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Social Justice

Last updated on September 29, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

Justice in terms of wealth distribution, opportunities, and privileges in society is termed social justice. At its sixty-second session, in November 2007, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 20 February as World Day of Social Justice. Read here to understand social justice.

The World Day of Social Justice Day was observed for the first time on 20 February 2009.

On June 10, 2008, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) endorsed the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for Equitable Globalization. This is the International Labour Conference’s third major declaration of principles and policy since the ILO’s Constitution of 1919.

The observance of the day is intended to contribute to the further consolidation of the efforts of the international community in poverty eradication, promotion of full employment and decent work, gender equity, and access to social well-being and justice for all.

Table of Contents

What is Social Justice?

A fair and equal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges in society is referred to as social justice.

Once a theological idea, it is now more loosely understood to refer to the just arrangement of social structures that provide access to financial advantages. It is also known as distributive justice.

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It emphasizes fairness in how society divides its social resources.

Gender inequality, racism, and LGBTQ+ discrimination are frequent subjects of social justice advocacy.

Social justice establishes rights and obligations within societal institutions, allowing everyone to share in the advantages and costs of collaboration.

Taxation, social insurance, public health, public education, public services, labor legislation, and market regulation are common examples of pertinent institutions that help assure equitable opportunity and wealth distribution.

The concept of Social Justice has been in place since the ancient ages when Plato and related philosophers wrote about it.

• Plato wrote in The Republic that it would be an ideal state that “every member of the community must be assigned to the class for which he finds himself best fitted.”
• Plato believed rights existed only between free people, and the law should take “account in the first instance of relations of inequality in which individuals are treated in proportion to their worth and only secondarily of relations of equality.”
• Socrates (through Plato’s dialogue Crito) is credited with developing the idea of a social contract, whereby people ought to follow the rules of society, and accept its burdens because they have accepted its benefits.

Significance of Social Justice

Poverty and inequalities within and among countries are on the rise in many parts of the world.

The economic and social crises of recent years have been exacerbated by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic , natural disasters due to accelerating climate change , geopolitical tensions, and armed conflicts.

Beyond the human tragedies associated with them and their impact on the world of work, these crises have highlighted the interlinkages and dependencies of economies and societies around the world and shown the crucial need for concerted action to respond to them, at global, regional, and national levels.

Important global changes have led to growing disruptions in economies linked to globalization and technology, significant demographic transformations, increasing migration flows, and prolonged situations of fragility.

The need of the hour is to curb the growing divide between problems and solutions and call for more inclusive and networked multilateralism, re-embracing global solidarity and renewing the social contract between governments and their people and within societies with a comprehensive approach to human rights.

Social justice makes societies and economies function better and reduces poverty, inequalities, and social tensions.

It plays an important role in attaining more inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development paths and is key for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), especially at a time when the achievement of those goals remains far away.

Hence, social justice must become one of the pillars of the revitalized multilateralism that is needed; it must serve as a unifying ideal as well as a key tool for a more effective multilateral system, maintaining coherence across a variety of policy areas.

World Day of Social Justice

2023 Theme: Overcoming Barriers and Unleashing Opportunities for Social Justice

The 2023 World Day of Social Justice provides an opportunity to foster dialogue with UN Member States, youth, social partners, civil society, UN organizations, and other stakeholders on actions needed to strengthen the social contract that has been fractured by rising inequalities, conflicts, and weakened institutions that are meant to protect the rights of workers.

Despite these multiple crises, there are many opportunities to build a coalition for social justice and to unleash greater investments in decent jobs, with a particular focus on the green, digital, and care economy, and young people.

Social justice in India

The problem of social justice is associated with social equality and the constitution makers were strongly affected by the feeling of social equality and social justice at the time of the independence.

The terms, like Socialist, Secular, Democratic, and Republic, were inserted in the Preamble for the same cause.

Social justice denotes that all people are treated fairly without any social distinction. This ensures that the absence of privilege is limited to every specific segment of society and the conditions of poor classes (SCs, STs, and OBCs) and women are strengthened.

It involves eliminating glaring disparities in wealth, pay, and property. What is referred to as “distributive justice” is a combination of social and economic fairness. All Indians are guaranteed equality of opportunity and status under the Preamble.

