crime and punishment essay free

The Classic Journal

A journal of undergraduate writing and research, from wip at uga, an analysis of crime and punishment.

by Paris Whitney

Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky is a novel that has been deemed controversial, yet notable over the course of centuries. This novel was influenced by the time period and setting of 19 th century St. Petersburg, Russia. Society was transitioning from medieval traditions to Westernization, which had a large impact on civilians, specifically those in poverty. Dostoevsky writes this novel centered around a poor man whose poverty drives him to test an ideology that results in his own detriment. Although this is important, the plot is only part of what makes this novel significant. What continues to make this novel memorable centuries after it was written is how Dostoevsky uses the concept of time to progress the plot and establish information, how his use of symbolism contributes to the message and meaning of the story and its characters, and how his writing has unintentionally embraced and related to different philosophies.

symbolism, nature, time, philosophy, existentialism, ego transcendence

Fyodor Dostoevsky is perhaps the most controversial author of the nineteenth century. His best-known work is Crime and Punishment , a novel that explores the psychological depths of man. At the center is Raskolnikov, a character who inflicts and experiences a great deal of suffering, all because he perceives himself to be superior to the average man.

Crime and Punishment takes place in St. Petersburg, Russia. The time is 1860, Alexander II holds reign, and consequently political skepticism is abundant. In addition to skepticism, the country’s economic state has disproportionate effects on its citizens, as the increasing wealth gap parallels the increase of turmoil in the streets. The novel follows Rodion Raskolnikov, a man of lower class whose poverty leads him to forming an idea and testing its validity. This theory is that certain men are exempt from laws created by society, as their actions against these laws are done for the greater good. In order to test this theory, Raskolnikov forms a plan to murder Alyona Ivanovna, an old pawnbroker whom he has had many exchanges with. After killing Ivanovna, he ends up killing her sister Lizaveta as well, when her appearance at Ivanovna’s apartment startles his original plan. In a frenzy, he leaves their bodies at the crime scene, and on his way out his mental state begins to spiral leading the readers to follow his psychological decline. 

Around the world, philologists and psychologists alike have studied Crime and Punishment to understand what makes this work essential to literature. Through studies of symbolism, philosophy, and psychology, it is recognized how Dostoevsky uses the concept of time to develop the story, how he uses symbolism to reflect underlying emotions and intentions of characters, and how different ideologies may be related to the meaning behind Crime and Punishment. These components used together showcase how Dostoevsky’s work remains notable for centuries.  

Crime and Punishment is a novel symbolic of the drawbacks that society can have on individuals, specifically those who are at a disadvantage as a result of their class or mental state. When Dostoevsky penned this novel, the time was 1866. 19 th century Russia was a transition period from medieval traditions to Westernization. During this transition, many people struggled to accommodate to the changing times. There was unrest in the streets, conflict amongst the classes, economic upheaval, and a lack of concern for those suffering by the government. Those who were of higher class were better able to navigate this complex transition, while those in poverty lacked the materials necessary to accommodate to the coming changes. Previously Westernized countries exhibited unrest fromtheir populations while progressing in societal advancement. There was concern about this potentially translating into Russia’s development. Russia was not exempt from these issues, and Dostoevsky was no help in assuring that peace would be maintained. Dostoevsky’s work concerned people in power when he indirectly made an association between violence and societal progression, and how this may prompt the masses to revolt against their government. Localized current events, such as a rise in domestic violence and murder, also influenced this novel. Due to these real-life events that inspired Dostoevsky’s work, it can be said that Crime and Punishment is an accurate representation of its time period [ 1 ] .

Not only was time period an influence on his work, but Dostoevsky would manipulate the concept of time itself to convey the meaning behind his stories. In Crime and Punishment , Dostoevsky writes Raskolnikov as a character continuously in a fever of thoughts. His mind is constantly running rampant, unrelenting even in slumber. Before significant events Raskolnikov would either flashback or dream of memories foreshadowing future moments. An example of this is before committing to murder Alyona Ivanovna, his subconscious takes him and the reader back to a moment where he and his father witnessed the cruel killing of a mule at the hands of a crowd for being too weak to pull a wagon . From a third person perspective, young Raskolnikov’s reaction to this moment is described hither, “But by now the poor boy is beside himself. With a shout he plunges through the crowd into the sorrel, embraces her dead, bloodstained muzzle, and he kisses her, kisses her on the eyes, on the mouth…” (Dostoevsky, 1866, pg. 57). By preceding Raskolnikov’s murderous intentions with his younger self’s mournful reaction to the mule’s death shows the audience how Raskolnikov has developed over time, and the degeneration resulting from his experiences in life.Time also seems to slow down when Raskolnikov is in moments of heightened emotion , because as he loses the ability to conceptualize, the more feverish his mind becomes. Towards the end of the novel, Raskolnikov reflects on the events that have occurred, saying “after a long time had passed, he thought his consciousness must have kept flashing on and off, with several dim, dark intervals, right up to the final catastrophe. He was absolutely convinced he had been mistaken about many things at the time; the duration of time of certain events, for example.” (Dostoevsky, 1866, pg. 417). This feverish mindset also manifests into physiological symptoms, giving Raskolnikov the appearance of being sick. “He was not completely unconscious all the time he was sick, but rather delirious, in a feverish state of half consciousness. He could recall a good deal later. Once in his room seemed full of people… They had all gone out. They were afraid of him.” (Dostoevsky, 1866, pg. 112). Dostoevsky uses syntax and diction to write these occurrences in a way that mimics Raskolnikov’s thinking. The transitions between events are frenetic, reflecting the tumultuous thoughts that plague Raskolnikov as a result of his actions. Choosing to modify the chronology of the novel in this way, he emphasizes the severity of situations by making the readers feel like they are experiencing the event as well.

