the impact of prescription drug abuse across other specific life stages. For example, few studies have examined prescription drug abuse in reproductive age or pregnant women. Martin and colleagues (2014) found that despite a relatively constant rate of admissions of pregnant women to substance use disorder treatment settings from 1992 to 2012, the prevalence of pregnant woman seeking treatment specifically for prescription opioid abuse has increased 14-fold. Prescription drug abuse may be more prevalent among rural pregnant women ( Shannon, Havens, & Hays, 2010 ). Given the importance of treatment for pregnant women to both the health of the mother and of the developing fetus, more research with this subgroup is needed.

It appears that prescription drug abuse is less common in older adults relative to other age groups ( Huang et al., 2006 ). However, the prescription of potentially addictive medications (particularly opioids and benzodiazepines) is highly prevalent in this group ( Shannon et al., 2010 ), highlighting the importance of better understanding the potential abuse of prescription medications among older adults. For example, benzodiazepine dependence appears to be common—and underrecognized—among adults aged 65 and older ( Simoni-Wastila & Yang, 2006 ; Voyer, Preville, Cohen, Berbiche, & Beland, 2010 ).

2.2. Is Prescription Drug Abuse Different Than Other Types of Drug Abuse?

Prescription drugs can be obtained legally and are almost universally present in households, and thus are different in meaningful ways relative to both access and perceptions of risk than drugs only obtained illegally. Accordingly, there appear to be meaningful differences between prescription and illicit drugs of the same class. For example, cue-induced craving appears to be less robust among those abusing prescription opioids relative to those abusing heroin ( McHugh, Park, & Weiss, 2014 ), and these groups may also have different responses to treatment (see below). Stein et al. (2014) found that prescription opioid- and heroin-dependent individuals report different life concerns, with those dependent upon prescription opioids less concerned about infectious disease, but more concerned about alcohol use relative to heroin users. College students are more likely to abuse stimulants than college-age young adults who are not enrolled in higher education, which is not consistent with other stimulants, such as cocaine ( Johnston, O’Malley, Backman, & Schulenberg, 2013 ).

Nonetheless, there also appear to be a number of similarities between prescription drug abuse and abuse of other drugs. For example, risk factors for the development of substance use disorders also appear to confer risk for prescription drug abuse, such as earlier age of initiation of use and the presence of psychiatric and medical conditions ( Katz, El-Gabalawy, Keyes, Martins, & Sareen, 2013 ; Martins et al., 2012 ; McCabe et al., 2007 ). Like other substance use disorders prescription drug abuse is strongly associated with psychiatric severity, violence exposure, and stress in cross-sectional studies ( Berenson & Rahman, 2011 ; Martins, Keyes, Storr, Zhu, & Chilcoat, 2009 ; McCauley et al., 2009 ; McCauley et al., 2010 ).

2.2.1. Access and Motives for Use

Prescription drugs that are abused appear to come from a variety of sources, ranging from prescriptions received by a doctor, to diversion from friends and family, to purchase through illicit markets. Adolescents, most commonly reported receiving prescription for free from a friend or relative, although significant proportions of adolescents also used their own prescriptions, purchased drugs from a dealer, or took them from friends or family without asking ( SAMHSA, 2013b ). A study of adolescents and young adults aged 14-20 presenting to emergency departments found that almost 10% reported abuse of prescription opioids or stimulants, but fewer than 15% of that group had valid prescriptions for these medications ( Whiteside et al., 2013 ).