Social injustice is a critical problem in Indian society. The analysis of a society’s social stratification based on either caste or class is primarily concerned with the definition of inequality.

The constitution guarantees social justice to the people of the country through articles:

• Article 15(1) forbids discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth
• Article 16 (1) ensures equal opportunity for all
• Article 17 states that untouchability has been abolished and prohibits its existence
• Article 19 enshrines the fundamental rights of the country’s people
• Articles 23 and 24 provide for fundamental rights against exploitation.
• Article 38 directs the State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people
• Article 41 entails the Right to work, to education, and public assistance in certain cases

Government initiatives

NGOs Schemes

• Scheme of Grant in Aid to Voluntary Organisations working for Scheduled Castes
• National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction
• Atal Vayo Abhyuday Yojana (AVYAY)
• Scheme of National Awards for Outstanding Services in the field of Prevention of Alcoholism and Substance (Drug) Abuse
• Implementation Framework of National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction

Educational Schemes

• National Fellowship for OBC Students (NF-OBC)
• Ambedkar Scheme of Interest Subsidy on Educational Loan for Overseas Studies for OBCs & EBCs
• National Overseas Scholarship
• National Fellowship for Scheduled Caste Students
• Free Coaching Scheme for SC and OBC Students
• Babu Jagjivan Ram Chhatrawas Yojana (BJRCY)
• Pre-Matric Scholarship for OBC Students
• Scholarships for Higher Education for Young Achievers Scheme (SHREYAS) (OBC &Others) – 2021-22 to 2025-26.
• PM young achievers’ scholarship award scheme for vibrant India for OBCs and others (PM -YASASVI)
• Scholarship for PM CARES children

Schemes for Economic Development

• Entrepreneurial Schemes of NBCFDC
• Credit Enhancement Guarantee Scheme for the Scheduled Castes (SCs)
• National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation (NSKFDC)
• National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation (NSFDC)
• Scheme of Assistance to Scheduled Castes Development Corporations (SCDCs)
• Self-Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS)
• Pradhan Mantri Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi (PM-DAKSH) Yojana

Schemes for Social Empowerment

• Centrally Sponsored Scheme for implementation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
• Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY)
• Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise (SMILE)
• Pradhan Mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Yojna (PM-AJAY)

Also read: Children and Armed Conflict

Way forward

To make social justice an effective tool for social advancement, it is vital to guarantee that policies are implemented correctly and fairly.

Liberalism prioritizes freedom, but it is aware that this freedom is meaningless unless it is supported by a sense of security and equality.

A liberal social policy should work to increase opportunity for the most disadvantaged while also building a social safety net that makes it easier for them to handle emergencies.

-Article written by Swathi Satish

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Social Justice - Laws and Classification

The Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, 1955, and the SC and ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (POA Act) are two important legislations to address the problems of social discrimination, the prevalence of social evils like untouchability and the increasing cases of exploitation and atrocities against disadvantaged groups. The POA Act provides for special courts/mobile courts for on-the-spot trials and prompt disposal of cases.  For more information on the UPSC Exam, check the given link IAS Exam .

Overview of Social Justice in India

A Centrally sponsored scheme, Implementation of PCR Act and POA Act, was initiated in 1955 to ensure effective implementation of these Acts. Under the scheme, financial assistance is provided for strengthening the administrative, enforcement and judicial machinery related to these legislations, publicity and relief and rehabilitation of the affected persons. As the practice of untouchability still prevails, either directly or indirectly, there is a need for stringent enforcement of the existing legislations along with spreading awareness.

Top priority has been accorded to efforts for achieving the national goal of complete eradication of manual scavenging by the end of the Tenth Plan (2007). The programme has two components – conversion of dry latrines into water-borne latrines and training and rehabilitation of scavengers (whose number is estimated at 6,76,000) and to provide them alternative and dignified occupations.

Find the List of Poverty Alleviation Programmes in India by visiting the linked article

The first component of the scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation. The National Scheme of Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavengers and Their Dependents has been transferred to the Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation in 2003-04 to ensure its effective implementation.