In addition to this, Crime and Punishment contains levels of symbolism to enhance the mental conditions of characters . George Gibian explored traditionalsymbolism [2] within Crime and Punishment , and came to find that many motifshave religious roots. Ranging from Christianity to Paganism to Russian Orthodoxy, Dostoevsky’s implementation of images such as water, vegetation, air, and earth come together to express the mental state of the characters immersed in a particular setting. For example, Gibian described how water is used as a symbol of rebirth or regeneration. In Crime and Punishment , Raskolnikov would aimlessly walk about the setting in moments where his mind and thoughts were chaotic. He would end up in symbolically important nature scenes, for instance beside a river that ran through his town, or on the ground surrounded by bushes and trees. When near the water, he would feel the weight of guilt coming from the crimes he has committed. “He stared at the darkening water of the canal. He seemed to be scrutinizing this water. At last red circles danced before his eyes, the buildings swayed, the passersby, the embankments, the carriages- everything around him began to swirl and dance. All of a sudden he shuddered. A wild and grotesque scene saved him, perhaps, from another fainting spell.” (Dostoevsky, 1866, pg. 163). In this scene, Raskolnikov’s physiological symptoms begin to arise as his consciousness fights for contrition. This is important because Raskolnikov’s proximity to water when these feelings arise is representative of the good side of his conscience, trying to push him in the direction of what is right.

While water and vegetation are symbols that typically have a positive connotation, their presence can be used to emphasize the degeneration of one’s mental state . An example would be Svidrigailov, a character whose presence is nothing short of problematic. He strives to satisfy his erotic desires regardless of who may be harmed in the process, solidifying his position as one of the antagonists in Crime and Punishment . Svidrigailov also possesses a dislike for nature. This is shown when he visits St. Petersburg, and in his final night of life he ends up spiraling in his hotel room. During this downward spiral, he hears the sound of trees rustling outside of his window combined with rain. Instead of comforting him, they drive him further towards insanity. “‘The trees are sighing. I must admit I don’t care for the sighing of trees on a dark, stormy night- it gives me the creeps!’” He takes time to contemplate his life, saying, “ ‘I never in my life liked water… You’d think now, of all times, I’d be indifferent to these fine points of esthetics and comfort, whereas actually I’m fussier,’” (Dostoevsky, 1866, pg. 480). He resents the sound of vegetation when having a mental breakdown, and he ends up committing suicide in the midst of a fog that has emerged after a thunderstorm- showing his opposition to growing as a person. The use of nature as a way to reflect internal torments and emotions of different characters shows Dostoevsky’s proficiency in storytelling. Having the character’s surroundings speak the unspoken about what they may be feeling adds a level of meaning to the novel. This implementation of pathetic fallacy strengthens the story while aiding the reader in understanding the message of the text. When looking at the novel as a whole, it is clear nature bridges a connection between the audience and the author, by contextualizing events using the description of the setting where they take place. The narrator establishing the environment before delving into details about actions is a way to indicate to the reader potential outcomes of events, or foreshadow underlying emotions.

Symbolism in this novel does not stop with traditional aspects. Janet Tucker [3] explored the significance of clothing in respect to a character’s religious prospects and how their clothing reflects their beliefs or state of mind. When being worn by someone who has dedicated their life to Christ, clothing is modest and kept to the best of their ability. Sonya is a character in Crime and Punishment who serves as a deuteragonist, being one of the women that only have pure intentions when it comes to helping Raskolnikov. She tries to help Raskolnikov find faith and become a better person, and she does her best to comfort him in his worst moments of mental distress. Sonya even follows Raskolnikov to Siberia when he is imprisoned, despite his resistance to loving her. After analyzing this description of character, it can be said that Sonya’s clothes reflect the graciousness of her soul. She conceals her body in rags because she is poor, although she tries her best to keep them from becoming tattered, showing her values and how she maintains her composed state of mind. Comparing her to Raskolnikov, his mental state is too far distracted for him to care about trivial matters such as his appearance. His clothes are riddled with holes, and he lacks the incentive to fix the damage. An interesting point that Tucker made is how Raskolnikov uses his clothes in his crimes. He wears an overcoat that he uses to conceal his murder weapon and the items he has stolen from Ivanovna after killing her. Considering this, Tucker’s point is validated by the quality of clothing matching the quality of the person who bears it. Dostoevsky using clothing to portend the mental state and values that characters hold is a creative and effective way to give the readers insight as to how they will be progressing throughout the novel. Astute members of the audience will be able to recognize the differences among presentation of characters and base predictions about their actions off of their clothing. It is also interesting to see how characters’ religious affiliations can be observed through their attention to quality of clothing, reflecting how they choose to preserve and care for their items. In contrast to nature’s reflection of emotions, clothing gives insight about personal traits and the morals that shape a character into who they are.