Studies on motives to abuse prescription drugs have found that, much like for other drugs of abuse, there are a range of reasons for abusing prescription drugs, such as to getting high, regulating pain and negative affect, and improving sleep. Studies in adolescents have found that motives are often but not always aligned with the intended purpose of the drug (e.g., pain relief for opioids, improving sleep for sleep aids; Boyd, McCabe, Cranford, & Young, 2006 ; McCabe & Cranford, 2012 ). It appears that those who report multiple motives for use are most likely to also experience greater problems with use ( Boyd et al., 2006 ; McCabe & Cranford, 2012 ). Moreover, negative motivations in particular (e.g., using prescription drugs in relation to unpleasant emotions, physical discomfort or conflict with others), are associated with prescription drug use disorders ( Kelly, Rendina, Vuolo, Wells, & Parsons, 2014 ). In adults, data suggest that although the most typical motive for initiating opioid use is pain relief, the primary motive often shifts over time to managing withdrawal and negative affect, to get high, or to sleep ( Barth et al., 2013 ; Weiss et al., 2014 ).

2.2.2. Prescription Drug Abuse Subtypes

In attempting to better understand the degree to which prescription drug abuse may differ from illicit drug abuse, several studies have attempted to determine whether there are meaningful subgroups in this population. Several studies have utilized large epidemiologic surveys to attempt to address this question. An analysis of prescription opioid abuse in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions found four subtypes, characterized by those who also used marijuana, those who also abused other prescription drugs, those who also used marijuana and hallucinogens, and polydrug users ( Wu, Woody, Yang, & Blazer, 2010 ). These subgroups were different with respect to a number of sociodemographic variables as well as substance use and psychiatric histories. Similar results emerged from an analysis of prescription stimulant abuse in the NSDUH, with a subgroup at low risk for other substance use, a group that abused other prescription drugs, a group that used alcohol and marijuana, and a polysubstance using group ( Chen et al., 2011 ). A study in adolescents of prescription drug abuse more generally found a subgroup at low risk for any substance use, one with high risk for polysubstance use, one with risk for alcohol/tobacco/marijuana use, and one with risk for alcohol and prescription drug use ( Cranford, McCabe, & Boyd, 2013 ). Meaningful subgroups characterized by fewer risk behaviors and initiating use for the indicated purpose of the medication (e.g., opioids for pain) also have been identified ( Nielsen et al., 2011 ).

Another approach has involved classifying subtypes based on motives for use, such as recreational users, “self-medicators,” and combinations of motives ( Kelly et al., 2014 ; McCabe, Boyd, & Teter, 2009 ; McCabe & Cranford, 2012 ). Such studies have suggested that self-medicating groups report fewer problem behaviors, such as non-intended routes of administration, and other substance use. Such subgroup analyses have been relatively consistent in their findings; greater understanding of the implications of these groups on prevention and treatment will be an important direction for future research.

2.2.3. The Transition from Medical Use to Abuse

Defining and assessing prescription drug abuse is complicated by unclear boundaries between “appropriate” use of these medications and inappropriate use or abuse. Research on motives for the use of prescription drugs suggests that although motives to feel high and to enhance social experiences are common, this population also uses these medications to manage symptoms of pain, anxiety, sleep disruption, and other conditions that are receiving inadequate treatment or no treatment at all. Patients in substance use disorder treatment settings reporting prescription opioid abuse are more likely to report pain symptoms than heroin users ( Brands, Blake, Sproule, Gourlay, & Busto, 2004 ), and anxiety is more common among those abusing tranquilizers ( Chen et al., 2011 ). Ensuring that this population—and those with substance use disorders in general—are not denied adequate treatment for such conditions is critically important.

Data on the risk of developing prescription drug abuse and prescription drug use disorders from an initial medical prescription are limited. Importantly, studies of rates of prescription drug abuse among those with medical prescriptions provide a poor estimate for risk because they fail to control for the risk of abuse even if the person was not prescribed the medication (including the potentially elevated risk among those with an untreated disorder or condition). For example, results of a meta-analytic review of studies examining the risk for developing stimulant abuse suggested that medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder may actually protect against the development of substance use disorders ( Faraone & Wilens, 2007 ). Nonetheless, diversion of medications is common; studies suggested that approximately 1/4 of those with prescribed stimulants will divert their medications at some time ( Poulin, 2007 ; Rabiner et al., 2009 ; Wilens et al., 2008 ).