Below table gives a broad classification of Social Justice

Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the indicators of social justice prevalent in a nation. The 2 best measurements are the United Nations Human Development Index and the World Bank’s Human Capital Index. As per the United Nations Human Development Index, India is ranked very low at 130 out of 189 countries. These indicators take into account the life expectancy at birth, enrollment in schools etc. There are various reasons that contribute to lower rankings.

Unemployment

• India has a very huge population and the majority of the labour force lack the required skill sets.

Unequal Distribution of Wealth

• Richest 10% of Indians own 4 times more wealth than the remaining 90% of the population which has resulted in a high degree of inequality, non-inclusive growth and low development index.
• India spends just 1.5% of its GDP on the health sector.
• India has a very high percentage of deaths due to air pollution
• India has a very high malnutrition rate, Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).
• Government is taking various measures to tackle the above problem.
• The government must increase its public health expenditure to 2.5% of GDP as suggested in the National health policy 2017.
• Ayushman Bharat Yojana was launched in 2018 by the Government to address the primary, secondary and tertiary health care systems in India.
• India spends just 3% of its GDP on the Education Sector.
• As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2018, the quality of education in India is highly unsatisfactory.
• High dropouts, low employability of graduates, low productivity, low wages are results of the poor education system.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

A huge number of Indians still don’t have access to safe drinking water, and sanitation facilities.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

• The objective of this mission is to make India open defecation free through the construction of household-owned toilets and community-owned toilets.
• A UNICEF report shows that this mission has helped in improving sanitation coverage to 90%.

Frequently Asked Questions related to Social Justice

Why is social justice important, how can social justice be achieved, what is the difference between social justice and equity.

Social Justice- UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

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Essay on Justice | India | Political Science

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Here is an essay on ‘Justice’ for class 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Justice’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Justice

1. essay on the introduction to justice in indian constitution:.

Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy aim at the fulfillment of aspirations, ideals and objectives of the constitutional fathers enshrined in the Preamble to the Constitution. The Preamble of the Constitution promises the Indian people social, economic and political justice, liberty to thought, expression, belief, faith and worship and the equality of status and opportunity.

Fundamental Rights mainly guarantee ‘Equality’ and ‘Freedom’ to the Indian citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy aim at establishing a social system in which they may get social, economic and political justice. The ultimate aim of both is to achieve the ideas of justice, liberty and equality fixed by the Indian Constitution.

Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Justice :

Justice is an essential condition for the all-round development of the personality of an individual. According to Salmond, “Justice means to distribute the due share to everybody.” Provisions have been made for the attainment of social, political and economic justice for Indian people after the political independence of the country in 1947.

2. Essay on the Social Justice :

Social justice means to abolish social inequalities and to provide equal opportunities to everybody in social life. Before 1947, there were so many social inequalities in India. The framers of the Indian Constitution were determined to end all such inequalities. In order to put an end to social inequalities following provisions have been made in the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

(a) Equality before Law :

In order to provide social justice, it is essential that those who live in the society should be equal before law. Article 14 of Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall not deny to any person equality before law or equal protection of a law within the territory of India. It means that in India, laws do not discriminate between rich and poor, high and low.

(b) Prohibition of Discrimination :

It is essential for social justice that in the society all discriminations should end and there should be no privileged class. Article 15 of the Indian Constitution provides for a ban on discrimination based on caste, color, race, religion, sex etc. Every individual has been given the right to freely visit all shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainments, wells, tanks, public bath, roads and other places of public utility.

(c) Equality of Opportunity in Public Appointments :

In order to establish social justice, it is essential that there should equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to appointment to any office. Article 16 of the Fundamental Rights provides for equal opportunities to all the Indian citizens in the matter of public appointments. The government will not discriminate against the Indian people in the matter of public appointments on the basis of caste, color, race, religion, sex and place of birth etc. But the State can keep some seats reserved for the members of scheduled and backward classes in the matter of public appointments.

(d) Abolition of Untouchability :

Article 17 of Fundamental Rights provides for the abolition of centuries old social evil of untouchability. Untouchability has been declared as a punishable offence under the laws.

(e) Abolition of Titles :

In order to bring about social justice, under Article 18 of the Fundamental Rights, the State has been restrained from conferring any title, except military and academic titles.