While symbolism is important to developing the meaning behind Crime and Punishment , what makes this novel so notable are the philosophies it both challenges and embraces unintentionally. Existentialism [4] is a philosophy maintaining the belief that as individuals, there is a right within everyone to determine quality of life through acts of free will. It is easy to see how Crime and Punishment can be regarded by many existentialists as representative of this philosophy, but overall Dostoevsky is not one many would like to consider an archetype for existentialism. And, in retrospect, he is not. Dostoevsky’s main character in Crime and Punishment spends a lot of his time soliloquizing his belief that certain men are greater than others. Raskolnikov thinks men like this come to be by exercising their free will in ways that defy the common laws of life, but with the intention that what they are doing will better the world in the end. This idea is the reason behind Raskolnikov’s eventual murder of Alyona Ivanovna, a pawnbroker, and her half-sister Lizaveta. He kills Ivanovna as a way to test if he can be one of these people, but quickly discovers in the throes of his crime that he is not. This misconstrued idea of free will presented in Crime and Punishment can be where many begin to wonder if Dostoevsky was an existentialist. But a conclusion can be made that Dostoevsky’s free will is psychologically based and pushes the boundaries between what is right and what is wrong. Existentialism, on the other hand, is a philosophy centered around creativity and authenticity of the self.       

On a more granular level, while Dostoevsky was not an existentialist, his work shows his agreement with the philosophical concept of ego transcendence [5] . Transcendence of the ego is described as an advancement of the “authentic self” through experiences that result in a greater awareness. Once this awareness is achieved, this person usually begins to see themselves as greater than the average human. This is easily relatable to Raskolnikov’s philosophy that he reiterates often throughout the novel. The way that Dostoevsky sets his characters up for transcendence is through suffering. Richard Chapple analyzed the way Dostoevsky progresses Crime and Punishment by noting the use of the prism of the divine [6] . The prism of the divine includes 6 reasons that people suffer, and Dostoevsky provides different scenarios for representations of each reason. Raskolnikov suffers as a result of “recognition of transgression,” which is his guilt overpowering him after killing two women. It is even more stressful because in this guilt he realizes that he is not the monumental person he thought he was. In turn, he suffers because of “involvement in the torments and suffering of others,” as a result of brutally murdering his victims, followed by “greed and ambition.” Once failing to follow through with his entire plan beyond murdering Ivanovna, the weight of his ambition becomes heavy as it never had a chance at being attained. This dissatisfaction with himself contributes more to his depression than the fact that he is a murderer.

The last three prisms of the divine are “lack of faith,” “pride,” and the “inability to love.” Here, it is important to note Chapple’s perspective on how pride stems into all categories of suffering. Chapple discussed concepts such as clothing, a previously mentioned symbol, and how its relation to pride can be interpreted. He states, “The proud often suffer because of poverty or other seemingly external circumstances such as name, clothing and position. Pride generates a façade, and characters wear masks to conceal an inner reality…” (1983, p. 97). While Raskolnikov’s hubris is his biggest torment, Raskolnikov suffers for all of these reasons, and these intersections are where Sonya tries to ease his pain. When Raskolnikov is in his apartment with Sonya and is attempting to explain his crimes, she reassures him that she will not forsake him as he believes she will, going as far as to promise to follow him wherever he goes, even to prison. When he asks her what he should do, she advises him to go back to where he committed these atrocities, kiss the earth and kneel on the ground, then confess aloud that he is a murderer. By doing so, he is confessing to God and has a chance of being forgiven for his sins.

While religion plays a big role in Crime and Punishment , Dostoevsky’s implementation of Lazarus is predominately referencing the song rather than the biblical story- though that is mentioned. The Lazarus song [7] is a song that encapsulates the belief that the relationship between the rich and the poor should include the rich helping those in poverty by almsgiving. When Raskolnikov is preparing to face Porfiry Petrovich, a detective in the case of Ivanovna and Lizaveta’s murders, he says to himself “I’ll have to play the part of Lazarus for him too,” ( Crime and Punishment , 237). When Raskolnikov says this, he means that he is going to have to embrace his situation as a poor, college dropout, as a way to appear more innocent to Petrovich. This manipulation is seen from the side of poor people such as Raskolnikov, but also from those of wealth.

Raskolnikov’s sister, Dunya, was engaged to a man of the name Luzhin who expected her to marry him out of desperation. When Dunya backs out of the marriage, Luzhin scolds himself for not using his money to manipulate her into staying by purchasing expensive gifts, as opposed for thinking he should have treated her better. It is through secondary characters like these when many underlying messages are being portrayed. While Raskolnikov is the central character of Crime and Punishment , Dostoevsky uses secondary characters as a way to reflect certain aspects that Raskolnikov may be lacking, such as consciousness and an ability to recognize and admit to one’s mistakes. With Sonya, she was a part of a family that forced her into prostitution because they were too poor to provide for her, with a father who was too drunk to care. Marmeladov was the father’s name, and he is who Raskolnikov first meets in a bar and confesses to his shame about the situation he has put his daughter in. Similarly, Raskolnikov’s mother reduces his sister to working in uncomfortable scenarios in order to be able to send Raskolnikov to college. She feels guilt at this when Dunya becomes the center of town drama, after the husband in the family she works for begins to lust after her. These characters have made mistakes, but what parallels them to Raskolnikov is the fact that they acknowledge their wrongs, whereas he has to find the courage to do so .

Raskolnikov’s struggles with admitting that he can make mistakes like anybody else stem from his beliefs that there are two types of people in the world. He references Napoleon throughout the novel, because he believes him to be an example of how things considered to be bad have to happen in order for progress to be made. Pearl Niemi defines this as “power-cult [ 8] ,” the part of Raskolnikov believing in certain people’s superiority to regular laws. The part of Raskolnikov that cripples him once he tries exercising this belief can be referred to as “child-cult.” The child-cult is Raskolnikov’s emotions and thoughts that challenge the power-cult and ultimately overtake it. This duality within Raskolnikov has an interesting relation with his name. “Raskolot,” is the Russian verb meaning division, or split. When analyzing the schism between Raskolnikov’s feelings and actions, it gives his name a greater meaning and shows how Dostoevsky was very intentional with his work.