Evaluation of prescription drug abuse may be particularly important among those with psychiatric and medical conditions, who are more likely to be prescribed medications, and may also face a number of negative consequences related to use. For example, Newville and colleagues (2014) found that among HIV-positive individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment, prescription drug abuse was associated with a range of negative outcomes, such as more medication side effects.

Research on the prediction of risk groups for the development of prescription drug abuse among medical users has been mostly cross-sectional. Studies have found that individuals with chronic pain who abuse their medications have higher pain sensitivity, more catastrophic interpretations of pain, greater craving for opioids, and more psychiatric symptoms than those who do not abuse their medications ( Edwards et al., 2011 ; Martel, Wasan, Jamison, & Edwards, 2013 ; Morasco, Turk, Donovan, & Dobscha, 2013 ; Wasan et al., 2007 ; Wasan et al., 2009 ). Prior history of other substance use disorders appears to predict prescription drug abuse, both among those receiving a prescription and in the general population ( Faraone & Wilens, 2007 ; Sweeney, Sembower, Ertischek, Shiffman, & Schnoll, 2013 ). Assessment of clusters of risk factors has demonstrated some promise for identifying those at risk of prescription opioid abuse ( Butler, Budman, Fernandez, & Jamison, 2004 ; Holmes et al., 2006 ).

Another concern, particularly among prescription opioid abusers, is the transition to risky substance use behaviors, such as injection use. Mateu-Gelabert et al. (2014) found that the transition from prescription drug abuse to injection drug use was common among urban young adults, and that a subgroup also reported both drug (e.g., needle sharing) and sexual risk behaviors. Of note, heroin use among those abusing prescription opioids has been increasing ( Jones, 2013 ), and the use of heroin in those dependent upon prescription opioids appears to be associated with higher rates of other substance use disorders ( Wu, Woody, Yang, & Blazer, 2011 ) and poorer treatment outcomes ( Weiss et al., 2011 ).

Although more research is needed in this area, the rates of prescription drug abuse among those with a legitimate prescription for a psychoactive medication highlight the importance of assessing for diversion, abuse, and other aberrant behaviors. Subgroups with high risk for abusing their medications may benefit from targeted intervention to prevent these problems ( Jamison et al., 2010 ).

3. Treatment and Public Policy Considerations

Increases in prescription drug abuse and substance use disorders related to prescription drugs have resulted in a substantial increase in the need for treatment for this population. Large-scale surveys such as the NSDUH and the Treatment Episode Data Set estimate increases of between 250-400% in the receipt of treatment for prescription drugs from 2000-2012 ( SAMHSA, 2013b ; SAMHSA Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2014 ). Nonetheless, consistent with data on other substance use disorders, the majority of those with prescription drug use disorders do not seek treatment, and the most common type of treatment sought is self-help (e.g., 12-step groups; McCabe et al., 2008 ). Thus, there is a significant need for research on the optimal treatment of this population, as well as barriers to access.

Studies of treatment for prescription drug use disorders are few, and have focused largely on prescription opioid dependence. The Prescription Opioid Addiction Treatment Study (POATS), the largest treatment study of prescription drug abuse treatment to date, enrolled 653 patients across 10 sites in the U.S. ( Weiss et al., 2011 ). Results indicated that few (<7%) patients responded to brief treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone, consisting of a 2-week stabilization and 2-week taper. Treatment response improved dramatically with extended treatment, including 12 weeks of buprenorphine-naloxone stabilization (49%), but dropped following a second taper to less than 9%. In this study, the addition of drug counseling did not result in enhanced outcomes relative to medication management alone. An 18-month follow-up from this study ( Potter et al., 2014 ) found that the rate of past-month abstinence at this time was comparable to that during buprenorphine-naloxone stabilization during the treatment study (49%), reflecting a substantial improvement over time.