(f) Prohibition of Exploitation :

Social justice demands that there should be no exploitation of man by man. Article 23 and 24 of the Indian Constitution provides for the abolition of all sort of exploitation. Article 23 provides for a ban of human trade, ‘Begar’ or work without any wages and getting work done against the will of the individual. Similarly Article 24 provides for a ban on dangerous work being got done by children below the age of 14 years. The aim of these Articles and provisions is to end slavery and bonded labor.

(g) Promotion of the Interests of Backward and Weaker Section of Society :

Through the provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, the State has been given directions for the protection of the interests of backward and weaker sections of the Indian society. It is the sacred duty of the State to protect the people from exploitation and social injustice.

(h) Protection of the Interests of Minorities :

In order to protect the interest of minorities and to save them from the exploitation of majority community. Article 24 of the Indian Constitution gives the right to protect and preserve the language, script and culture to the people living in any part of the country. According to Article 30, the minorities have been given the right to establish and administer their own educational institutions.

(i) Special Facilities for Weaker Sections of Society :

Social justice demands that special facilities should be provided by the State to improve the conditions of weak and backward classes of society. There is provision both in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy that the State shall promote the educational and economic interests of weaker sections, especially of backward classes, scheduled costs and scheduled tribes and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.

In short it can be concluded that with the provision of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy almost all the arrangements have been made for the establishment of social justice in the country.

3. Essay on the Economic Justice :

Economic justice means that the individual is provided with the bare necessities of food, clothes and shelter, the abolition of the unequal distribution of wealth and the provision of equal and appropriate opportunities for the earning of his livelihood. The provision of economic justice is essential for the attainment of social justice and the success of democracy. The chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy make the following provisions for the attainment of economic justice in the country.

(a) Right to Property is made Legal Right :

According to the 44th Constitutional Amendment, the Right to Property has been made merely a legal right. For the fulfillment of this objective Article 300 (A) has been inserted into the Constitution. The aim of this amendment was to remove the obstacles in the path of the establishment of economic justice.

(b) Adequate Means of Livelihood :

In order to give economic justice, it is essential to fulfill the basic needs of the public. Article 39 (a) of the Directive Principles says that the State shall direct its economic policy in such a way that all citizens have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. According to Article 41, the State shall within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make provision for work to all citizens.

(c) To Check the Concentration of Wealth and Means of Production :

For the establishment of economic justice it is essential to check the concentration of wealth and the means of production in fewer hands. The Indian Constitution makes a provision for the acquisition of property of the people by the State for the furtherance of the public interest. Article 39 (b) provides that the ownership and control over the material resources would be conducted in such a manner as to do public welfare. According to Article 39 (c), the economic organisation in the country would be controlled in such a manner that wealth is not concentrated in the hands of fewer people and the means of production are not used against the interests of Indian people.

(d) Equal Pay for Equal Work :

Economic justice requires that men and women should get equal pay for equal work. Article 39 (d) of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall endeavor to secure equal pay for men and women for equal work.

(e) Protection against Economic Exploitation :

For the establishment of economic justice, it is essential that there is no economic exploitation of one class by another class. Under Article 23 of the Fundamental Rights, traffic of human beings, beggar and bonded labor are prohibited. Besides, in Article 39 (e) of the Directive Principles of State Policy, it has been provided that the State shall see that health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused. The workers will not be forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age or strength.

(f) Social Security :

Economic justice demands that arrangements should be made to give economic assistance to those who are unemployed, old age and sick. Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy provides that the State working within its resources and the limits of its progress and development, shall made available public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age and sickness.

(g) Participation of Workers in the Management of Industries :

Workers participation in the management of industries ensures economic justice. Article 43A of the Indian Constitution provides that the State shall take steps by suitable legislation or in any other way to secure participation of workers in the management of industries.

4. Essay on the Political Justice :

By the term political justice it is implied that the citizens equally share the use of political power in the State so that they may be able to associate themselves with the administration and also fully enjoy all types of political freedom. Article 326 of the Indian Constitution entitles every Indian citizen above the age of 18 years to exercise his right to vote to elect his representatives without any sort of discrimination or limitations. In addition to this, the following provisions have been made for the attainment of political justice through the operation of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

(a) Right to Hold Public Office :

Political justice can be established if all the people are given equal rights to occupy public offices. Article 16 of the Constitution provides that there should be equality of opportunities for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State. No citizen shall be discriminated against on ground of religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth.

