intext citations for ama

AMA Style Guide

• Citing Print Resources
• Citing Electronic Resources
• In-Text Citations

Basics of In-Text Citations

References are numbered in  consecutive order in the text, tables, or figures.

Use superscript arabic numerals to cite material, e.g., 1    The first reference used in a written document is listed as 1 in the reference list.

Where to place the superscript?   The superscript number 1   is inserted into the document immediately next to the fact, concept, or quotation being cited.  If citing more than one reference at the same point, separate the numbers with commas and no spaces between. 

The Superscript number is inserted:

• Immediately next to the fact, idea or quotation being cited.  Ex. This drug is used to treat hepatitis. 1
• Outside periods and commas. Ex. Storing latex at high heat may cause degradation, 2,3-5,7   but it is difficult to keep materials cool in a desert environment.
• Inside colons and semi-colons. Ex. Some physicians choose to store prescription pads in locked cabinets 8 ; others keep them in their coats at all times. 9
• When more than 2 references are cited at a given place in the manuscript, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a closed series; use commas without space to separate other parts of a multiple citation.  Ex. As reported previously, 1,4-7,19,24

If a reference is used multiple times in one paper, use the same number throughout.

At the end of the document, include a reference list with full citations to each item. Name it References. Order citations as they appear in your paper.

Using author's names in-text: You may use author names in your text, as long as these mentions are accompanied by numbered citations. Use last names only.  For items with one or two authors, include both names. For items with 3 or more authors, include the first author's surname and then 'et al' or 'and colleagues'.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

Ex. Smith and Jones 2  reported on the questionnaire.  Ex. Hammersmith et al 3 reported on the survey.

Secondary Citations:

 The AMA Manual. section 3.13.10 Secondary citations, states:  Reference may be made to one author’s citation of, or quotation from, another’s work. Distinguish between citation and quotation (ie, between work mentioned and words actually quoted). In the text, the name of the original author, rather than the secondary source, should be mentioned. (See also 3.11.12, References to Print Journals, Discussants.) As with citation of an abstract of an article rather than citation of the original document (see 3.11.9, References to Print Journals, Abstracts and Other Material Taken From Another Source), citation of the original document is preferred unless it is not readily available. Only items actually consulted should be listed.     Ex.  Cauley JA, Lui L-Y, Ensrud KE, et al. Osteoporosis and fracture risk in women of different ethnic groups. JAMA. 2005;293(17):2102-2108. Cited by: Acheson LS. Bone density and the risk of fractures: should treatment thresholds vary by race [editorial]? JAMA. 2005;293(17):2151-2154.

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AMA Guide - 11th Edition: In-Text Citations

• Paper Formatting
• In-Text Citations
• Database Specific Formatting

Explicit instructions for paper format are not given in the AMA manual because publishers provide specific requirements for submitted manuscripts.  These research paper format guidelines have been chosen by faculty for South College students, and can be found in the official South College AMA Style Guide. 

Note:  Your instructor may have specific or additional requirements not listed in this guide.

In-text Citation Basics

In-text citations are marked using superscript Arabic numerals that correspond to the numbered reference list. 

If the author is named in the sentence, the citation number immediately follows the author name. Give only the author surname.

If the author is not named in the sentence, the citation number appears at the end of the sentence immediately following the period or other end punctuation mark. 

For multiple citations, place a comma between numbers that are not consecutive and a dash between those that are. No spaces between numbers and commas. 5,8-9

For page numbers, if required, include in the superscript in parentheses with no space between the parentheses and the number.  5(p.10)

Author Names In-Text

​Murphy 1 states...

Two Authors

Murphy and Williams 1 report that...

Three or More Authors or Authors and a Group: Three Options

Murphy et al 1 support...

Murphy and coauthors 1 support...

Murphy and colleagues 1 support...

Note: Do not use et al's, instead rewrite the sentence to avoid possessive tense. 

In-Text Citation Examples

• In-Text Citation for a...Direct Quote
• In-Text Citation for a...Block Quote
• In-Text Citation for a...Paraphrase/Summary

Note: Superscript numbers are highlighted here in an effort to make them easier to locate.  They should not be highlighted in your paper. 

In-text citation of a direct quote with the author(s) named in the sentence : 

Sotos-Prieto et al 1 indicate that the "participants' lifestyle and risk factors for cardiovascular disease was assessed and updated every other year."

Corresponding reference entry: 

1. Sotos-Prieto M, Bhupathiraju SN, Mattei J, et al. Association of changes in diet quality with total and cause-specific mortality.  N Engl J Med. 2017;377:143-153. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1613502 

In-text citation, summarization with the author(s) not given : Add the superscript number immediately following the period at the end of the sentence. 

In an AMA style reference list, give the author's surname follow by the initials without periods. 1  

1. JAMA Network Editors. References. In: AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors . 11th ed. Oxford University Press; 2020:81-83.

In-text citation, block quote with the author(s) given:  Use a block quote for more than 4 lines of text. The block quote is in smaller type, without quotation marks. The first line is indented only if it is the first line of a paragraph in the original text. 

Considering a learning portfolio, Stratman 1 states:

This plan enables you to identify learning requirements and subsequently establish short- and long-term goals together with proposals for attaining them. Progress is then monitored, and plans are modified as necessary. A repetitive examination of your goals will help you refine the skills of self-reflection, goal generation, plan development, and follow-through. Some residents struggle with developing these skills. Contributing to this struggle are elements such as personal perspectives, behavior, attitude, lack of experience, lack of prioritization, and lack of guidance.  