Studies examining the optimal length of buprenorphine tapers in this population have yielded inconsistent results. A randomized trial of various durations of buprenorphine taper followed by treatment with naltrexone found that a 4-week taper was associated with better outcomes and retention than shorter (1 or 2 week) tapers ( Sigmon et al., 2013 ). However, a secondary analysis from a large clinical trial of buprenorphine taper in opioid-dependent individuals found no benefit for a 28-day taper over a 7-day taper ( Ling et al., 2009 ; Nielsen et al., 2013 ). Identifying the optimal taper duration in this population is an important question for future research.

Other studies of the treatment of opioid dependence have compared treatment responses between those with primary heroin and primary prescription opioid dependence. Individuals with prescription opioid dependence appear to have superior post-buprenorphine taper outcomes relative to those with heroin dependence after a 4 week buprenorphine stabilization ( Nielsen, Hillhouse, Thomas, Hasson, & Ling, 2013 ). Nielsen et al. ( Nielsen, Hillhouse, Mooney, Ang, & Ling, 2014 ) further suggest that those with prescription opioid dependence have better outcomes (as evidenced by negative urine drug screens) and retention than those with heroin dependence in response to treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone and behavioral therapy. Prescription opioid users are also less likely to drop out of treatment ( Potter et al., 2013 ). Although these findings suggest that standard substance use disorder treatment may also be efficacious—perhaps even to a greater degree than in other populations—research on treatment response in this population is sorely needed.

Studies have begun to identify predictors of outcome in this population. Oser et al. (2014) found that those who lived in a different geographic location from their treatment center (e.g., traveling from a rural area to an urban or suburban county) were more likely to have poor treatment outcomes, such as relapse. Substance use history and other characteristics, in particular heroin use, younger age, prior treatment for opioid dependence, and using opioids via a route of administration other than oral or sublingual, appear to be associated with worse outcomes in this population ( Dreifuss et al., 2013 ; Weiss et al., 2011 ).

Additional research is needed to inform the field as to whether prescription drug users may have unique treatment needs. For example, although pain was found to be more likely amongst prescription opioid users compared to heroin users ( Brands et al., 2004 ), chronic pain did not predict poorer outcomes for prescription opioid users receiving buprenorphine ( Weiss et al., 2011 ). How to best provide treatment for those with multiple physical and mental health problems in addition to substance use is a key area for future work. Possibly the more important message is that many of the lessons learned from treatment of illicit drug use appear to apply in treatment of prescription drug abuse, particularly in the case of opioid dependence. Prescription opioid users appear to require similar doses of buprenorphine and have similar induction outcomes to heroin users ( Nielsen, Hillhouse, Mooney, Fahey, & Ling, 2012 ), and as noted above, have treatment outcomes that appear to be comparable if not more favorable on many outcome measures. Furthermore, much like for other substances of abuse, the use of urine testing to confirm self-report may be indicated given common rates of underreporting prescription opioid abuse ( Hilario et al., 2014 ).

Communication among clinicians, researchers, policymakers, and other relevant stakeholders will require coordination of efforts to understand this problem and to better coordinate prevention and treatment. McCarty and colleagues (2014) highlight the efforts of the state of Oregon to address the prescription opioid epidemic through collaboration and communication among the relevant groups, and the utilization of a multi-faceted approach to the problem. Although it remains too early to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of such efforts, there are early success in the ability to implement targeted changes (e.g., changes in prescription monitoring systems).

5. Summary and Future Directions

Although much has been learned about the nature and treatment of prescription drug abuse in recent years, there are many pressing questions in need of further investigation. Research is needed on the interactions among prescription drugs of abuse and between these drugs and other licit and illicit drugs. Schoenfelder et al. (2014) demonstrated interactions between a prescription stimulant (methylphenidate) and marijuana with respect to heart rate, cognitive performance, and subjective drug effects. Results suggested that the combination of these drugs may have concerning effects, particularly with respect to cardiac health. Research in understudied subgroups, such as older adults and pregnant women, and those with concurrent pain and opioid dependence is needed to better understand the impact of prescription drug abuse on these groups. Another critical future research direction is further study of optimal treatment approaches, including understanding of longer-term treatment outcomes. All of these research directions will benefit from the improvement of strategies for defining and assessing prescription drug abuse. Although certainly much more research is needed to understand the abuse of prescription opioids and stimulants--particularly given their prevalence--attention to other prescription drugs is also needed.

