ap frq words

AP® World History

How to answer ap® world history saqs, dbqs, and leqs.

• The Albert Team
• Last Updated On: March 1, 2022

If you’re taking AP® World History, you probably already know just how important the free response section can be for making or breaking your AP® score. This post will help give you the best tips and tricks for answering AP® World History free response questions including but not limited to short-answer questions, document-based questions, and long essays. 

We’ll go over things like must-know tips for how to write perfect score SAQs, DBQs, and LEQs, mistakes students often make on the AP® World exam, and how to use past AP® free response questions to start practicing for your upcoming exam. 

Read on to get the scoop on everything you need to make the most of your AP® World History: Modern exam review. 

What We Review

5 Steps on How to Write Effective AP® World History: Modern Free Responses

Regardless of whether you’re answering a SAQ, DBQ, or LEQ, there are a few key steps when it comes to putting your best foot forward in your AP® World free response section.

1. Knowing what you’re being asked and answering that specific question.

All too often, students enter the AP® World History: Modern exam suffering from two key weaknesses in their exam prep: not understanding the rubric or not answering the question asked. 

You need to know exactly how you earn your points. This way, you can write your response to directly address what you’re being asked. 

Here is a link for AP® World History past released exams

These past exams include scoring guidelines PDFs which outline how points were distributed for each respective question. 

Here’s a screenshot from the second question of the 2019 released exam:

Source: College Board

You can gather a lot from these scoring guidelines. In the example above, you can see that points are distributed based on the student’s ability to answer the prompt. One point was given for identification from data in a chart, another from identifying a similarity, and a final point for explaining how longer life expectations impacted society on a political, economic, or social level. 

There are commonly used directive words to be wary of when reviewing past AP® World History free response questions. We’ll cover what some of those are later. 

When it comes to the AP® World History DBQ, know where each of your points will come from. Most importantly, keep in mind how to use the documents to advance your argument and don’t just rehash what is already known from the documents provided. This means knowing for example that you’ll receive one point for successfully connecting documents to the prompt, knowing you have to argue with the documents to earn more points, or using at least six (if not seven) documents to support your thesis.

For now, just make sure you go over at least two years worth of released exam scoring guidelines so you understand how everything is weighted and distributed.

2. Flag every directive word or key phrase in the question prompt. 

Now that you know how points are earned, you need to start to develop a habit for mentally confirming you’re getting all of the points possible in each question. 

Let’s take a look at the first SAQ from the 2019 AP® World History exam:

What you can tell here is that oftentimes for SAQs, you will be asked to identify in part A (and sometimes B, as is the case here), followed by explain in part B and/or C. 

To properly identify , you must provide 1-2 sentences where you directly answer the question, within the proper time period.

When asked to explain , these responses often will be three sentences. One sentence to answer the question, and then two sentences to provide specific facts that support your answer. Teachers often refer to these questions as ones where you want to “show the why”. 

Take note of what we highlighted above. We not only flag for ourselves what the key directive word is, but we also mark how many things we need to identify or explain and the time period being asked of us. 

Students often make the mistake of bringing in historical examples that are outside the scope of the time period asked. If you do this, you will miss out on valuable AP® World History SAQ points. 

Here’s how we might flag the DBQ from that same 2019 AP® World History free response section:

When you’re flagging the key directives or phrases, the things to keep in mind are: 

• Typically when it comes to the DBQs or LEQs, you’ll be asked to compare, explore causes, discuss change or continuity over time.
• What’s the time period? 

To answer the first question, you must understand that AP® World History: Modern develops students to have these six historical thinking skills: 

The four core historical reasoning skills from the College Board are:

3. Plan out your response BEFORE you start writing.

Taking just a few minutes to map out your response to each AP® World History free response question can make a big difference in the cohesion of your responses. 

Too often, students jump right into answering questions and as a result either simply regurgitate what was already given to them, or fail to answer the question they’re being asked directly. 

To serve as a “compass”, always remember:

• What’s the historical reasoning skill being asked of me?
• What’s the time period? What do I know about this time period?