Considering what makes a novel notable, Hugh Curtler [9] elaborated on the idea that a novel which can be widely interpreted is what makes it memorable. Curtler referred to the part of the writer that allows for this to happen as the “poet,” because they write without clarification. In this respect, they acknowledge how Dostoevsky was successful at this throughout the majority of Crime and Punishment. Where Curtler thought Dostoevsky failed with this novel is in the epilogue. Instead of leaving the audience to gather their own opinions about certain aspects, he writes an epilogue that confirms what would have been better left unsaid, specifically Raskolnikov’s ability to feel emotions such as sadness, love, regret,etc .

In retrospect, Dostoevsky’s use of time, symbolism, and philosophical aspects in Crime and Punishment each provide different levels of meaning to the story. When incorporating the concept of time in terms of context and story progression, it allows the reader to grasp the importance of the events being foreshadowed, in addition to understanding the influences on decisions of characters. His attention to detail using motifs to communicate underlying emotions and intentions of his characters creates another layer of meaning for this novel, as the interpretation of these motifs make Crime and Punishment different for every reader. And lastly, Dostoevsky’s novel embraces different philosophies, while simultaneously maintaining its individuality from any one ideology. He writes this novel in a way where it applies to different ideals, wherein itself it is exclusive from being categorized, due to its unique central message. This message is one that can be applied to many time periods in history, including the 21 st century. The inevitable progression of societies tends to commonly leave those who are underprivileged to fend for themselves. When this isolation persists, is it unexpected to have people who attempt to create a life for themselves trying to prove that they are worth something, when their government treats them like nothing? Crime and Punishment provides a variety of perspectives for the audience’s consideration. Despite the many ways that this novel can be read and interpreted, one thing is clear, Crime and Punishment is illustrious.

Bourgeois, P. (1980). Dostoevsky and Existentialism: An Experiment in Hermeneutics. Journal of Thought, 15(2), 29-37. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42588842

Chapple, R. (1983). A Catalogue of Suffering in the Works of Dostoevsky: His Christian Foundation. The South Central Bulletin, 43(4), 94-99. doi:10.2307/3187246

Curtler, H. (2004). The Artistic Failure of Crime and Punishment.  Journal of Aesthetic Education,   38 (1), 1-11. doi:10.2307/3527358

Dostoevsky, F. (1866). Crime and Punishment. Signet Classics.

Gibian, G. (1955). Traditional Symbolism in Crime and Punishment.  PMLA,   70 (5), 979-996. doi:10.2307/459881

Harrison, L. (2013). THE NUMINOUS EXPERIENCE OF EGO TRANSCENDENCE IN DOSTOEVSKY. The Slavic and East European Journal, 57(3), 388-402. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43857534

Ivanits, L. (2002). The Other Lazarus in Crime and Punishment.  The Russian Review,   61 (3), 341-357. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3664132

Kohlberg, L. (1963). Psychological Analysis and Literary Form: A Study of the Doubles in Dostoevsky. Daedalus, 92(2), 345-362. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20026782

Niemi, P. (1963). THE ART OF “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT”.  Modern Fiction Studies,   9 (4), 291-313. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26278717

Tucker, J. (2009). Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”: Stopping History’s Clock. Russian History, 36(3), 443-453. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24664577

Tucker, J. (2000). The Religious Symbolism of Clothing in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment. The Slavic and East European Journal, 44(2), 253-265. doi:10.2307/309952

[1] Tucker, J. (2009). Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”: Stopping History’s Clock. Russian History, 36(3), 443-453. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24664577

[2] Gibian, G. (1955). Traditional Symbolism in Crime and Punishment. PMLA, 70(5), 979-996. doi:10.2307/459881

[3] Tucker, J. (2009). Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”: Stopping History’s Clock. Russian History, 36(3), 443-453. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24664577

[4] Bourgeois, P. (1980). Dostoevsky and Existentialism: An Experiment in Hermeneutics. Journal of Thought, 15(2), 29-37. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/42588842

[5] Harrison, L. (2013). THE NUMINOUS EXPERIENCE OF EGO TRANSCENDENCE IN DOSTOEVSKY. The Slavic and East European Journal, 57(3), 388-402. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43857534

[6] Chapple, R. (1983). A Catalogue of Suffering in the Works of Dostoevsky: His Christian Foundation. The South Central Bulletin, 43(4), 94-99. doi:10.2307/3187246

[7 ] Ivanits, L. (2002). The Other Lazarus in Crime and Punishment. The Russian Review, 61(3), 341-357. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3664132

[8 ] Niemi, P. (1963). THE ART OF “CRIME AND PUNISHMENT”. Modern Fiction Studies, 9(4), 291-313. Retrieved May 8, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26278717

[9] Curtler, H. (2004). The Artistic Failure of Crime and Punishment. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 38(1), 1-11. doi:10.2307/3527358

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Books — Crime and Punishment

Essays on Crime and Punishment

Prompt examples for "crime and punishment" essays, guilt and redemption.

Explore the theme of guilt and redemption in "Crime and Punishment." How does Raskolnikov's guilt evolve throughout the novel, and what is the significance of his quest for redemption?

Psychological Character Analysis

Analyze the psychological aspects of Raskolnikov's character. What motivates his actions, and how do his mental and emotional struggles contribute to the narrative's depth?

Moral Dilemmas

Discuss the moral dilemmas faced by various characters in the story, including Raskolnikov, Sonia, and Porfiry. How do these dilemmas reflect larger societal and ethical questions?

