cohesive devices in argumentative essay

Cohesive Devices used in Students’ Argumentative Essay; A Discourse Analysis

• Ifoni Ludji Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana
• Erny S.N. Hambandima Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana
• Yuningsih Nita Christiani Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana

The cohesive devices are one of the important aspects of academic writing that has been recognized as a fundamental characteristic of good writing. The aims of this study are to find out the types of cohesive devices used by students and to identify the error of using cohesive devices when composing an argumentative text. This study recruited ten students from the fifth semester of the English language program in the 2021/2022 academic year. The research approach used in this study was descriptive qualitative. This entire data were analyzed by identifying the kind of cohesive devices used and also errors of using the cohesive devices. Based on the documentary results of the student's argumentative essay, it indicated that the students used only three types of cohesive devices as a reference, conjunctions, and substitutions. While there are two types of errors revealed in student essays of using cohesive devices, namely; references and conjunctions. The types of references included personal references, such as; they, them, and it, as well as demonstrative references, such as; that, those, and these. Furthermore, there are errors with additive conjunctions such as the using of and or. The Errors in causal conjunctions, such as; using the conjunctions so and because. The students often used the cohesive devices inefficiently, incorrectly, or excessively. In other words, the sentences are not linked correctly and properly. It seems that students cannot use cohesive devices in writing because they do not understand how to use them properly.

Author Biography

Ifoni ludji, universitas kristen artha wacana.

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How to Use Cohesive Devices Correctly [for IELTS Writing]

Posted by David S. Wills | Dec 7, 2020 | IELTS Tips , Writing | 0

If you look at IELTS websites and YouTube videos, you might learn that cohesive devices are very important and that you should use as many of them as possible. However, this is incorrect. You should use them when necessary, but you should not overuse them.

Cohesive devices certainly are important for IELTS writing but you should aim to use them sparingly and accurately. This article will tell you everything you need to know about them.

What are Cohesive Devices?

A cohesive device is a word that helps join parts of your essay together. They are also known as linkers, linking devices, transitions, transitional phrases, or signposting language. However, as the IELTS marking rubric refers to them as “cohesive devices,” then I shall also use that term today.

There are different types of cohesive devices because technically any word that joins ideas or clauses is cohesive by nature. However, in most cases we mean conjunctive adverbs. These are words that link two independent clauses in a compound sentence or else introduce an independent clause at the start of a new sentence.

Conjunctive adverbs include:

• Consequently
• For example
• As a result
• In conclusion
• On the one hand

How to Use Cohesive Devices

As I mentioned above, there are different types of cohesive devices. For this reason, you should use them according to the grammatical rules required. For example, a conjunctive adverb would be used differently from a subordinating conjunction, and these would each be different from a coordinating conjunction.

You can see the difference between those three types of cohesive device here:

Today, we will mostly focus on conjunctive adverbs. These begin an independent clause and that will come after a full stop or a semi-colon. For example:

• She’d had a bad morning; however, she stayed positive and hoped the afternoon would be better.
• She’d had a bad morning. However, she stayed positive and hoped the afternoon would be better.

The meaning is basically the same. We use a semi-colon when the connection between the two clauses is close and obvious. Sometimes they are interchangeable.

For IELTS essays, conjunctive adverbs most commonly are used as signposting language to guide the reader logically from one point to the next. It is very common to see these cohesive devices in task 2 essays:

• To begin with
• On the other hand
• In other words

You always need to keep in mind that these must be both logical and grammatical . That is really important if you want a good score for Coherence and Cohesion.

Problems with Cohesive Devices in IELTS Essays

Let’s now look at some problems people face with cohesive devices in IELTS essays.

Overusing Cohesive Devices

There are various problems that IELTS candidates face when using cohesive devices. The most common problem is overusing them. This is due to a misunderstanding of how English works and the fact that most IELTS tutors say, “Use as many cohesive devices as possible!”

In fact, you should use device devices sometimes in order to logically link parts of your writing, but you should definitely avoid using them too much or your work will sound mechanical and dull. Look at an essay by a native speaker of English. How many cohesive devices do they use? Not many.

The IELTS marking rubric specifically states that you will not score more than band 7 for Coherence and Cohesion if you overuse cohesive devices:

uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use British Council

You can see how strange it sounds to overuse them in this example:

I have a full lesson on the overuse of cohesive devices here .

Picking the Wrong Cohesive Device

Another problem is that people often pick the wrong cohesive device. This is a bit less common than overusing them, but I still see it pretty frequently when marking essays for my IELTS writing correction service .

Here is an example:

Many people believe that governments should increase taxes on electrical devices in order to fund disposal programmes to ensure that they are recycled. For example, many devices are just thrown away with other trash, contributing to the destruction of the environment.

The problem here is that the cohesive device “for example” is not really appropriate. The second sentence is not actually an example of the first. It is related to the first but it further explains the ideas of the first sentence rather than providing any sort of example. To fix this, we might say:

Many people believe that governments should increase taxes on electrical devices in order to fund disposal programmes to ensure that they are recycled. For example, a small tax levied on all electrical goods could be used to establish drop-off points in easily accessible locations, where electrical goods are collected and sent to specialist sites to be re-used or broken into component parts that can be safely disposed.