Then, when it comes to specifics to the DBQ, ask yourself questions such as:

• What type of DBQ is this? Is it asking me a social, political, or economic question? 
• How can the documents I’ve been provided be grouped together? 
• What is the sourcing of the document? 
• What’s my thesis? Can it be agreed with or disagreed with and have I put everything into historical context? 
• Have I planned to use at least six documents? 
• Is my intended outside evidence specific and relevant to the question and time period?
• Have I planned how I’ll introduce complexity? (We’ll give you tips on this final point later)

For the AP® World LEQ, be sure to ask:

• Do I have a defensible thesis? Is there a clear line of reasoning? 
• Is it clear how I’ll place things into historical context?
• Do I have specific evidence that is relevant to the question and time period?
• Have I planned how I’ll introduce complexity?

The College Board uses the free response section to test your ability to connect the dots between historical time periods and to be able to fluidly navigate historical time periods with accuracy. 

This means planning is essential. Really think hard on what the question is asking you and if you’re giving a direct answer to that question. 

AP® Readers often express frustration with not being able to give students points because students simply got distracted by a catch phrase from the text, or wrote about something not relevant to the question of the prompt.

4. Double check you’ve made explicit references to connections in your writing.

One of the common pitfalls of student responses for AP® World History: Modern FRQs is not using documents or evidence to advance an argument. 

It isn’t enough in your response to simply demonstrate you understand what the document is. You have to also show how that document serves as evidence to support your thesis. 

In the past, Chief Readers of the exam have expressed that students often understand historical content, but aren’t able to present the evidence in a way that will earn points for the response. 

The easiest way to check yourself here is to remember the word “therefore”. Make your argument, describe your evidence from what’s provided (or what you know), and then say “therefore” followed by the argument you are trying to make. 

In other AP® subjects, teachers tell their students that this is the equivalent of “showing the why” or “closing the loop”. 

Closing the loop in AP® World History can be made into more of a habit using words like “because” or “therefore” to help bridge two concepts together and solve for the “why” this matters. 

5. Practice, practice, and then practice some more

When you really think about what are the keys to AP® free response success, it boils down to mastering the rubrics and crafting responses to fit those rubrics. 

It’s not uncommon for students to walk into the exam and to have never seen an AP® World History: Modern SAQ, DBQ, or LEQ rubric. Don’t be that student. 

The College Board provides a plethora of past released exams to help you navigate the preparation process, so use them! 

Try one of the past released exams and then have a friend grade your responses with the scoring guidelines. See how you might have done without any deliberate practice. Then, review your mistakes, log them in a study journal, and keep working through the other prior years. 

After a while, you’ll develop your own internal checklist of questions for yourself such as:

• Do I have a thesis? Does it include evidence and a clear line of reasoning?
• Have I explained what happened before this time period to earn the contextualization point?
• Is the evidence I’ve used supporting my thesis? Have I included bridge words like “therefore” or “because” to demonstrate this alignment? Have I used at least six of the documents?
• Have I discussed sourcing? Is it clear who the documents were written for and how that might impact the author’s point of view? 
• Is there an attempt at earning the complexity point and evidence to support my complexity?

Return to the Table of Contents

37 AP® World History and Politics FRQ Tips to Scoring a 4 or 5

Alright! Now that we’ve reviewed a 5-step process for writing grade ‘A’ worthy AP® World History: Modern free responses, we can review some test taking tips and strategies to keep in mind. 

We recommend you read through a few of these every time you start and end your AP® World FRQ practice. Then, in the days leading up to your exam, read the entire list so they stay fresh in your mind. 