Social Critique

Examine Dostoevsky's critique of society and its impact on individuals. How does the novel address issues of poverty, alienation, and the justice system in 19th-century Russia?

Symbolism and Motifs

Analyze the use of symbolism and motifs in the narrative, such as the yellow paint, the axe, and the recurring dream. What do these symbols represent, and how do they enhance the novel's themes?

Narrative Structure

Consider the novel's narrative structure, which alternates between third-person and first-person perspectives. How does this structure provide insight into different characters' thoughts and perspectives?

Three Elements of Crime

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Dostoevsky’s Crime Punishment: Raskolnikov Vs. Svidrigailov

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Analysis of Raskolnikov’s Character in Crime and Punishment

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The Irony in Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment

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Fyodor Dostoyevsky

Philosophical novel, Psychological fiction, Crime fiction

Raskolnikov, Sonya, Razumíkhin, Dunya, Luzhin, Svidrigaïlov, Porfiry Petrovich

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Crime and Punishment

Fyodor dostoevsky, everything you need for every book you read..

Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

Crime and Punishment: Introduction

Crime and punishment: plot summary, crime and punishment: detailed summary & analysis, crime and punishment: themes, crime and punishment: quotes, crime and punishment: characters, crime and punishment: symbols, crime and punishment: theme wheel, brief biography of fyodor dostoevsky.

Historical Context of Crime and Punishment

Other books related to crime and punishment.

• Full Title: Crime and Punishment (In Russian: Prestuplenie i nakazanie )
• When Written: 1865-1866
• Where Written: St. Petersburg
• When Published: 1866 (serially, in twelve installments)
• Literary Period: Realism
• Genre: Psychological realism
• Setting: St. Petersburg, Russia; 1860s
• Climax: Raskolnikov confesses to Sonya his murder of the pawnbroker and Lizaveta
• Antagonist: Porfiry Petrovich
• Point of View: Third-person omniscient

Extra Credit for Crime and Punishment

The Problem of Translation. The Russian language is filled with prefixes, suffixes, and forms of words that allow for numerous shades of meaning, depending on circumstances, and which allow certain ideas to recur throughout a text. For example, the Russian word for crime used often in the novel can be translated as “stepping over”—and the idea of “overstepping” the bounds of civilized society becomes a fixation of Raskolnikov’s throughout the work. Dostoevsky has been translated into English many times over the past one hundred-odd years, with the most recent version (the version used as the basis for this guide) being Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky’s 1992 translation. This latter version, in the words of the translator, attempts to capture both the “roughness” of Dostoevsky’s language and the repetitions and echoes that are a hallmark of his prose.

Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky

Crime and Punishment essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky.

Crime and Punishment Material

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Crime and Punishment Essays

The attack on rationalism in 'crime and punishment' anonymous 12th grade, crime and punishment.

The novel Crime and Punishment , written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and published in 1866, focuses on many philosophical and psychological themes. One of the themes is the distinction between rationalism and anti-rationalism. Rationalist ideas are based...

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A key tenet of existentialism is that as humans, we are all surrounded by absurdity. The very world we live in is absurd, and our actions are the only thing that we have complete control over. In Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment , Raskolnikov...

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Crime and Punishment, Essay Example

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Words: 301

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Crime is a violent act with an aim of hurting other individual. The aim of a crime is to destabilize the peace and tranquillity of the society. There are various aspects that make up a crime. They include:

• The nature of the crime
• The motive of the crime
• Whether the culprit was caught or not
• The punishment
• The reason of the punishment
• The effectiveness of the punishment

The above aspects are vital in understanding crime and punishment. Crime has origin like any other thing in existence. There are theories that have been brought up to understand crime with an aim of stopping it. These criminals behaviour are known to have been triggered by something to do these acts of violence. There are some French and Italian thinkers who have come up with various schools of thought to understand crime and the motives behind them. These thinkers have been able to understand the minds of criminals. Understanding the minds of the criminals can lead to early prevention of crime (Tonry, 2000).

The punishment for the crimes is something that has evolved through the ages. The punishment was meant to change the behaviour of the perpetrator and was to be fitting to the crime. This is something that initially brought up a lot of problems since the perpetrators came out not reformed. It is something that has changed over the ages as various reformers have come up to change the status quo.  These reformers made a significant difference and the change was positive. The main reason for punishment is being achieved now. This is now up for debate since change comes from an individual choice to change their habit and behaviour ( Dostoevsky, 2004).

Tonry H. Michael . (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment . Foster City, CA: Oxford University press.

Dostoevsky F. (2004). Crime and Punishment Enriched Classics . Kentucky: Simon and Schuster.

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Crime and punishment IELTS model essay with vocabulary

Our band nine sample essays give you the opportunity to learn from successful essays that show off the best structure, vocabulary and grammar. This IELTS essay on crime and punishment explores the advantages and disadvantages of harsh punishment for criminals.

band Nine Sample Essay

In some countries, crimes are punished harshly. what are some advantages and disadvantages of this approach.

Several nations have opted to implement a system of strict penalties, such as long jail sentences and execution, for crimes. In this essay, I will explore the advantage that this is a good deterrent with the disadvantage that this harms rehabilitation .

Punitive measures can help deter future crime. If people can see that crimes will be punished harshly, they are far less likely to want to commit a crime . Because people consider risk versus reward before acting, making crime as risky as possible by increasing punishment can stop criminals. Conversely, when countries have light punishments for crimes like shoplifting , people in those countries might feel like it is worth the risk to do these crimes.