(b) Right to Criticise the Government :

Article 19 of the Indian Constitution empowers the citizens of India with the freedom to express his views. In this way every Indian citizen gets the right to criticise the Government and thus plays his role in making the government a responsible one.

(c) Right to form Political Organisations :

According to Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, the Indian citizens are empowered to form political organisations for the protection of their interests.

(d) Right to Protest :

The Indian citizens have also been given the right to protest. They can demonstrate their protest against the government by means of observing strikes, processions, rallies and public meetings etc.

(e) Protection of Rights :

In order to get political justice it is essential that the rights of all citizens should be equally protected. Article 32 of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution clearly states that citizens can appeal to the High Courts and the Supreme Court for the protection of their Fundamental Rights. The Courts can issue writs for the protection of fundamental rights.

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Short essay on Social Justice in India

The term “social justice” implies several sound and eminently desirable concepts enunciated for the good of society in general, and of course it covers fair play for every section, especially the weaker groups in the popu­lation.

This seems unexceptionable and no one, however prejudiced or nar­row minded, would object to the promotion of this ideal. And yet the actions of countless people in this country, day after day, believe their words.

The reckless flouting of the concept of social justice, and the denial of equal opportunities in life which this postulates, all reflect a tendency that is anti-national and marks totally unfair and unjustified behavior.

In this defiance of the basic laws of human justice, the educated intelligent people are as guilty as their ignorant, unlettered compatriots in the countryside.

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We may start with certain provisions of the Constitution, which is the fundamental law of the land. The preamble itself says: “We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist and democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens—Justice, social, economic and political….” Clearly, social justice in all its forms and to all citizens was regarded as fundamental to the set-up which our founding fathers prescribed for the country; it is mentioned on top of the other equally sound concepts, and yet this very concept is being violated by countless people with amazing impunity, without fear.

In fact, many would say that it is absurd to talk of social justice in this country, because almost all the traditional and prevalent systems are loaded against social and economic justice. The Preamble provides for “equality of status and of opportunity….” In reality, neither equality of status nor of opportunity is assured.

There are distinct classes in society which stick to their privileges and refuse to share their riches and assets with others, even while crores of people live in misery and perpetually groan under the burden of unfair practices, unjust policies and gross inequalities.

The State, according to Article 15(1) of the Constitution, “shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, and place of birth or any of them.” The State, officially, indeed does not differentiate between man and man on any of these grounds, but at the same time the government and the administrative machinery have proved incapable of enforcing this provision.

How else are we to explain the countless cases of social and economic injustice, the increasing inequalities in most spheres of human activity and the endless discrimination against the weaker sections of society, especially Harijans and members of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes? The harassment and the cruelties inflicted on them by landlords in the villages are common knowledge.

The lands granted to them have in many cases been grabbed by greedy people; and the equal rights guaranteed to them under the laws of the land are denied to them by selfish people.

The pity is that the law and order machinery (the police) generally favors the richer classes and other oppressors. No one actively takes up the case of the down-trodden people, despite the high-sounding laws of the land and the impressive proclamations issued by the President of India and his ministers.

The reservations in government services, assured to the weaker sections of society, have not benefited the really needy people, because there is virtually no end to impostors who wangle documents, certificates, the fa­cilities and grants given by the government.

The Benami transactions in land, the deceptions and the endless frauds in allotment of surplus land, houses, plots, etc., all amount to denial of economic justice to lakhs of people urgently in need of relief. The government passes laws for promoting social justice in various fields, but these are not strictly enforced; thus the government may also be held guilty. It bows to various pressures.

Chapter III of the Constitution, entitled “Fundamental Rights”, enumerates a series of rights which all Indian citizens are supposed to enjoy, and yet the number of people who are able to enjoy these rights in practice is much less than those who are denied their exercise. Their life continues to be one long, tragic and heart-breaking story of deprivation and sufferings through official and public apathy.