11 AP® World History SAQ Tips and Test Taking Strategies

• Be smart about how you review your textbook for your FRQs. There is so much content that it can often be more practical to look over your outlines and notes from when you were in class, or to find online teacher notes that are free to build notes on top of. 
• Prioritize chronology and periodization over dates. You should have a strong sense of the overall timelines but not have to rely on specific dates to position your responses. Students often force specific dates to memory without more broadly understanding what happened during that time period. 
• Focus on understanding how the AP® World History themes intersect with one another. This directly relates to the ability to discuss and explain continuity and change over time. 
• Answer the question.
• Cite your supporting evidence.
• Explain how your evidence proves your point. 
• Familiarize yourself with the common categories of analysis: economic, demographic, political, cultural, and social developments are commonly assessed not just in the SAQ, but in all the AP® World FRQs. 
• Readers have often mentioned that students struggle with periodization. As a result, they make mistakes mentioning things that are outside the scope of the time period given. 
• Student struggles with periodization are often exacerbated when the test asks you about two different time periods. Be prepared for this scenario — it happened as recently as 2019 and led to many students writing outside the specified time period. 
• Be wary of what the College Board calls “catch phrases” in the text. These are popular terms like “checks and balances” or “serial murderers”. These phrases have led students to write about topics not relevant to the question in the past such as the death penalty, school shootings, or the criminal justice system. 
• Practice your ability to link secondary sources to course content. This is a skill that students often struggle with and the premise of doing well on a number of the SAQs.
• Focus much of your prep time on the E in ACE . Students often are not effective at earning the point for explaining because they simply restate a fact and fail to show how that fact supports comparison, causation, or continuity and change over time. 
• To help you score points in demonstrating your historical reasoning skills, use words like whereas, in contrast to, or likewise when drawing comparisons. 

22 AP® World History DBQ Tips and Test Taking Strategies

• Before you start planning out your DBQ, double check the time period. 20th century means anything that happened between 1901 and 2000, 18th century means anything between 1701 and 1800, etc. You’d be surprised that students sometimes write about the wrong time period just due to test day stress. 
• For the AP® World History DBQ, understand that you’ll only earn a point for your thesis if there is a historically defensible thesis that establishes a line of reasoning. In other words, you cannot just restate or reword the prompt.
• X is your counterargument or counterpoint
• ABC are your strongest supporting points for your argument.
• And Y is your argument. 
• If you don’t like the above formula, another common way to form a thesis is to remember to include the word “because” — the claims you make after you state “because” will be your argument. 
• Gut check your thesis by asking yourself, “Is this something someone can or cannot agree to? If so, then it’s a good enough thesis because it needs to be defended.
• Some AP® World History teachers recommend placing context in your opening paragraph. This way you don’t forget about it later. 
• Historical Context
• Point of View
• Remember that you only get one point to describe how at least three documents from the documents provided relate to the prompt. Don’t spend your entire DBQ simply describing documents. 
• The other points when it comes to the evidence section of the DBQ come from arguing with the documents. In other words, remember to use the documents as evidence to support your thesis. 
• If you use six documents to support the argument of your thesis, you can earn the second point for the evidence section. If you’re unsure about how you interpreted one document, try to use all seven to give yourself a backup. Past Chief Readers of the exams have even given this tip as a good tip for responding to DBQs. 
• XYZ, therefore ABC
• XYZ is the description of the document
• ABC is the implication and support of how what you described relates to your thesis. 
• To earn the final point for evidence, the contextualization point, you need to bring in at least one piece of specific historical evidence from what you know that is relevant to the prompt and your thesis . The last part is very important. 
• An easy way to earn your contextualization point is to explain what happened immediately before the time period being tested. 
• In document 1, XYZ
• In document 2, XYZ
• Refer to the authors of the documents and not just the document numbers — this can serve as a helpful reminder to remember the HAPP acronym. 
• Make sure your DBQ supporting paragraphs have topic sentences. Doing so helps build a cohesive argument instead of just jumping your reader from one document or one group of documents to the next.
• To earn the sourcing point in analysis and reasoning, ask yourself, “Who was this document written for? What’s their intent or what might this document have accomplished? Why did the writer say what he said in the way he said it?” Then, link what you’ve considered to your thesis. 
• You must demonstrate sourcing for at least three documents to earn the point. Try to do more than the minimum of three.
• Do not ask for additional documents. This is an outdated tip that AP® World History teachers have continued sharing with students over the years that no longer is applicable. As recently as 2018, 15-20% of essays requested more documents when this hasn’t been part of the rubric. 
• The College Board rubric describes this as “explaining relevant and insightful connections within and across periods” 
• The College Board describes this as “explaining both similarity and difference”
• If you’re writing about causation, discuss the effects. 
• If you want another way to earn this point, you can earn it by applying your argument to another time period and drawing a connection. If you do this, keep in mind you must apply your entire argument to another time period. 
• When aiming to score your complexity point, remember it needs to be integrated into your argument and not just a brief phrase or reference. Always explain why you’re including something in your response. 
• A series of possible stems to signal to your grader you are attempting complexity is to say use one of the following phrases: another time, another view, or another way.