The learning portfolio can be a useful tool...(continuation of your paper). 

1. Stratman RC. Changing your perspective: Transitioning from student to practitioner. In: Murphy JE, ed.  ​Resident Survival Guide . American College of Clinical Pharmacy; 2011:11-23. 

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

These resources provide guidance on how to cite sources in the text and on a reference list using American Medical Association (AMA) Manual of Style, 11th Ed., including examples for print and electronic sources. AMA was developed by the American Medical Association for the purpose of writing medical research.

References are found at the end of a manuscript and are titled “References,” and each item should be listed in numerical order (two references should not be combined under a single reference number) as opposed to alphabetically. Additionally, each item should be single-spaced.

Sample Reference

AuthorLastname FirstInitialMiddleInitial. Title in sentence case.  Abbreviated Journal Title in Title Case . Year;volume(Issue#):PP-PP. doi: ##

If you are citing an online article, you should include the day and month of publication as well in the format of Month Day, Year.

Use sentence case for all titles (capitalize only the first word of the title). Abbreviate and italicize names of journals according to the listing in the  National Library of Medicine database .

Author Names

When writing up your references list, be sure to always include the last name and the first and middle initial of the authors  without  punctuation. However, do use a comma to separate more than one author in a single bibliographic group (e.g., Wheeler T, Watkins PJ).

If the author's middle initial isn't available, omit it. The abbreviations "Jr" and "Sr" ("Junior" and "Senior") may follow authors' names when applicable (e.g., Jameson JJ Jr). Use Roman numerals to signify "2nd," "3rd," "4th," and so on (e.g., Doe JF III).

Use all authors’ names unless there are more than 6 authors. In that case, list the names of the initial 3 authors, followed by “et al” in place of the others.

Bibliographic Elements

Each reference is divided with periods into bibliographic groups; each bibliographic group contains bibliographic  elements , which may be separated using the following punctuation marks:

• A comma : if the items are sub-elements of a bibliographic element or a set of closely related elements (e.g., the authors’ names).
• A semicolon:  if the elements in the bibliographic group are different (e.g., between the publisher’s name and the copyright year) or if there are multiple occurrences of logically related elements within a group; also, before volume identification data.
• A colon:  before the publisher’s name, between the title and the subtitle, and after a connective phrase (e.g., “In,” “Presented at”).

See the following examples:

In-Text Citations

Each reference should be cited in the text using superscript arabic numerals. These superscript numbers should be outside periods and commas but inside colons and semicolons . Multiple references may be cited in the same instance. If you are citing sequential references, these should be indicated with a hyphen. Nonsequential references should be separated with commas. There should not be a space between numbers. For example: 

As Smith et al have reported, 1-3,5

Smith et al reported 1-3,5 :

AMA recommends that you do not place a superscript reference citation immediately following a number, and advises that you revise the sentence to prevent any possible confusion with an exponent.

Parenthetical citations should ONLY be used for items that do not occur in the references list, such as unpublished material, personal communications, and news articles. These citations may or may not include a title or author, but should include page numbers and, if possible, a DOI or URL.

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AMA Writing Guide: In-text Citations

• AMA Style Formatting
• In-text Citations
• Journal Articles
• Books and Ebooks
• WHO Reports
• Misc. Citations
• Structured Abstract- IMRAD
• Primary & Secondary Sources
• Literature Matrix

General Rules

To see an example of the reference list in an AMA formatted paper, take a look at the sample papers provided by Liberty University's Writing Center. The 'Reference' page is usually the last section of the paper. If your report includes an appendix, the appendix is provided after the reference list.   Section 3.0 of the AMA Manual  provides additional information about references. 

• Citations in AMA style are ordered consecutively (numerically) in the order that they appear in the report. Citations are presented as superscripted numbers (abc 1 )  inserted at the end of the sentence, with a corresponding numbered reference entry in the reference list. Superscripted information never contains any spaces whatsoever. Ensure that you use an endnote in the reference list, not a footnote. Every time you use a resource, you will use the same endnote number for that resource, no matter how many times you cite the work. 
• Some sentences may include multiple citations (abc 2,3-5,14 ). Individual references are separated by a comma, and a range of references are denoted by a single dash. 
• Example : As Rethlefsen et al report: "Problematically, however, the many guidelines for reporting systematic review searches share few common reporting elements." 1(p1)
• Example : Page and colleagues argue that "[systematic reviews] can provide syntheses of the state of knowledge in a field, from which future priorities can be identified." 3(p179)
• Example : Systematic reviews are commonly used in the fields of nursing, medical and health sciences, and public health . 4,6(pp23,30),11 
• Use Arabic superscript numerals inside colons and semicolons , and use superscript numerals  outside periods and commas (To err is human 1 ; to forgive, 2  divine)
• Only use authors' surnames in text. For references with two or more authors mentioned in text, use the first author's surname followed by "et al," "and coauthors," or "and colleagues." 
• Abbreviations such as et al, eg, and etc do not have periods (.) in the AMA Manual . 
• Parenthetical example : As Deuteronomy 6:4-5 (NRSV) tells: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord; and you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might."
• Endnote example : Deuteronomy 6:4-5 (NRSV).
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AMA Citation Guide: In-text Citations

• Format Your Paper
• In-text Citations
• Audio/Visual
• Gray Literature
• For Authors

How to Cite:

Guidelines :

• Sources are cited in the text in numerical order using superscript Arabic numerals.
• The superscript numerals are placed after quotation marks, commas, and periods, but before semicolons and colons.
• Sources are placed in the reference list in the numerical order that they are cited in the text. 