Prescription drug abuse continues to exert a substantial public health cost, as highlighted by growing rates of overdose deaths and rapidly increasing need for substance use disorder treatment. Addressing this problem will require involvement of a range of stakeholders and intervention at various levels, such as increased prescriber education and prescription monitoring, improvement in access to evidence-based substance use disorder treatment, enhanced understanding of optimal treatment approaches, and adjustments to policy to provide public health level supports (e.g., drug buy-backs). Such interventions must be accompanied by assessment of their impact to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of efforts to stem the tide of this problem.

• Prescription drug abuse has reached an epidemic level.
• Research suggests both similarities to and differences from illicit drug abuse.
• Treatment outcomes may be superior compared to illicit drug use disorders.
• Research is needed on the nature and treatment of prescription drug abuse.

Acknowledgements

Effort on the preparation of this manuscript was supported by NIDA grants K23 DA035297 (Dr. McHugh), K24 DA022288 and U10 DA015831 (Dr. Weiss). Suzanne Nielsen is supported by a NHMRC Research Fellowship (#1013803). The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre at the University of New South Wales is supported by funding from the Australian Government under the Substance Misuse Prevention and Service Improvements Grant Fund. The contents of the published material are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of the NHMRC.

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Essay on Drug Abuse in English

Table of Contents

Essay on Drug Abuse: Drug abuse involves compulsive and excessive intake of drugs over a period of time. Repeated use of drugs results in developing addiction that has harmful repercussions. It is a problem that directly impacts the structure and functioning of the brain causing grave damage to it. Drug abuse, a term used for obsessive and excessive use of drugs, is a common problem these days. Regular use of drugs is self damaging. It leads to addiction and causes behavioral changes. Drug abuse particularly impacts the brain and can also lead to other health issues such as kidney failure and heart problem.

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Long and Short Essay on Drug Abuse in English

Here are essays on Drug Abuse of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exam. You can select any drug abuse essay as per your need and interest:

Drug Abuse Essay 200 words

Drug abuse is the repeated and excessive use of drugs. It impacts a person’s mental as well as physical health negatively causing a major damage to the brain. Drug abuse hampers a person’s power to practice self-control and interferes with their ability to resist the urge to take drugs. Drugs are initially taken out of choice, however, it becomes hard to resist them sooner than you realize. It is difficult to recover from this problem and even those who do stand a high risk of developing it again.

People usually take to drug abuse in order to curb the stress caused due to the following:

• Family Issues
• Pressure at Work
• Growing Competition in Schools and Colleges
• Relationship Problems
• Financial Issues
• Feeling of Emptiness

Besides, it can also be a genetic problem. Whatever be the reason, it is essential to understand that drug abuse only aggravates the problems rather than solving them. It is thus wise to stay away from it. Those who have already fallen prey to this problem can seek expert guidance to overcome it. Proper medication, support from loved ones and strong will power can take one out of the dark world of drug abuse. The treatment for drug abuse is extended over a long period so as to ensure that the problem does not relapse.

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Drug Abuse Essay 300 words

Drug abuse refers to obsessive and excessive use of drugs. It impacts a person’s mental as well as physical health mainly causing damage to the brain. Drugs are initially taken by choice owing to different reasons. However, gradually it becomes difficult to resist them. There are different reasons why people take the road to drugs. Here is a look at these and also the ways to curb this problem.

Reasons for Drug Abuse

• Family/Relationship Problems

Many people have problems in their family. For them, drug abuse seems to be an easy escape from the stress caused due to those problems. Youngsters, particularly try to tackle their relationship problems by way of drug abuse.

• Work Pressure

Pressure at work place and competition at the school and college level is another major cause of drug abuse.