4 AP® World History LEQ Tips and Test Taking Strategies

• Understand and be comfortable with all forms of the LEQ: causation, comparison, or change and continuity over time questions.
• One point comes from having a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning (see above tips for how to make sure this is covered).
• One point is awarded for contextualization. The easiest way to do this is to start with specificity on what was happening two to five decades before the time period you’re writing about. Be specific as you do not earn points for just citing a phrase or reference.
• Two points are given for evidence. One is earned for just naming two pieces of evidence that are relevant to the prompt. The second is given when you use those pieces of evidence to support your argument in response to the prompt. 
• Finally, two points are given for analysis and reasoning. One point is given for doing what is asked in the prompt (i.e. comparing, evaluating causation, exploring change and continuity over time). The second point is earned by having complexity in your response. See the above tip #31 from the DBQ section for the easiest ways to earn this point. 
• When practicing your LEQs, try writing your response. Then, give yourself a dedicated time to reference your class notes and resources and add in specific facts that could have helped support your LEQ. This will help you gain confidence in being specific in your supporting evidence. 
• If you’re often forgetting to bring in contextualization, try going through the last five years of LEQs and just answering how you would have tried to earn the contextualization point. 

Wrapping Things Up: How to Write AP® World History and Politics FRQs

We’ve reviewed so much in this AP® World History study guide. At this point, you should feel pretty confident when it comes to answering either your short answer questions, document-based questions, or long-essay questions. 

As we wrap up, here are a few things to remember:

• Good AP® World History free response scores are only achieved when you know how you’re being assessed. Understand the point breakdowns for the SAQ, DBQ, and LEQs.
• Form a mental checklist for yourself for each type of AP® World FRQ — for example, for SAQs, remember ACE: answer the question, cite your evidence, and explain how your evidence proves your point. 
• Always take note of what time period is being asked of you. Students miss so many points by simply writing about something outside of the time period asked. 
• Be specific in your responses. It is not enough to simply describe what’s going on in documents for example. You need to use the documents to support your thesis. Close the loop or “show the why” to your reader. 
• Focus the bulk of your time on commonly tested AP® World History time periods. See the curriculum and exam description for the period breakdowns. Units 3-6 are typically weighted more than other time periods (12-15% respectively).  
• Make sure your thesis includes a clear line of reasoning. Remember the model: Although X, ABC, therefore Y.
• Put an attempt at contextualization in your introduction and then another when wrapping up your evidence to support your thesis. Explain what happened immediately before the time period being tested. 
• Make sure to source at least three documents in your DBQ. Address HAPP (historical context, audience, purpose and point of view).
• The easiest way to earn complexity is to do the opposite historical reasoning skill of what’s being asked of you. See tip #31 for how to do this. 

We hope you’ve taken away a lot from this AP® World review guide.

If you’re looking for more free response questions or multiple choice questions, check out our website! Albert has tons of original standards-aligned practice questions for you with detailed explanations to help you learn by doing and score that 4 or 5.

If you found this post helpful, you may also like our AP® World History tips here or our AP® World History score calculator here .

We also have an AP® World History review guide here .

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FRQ: Conceptual Analysis

4 min read • june 11, 2020

Fatima Raja

It’s very likely that you’re coming into AP United States Government and Politics or AP Comparative Government and Politics with some idea of how to write an FRQ (it stands for Free Response Question, by the way). Maybe you did it in WHAP or APUSH, but the AP GOPO FRQ 1 is a bit different. 