Please refer to the following 1,7 : ( NOTE: two sources are cited and placed before the colon )

As in previous discussion, 2,9-11,16 ( NOTE: multiple sources cited, use hyphen when 3 or more consecutive numbers are cited)

The study's 3 findings did not...

A review of the regulations were completed by the USDA. 22

Specific page numbers within a source can also be cited. This is often done when referring to the same source more than once. This helps aid the reader in locating the exact location of your reference. To do this, place the page reference in parentheses after the superscript numeral:

Dr. Porter's study 5(p101) disproves Ms. Bonnell's findings 3(p34),11(p9) ...

Avoiding Plagiarism

Cite when you:

• Use a direct quotation, even if it is in quotation marks.
• Use facts that are not common knowledge.
• Paraphrase the author’s ideas.
• Have changed some of the author’s words (i.e., used synonyms).
• Use the key words or phrases from the author.
• Mention the author’s name in your sentence.
• Have written a sentence that mostly consists of your own thoughts, but you have made a reference to another author’s ideas.

When in doubt, CITE!

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AMA 11th Referencing Guide

• AMA: Getting Started
• Authors - numbers, rules and formatting

In text numbering

Using page numbers for direct quotes.

• Boxes, Tables and Figures
• Sample reference list
• Journal article
• Cochrane Review
• Conference paper
• Book chapter
• Pharmacopoeia, encyclopedia & dictionary entries
• Lecture notes and class handouts
• Pharmacopoeia, encyclopedia & dictionary entries
• ABS and AIHW
• Drug Databases, etc
• Images, figures, tables
• Legislation
• Software and AI
• Long quote?
• I need to use page numbers?
• There is more than one author
• The article is "in press"?
• I don't know the journal abbreviation?
• The URL is really long. Can I shorten it?
• No volume or issue number?
• Other Guides
• AMA and EndNote
• Help and Training

AMA Manual of Style 11th ed.

• Numbering 3.5 Numbering
• Page numbers in text 3.6 Citation (also covers placement of superscript numbers)

When mentioned in the text, only surnames of authors are used. For a 2-author reference, list both surnames; for references with more than 2 authors or authors and a group, include the first author’s surname followed by “et al”.

Superscript numbers

The numbers in text are in superscript 1 and occur at the end of the clause in which you used the information. They occur outside “quotation marks,” 2 commas, 3 (parentheses) 4 and full stops. 5 However, they occur inside semicolons 6 ; and colons 7 :

Do not leave a space between the last letter or punctuation mark and the number.

Re-use numbers for the same citation

Citations should be numbered sequentially – that is, the first source you cite is 1 , the second source is 2 and so on.

However, once you have given a source a number, it will keep that number throughout your paper. So, if you use your first source again, no matter how often you use it, it is still 1 .

Citing more than one work at a time

Use commas to show that more than one work is being cited, and use hyphens for several works that would be numbered sequentially:

These side effects can have implications for the patient's mental health, as numerous studies have shown. 1,3,6-9

Relationship between in-text citations and reference list

Your reference list follows the order of the numbers used in the text. The first source you cite in the text is 1 and the reader will look for number 1 in the reference list to find the full citation; the fifth source you use is 5 and the full citation is listed at number 5 in the reference list (and so on).

Avoid placing a superscript reference citation immediately after a number or an abbreviated unit of measure to avoid any confusion between the superscript reference citation and an exponent.

Avoid: The 2 largest studies to date included 26 2 and 18 3 patients.

Better: The 2 largest studies to date included 26 patients 2 and 18 patients. 3

In the medical sciences, you should only use a direct quote if the exact wording is important .  You should be paraphrasing the information as much as possible. When paraphrasing, it is not standard practice to use page numbers, but they can be used if you feel it is necessary for clarification.

However, if you do need to refer to the exact wording used by the authors, you must put the quote in "quotation marks" and use a page number next to the in-text citation.

You put the page number in brackets directly after the reference number, with no space: 1(p6) . This all goes in superscript.

Rey's support of the Mad Dog theory is equivocal, and he states "I’m not defending Mad-doggery because I believe it." 3(p125)

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AMA 11th Edition Citation Guide

• AMA: Getting Started
• Authors - Numbers, Rules, and Formatting
• In-Text Citations
• Sample Reference List
• Journal Articles
• Other Article Types
• Whole Books
• Book Chapters
• Pharmacopeia, Encyclopedia, & Dictionary Entries
• Theses & Dissertations
• Citing Secondary Sources
• Lecture Notes and Class Handouts
• Web-Based Materials
• Drug Databases
• Legislation
• Other Sources
• Software and AI Software
• What If ... ?
• Help and Training
• Related Guides

AMA Manual of Style, 11th Edition

3.5 Numbering

3.6 Citation (also covers placement of superscript numbers)

Tables, figures, and boxes 4.0 Tables, figures, and multimedia

When mentioned in the text, only surnames of authors are used. For a 2-author reference, list both surnames; for references with more than 2 authors or authors and a group, include the first author’s surname followed by “et al”.