Their colossal poverty is a permanent handicap which prevents them from seeking redress from the courts, for grave wrongs done to them month after month by men in privileged positions, and also those who are protected by the men in power; ministers and legislators, in effect their patrons. In other words, they are all partners in the guilt and deserve to be hauled up for violating the Constitution and many other social reform laws passed by the Parliament.

Article 23 of the Constitution specifically prohibits traffic in human beings, “begar” and other similar forms of forced labour, and any contravention of this provision, it is stated, shall be an offence punishable in ac­cordance with law. But how many people guilty of such defiance have beer, caught and punished? Economic exploitation of labour continues with a vengeance—by capitalists, unscrupulous employers, landlords and others, including senior government officials sand yet no one bothers. There is mere talk and promise, but no concrete action to redress injustices.

Corruption itself is a form of exploitation, because people holding key positions extort money in the shape of bribes, gifts and services, even for rendering simple services which are their duty. This process makes total nonsense of “equality of opportunity” guaranteed under the Constitution. Only those who have money can give bribes and grease the palms of greedy people.

The rest have to suffer through the bureaucratic ways, especially red tape, which in itself involves injustices to the countless people whose petitions or applications are kept pending for months, sometimes years. And yet, does anyone in this country suffer for causing harassment and frustration to these people through red tape?

Wherever we may go, and whichever sphere we might study, we shall come across numerous cases where justice has been continuously denied to innocent citizens. Are all those who cause such denial not morally and legal guilty, and are they not punishable under the law? And yet, even the idea of hauling up highly placed offenders does not occur to the powers that be. The hapless citizen, of course, suffers in silence. The number of people in India who are suffering in silence must be legion. Almost the entire nation is suffering in silence.

There is no discipline, and there are hardly any morals. The absences of these vital traits of character signify the absence of social and economic justice. The argument that the police do not have their heart in the job, because of the relatively low salaries they are paid and the fact that their own senior officials do not assert themselves is hardly convincing. There is no sign of justice or fair play in any sphere of activity. It is injustice and corruption on all over.

Justice is becoming scarcer with every passing year. The coming years hold little promise of restoring social injustice in the country.

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Essay on Social Injustice in India | Sociology

Here is an essay on ‘Social Injustice in India’ for class 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Social Injustice in India’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay # 1. Introduction to Social Injustice:

Indian economy is a mixed economy where both public and private sectors are allowed to operate in it. Private sector aims at ‘Profit Maximisation’ as its main aim. While Public Sector aims at Economic Growth along with ‘Social Justice’ every business now-a-days has a ‘social responsibility’ towards society. Though there has been tremendous increase in national income but it has not raised the share of income of the poor sections of society. Growth of economy on the whole has not resulted in growth of social services like – health, education, family welfare, water supply, sanitation, welfare of SC/ST and BC of society. Basic problems of society, like injustice towards women, child labour decline in sex-ratio etc. remain more or less same.

Social Injustice means inequality of income, lack of social services and existence of socially disadvantaged groups.

So we can conclude that social injustice means inequality in distribution of income, wealth, regional imbalances, employment problems, lack of health, water, education facilities, injustice towards children, women, disabled persons, old age people, orphan children, socially deprived section of society.

Economic Growth with Social Justice is the most important aspect of growth of economy of the country.

Areas of Social Injustice in India:

Public sector has failed in achieving its objective of “Economic growth with social justice” and as a result inequalities of following kinds exist in society which is mainly responsible for social injustice in India:

(i) Inequality of income and wealth.

(ii) Increase in unemployment.

(iii) Increase in absolute poverty.

(iv) Increase in child and women labour.

(v) Lack of Infrastructure and Social services in rural areas.

(vi) Preference for male child—Decline in sex ratio.

(vii) Problem of malnutrition in women and children.

(viii) Regional Imbalances

(ix) Not much improvement in health facilities especially in rural areas.

(x) Unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation facilities.

(xi) Illiteracy of females.

(xii) Socially deprived sections of society—SC/ST/BC still deprived of basic facilities like education health etc.