It’s focused more on analyzing a situation and less on explaining what happened at some point in history. It’ll make more sense when you see it broken down, so let’s get to it!

You have an hour and 40 minutes to finish the entire Free-Response Question section. It’s important to use your time effectively because the FRQ section is worth half of your score.

Because of that, you should spend around 20 minutes (maybe a bit less or more) on the first Free-Response Question. 

Image Courtesy of Meme Creator

I honestly don’t even think that’s possible.

The best way to cut down the time it takes you on these questions is to make sure you know how to apply the concepts you’ve learned in class to whatever situation you’re given and to do practice FRQs.

That way, you can get these skills down to muscle-memory and not be too stressed when you get to test day!

You’re going to be given a situation, and, yeah, that’s kinda vague. Keep reading, though.

It means that the situation you’re given is kind of a problem. The situation is going to be a political one, whether it be process or institution. It’s going to be realistic, so don’t worry about needing to figure out some completely out-of-the-blue scenario. 

There’s three parts to the first FRQ. 

In the three parts, you could be asked to describe a few different things, including but not limited to how a political institution could act to solve a problem, what a group and/or institution could say to advocate for their position, what potential obstacles could be encountered, and/or what implications a choice could have on people.

To sum it up, you’ll be asked to break down a situation in a few different ways and take into account the various perspectives that the situation could be viewed from. 

Now that you know what to expect, let’s figure out how to tackle the concept FRQ!

An Effective Approach

Here’s what you need to do to tackle this FRQ quickly and thoroughly:

Start by skimming the questions that you’re presented with. You may have been told that you should never skim anything that you need to understand. That isn’t true all the time, though. In cases where you don’t have all the time in the world, like on an exam, skimming is fine if you make sure that you’re still understanding what you read.

Underline key-words! This doesn’t mean that you underline the entire passage. Instead, focus on references to laws, countries, political systems, constitutional amendments, or well-known interest groups, as they will probably guide you towards how you should answer the prompts.

Write out ideas for how to answer each part of the question as you read the situation you’re given. This way, when you get to writing out your response, you already know exactly what you’re going to say, and you can elaborate or change the answer as needed. Remember, nothing written in your prompt book counts, though!

Get to writing! One way to ensure that the graders know that you’re fully answering the prompt is to use the prompt as the stem to the first sentence that you write answering it. That way, it’s impossible to miss. 

Answer the prompt fully. This is critical to ensuring you get full points. So, if the prompt asks which branch of government would resolve a constitutional question, don’t just say that lawyers would present arguments about it to a court. Make your answer explicit : the judicial branch would decide how to interpret the issue!

Or, if you’re in CompGov, don’t just vaguely refer to countries with democracies or countries with authoritarian governments. Name them and explain which governance structure they have. Then, tie it all back to the prompt!

Some Last Tips!

Practice! Practice! Oh, and practice! You may not be able to practice writing FRQs every single night, but try to get at least one in over the weekend. This will help you get familiar with the structure. 

Breathe! Don’t freak out. You may be feeling the pressure, but you’ve been prepping for this all year (or all semester). You put in the work, and you’ll be fine! Keeping a cool head will help you get the best score you can.

Practice Prompts!

Here are some prompts to get you started on practicing:

Since the recent resignation of two Federal Election Commission members, the lack of quorum has prevented the Commission from being able to create rules needed to protect elections. The president has nominated an extremely conservative talk-show radio-host to be on the Commission, breaking with the tradition of nominating one Democrat and one Republican to maintain neutrality in election rule-making. The Senate is refusing to confirm the President’s nominee.

Describe how the president could utilize their bully pulpit to speed up the confirmation process.

Explain why it is important for independent agencies to be immune to partisanship when carrying out their duties.

Explain how partisan divisions could prevent the president from successfully pressuring the Senate as described in Part A.

Countries around the world allow different degrees of freedom for the press:

Describe two functions that the press serves in the context of a government.