In-Text Numbering

Superscript numbers.

The numbers in text are in superscript 1 and occur at the end of the clause in which you used the information. They occur outside “quotation marks” 2 , commas 3 , (parentheses) 4 , and full stops. 5 However, they occur inside semicolons 6 and colons 7 .

Do not leave a space between the last letter or punctuation mark and the number.

Re-Use Numbers for the Same Citation

Citations should be numbered sequentially – that is, the first source you cite is 1 , the second source is 2 , and so on.

However, once you have given a source a number, it will keep that number throughout your paper. So, if you use your first source again, no matter how often you use it, it is still 1 .

Citing More Than One Work at a Time

Use commas to show that more than one work is being cited, and use hyphens for several works that would be numbered sequentially:

Relationship Between In-Text Citations and Reference List

Your reference list follows the order of the numbers used in the text. The first source you cite in the text is 1 , and the reader will look for number 1 in the reference list to find the full citation; the fifth source you use is 5 , and the full citation is listed at number 5 in the reference list, etc.

Avoid placing a superscript reference citation immediately after a number or an abbreviated unit of measure to avoid any confusion between the superscript reference citation and an exponent.

Using Page Numbers for Direct Quotes

In the medical sciences, you should only use a direct quote if the exact wording is important . You should be paraphrasing the information as much as possible. When paraphrasing, it is not standard practice to use page numbers, but they can be used if you feel it is necessary for clarification.

However, if you do need to refer to the exact wording used by the authors, you must put the quote in "quotation marks" and use a page number next to the in-text citation.

You put the page number in brackets directly after the reference number, with no space: 1(p6) . This all goes in superscript.

Figures, Tables, and Boxes

Figures, tables, and boxes are given a number and a header in AMA. If you have more than one , you number them sequentially, according to their order of appearance in the text and the type of figure (e.g.: Box 1, Box 2, Table 1, Table 2, Figure 1, Figure 2, and so on).

Referencing

Continue numbering based on what has been used in the main text. If the last number used in the text was 3, then the first number in your table/figure/box will be 4 (unless it is the same source, in which case it will be 3 again).

If the entire table, figure or box has been taken from (or represents information taken from) the same source, place the superscript number at the end of the header.

Table 1.  Leading causes of mortality in Australia in 2018. 4

a Including Alzheimer's disease.

If the information has been taken from various sources, place the superscript number after the relevant piece of information:

Table 2.  Incidence of asthma in Queensland and Tasmania 2018

The sequence of numbers within a table should be logical and consistent.

When setting out tables, figures and boxes in your document, you should give the give it a label (e.g. Table or Table 1 ) and a title next to the label. The label should be in bold, the title should not be in bold, and should be in sentence case.

Further notes explaining the table or figure can be placed in smaller font as a footnote under the table/image. Footnotes inside a table or figure that do not relate to referencing should be superscript letters, rather than superscript numbers.

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AMA (11/e) Style Guide

• Quick Formatting Tips
• Citing Digital Resources: E-Books, E-Journals, and More
• Citing Print Resources
• Citing Secondary Citations or Quotations
• Citing Audiovisual Resources

In-Text Citation Basics

In-text citation examples.

• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Formatting Tables and Figures
• Citing AI This link opens in a new window

Note on AMA

Based on  AMA Manual of Style , 11th ed., 2020.

NOTE:  Some browsers may show italicized text as underlined . When preparing bibliographies based on any of the formats addressed by this series, italics are specified, and should be used. If you don't see an example for your type of reference, consult the manual itself.

• Superscripts
• Author Names

References are numbered in consecutive order  by means of superscript Arabic numerals in the text, tables, or figures.

It is acceptable for a reference to be cited only in a figure, table, or box and not in the  text  if it is in sequence with references cited in the  text .

For example, if Table 2 contains reference 13, which does not appear in the  text , this is acceptable as long as the last reference cited (for the first time) before the first  text   citation  of Table 2 is reference 12.

Use  superscript arabic numerals  to cite material, e.g.,  1     The first reference used in a written document is listed as 1 in the reference list.

Where to place the superscript?  

• The superscript number  1   is inserted into the document immediately next to the fact, idea, concept, or quotation being cited.    Example. This drug is used to treat hepatitis. 1
• If citing directly (word for word), indicate it is a quote by using double quotation marks around the original phrase. The superscript then appears after the quotation mark. Example: "The basic ideas of a 'living-food' or 'raw food' diets are consuming all or primarily uncooked foods." 4
• Outside periods and commas.  Example : Storing latex at high heat may cause degradation,  2,3-5,7   but it is difficult to keep materials cool in a desert environment.
• Inside colons and semi-colons.  Example :  Some physicians choose to store prescription pads in locked cabinets  8 ; others keep them in their coats at all times.  9
• When more than 2 references are cited at a given place in the manuscript, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a closed series; use commas without space to separate other parts of a multiple citation.   Example : As reported previously, 1,4-7,19,24
• Avoid placing a superscript reference  citation  immediately after a number or an abbreviated unit of measure to avoid any confusion between the superscript reference  citation  and an exponent. See Examples:

If a reference is used multiple times in one paper, use the same number throughout.

At the end of the document, include a  reference list  with full citations to each item. Name it References. Order citations as they appear in your paper.

You may use author names in your text, as long as these mentions are accompanied by numbered citations. Use last names only.  For items with one or two authors, include both names. For items with 3 or more authors, include the first author's surname and then 'et al' or 'and colleagues'.