However, these strong punishments also increase recidivism by failing to rehabilitate people. One of the main purposes of sending people to prison is to prevent them from committing crimes when they leave; however, making prisons and other punishments too strict works against this purpose. When criminals have a heavily punitive experience, they lose self-confidence and become distrustful of authority , meaning they are more likely to be involved in crime when they leave prison. Alternatively, if prisoners have access to training and support, such as drug rehabilitation programs and anger management classes, they are far more likely to rejoin society in a productive way. 

In conclusion, the correct punishment for crimes is a complex issue. On the one hand, strong measures deter crime; on the other hand, the same measures make it more likely for prisoners to reoffend .

crime and punishment vocabulary

Although crime and punishment is a common topic in the IELTS exam, there, thankfully, is not too much vocabulary you need to know for it. Let’s take a look at some of the high level vocabulary in this answer to kick start your learning.

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Essay on Crime And Punishment

Students are often asked to write an essay on Crime And Punishment in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Crime And Punishment

Understanding crime.

Crime is an act that breaks the law. It can be small, like stealing candy, or big, like robbing a bank. Some people commit crimes because they are poor, others because they want power or excitement. No matter the reason, crime harms others and disrupts peace in society.

Purpose of Punishment

Punishment is given to people who commit crimes. It serves two main purposes. First, it discourages the person from committing the crime again. Second, it warns others that crime leads to unpleasant consequences.

Types of Punishment

Punishments can be different based on the crime. For small crimes, punishments can be fines or community service. For serious crimes, punishments can be jail time or even the death penalty in some places.

Effectiveness of Punishment

Punishment can stop people from committing crimes, but it’s not always effective. Sometimes, people commit crimes again after being punished. This shows that we need to find better ways to prevent crime, like education and providing opportunities.

Crime and punishment are important topics in our society. While punishment can deter crime, it’s not a perfect solution. We need to work on other ways to prevent crime, ensuring a peaceful and safe society for all.

250 Words Essay on Crime And Punishment

Understanding crime and punishment.

Crime refers to acts that break the law. These are actions that society and law consider wrong. For example, stealing or hurting someone physically. Punishment, on the other hand, is what happens when someone commits a crime. It could be a fine, jail time, or community service.

Why Crimes Happen

People commit crimes for many reasons. Some do it out of need, like stealing food to eat. Others might do it because they think it’s fun or exciting. Sometimes, people commit crimes because they are angry or upset. Understanding these reasons can help us stop crimes before they happen.

Punishments are given based on the crime. Small crimes, like stealing a candy bar, might result in a small fine. Bigger crimes, like hurting someone, could lead to jail time. Some punishments aim to help the person learn from their mistakes, like community service.

Effect of Punishment

The goal of punishment is to stop people from committing crimes. It makes people think twice before doing something wrong. Yet, sometimes, punishment doesn’t work. Some people continue to commit crimes even after being punished. This shows that we need to find better ways to stop crime.

In conclusion, crime and punishment are important aspects of our society. They help keep order and ensure safety. By understanding the reasons behind crime and the effects of punishment, we can work towards a safer and more peaceful society.

500 Words Essay on Crime And Punishment

Crime is an act that goes against the laws set by society. It’s like breaking the rules that everyone has agreed to follow. These rules, or laws, are made to keep peace and order. When someone breaks them, it disrupts this peace and order. Crimes can be different in nature, like stealing, hurting someone, or telling lies about someone else.

What is Punishment?

Punishment is what happens when someone is found guilty of a crime. It’s a way for society to show that breaking the law is not okay. Punishments can also be different based on the crime. For example, if someone steals, they might have to give back what they stole and spend some time in jail. If someone hurts another person, they might have to go to jail for a long time.

The Purpose of Punishment

Punishment serves several important roles. First, it helps to teach the person who committed the crime that what they did was wrong. This is called deterrence. The idea is that if the punishment is tough, people will think twice before committing a crime.

Second, punishment also protects society. When a person who has committed a crime is in jail, they can’t commit more crimes. This is called protection.

Finally, punishment can also help the person who committed the crime to become a better person. This is called rehabilitation. The idea is to help them understand why what they did was wrong and how they can avoid doing it in the future.

The Balance Between Crime and Punishment

It’s important to make sure the punishment fits the crime. This means that the punishment should be just right – not too harsh, not too light. If the punishment is too harsh, it’s not fair to the person who committed the crime. If it’s too light, it might not stop them or others from committing more crimes.

Finding the right balance can be hard. That’s why we have judges and courts. They look at all the details of the crime and the person who committed it. Then they decide what the right punishment should be.

Final Thoughts

Crime and punishment are important parts of our society. They help keep order and teach people the difference between right and wrong. It’s a complex system, but it’s necessary to ensure that we can all live in peace and safety. It’s also a system that is always changing and evolving, as we learn more about what works best to deter crime and rehabilitate those who have committed crimes.

Remember, the goal is not just to punish, but also to prevent future crimes and help those who have committed crimes to become better people. This way, we can all live in a safer and more peaceful society.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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• Essay on Law

Essay On Crime And Punishment - Wow Essays

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Law , Justice , Social Issues , Time , Prison , Victimology , Criminal Justice , Crime

Published: 02/12/2020

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Introduction

- Many of the individuals who commit crime are a first time offender, and many scholars argue that jail terms are not appropriate for such individuals in modern society. - Thesis: The society believes that prisons protect them from criminals, and the goal of the criminal justice system is to protect law-abiding citizens from crime, especially crimes of violence and security of lives and property.