Now, the second sentence gives a full example of the idea expressed in the first sentence.

Another commonly misused cohesive device is “meanwhile.” People seem to confuse this with “however” or “therefore.” It really means “at the same time as.” You can see that here:

To solve the trash crisis, we need to take various approaches. Perhaps the most important one is educating people of the damage that they are doing to our planet. Meanwhile, we also need to punish people who drop litter or dump chemicals because we cannot just wait for education to have an impact. That could take years.

In this case, “meanwhile” shows that punishment needs to happen at the same time as education .

Altering the Form of Cohesive Devices

One really common problem is people changing cohesive devices. Perhaps they just misremember them, but sometimes people try to be creative. Unfortunately, these parts of speech should be changed or else they become incorrect.

As you can see from the above picture, it is quite common for people to make an error with “On the one hand… On the other hand…” When you change either of these, the result is an incorrect phrase. There is no way to change them correctly, so don’t bother.

I also see people trying to be creative with other cohesive devices, like “in conclusion” or “for example.” They say things like “to be conclusion” or “for examples.” However, both of these are totally incorrect. Another strange one that I have seen is “first and most of all.”

Informal or Outdated Devices

It is also common to see people misusing cohesive devices by picking really informal ones or really old and unusual ones.

One of the most common mistakes is saying “to recapitulate.” This is a term that almost no native speaker would use nowadays. You can see here on Google that it is no longer a commonly used term:

Unfortunately, many IELTS candidates use this because lots of uninformed teachers tell them that it is a special word to dazzle the examiner.

Similarly, people use phrases like “last but not least.” This is a way of introducing people in spoken English. We might use it to introduce a speaker who has come last in a list of people. It is a comical and friendly way of saying “He’s last but that is just a random order.” It is totally inappropriate for an IELTS essay because it is so informal .

Confusing Types of Cohesive Devices

Another quite common problem is mixing up the different types of cohesive device. I stated earlier that we would focus on conjunctive adverbs in this lesson, but cohesive devices can technically include subordinative conjunctions or coordinating conjunctions. These are different parts of speech with different grammatical rules to govern them.

We use conjunctive adverbs after a period or semi-colon and follow them with a comma, but subordinating conjunctions do not have a comma after them. Conjunctive adverbs link two independent clauses but subordinating ones begin a dependent clause:

• INCORRECT: Although, the Earth is warming at an alarming temperature, some people refuse to admit that climate change is real.
• CORRECT: Although the Earth is warming at an alarming temperature, some people refuse to admit that climate change is real.
• CORRECT: Some people refuse to admit that climate change is real although the Earth is warming at an alarming temperature.
• ALSO CORRECT: Some people refuse to admit that climate change is real; however, the Earth is warming at an alarming temperature.

I have a full lesson on the difference between conjunctive adverbs and subordinating conjunctions here .

Most Common Cohesive Devices

It is honestly better to stick with standard language. The people who regularly are disappointed by their IELTS results are the ones who try to use fancy language as a means of taking a shortcut. Instead, stick with the most frequently used cohesive devices and make sure that you use them correctly:

• Additionally

These words and phrases are really useful and can help you to link your ideas logically. Don’t worry about them being “basic” or “boring.” They are important words and as long as you don’t overuse them in your essay then there is no problem.

Cohesive Device Examples

Finally, let’s look at a list of cohesive devices, divided by type. This is not an exhaustive list, of course. It is just a small sample of the vast array of cohesive devices that exist. However, maybe you will find it useful.

About The Author

David S. Wills

David S. Wills is the author of Scientologist! William S. Burroughs and the 'Weird Cult' and the founder/editor of Beatdom literary journal. He lives and works in rural Cambodia and loves to travel. He has worked as an IELTS tutor since 2010, has completed both TEFL and CELTA courses, and has a certificate from Cambridge for Teaching Writing. David has worked in many different countries, and for several years designed a writing course for the University of Worcester. In 2018, he wrote the popular IELTS handbook, Grammar for IELTS Writing and he has since written two other books about IELTS. His other IELTS website is called IELTS Teaching.

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MISUSE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN STUDENTS' ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY WRITING

This research is intended to analyze the misuse of grammatical cohesion found on argumentative essay composed by the fourth semester students of English department of IAIN Tulungagung. This study deals more about discourse analysis. This research uses quantitative research with survey design. The data source was the fourth semester students' argumentative essay writing composition. The data were any misuse of grammatical cohesive devices found in the students' argumentative essay writing. The technique of data collection was document analysis. This study found that there were 474 misuses of cohesive devices identified in 36 students' argumentative essay. In the misuse of cohesion in students' argumentative essay writing, the main problems used by the students are the confusion in using of the appropriate reference and conjunction. In many case, students tended to misuse singular pronoun while referencing plural objects or vice versa. The dominant frequency of misuse grammatical cohesive devices was reference, exactly personal reference. The result shows that 474 misuses of cohesive devices made by the students. The students are misuse of reference 336 (70, 89%). Misuse of substitution is 2 times (0, 42%). The results misuse of conjunctions is 136 (28, 69%).