Two author Example: 

• Smith and Jones 2 reported on the questionnaire.

More than two authors:

• Hammersmith et al 3 reported on the survey.

The format for authors in in-text citations is different than what is required of listed references. In the list of references all authors should be given unless there are more than 6, in which case the names of the first 3 authors  are used followed by “et al.

Use In-Text citations when paraphrasing or using a direct quote.

A  direct quote is taken word-for-word from the original text. Indicate it is a quote by using double quotation marks around the original phrase. The superscript appears after the quotation mark. See examples below for both paraphrasing and using a direct quote:

Finding treatments for breast cancer is a major goal for scientists. 1,2  "Some classes of drugs show more promise than others. Gradishar evaluated taxanes as a class." 3  Other scientists have investigated individual drugs within this class, including Andre and Zielinski  2  and Joensuu and Gligorov.  4  Mita et al's investigation of cabazitaxel  5  seems to indicate a new role for this class of drugs.

1. Cancer Research Funding. National Cancer Institute. Publication date unavailable. Updated June 6, 2011. Accessed November 3, 2012.  http://www.cancer.gov.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/ cancertopics / factsheet /NCI/research-funding.

2. Andre F, Zielinski CC. Optimal strategies for the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer with currently approved agents.  Ann Oncol . 2012;23(Suppl 2):vi46-vi51.

3. Gradishar WJ. Taxanes for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.  Breast Cancer  (Auckl.). 2012;6:159-171.

4. Joensuu H, Gligorov J. Adjuvant treatments for triple-negative breast cancers.  Ann Oncol . 2012;Suppl 6:vi40-45.

5. Mita AC, Figlin R, Mita MM. Cabazitaxel: more than a new taxane for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer?  Clin Cancer Res . 2012;18(24):OF1-OF6.

When citing different page numbers from a single reference source at different places in the text, the page numbers are included in the superscript citation and the source appears only once in the list of references. 

These patients showed no sign of protective sphincteric adduction. 3(p21) , 9

Westman 5 (pp3,5), 9  reported 8 cases in which vomiting occurred.

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AMA Style - 11th Edition

• AMA: Getting Started
• Title Page & Formatting
• Authors - numbers, rules and formatting
• Sample reference list
• In-Text Citations
• How Do I Cite...
• Additional Resources

AMA Manual of Style 11th ed.

• Numbering 3.5 Numbering
• Page numbers in text 3.6 Citation (also covers placement of superscript numbers)

When mentioned in the text, only surnames of authors are used. For a 2-author reference, list both surnames; for references with more than 2 authors or authors and a group, include the first author’s surname followed by “et al”.

In text numbering

Superscript numbers

The numbers in text are in superscript 1 and occur at the end of the clause in which you used the information. They occur outside “quotation marks,” 2 commas, 3 (parentheses) 4 and full stops. 5 However, they occur inside semicolons 6 ; and colons 7 :

Do not leave a space between the last letter or punctuation mark and the number.

Re-use numbers for the same citation

Citations should be numbered sequentially – that is, the first source you cite is 1 , the second source is 2 and so on.

However, once you have given a source a number, it will keep that number throughout your paper. So, if you use your first source again, no matter how often you use it, it is still 1 .

Citing more than one work at a time

Use commas to show that more than one work is being cited, and use hyphens for several works that would be numbered sequentially:

These side effects can have implications for the patient's mental health, as numerous studies have shown. 1,3,6-9

Relationship between in-text citations and reference list

Your reference list follows the order of the numbers used in the text. The first source you cite in the text is 1 and the reader will look for number 1 in the reference list to find the full citation; the fifth source you use is 5 and the full citation is listed at number 5 in the reference list (and so on).

Avoid placing a superscript reference citation immediately after a number or an abbreviated unit of measure to avoid any confusion between the superscript reference citation and an exponent.

Avoid: The 2 largest studies to date included 26 2 and 18 3 patients.

Better: The 2 largest studies to date included 26 patients 2 and 18 patients. 3

Using page numbers for direct quotes

In the medical sciences, you should only use a direct quote if the exact wording is important .  You should be paraphrasing the information as much as possible. When paraphrasing, it is not standard practice to use page numbers, but they can be used if you feel it is necessary for clarification.

However, if you do need to refer to the exact wording used by the authors, you must put the quote in "quotation marks" and use a page number next to the in-text citation.

You put the page number in brackets directly after the reference number, with no space: 1(p6) . This all goes in superscript.

Rey's support of the Mad Dog theory is equivocal, and he states "I’m not defending Mad-doggery because I believe it." 3(p125)

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AMA Style Guide, 11th ed.

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In-Text Citations

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When you quote, paraphrase, or summarize an author’s work, an in-text citation should appear in your research paper as a superscript Arabic numeral. Superscripts should appear outside of periods and commas, but inside colons and semicolons. Use the same superscript number if citing from the same source multiple times in your paper. Refer to section 3.6 (p 64) in the AMA Manual of Style.