Essay # 2. Causes of Social Injustice in India:

The following factors can be considered to be responsible for social injustice in India:

1. Population:

Population has been one of the major root causes of most of the problems in India. India stands second in the world for being most populated country. Large size of population and high rate of growth of population in India has affected economic development and thus social development of the country. This ultimately results in problems like unemployment, poverty etc. large size of family in poor sections of society causes reduction in per capita availability of social services and results in low standard of living. Government has taken number of measures from time to time to solve the problem of population but only consistent efforts can solve this problem in India.

2. Unemployment:

Majority of population in India is dependent upon agriculture. Problem of Disguised unemployment or under employment or seasonal unemployment is prevalent in rural areas. People get some kind of work for few months in a year but rest of the year they have to sit idle. In urban areas the number of unemployed registered with Employment Exchanges has increased eight times since 1951.Unemployment as a result of use of capital intensive technology in industries and educated unemployment are major unemployment problems in urban areas. Also less employment opportunities, corruption in government sector and political interference aggravate the problem of unemployment. All this leads to inequality of income in society.

3. Underdeveloped Infrastructure in Rural Areas:

Rural areas facing a problem of inadequate development of infrastructure like roads, transportation, electricity, hospital, education and banking. This affects economic growth in rural areas which ultimately widens the gap between inequalities in rural and urban sector. It further acts as hindrance to set up industries in rural areas. The pace of development of infrastructure is very slow in rural areas.

4. Decline of Sex-Ratio:

Sex ratio in India is declining every year. The major cause for this has been preference for male child even by educated people. As a result female-foeticide is increasing and sex ratio is declining. It was only 927 girls 1000 boys as per 2001 census.

5. Inequality in Distribution of Land Holdings:

Zamidari system has been responsible for inequality in land distribution and income in India. After independence, the Zamidari system has been abolished but the inequality in distribution of land is still continuing. According to 16th round of National Sample Survey (1960-61) forty percent of small farmers own thirteen percent of land holdings, 30 percent of medium farmers own 30 percent of land holdings and 10 percent of rich farmers own 56 percent of land, while 20 percent of farmers have no land at all. Landless Farmers with less income are growing poorer while big farmers with ownership of land are growing richer. Also big farmers are in a capacity to use latest and capital intensive technology and grow more income wise, while small farmer remain backward.

6. Low Female Literacy Rate:

There is a wide gap between male-female literacy rates as per census of 2001. Female literacy rate is 54.16 percent as against male literacy rate of 75.86 percent. Overall literacy rate in India is 65.38 percent. Illiteracy in any section of society gives birth to their exploitation and many social evils like poverty, high birth rate, unemployment, increase in crime rate etc. Drop-out rate of students from schools is much higher in case of girl students. Also literacy rate is very low in case of socially deprived sections of society like scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and backward class. Low literacy rate is the main cause of their dependence on manual work.

7. Low Standard of living of SC, ST and BC:

Scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and backward class have always been socially deprived sections of society. There have been consistent efforts on the part of government like reservation policy in the field of education, government jobs etc. But economic conditions of this section of society remain very bad which further widens the gap between rich & poor.

8. Regional Imbalances:

Since the beginning of economic planning some states like Punjab, Haryana, Goa, Delhi, Maharashtra and Gujarat have shown more economic development while states like Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have very low per capita income. Regional development of the country is imbalanced and inequal which further leads to differences in standards of living of persons of these states as well. Per capita income (at current prices 1993-94) of Goa is Rs. 41,105, of Punjab Rs. 25048, of Haryana Rs. 23,742 and that of Bihar is only Rs. 5,108.

9. Neglected Lot-Women:

In Indian society male child is preferred to girl child. Spending money on upbringing, education, health and career of girl child is treated as wrong investment. Women are looked down upon in Indian society. As a result of male dominated society, female foeticide is on increase despite the efforts of government to stop it like banning of prenatal diagnostic technique. Even educated couples have also shown preference for male child. Women are ahead of men now a day in every sphere of life but sex ratio is continuously declining. Presence of dowry system, even after fifty seven years of independence and around 60 percent of women being anaemic in India shows social injustice against women. Liberalisation and modernisastion of women are not taken positively by the society.

10. Child & Women Labour:

Population, Poverty and Unemployment are all interrelated problems.