Identify one way journalists ensure that sources continue to communicate with them. Explain how this helps the press expose corruption. 

Explain how citizen-journalism can contribute to serving as a check on the government.

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Teaching AP® Science

Resources By Kristi Schertz

Using and Teaching FRQs in Science

Students in an AP® Environmental Science class need to know how to write Free Response Questions (FRQs). These are short answer questions, not essays, and have special strategies that are different than other AP® subjects. Each FRQ is graded out of 10 point and there are 3 of them on the AP® Exam.  This post will go over how to teach FRQs and how to choose FRQs to use on exams.

Reminder! Content (Essential Knowledge) is assessed through the Science Practices.

(Updated in 2019 to reflect the new APES exam)

Teaching kids how to write FRQs

I teach kids how to write Free Response Questions (FRQs) as they are taking exams. For example, the first exam covers chapters 1 and 2 of my textbook and the FRQ I developed for that exam has a lot of explanation about how to write the answers. I’m not giving them the answers, but telling them how to write it.  I give instructions like this:

“Intro to APES FRQ (Chapters 1 and 2) Your AP® Exam in May will have 3 FRQs, each with multiple parts. It will be read and graded by High School and college teachers. They don’t know you and how smart you are—you must prove it to them.

Directions for students: Answer each part of the question in complete sentences.  Be specific (don’t give vague, general answers)  Give Examples  Prove you know and understand the material to the reader.  DO NOT spend your time with an opening sentence and/or conclusion.  DO NOT waste your time with flowery sentences—get to the point with good solid science.”

Before the kids start writing, we read and discuss each bullet point. I then go over the different types of terms they will see. There are different strategies for each type of question.

What do the terms mean?

FRQ Task Verbs 

Identify, Provide or List : Simple answer with a complete sentence.

Describe :  Needs additional information beyond a simple answer. 1-2 complex sentences.

Justify: Provide evidence to support, qualify, or defend a claim and/or provide reasoning to explain HOW that evidence supports the claim.

Make a Claim: Make an assertion based on evidence or knowledge.

Calculate: A math problem to solve. Show set-up and answer WITH UNITS.  (Does not need complete sentence)

Explain: HOW or WHY something occurs.  

• Use evidence and/or reasoning.
• Sometimes, it is a process requiring steps in order.
• Use “ because ” for “why” questions.

FRQs as Teaching Tools

I consider exams not only assessment, but also teaching tools.  I continue to remind and teach students these terms throughout the year as well as nuances in how to answer different questions.  For example, if I give an economic question, I tell the kids to include the word “money” or “jobs” in their answer as that’s what’s looked for by the AP® readers.

Writing Tips

Students are required to answer 3 FRQs in 80 min.

• FRQ #1 is a “Design an Investigation” question and will have other questions to assess student skills based on science practices 1, 5, 4, and 7.
• FRQ #2 asks students to provide a solution to an authentic environmental scenario. It will also assess other skills based on science practices 1, 2, 5 or 7.
• FRQ #3 asks students to analyze a problem and solution and use math with practices 1, 6 and 7.
• Students should label each answer with their appropriate letter.  a)  b)i  etc.  They should NOT write one giant paragraph as it annoys the grader. (No points taken off, but it makes it harder to grade)
• If the question asks for a specific number of answers, they should only write that number.  Ex:  Describe 2 benefits of electric cars. Kids should limit to two different and unique benefits. If they write a third, or fourth….its not graded.  If one of the first two is wrong, and their second and third are correct, the student still only receives 1 out of 2 points.  This is DIFFERENT than some AP® History courses in which the grader will read and read and try to find points.  Make sure you make this distinction for the kids.

How to choose FRQs for an Exam

There are many ways to assign FRQs and your method will depend on what works for your particular students.  Depending on their writing level, age of your students, and how many AP® kids you have, you will need to decide how many to FRQs to have them practice with.  I assign one FRQ per exam of two chapters.