• Johnson et al, 1 described that...
• Cheng 2 shows that...
• Multiple studies 3-5,10,15

In-Text Examples

Among journalists, plagiarism has become a well known issue.  In fact, to a certain extent, “Every journalist lives in fear of inadvertent plagiarism (only idiots do it deliberately).” 1

Paraphrase:

Renzetti 2 attributes the rise in inadvertent plagiarism to a number of key developments. First, she claims that the widespread availability of technology has created a “mash-up generation” that assumes everything is free game . In addition, she states that …

AUTHOR(S) MENTION IN-TEXT

If the source (book, article, website, etc.) has more than 2 authors, list the first author followed by the words “et al”. Please see section 3.7 (p. 65) in the AMA Manual of Style for more information.

• 2 authors in-text: According to Smith and Mathews, 3 the research shows...
• More than 2 authors in-text: Smith et al 4 reported that….

PAGE NUMBERS IN-TEXT

According to section 3.6 (p. 64) in the AMA Manual of Style, you can refer to specific page numbers within the superscript citation.

• Smith 3(pp50-52) reported that...
• Harrison 4(p10) reported that...

SECONDARY SOURCES (A SOURCE WITHIN ANOTHER SOURCE)

This rule is not included the AMA Manual, 11th edition. Ask your professor if secondary sources are acceptable to cite in assignments.

Imagine you read an article that cites another research paper. For example, an article by Buss & Duntley quoted, summarized, or paraphrased information from Kleiman's article. In your assignment, you want to cite Kleiman. Try to locate the original article written by Kleiman. However, cite the secondary source, written by Buss & Duntley, if you cannot locate Kleiman's article. Refer to section 3.13.10 (pp. 61-62) for more information.

Name the original author(s) in your research assignment: Kelly et al 1 stated that....

Cite the original document, and secondary source in your reference list:

1 Kelly S, Brown L, Coburn J, Zinder S, Gardner L, Nguyen D. The effect of single versus multiple sets on strength. J Strength Cond Res . 2007;21(4):1003-1006. Cited by: Vetter R E, Symonds M L. (2010). Correlations between injury, training intensity, and physical and mental exhaustion among college athletes. Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24 (3),587-96. Accessed October 12, 2020. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c2eb

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Using AMA Style

• Citing Electronic Sources
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In-Text Citations

• Reference List
• Parts of a Manuscript

References within the text of the manuscript should be cited with superscript numbers in the order in which they appear in the manuscript.

Formatting Tips:

• Place superscript numbers outside periods and commas.
• Place superscript numbers inside colons and semicolons.
• When 2+ references are cited, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a consecutive series of references; use commas without a space if numbers are non-consecutive.

Example: As reported in several studies, 3-10

Example: The derived data were as follows 5,6 :

3.5 Numbering, 3.6 Citation

In-Text Citations - Authors

When authors are mentioned in the text, only last names are used.

• For two authors, list both last names.
• For more than two authors, list the first author's last name followed by "et al".

Example:  Smith 5 reported that...

Example : Smith and Doe 5 reported that...

Example : Smith et al 5 reported that...

3.7 Authors

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Citation Resources: AMA In Text Citations

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Basics of In-text Citations

When mentioned in the text, only last names of authors are used. For a 2-author reference, list both surnames; for references with more than 2 authors or authors and a group, include the first author’s surname followed by “et al”.

In-text Numbering

Superscript numbers

The numbers in text are in superscript 1 and occur at the end of the clause in which you used the information. They occur outside “quotation marks,” 2 commas, 3 (parentheses) 4 and full stops. 5 However, they occur inside semicolons 6 ; and colons 7 :

Do not leave a space between the last letter or punctuation mark and the number.

Re-use numbers for the same citation

Citations should be numbered sequentially – that is, the first source you cite is 1 , the second source is 2 and so on.

However, once you have given a source a number, it will keep that number throughout your paper. So, if you use your first source again, no matter how often you use it, it is still 1 .

Using Page Numbers for Direct Quotes

Within the medical sciences, direct quotes are only used if the exact wording is important.  Generally, you should be paraphrasing your research. When paraphrasing, it is not standard practice to use page numbers, but they can be used if you feel it is necessary for clarification.

However, if you do need to refer to the exact wording used by the authors, you must put the quote in "quotation marks" and use a page number next to the in-text citation. The page number should be placed in parentheses directly after the reference number, with no space within the superscript: 1(p6). 

Rey's support of the Mad Dog theory is equivocal, and he states "I’m not defending Mad-doggery because I believe it." 3(p125)

Citing Multiple Works at a Time

Use commas to show that more than one work is being cited, and use hyphens for several works that would be numbered sequentially:

These side effects can have implications for the patient's mental health, as numerous studies have shown. 1,3,6-9

Relationship Between In-text Citations and Reference List

The reference list follows the order of the numbers used in the text. The first source cited in the text is 1 and the reader will look for number 1 in the reference list to find the full citation; the fifth source you use is 5 and the full citation is listed at number 5 in the reference list (and so on).

Avoid placing a superscript reference citation immediately after a number or an abbreviated unit of measure to avoid any confusion between the superscript reference citation and an exponent.

Avoid: The 2 largest studies to date included 26 2 and 18 3 patients.

Better: The 2 largest studies to date included 26 patients 2 and 18 patients. 3

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• Parenthetical Citations
• Multiple Citations

Parenthetical citation in the text of references that meet the criteria for inclusion in a reference list should be restricted to circumstances in which reference lists would not be used, such as news articles or obituaries.  Note that in the text : (1) the author(s) may not be named, (2) the title may not be given, (3) the name of the journal is abbreviated only when enclosed in parentheses, and (4) inclusive page numbers are given.  Some resources, such as Web URLS, may be listed in the text when it is the Web site itself that is referred to rather than content on the site. Example taken from the AMA Manual of Style (AMA, 2007, pg. 43) 

References should be numbered consecutively with arabic numerals in the order in which they are cited in the text.  Unnumbered references, in the form of a resource or reading list, are rarely used in JAMA and the Archives Journals.  When they are used, these references appear alphabetically, by the first author's last name, in a list separate from the specifically cited reference list.