Unemployment and poverty ultimately leads to child and Women labour. Despite the ban on employment of children below 14 years of age in factories, mines etc., and the children are being employed in unorganised sector, domestic services and home based industries because of absolute poverty and availability of child labour at very low rate. The gravity of the problem of child labour can be understood from the data of number of children working in India. This numbers in 1999-2000 was 10.4 million. Also illiteracy and poverty are two major factors responsible for women workers in unorganised sector like – domestic helpers, labourers in household industries etc. The ratio of women working in organised sector is very less as compared to the women working in unorganised sector.

11. Poverty:

There have been number of causes contributing to problem of poverty in India like: large size of population, large size of family in socially deprived sections of society, unemployment, very less remuneration to people working in unorganised sector as compared to the ones working in organised sector, regional imbalances and concentration of income and wealth in hands of few only. Even after adoption of different Poverty Alleviation programmes, 26.1 percent of population was living below poverty line in the year 1999-2000.The problem of poverty is contributing to widening of gap between rich and poor. Thus economic development benefits only few.

12. Expensive Professional Training:

Government has announced different schemes from time to time to promote primary education in rural and urban sectors. Also efforts have been made to make primary education affordable by offering scholarships, fee concessions etc. for poor people. But no relief has been given for professional training in professions like medicine, engineering, law, etc. As a result poor people cannot afford it and inequalities continue to exist because only rich people can afford such expensive training and courses.

13. Reservation Policy of Jobs:

Reservation in public appointments to a large extent of percentage causes injustice to the capable and deserving candidates belonging to non-reservation category. This also affects performance in public sector. The people belonging to reserved category can be given the concessions in the field of education, health services etc. instead of giving them reservations.

Essay # 3. Measures taken by the Government to Reduce Social Injustice in India:

Government of India, from the very beginning has been making special efforts to remove the causes of social injustice in India.

Following are some of principal steps taken by the government to reduce social injustice:

1. To Reduce Poverty and Unemployment:

After completion of Ninth five year plan about 26 crore people are still living below poverty line. The objective of Tenth Plan is to reduce poverty ratio by 5 percentage points by 2007 and by 12 percentage points by 2012. Also the target of the Tenth Plan is to create 5 crore additional employment opportunities with in a period of five years (2002-2007).

Following are few poverty alleviation programmes the employment generation programmes launched by government from time to time:

i. Swaranjayanti Gram Sawarojgar Yojana (SGSY)

ii. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

iii. Swaran Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

iv. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)

v. Development of Small and Cottage Industries.

vi. Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)

vii. Jai Parkash Rozgar Guarantee Yojana (JPRGY)

viii. Employment Assurance Scheme.

ix. Establishment of More Employment Exchanges.

2. To Improve Health and Family Welfare :

The following table of Government expenditure on Social Services (including health & family welfare) shows the efforts of government toward this:

Table: Government Expenditure (Plan and Non-Plan) on social services (Rs. in crores)

Brazil judge opens inquiry into Elon Musk for obstruction of justice involving X

A brazilian supreme court judge has opened an inquiry into elon musk for obstruction of justice involving his social media company x..

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• Brazilian Supreme Court probes Elon Musk for obstruction of justice
• Musk challenges court's order to block certain accounts on his platform X
• Musk declares lifting of 'unconstitutional' restrictions on X

Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes on Sunday opened an inquiry into Elon Musk for obstruction of justice involving his social media company X, according to a court document.

Musk is challenging a decision by Moraes ordering his social media platform X to block certain accounts.

Musk earlier on Sunday posted that X will lift the restrictions, because they were unconstitutional.

In his decision, Moraes said "X shall refrain from disobeying any court order already issued, including performing any profile reactivation that has been blocked by this Supreme Court".

If X fails to comply with the order to block certain accounts, the company will be fined 100,000 reais (USD 19,740) per day, the judge said.

Last year, Moraes also ordered an investigation into executives at social messaging platform Telegram and Alphabet's Google, who were in charge of a composed internet regulation bill.

The bill put the onus on internet companies, search engines and social messaging services to find and report illegal material, instead of leaving it to the courts, and charge hefty fines for failures to do so. Published By: Karishma Saurabh Kalita Published On: Apr 8, 2024