An FRQs can be a released FRQ from a previous year’s AP® Exam.  You can find previously released FRQs here on the college board website.   Be aware that the kids also have access to this website and some diligent students will study the questions and answers ahead of time to get an edge.

Combo FRQs are where you cut and paste together bits from different released FRQs.  This is beneficial at the beginning of the year when most released FRQs have topics from many parts of the curriculum and you haven’t covered much yet.  Its also harder for students to gain an edge if they do study the CB website with released FRQs.

You can create your own FRQ. I did not get good at making my own for at least 5 years after teaching this class and after I was an AP® reader. It takes that long to really understand how FRQs are written and you can better anticipate how easy or hard a particular question will be and common misconceptions. I don’t recommend this method for newbies. Using a combo FRQ or a released FRQ is usually better.

Since I teach multiple sections of APES, I prepare 2-3 different FRQs and each period will have a different FRQ. On occasion, I’ve assigned different kids in the same class different FRQs.  This prevents copying in tight quarters. I try to make sure the FRQs are the same in terms of how hard they are. If one FRQ scores lower on average, I will bump the grades for those kids to be fair.

Grading FRQs

When I grade an FRQ, it is worth 50 points. Below is how I curve the FRQ. On the real AP® exam, students need to score an average of about 4-5 points per FRQ to pass the exam (along with a minimum score on the Multiple Choice).

10 max points 10=50 9=48 8=46 7=43 6=40 5=36 4=31 3=25 2=20 1=15

When we peer grade FRQs , I adjust the curve a little and tell the kids that I don’t want them to argue 1 point (out of 10) of a mistake that they think the peer grader made, because I factored in one point on the curve. They can argue 2 or more points if they can prove they should get the point. This is to save my sanity with over 150 kids in AP.  Here’s the peer-graded curve.

Read about peer-grading using Google Forms written by Katy Sturges.

10=50 9=50 8=48 7=45 6=42 5=40 4=36 3=31 2=25 1=15

Kristi Schertz

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Trump shares video with image depicting Biden tied up in the back of a pickup truck

Former President Donald Trump shared a video on social media Friday that included an image of President Joe Biden bound and restrained in the back of a pickup truck.

The 20-second video, which Trump indicated was taken Thursday in Long Island, New York, shows a truck emblazoned with "Trump 2024" and a large picture depicting Biden tied up and lying on his side.

Trump was in Long Island Thursday for the wake of fallen NYPD officer Jonathan Diller.

When reached for comment on the image in the video, Trump campaign spokesperson Steven Cheung said, "That picture was on the back of a pick up truck that was traveling down the highway." Cheung also accused "Democrats and crazed lunatics" of calling for violence against Trump and his family, arguing that "they are actually weaponizing the justice system against him."

Cheung pointed to comments by Biden in 2018, before he declared his candidacy, when he said that if he and Trump were in high school he'd " take him behind the gym and beat the hell out of him" if he heard him demeaning women.

Biden campaign spokesman Michael Tyler slammed Trump for posting the video.

"This image from Donald Trump is the type of crap you post when you’re calling for a bloodbath or when you tell the Proud Boys to ‘stand back and stand by,'" Tyler said in a statement. "Trump is regularly inciting political violence and it’s time people take him seriously — just ask the Capitol Police officers who were attacked protecting our democracy on January 6."

The White House referred questions about the video to the campaign.

Trump has previously used violent imagery and rhetoric, both in his 2024 presidential campaign and before.

On March 16, he vowed that there would be a “bloodbath” if he was not re-elected, while speaking about the economy. Last year, before his numerous indictments, Trump warned about "potential death and destruction" if he were to be charged in the Manhattan district attorney's hush money case against him.

He al s o s hared an article on Truth Social that had an image of him with a baseball bat near Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg's head. The post was deleted.

More recently, Trump used his Truth Social platform to go after Judge Juan Merchan , who is overseeing the hush money case, as well as the judge's daughter after being hit with a partial gag order.

Trump faces four criminal indictments for charges related to allegations of election interference, mishandling classified documents and falsifying business records related to hush money payments. He has pleaded not guilty to all charges.