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzed qualitatively the cohesive devices used in argumentative essays of undergraduate EFL students in South Sumatera, Indonesia. Eighty essays were collected from eight universities in which ten essays were obtained from each. Halliday and Hasan (1976) concept of grammatical cohesion was used as the framework for the analysis of the essays. All the cohesive devices were found. Reference had the highest frequency which is 50.24% of the total cohesive devices followed by conjuction which is 37.34%, lexical cohesion which is 7.7% and ellipsis which is 3.57%. Substitution was the least used type of cohesive device which is only 1.15%. In terms of correctness of using the devices, most of the devices were all used properly. It was revealed that there was still few mistakes of using reference and substitution since they both were frequently used in the essays. Hence, it can be concluded that the students are more familiar with the use of reference and conjunction ev...

LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra

Afrianto Afrianto

This research aims at investigating the type of cohesive devices in students’ writing as a part of discourse analysis. Thus, it explores sentence correlation and meaning as a whole discourse and figures out inappropriate use of the devices.This research is conducted qualitatively to the students of English Letters of Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia Bandar Lampung and employs Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) conceptual framework. Further, examining the grammatical cohesion through document, this research deeply looks at the data in form of sentences. The researcher found 122 grammatical cohesive devices from three essays. Furthermore, the researcher also found 5 inappropriate uses of cohesive devices; it includes 2 additive conjunctions, 2 adversative conjunctions, and 1 temporal conjunction. It is also noted that the lacking understanding and awareness about cohesion especially on grammatical cohesion leads the students to use inappropriate cohesive devices. It then problematizes the sem...

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This research aims to analyse a piece of argumentative writing produced by fifth semester of Darussunnah students in a term of cohesion issues of discourse analysis. The cohesive devices are viewed as a structure of analysis to investigate the grammatical and lexical cohesion in writing. Qualitative and quantitative (mixed method) were applied in analysing the data. The quantitative analysis investigates the frequency and percentage of errors committed in student’s writing. Qualitative analysis were employed to investigate linguistic description and the explanation of the cohesion produced by student’s writing. The result showed that students have performed the cohesive devices. However, students need to improve the use of cohesive device, especially in grammatical cohesion to result higher level of cohesion.

Sari Kusumaningrum

In terms of the communicative nature of writing, cohesion is regarded as an essential textual component, not only to create organized text but also comprehensive text. Therefore, the use of cohesive devices is really important. As a matter of fact, the students sometimes still make some errors in cohesion when they have to make a composition. The study aims at investigating the cohesive errors in students’ argumentative writing as well as the sources of cohesive errors. The data were collected from the students’ argumentative essay of the fourth semester students of English Department of IKIP PGRI Semarang in academic year 2011/2012. There are 30 written texts to be analyzed. The data were analyzed by using descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. In analyzing the data, the researcher applied two theoretical frameworks of Halliday Hasan’s Cohesion Taxonomy (1976) and theory of error analysis. The result shows that there are 3079 cohesive devices found in the 30 students’ ar...

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This study aims to analyze the use of cohesive devices and the chain interaction of cohesive devices to achieve coherence in argumentative essays of Universitas Negeri Semarang graduate students. This study employed descriptive qualitative research design. It focused on cohesion and coherence analysis of students’ writing. The findings of the study showed that all of the types of cohesive devices such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, and reiteration were found in the students’ essays. These cohesive devices provide the coherence of the text through their semantic relation or bound which create the two cohesive chains; identity chains and similarity chains. The interaction between both chains can give explicit signals to guide readers towards the intended interpretation of the text. The result of this chain interaction is known as cohesive harmony. Most of students’ essays achieve coherence because the total tokens of the students’ essays enter more than 50% of chain interactio...

JURNAL LISDAYA

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Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA-2019)

armila depega

JOSEPHINE ALARCON

Cohesion in writing is a problem among second language learners when required to submit texts for academic requirements and how to solve this problem is still a challenge to teachers and researchers (Liu, 2000, p. 28). Moreover, Liu (2000, p. 30) reasons that students' lack of cohesion result from a want of lexical ties. Teachers may not have addressed cohesion problem maybe because the teaching of writing courses have been focused on the discussion of functional connectives, which is also a problem of students, instead of providing help in expanding students' vocabulary and facilitating understanding of acquired lexical items, “overlooking an important element for text cohesion which is content lexical ties” (Liu,2000, p.28).

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Discourse is essential in communicating thoughts and ideas. People around the world communicate their ideas through stretches of language. In order to understand any discourse, it must achieve cohesion. The purpose of this paper is to define and describe the cohesive devices based on the work of Halliday and Hasan (1976). It also aims to emphasize the necessity of using these devices by analyzing a Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB) sample examination of a student's essay writing. The student's writing shows clear evidence of cohesion and demonstrates the use of grammatical and lexical devices. It is noticed that the most grammatical devices used are reference and conjunction. On the contrary, there is little evidence of using lexical devices. Although the essay is somewhat cohesive, some areas still need improvement.

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