When citing a previously used source, reuse the same superscript number.

Each reference should be cited in the text, tables, or figures in consecutive numerical order by means of superscript arabic numerals.  It is acceptable for a reference to be cited in a table or a figure legend and not in the text if it is in sequence with references cited in the text.  For example, if Table 2 contains reference 13, which does not appear in the text, this is acceptable as long as the last reference cited (for the first time) before the first text citation of Table 2 is reference 12.

Use arabic superscript numerals outside periods and commas, inside colons and semicolons.  When more than two references are cited at a given place in the manuscript, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a closed series; use commas without space to separate other parts of a multiple citation.

When a multiple citation involves sufficient superscript characters to create the appearance of a "hole" in the print copy (20-25 characters, including spaces and punctuation, depending on the column width and type size), use an asterisk in the text and give the citation in a footnote at the bottom of the page (Figure). The following example is taken from the AMA Manual of Style (AMA, 2007, pg.43).

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• AMA Citation Generator

Free AMA Citation Generator

Generate accurate American Medical Association style citations quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

😕 What is an AMA Citation Generator?

An AMA citation generator is a tool that creates citations in the American Medical Association citation style. It analyzes the details of an article or academic paper--such as author, title, and publish date--and creates a formatted citation with them automatically. The formatted citation can then be used to give credit to others whose work has been referenced in an academic work or paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an AMA Citation Generator?

The AMA citation style is a variation of the Vancouver style, adapted by the American Medical Association, and is used in their publications:

• JAMA Network Open
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• JAMA Internal Medicine
• JAMA Neurology
• JAMA Oncology
• JAMA Ophthalmology
• JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
• JAMA Pediatrics
• JAMA Psychiatry
• JAMA Surgery

Source: https://jamanetwork.com/

If you are writing to be published in an AMA journal, or if you are a student in a health or medical field, then you will likely need to use AMA style citations to reference others' work within yours.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just medical, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate reference list from it, with the necessary in-text citations too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's AMA Citation Generator?

MyBib's AMA citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, an change any that aren't. Then click Cite!

The generator will produce a formatted AMA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall bibliography (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for AMA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Wars in Gaza and Beyond : Why Protecting the Sacredness of Health Matters

• 1 O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC
• Editor's Note Reporting on Health and War in Medical Journals Gregory Curfman, MD; Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, PhD, MD, MAS JAMA
• Viewpoint Health Professionals and War in the Middle East Matthew K. Wynia, MD, MPH JAMA
• Comment & Response International Humanitarian Law in the Israeli-Gaza Conflict—Reply Lawrence O. Gostin, JD; Michele B. Goodwin, JD, SJD JAMA
• Comment & Response International Humanitarian Law in the Israeli-Gaza Conflict Nikki R. Adler, BSc, MBBS, PhD; Lori Chait-Rubinek, MBBS; Jane M. Grant-Kels, MD JAMA
• Comment & Response International Humanitarian Law in the Israeli-Gaza Conflict Sherri N. Sheinfeld Gorin, PhD JAMA
• Comment & Response International Humanitarian Law in the Israeli-Gaza Conflict Charles G. Kels, JD JAMA
• Comment & Response International Humanitarian Law in the Israeli-Gaza Conflict Elihu D. Richter, MD, MPH; Elliot M. Berry, MD; Avraham I. Rivkind, MD JAMA
• Viewpoint Reporting Health Consequences of War in Medical Journals Philip Greenland, MD; Oren Lakser, MD; Lisa Lipschutz, MD JAMA

International humanitarian law (IHL) governs armed conflict to protect civilians and limit methods of warfare. The origins of IHL have proven tragically prescient. The 1864 treaty that laid the foundation for IHL, addressing wounded soldiers, afforded ambulances and military hospitals protected status, while safeguarding medical personnel. 1 Eighty years later, the Nuremburg Trials invoked the salience of medical ethics. Yet today, wars in Gaza, Ukraine, and globally are catastrophic demonstrations of the importance of IHL—and its impotence. Artillery shells rain down on medical facilities, patients and health personnel are killed, and hospitals are rendered inoperable. Views on the Israel-Hamas war sharply differ, but it should be possible to agree on the sacredness of health.

• Editor's Note Reporting on Health and War in Medical Journals JAMA

Read More About

Gostin LO , Goodwin MB. Wars in Gaza and Beyond : Why Protecting the Sacredness of Health Matters . JAMA. 2024;331(3):191–192. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.26391

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AMA @ Sullivan University: In-Text Citations

• Paper Sections & Formatting

In-Text Citations

• Reference List

If you borrow information (even if you change the wording), you must document it. Any specific information that you use (other than common knowledge items), must be documented both in the paper (an an in-text citation) and on the reference page. 