- The proponents of jail terms argue that one of the reasons for administering punishments such as jail terms is to discourage others from committing similar offenses and reduction of crime. - The criminal justice system ensures protection of individual rights and freedoms if it brings criminals to justice. - The number of jailed individuals would not lead to a significant increase in crime if released, and adopting other alternative punishments would be appropriate before release.

- It is necessary for the criminal justice system to consider the various factors that influence the punishment for a first time offenders before opting for a jail term sentence.

Crime and Punishment

Many of the individuals who commit crime are a first time offender, and many scholars argue that jail terms are not appropriate for such individuals in modern society. Moreover, the use of jail terms by the government to punish crime is not advisable because it may be counterproductive. The society believes that prisons protect them from criminals, and the goal of the criminal justice system is to protect law-abiding citizens from crime, especially crimes of violence and security of lives and property. However, it is not certain of the real protection that prisons afford because a small percentage of law breakers end up in prison, and many remain there for a short period. The proponents of jail terms argue that one of the reasons for administering punishments such as jail terms is to discourage others from committing similar offenses and reduction of crime. First time offenders and all contribute to criminal activities. Short Jail terms are suitable for a first time offender because it discourages other potential criminals from engaging in crime. The effectiveness of jail terms to deter criminal behavior is incomparable to other alternative forms of punishments. When in jail, an individual is incapable of engaging in crime compared to other alternative punishments like community service that increases the probability of the person to commit a crime. Even though many argue that first time offenders should be jailed, jail terms have minimal impact on their behavior. Re- offending locks a criminal into a cycle of crime and fear and their frequency in prison increases. Coupled with relatively short jail terms, these individuals are brought back to humanity, which poses a danger to society. The criminal justice system ensures protection of individual rights and freedoms if it brings criminals to justice. However, the low number of convictions challenges the effectiveness of the criminal justice system to protect its citizens from crime. This minimizes the impact that prisons will have on first time offenders if not to increase insecurity thus government should offer alternative punishments for this group of criminals. The number of jailed individuals would not lead to a significant increase in crime if released, and adopting other alternative punishments would be appropriate before release. First time offenders are not entrapped in a cycle of crime thus alternative punishments should be adapted depending on the crime committed. Even though many individuals believe that criminals should serve long jail terms, it is not guaranteed that prisons will be helpful in transforming them into better individuals. Prisons only deny them the freedom of committing another offense thus fails to serve a higher purpose of rehabilitation. The punishment for criminal offenses depends on several factors that lead to crime. Punishment for a first time offender should be determined by the crime committed and the pattern of non convicted criminal activities. Modernity has made mental condition a determinant of punishment, and a jail term is unjust if these factors are not considered especially when the criminal is a first time offender. Therefore, it is necessary for the criminal justice system to consider the various factors that influence the punishment for a first time offenders before opting for a jail term sentence.

Bibliography

Pollock, Joycelyn M. Crime and Justice in America: An Introduction to Criminal Justice. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012. pp 50. Takahashi, Yoshiko. Reentry of Offenders and the Role of Jail in the Context of Community System-Wide Analysis of Chronic Offenders. Dissertation Abstracts International. 69-10. Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2008, 2008. pp 58. Tonry, Michael. Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines. Washington: U.S. Department of Justice, 1997. p 43.

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Crime Commitment and Punishment Essay (Critical Writing)

Crime commitment is a history-long and complicated social issue that has been addressed by many nations in a different way. Regardless of the variations between the views on the characteristic features of a crime and proper ways for punishment, one idea remains commonly relevant; namely, crimes are the results of delinquent behavior. Consequently, crime is committed by delinquents or people who have a desire, a need, or a psychological inclination to break the law. In my opinion, crimes are commonly committed by individuals whose judgment is impaired due to the strong adverse social influence. I believe that criminal activity is the result of social learning, which is why individuals who are raised in underprivileged communities or observe law-breaking since their youth are more likely to engage in unlawful behavior.

As for the crimes that our country should focus on, they should include the ones that have the most significant damage as the outcome. For example, murder, serial murders, and rape should be addressed with a particular level of precision since they result in the loss of human lives or significant psychological trauma. On the other hand, the crimes that the law enforcing system should concentrate on should include not only the most serious offenses but also those prevailing in contemporary society but not sufficiently addressed. For example, assault, bullying, and discrimination are some of the issues that require special attention.

Finally, the punishment that is required for crimes should be aligned with a general perspective of the corrective system on the interplay between delinquency and its outcomes for an offender. Indeed, I think that the law-enforcing system should work toward shifting from punishing to correcting the behavior of the individuals who commit crimes. While imprisonment is a valid punishment for severe crimes, it is important to implement correctional activities. They should be aimed at restructuring the psyche of the criminals and helping them learn new behaviors that would allow them to become law-abiding citizens in the future.

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Crime and Punishment Essay

• August 19, 2012
• Posted by: essay
• Category: Free essays

The level of cruelty in today’s world rises up. Every day we hear about numerous crimes, committed by teenagers and adults, housewives and inveterate criminals. Robberies, murders, thefts have become an integral part of our daily life. The problem of growing crime rate remains one of the most important in the society. The causes of crime are eternal, while penalties and preventive measures change with time.

Crimes have always existed in the society. To start discussing the notion of crime, it is necessary to define “crime.”