It is often seen that a person’s genes also play a significant role in him/ her turning addict. The problem usually, not necessarily, runs in the family.

The feeling of loneliness or emptiness can also force a person to turn to drugs.

Medication for Drug Abuse

Different types of medications are given to people suffering from different stages of drug abuse. Here is a look at these:

• Staying in Treatment

The patient’s brain needs to be trained to adapt to the absence of drugs. This treatment helps the patients control their craving for drugs.

• Withdrawal Treatment

People who stop using drugs can experience symptoms such as stress, anxiety, mood swings, etc. They are prescribed medications to overcome these symptoms.

• Prevent Relapse

There are many factors that can trigger a relapse. Medications are being developed to control these triggers.

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Drug Abuse is a common problem these days. Though hard to resist, the usage of drugs can be controlled with proper medication and guidance.

Drug Abuse Essay 400 words

Drug abuse is a chronic disease. Those who abuse drugs are unable to resist them despite being fully aware about their harmful consequences. Regular intake of drugs can damage the brain adversely and can also lead to various other health problems. Brain changes caused due to heavy intake of drugs can be persistent. Drug addiction is thus known to be a relapsing problem. Here is a look at the various causes of drug abuse and also the ways to overcome this problem:

Factors Causing Drug Abuse

The factors causing drug abuse have mainly been classified in three categories. Here is a look at each of these in detail:

• Environmental Factors

A person’s environment includes various factors such as his social status, family, friends, professional life, etc. Problems in the family, bad company, competition at work and lack of proper guidance and support from parents or teachers can often lead to drug abuse.

• Biological Factors

Drug abuse can also be a genetic problem. A child stands a high chance of falling prey to drug abuse if either of his parents has been under the influence of the same. Certain mental disorders can also cause a person to turn towards drugs.

Though drug addiction can develop at any age however those who begin taking drugs at an early age have a high chance of getting addicted. This is because those areas in their brain that are responsible for self-control, judgement and decision making are still in their development stage. This is the reason why teenagers are more prone to drug abuse.

Ways to Cure Drug Abuse

Though difficult, there are ways to cure the problem of drug abuse. Here is how:

• Expert Guidance

It is suggested to visit a doctor and seek proper medication to overcome this problem. Most of those who are suffering from this grave problem are recommended to join a rehabilitation centre to control it.

• Eat Right and Exercise

The damage caused due to drug abuse must be replenished in order to become physically and mentally fit and this can only be done by having a healthy diet. It is also suggested to exercise regularly in order to keep stress at bay.

Drug abuse, mainly caused in an attempt to overcome emotional upheaval in one’s life, can be self damaging. It is suggested to stick to a healthy lifestyle and steer clear of unhealthy practices such as dependence on drugs or alcohol to stay fit and active.

Drug Abuse Essay 500 words

Drug abuse is excessive, compulsive and repeated use of drugs. It is a chronic disease that can damage a person’s physical as well as mental health beyond repair. Initially, a person takes drugs by choice. However, after some time it becomes almost impossible for him/ her to resist them. Drug addiction is difficult to control and is often referred to as a relapsing disease. It mainly impacts the brain.

Why does this problem occur?

Different people get addicted to drugs owing to different reasons. Here is a look at some of the main reasons that lead to this problem:

Many people take to drugs to overcome the feeling of loneliness. Many a times, people feel that they have no one to share their joys and sorrows with and they eventually take to drugs in order to get rid of this feeling.

• Competition

Growing competition in schools, colleges and at work leads to pressure which is often difficult to handle. Many people turn to drugs in order to handle this pressure.

This is also a common reason for drug abuse. Youngsters often take to drugs in order to overcome the emotional upheaval caused due to failed relationships.

• Experimentation

Many people, mostly teenagers are just curious to find out how drugs taste as well as their after effects. Little do they know that this experimenting can lead to addiction before they would even realise.

Drug abuse is often hereditary. If any of the parents is addicted to drugs, the child has a high risk of incurring the problem.