• Use superscript numbers outside periods and commas, inside colons and semicolons.
• When more than two references are cited at a given place, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a closed series or use commas without spaces to separate other parts.
• Number references in the order they appear in your paper
• Using author names is optional in the text of your paper
• As reported previously, 1,3-8,19
• The derived data were as follows 3,4: :
• "Some classes of drugs show more promise than others. Gradishar evaluated taxanes as a class." 11  
• Yang et al. 7 reviewed...

For more information see APA Manual of Style 11th edition, section 3.6.

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Scribbr AMA Citation Generator

Accurate AMA citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions.

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Stop wasting hours figuring out the correct citation format. With Scribbr's citation generator , you can search for your source by title, URL, ISBN, or DOI and generate accurate AMA citations in seconds. No experience needed.

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AMA 10th & 11th edition

Scribbr's Citation Generator supports both AMA 10 and AMA 11 (as well as MLA , APA and Harvard ). No matter what edition you're using, we’ve got you covered!

Export to Bib(La)TeX

Easily export in BibTeX format and continue working in your favorite LaTeX editor.

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Reference list finished? Export to Word with perfect indentation and spacing set up for you.

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Organize the reference list the way you want: from A to Z, new to old, or grouped by source type.

Save multiple lists

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Choose between Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri, and more options to match your style.

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Explanatory tips help you get the details right to ensure accurate citations.

Citation guides

Getting to grips with citation is simple with the help of our highly rated AMA citation guide .

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Reference examples

Missing information, page numbers and multiple citations, tools and resources.

How to cite in AMA style

AMA style is a numerical citation style—it lists all your sources in a numbered reference list at the end, referring to them in the text by the relevant number.

The style, defined by the American Medical Association (AMA),  is common in the field of medicine. The current rules of AMA style are explained in the AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (11th edition) .

Scribbr’s free citation generator can automatically create accurate AMA style citations for a wide variety of sources.

• Cite a webpage
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AMA references

The numbered reference list appears at the end of your text, listing full information on all the sources you’ve cited. Sources are numbered in the order in which they were first cited. Each source appears only once, even if you cited it repeatedly.

A reference entry tends to list the author , title , publisher or publication that contains the source, publication date , and URL and DOI if relevant.

The exact information included in a reference depends on what type of source you’re citing. Different information is available and relevant for different sources, and different formatting conventions (e.g., punctuation, italics, abbreviations) apply in different contexts.

You can explore the tabs below to see formats and examples for common source types.

When some of the information you need for the reference is missing, you can work around this in various ways, depending on what information is not available.

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AMA in-text citations

In-text citations in AMA style consist of the number of the relevant reference entry in superscript. 1 Include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase a source

Each source has one number. If you cite the same source again later, use the same number again. When a citation number appears at the same point in the text as a punctuation mark (e.g., a period or comma), place it after the punctuation.

When you quote or paraphrase a specific part of the source, include a page number (in parentheses, preceded by “p”) or range (preceded by “pp”) to point the reader to the relevant passage.

You can also cite multiple sources at the same point in the text by combining their numbers with commas or, in the case of a range of consecutively numbered citations, with an en dash. No spaces are used between consecutive citations or within individual citations.

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A randomized prospective trial of an ostomy telehealth intervention for cancer survivors

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• 2 Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• 3 Biostatistics Analysis Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• 4 College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
• 5 Division of Nursing Research and Education, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.
• 6 Unaffiliated, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
• 7 Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, USA.
• 8 Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
• 9 Department of Planning, Public Policy & Management, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
• 10 Arizona Telemedicine Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
• PMID: 37905783
• DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35091

Background: Cancer survivors with ostomies face complex challenges. This study compared the Ostomy Self-Management Telehealth program (OSMT) versus attention control usual care (UC).

Methods: Three academic centers randomized participants. OSMT group sessions were led by ostomy nurses and peer ostomates (three for ostomates-only, one for support persons, and one review session for both). Surveys at baseline, OSMT completion, and 6 months were primary outcome patient activation (PAM), self-efficacy (SE), City of Hope quality of life-Ostomy (COH-O), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Surveys were scored per guidelines for those completing at least two surveys. Linear mixed effects models were used to select potential covariates for the final model and to test the impact of OSMT within each timeframe.

Results: A total of 90 OSMT and 101 UC fulfilled analysis criteria. Arms were well-matched but types of tumors were unevenly distributed (p = .023). The OSMT arm had a nonsignificant improvement in PAM (confidence interval [CI], -3.65 to 5.3]; 4.0 vs. 2.9) at 6 months. There were no significant differences in other surveys. There was a significant OSMT benefit for urinary tumors (four SE domains). Higher OSMT session attendance was associated with post-session improvements in five SE domains (p < .05), two COH-O domains (p < .05), and HADS anxiety (p = .01). At 6 months, there remained improvements in one SE domain (p < .05), one COH-O domain (p < .05), and HADS anxiety (p < .01).

Conclusions: No clear benefit was seen for the OSMT intervention, although there may be an advantage based on type of tumor. Benefit with greater session attendance was also encouraging.

Plain language summary: Cancer patients with ostomies have many challenges. We tested a telehealth curriculum compared to usual care. There are indications of benefit for the program for those that attend more sessions and those with urostomies.

Keywords: cancer survivors; ostomy; telemedicine.

© 2023 American Cancer Society.

Publication types

• Randomized Controlled Trial
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Cancer Survivors*
• Neoplasms* / therapy
• Ostomy* / education
• Prospective Studies
• Quality of Life
• Telemedicine*

Grants and funding

• 1507-31690/PCORI/Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute/United States