Crime is a violation of law established in a particular country which entails penalty according to the law system of the country (Tonry, 2000). Throughout the history types of crimes have not changed except of the fact that with the progress of the society, crimes became more complicated and covered more spheres of life of people. However, the correctional system has undergone many changes throughout the world and the variety of punishments has increased, which permitted to choose more corresponding penalty for each particular offence. If in early civilizations death penalty predominated over other kinds of punishment, today each and every case is regarded carefully and results in particular punishment, which might include fines, deprivation of liberty and rarely capital punishment.

All crimes can be classified into three main categories ”“ violent crimes, property crimes and public order crimes. Violent crimes are offences in which victim’s physical state and health are damaged or are threatened to be damaged.

They might be either robberies when violence is just a method to gain one’s end or murders when violence is itself the goal. Property crimes are connected with any possible damage to the property of people. These might be thefts, arsons, burglaries, vandalism, etc. Public order crimes are caused by behavior that is contrary to the norms and values established in the society. Another classification of crimes distinguishes crimes according to their objectives.

There one can name crimes that are directed against people and their rights, their religious believes and dignity, against economy and industry of the country, administration of justice, public morality and heritage.

Despite the development of legal system and the diversification of corrective measures, the main causes of crimes remained the same despite different epochs and countries. Since the beginning of time, people who committed crimes were guided by the feeling of envy, jealousy, revenge, and desire to get easy profit. These feelings sprang from poverty and wish to oppress others. Discrimination of others is one of the major causes of crimes. Difference of all people and unwillingness to accept it have always caused the majority of conflicts in the society. At first sight, it seems quite strange that the majority of people do not want to admit the fact that all of them are individuals and have a right to have their own unique beliefs, habits and ways of life. People are usually guided by the wish to be superior to others and to oppress them due to this superiority. Therefore, they take every chance to find any drawback in others and to accuse them in their imperfection and their incompatibility with the society. Hate crimes can have different reasons, including racial, ethnic, sexual orientation or gender discrimination (Thompson, W. & Hickey J, 2005).

Another widespread cause of crimes is poverty. Economic status of people usually does not satisfy them. It might concern both people who hardly make ends meet and those who belong to middle class; it is possible to observe rich people, committing crimes in search of enrichment. Desire for money has always been an incentive for people to search for different ways of gaining money. Some of them found this way in robberies, thefts and cheating.

A great number of crimes belong to domestic crimes when members of families cannot solve their problems peacefully and resort to violence. Jealousy and hatred, envy and irritation are the main causes of crimes. Domestic violence is defined as a “pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner” (Wallace, 2004, p. 125).  It can be displayed in numerous ways. This rather general notion can include different violent acts between the members of a family or between cohabitants. Abuse may be either psychological that leads to mental disease and suicidal attempts, or physical that involves beating, rapes, and even murders.

To continue analysis of causes of crimes, it is necessary to mention the growing crime rate among teenagers, particularly in America. A great contribution to this phenomenon is made by the development of computer games, easy access to drugs and alcohol. Very often substance abuse becomes the main cause of committing crimes by adolescents, who are influenced by their peers. Strong correlation between the violent nature of video games and their players is traced. The results of the cruelty of video games are evident and its consequences can’t be left without attention. Cruel games give rise to cruel behavior: in the year 1999 two boys, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebord organized an assassination on High School in Littleton. The result is 13 men killed and 23 wounded and two suicides of these boys. It is impossible to determine the exact aims and motives of boys’ actions but it’s known that the boys fanatically played the video game called Doom (Grossman, 1999).  Influence of video games is unpredictable: some children feel frustration and stress; others become very aggressive and can do mental, emotional or even physical harm to their surrounding.

Thus, it is obvious that crimes have different roots and can be provoked by different factors. Nevertheless, if to distinguish logical policy implication of causes, all causes originate in the desire to have more money and to oppress others (Bellamy, 1997). Besides, many people see the main cause of growing crime rate in soft sentences, which do not fulfill their main deterrent function. Almost in every country there are supporters and opponents of hard and soft sentences. Those, who support life sentence, usually have many arguments and use very impressive and touching stories to prove the necessity of extreme penalty for murderers, rapists and other felons, who committed atrocious crimes. They claim that due to soft sentences the gravity of crimes is diminishes in the eyes of the society, which contributes to the growth of crime rate. Young people do not realize the whole horror of the life of crime. Even on the level of subconsciousness imprisonment for several years does not seem as menacing as life sentence or capital punishment. Amnesty also contributes into the reduction of responsibility for committed crimes. Those, who are let out of the prison not having served a term up to the end, do not feel punished for their crimes.

Certainly, the sentence should match with the gravity of the crime and should fulfill its main function of punishment and deterrence from further offences. However, there is a strong opinion that capital punishment is unacceptable in a democratic and humane society. People do not have the power of life and death. While the society considers those who killed other people criminals, for some reason it decides to stoop to their level and also kill them.

Besides, many supporters of capital punishment forget to mention that the judicial system is not ideal and very often judges make mistakes. Such crucial mistakes lead to murders of innocent people, which cannot be considered normal. The number of judicial mistakes in different countries, and in America particularly, is over 20 (Tonry, 2000).

What is also significant is that it is necessary to try to eradicate the roots of crimes, in other words, to control drug dealing more severe, to ban violent video games, to create centers for victims of domestic violence, etc. Such activities will help to diminish the tension in the society and to decrease the crime rate. The law system should be improved in order to provide a corresponding punishment for a crime. A sophisticated system of penalties might be helpful in the today’s world full of different kinds of offences.

To make a conclusion, the problem of crime and corresponding punishment will be urgent throughout different epochs. The causes of crimes are eternal and will exist in future. However, the main task of any society is to make efforts to decrease the crime rate in order to secure people against themselves.

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