How to curb this problem?

While it is difficult to get out of the dark world of drug abuse and it is highly likely for the problem to relapse, there are certain things that can help those trying to get rid of this problem. These are discussed below in detail:

• Expert Consultation

It is suggested to consult a doctor or better still join a rehabilitation centre in order to get rid of drug abuse. As easy as it is to fall prey to this problem, it is equally difficult to come out of it. The step by step approach followed at the rehabilitation centres is an effective way to curb this issue.

• Eat Healthy

Your mental as well as physical health deteriorates due to heavy intake of drugs. In order to replenish the lost nutrients, it is suggested to have a healthy diet.

Physical activities such as jogging, dancing, swimming, yoga, etc promote the growth of endorphins also known as the happy hormones. It is suggested to indulge in such activities to get rid of drug addiction as reducing the drug dosage can increase the stress level.

Drug Abuse is a grave problem. Especially common among the youth these days, it can be damaging for those who are addicted as well as the ones related to them. The sensitivity of the issue must be recognized and one must not start this practice in any case. Remember, there are better ways to handle problems such as loneliness, fear, anxiety and heart break.

Below are the list of related essay available at IL

Drug Abuse Essay 600 words

Drug abuse, the compulsive and excessive use of drugs, particularly impacts a person’s brain. It causes brain changes that make it difficult for a person to practice self-control and interfere with their power to defy the urge to take drugs. The changes in the functioning of the brain are inexorable and this is the reason why it often relapses. Even those who recover stand a high risk of returning to drugs even after years of recovery. However, this does not mean that the treatment is not effective enough. One must ensure that the treatment is not stopped. It is an ongoing process though the doctors alter the medication from time to time on the basis of the response received from the patients.

What causes Drug Addiction?

Different people fall prey to this self-damaging habit due to different reasons. Some of the key reasons for drug addiction are shared below:

Feeling of emptiness can be the worst feeling and is often difficult to handle. To get rid of these feelings, many people take the road to drugs. They feel that drugs will help them fill the void.

Many students begin taking drugs to overcome the study related stress. Similarly, there is so much pressure in the corporate offices these days that people are unable to cope up with it. They often turn towards drugs to deal with the stress and anxiety caused at work.

• Family/ Relationship problems

Many people also tend to begin taking drugs to overcome stress caused due to family issues or relationship problems and eventually become addicted to the same.

Teenagers often try drugs just for experimenting and get addicted to them before they even realise. Teenagers are more prone to get addicted to them.

Drug addiction can even be genetic. It is often seen that this problem runs in the families. So, there is a high risk of children getting addicted if their parents abuse drugs.

• Drugs Available on Prescription

Most drugs prescribed by the doctors are as addictive as the street drugs. Many people mistake them as safe and repeated use of these leads to addiction.

Measures to Overcome Drug Addiction

Overcoming drug addiction can be difficult. However, it is not impossible. With the help of medication, expert guidance and support from family and friends, one can overcome this problem. Discussed below are some measures to help you overcome drug abuse.

• Consult Doctor

It takes much more than a strong will power when it comes to getting rid of drug addiction. If you have taken the plunge to get out of the dark world of drugs then it is suggested to consult a doctor as soon as possible.

Reducing drug dosage may result in increased level of stress. You can overcome this to a large extent by indulging in physical activities such as jogging, cycling, swimming, dancing and yoga among others.

Your physical health especially brain deteriorates because of regular intake of drugs. It is thus advised to have food that contains all the essential nutrients.

• Talk to Close Ones

Instead of keeping your feelings to yourself, it is suggested to vent them out. Talk to your family and friends about your issues. This is a good way to de-stress rather than relying on drugs.

Drug abuse is a growing problem, especially among the youths. There are many reasons that lead to this problem and the impact it has is extremely damaging. It is essential to spread awareness about the negative repercussions of drugs to discourage their use. Those gripped by this problem must consult a doctor and seek help from those close to them to come out of hellish world of drug abuse.

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