Megan Lebowitz is a politics reporter for NBC News.

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What is Palm Sunday and how is it celebrated worldwide?

FILE - Nuns wait for the start of the Palm Sunday’s mass celebrate by pope Francis in St. Peter’s Square at The Vatican Sunday, April 2, 2023. Palm Sunday will be celebrated by Christians worldwide Sunday, March 24, 2024. It commemorates the Christian belief in the triumphant entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, when palm branches were strewn before him. It marks the start of Holy Week. (AP Photo/Andrew Medichini)

FILE - Pierbattista Pizzaballa, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, center, walks in a procession during the Palm Sunday Mass in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where many Christians believe Jesus was crucified, buried and rose from the dead, in the Old City of Jerusalem, Sunday, April 2, 2023. TPalm Sunday will be celebrated by Christians worldwide Sunday, March 24, 2024. It commemorates the Christian belief in the triumphant entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, when palm branches were strewn before him. It marks the start of Holy Week. (AP Photo/Maya Alleruzzo, File)

FILE - Christian faithful march carrying green Palm branches to commemorate Palm Sunday, which marks the entry of Jesus Christ into Jerusalem, in the streets of Nairobi, Kenya, Sunday, April 2, 2023. Palm Sunday will be celebrated by Christians worldwide Sunday, March 24, 2024. It commemorates the Christian belief in the triumphant entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, when palm branches were strewn before him. It marks the start of Holy Week. (AP Photo, File)

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Palm Sunday commemorates the Christian belief in the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, when he was greeted by cheering crowds waving palm branches that they set out on the ground along his path, according to the Bible.

This year, Palm Sunday falls on March 24. Also known as Passion Sunday, it marks the start of Holy Week. The most sacred week of the Christian year includes the Good Friday re-enactment of Jesus’ crucifixion story and death, and their belief in his resurrection on Easter.

Here is a quick look at Palm Sunday’s significance.

IS THERE A DONKEY IN THIS STORY?

The procession of Jesus into Jerusalem is described by the four Gospel writers in the Bible.

The Gospels differ, but based on one expert they agree on this: Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey — or a colt. So, which one is it?

Colt is defined as “a young male horse that is usually not castrated.” But in the Bible, the word meaning “colt” is used almost exclusively for young donkeys, not horses, writes Joanne M. Pierce , professor emerita of religious studies at the College of the Holy Cross.

Pierce writes that this brings to mind a reference from the Book of Zechariah in Jewish scriptures, where the prophet describes a victorious king who enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey.

In Judaism, she says, the passage from Zechariah refers to the Messiah , a spiritual king who would peacefully redeem Israel, and the donkey is interpreted as a sign of humility .

“In Christianity, this animal becomes almost a symbol of Christ himself, given how it patiently suffers and bears others’ burdens,” Pierce writes in a piece published by The Conversation . “Horses, on the other hand, tend to be associated with royalty, power and war.”

WHAT ABOUT THE PALMS?

In the biblical Palm Sunday story, a cheering crowd greeted Jesus along the road. Some spread their garments on the ground; others threw down leafy branches they had cut from the fields. In the Gospel of John, they are branches from palms, a tree that symbolized victory and triumph.

In the Gospel of Matthew, people began to shout: “Hosanna to the son of David! Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest heaven!” The word “Hosanna” was a plea for salvation and an exclamation of adoration.

After the procession, the Bible says Jesus entered Jerusalem and went into the temple.

HOW IS PALM SUNDAY CELEBRATED?

The ritual or liturgy typically starts with a blessing of the palms by clergy. It’s followed by a reading of the Passion of Christ, meaning an account of the final events of Jesus’ life.

Some ceremonies in German-speaking countries used to include a figure of Jesus riding a donkey, Encyclopedia Britannica says . The figure is called a “ Palmesel ,” or German for “palm donkey,” according to New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, which on its site recounts how worshippers would lay palms on the ground before the Palmesel during lively processions.

Christian pilgrims in the Holy Land mark Palm Sunday by holding Masses and processions retracing Jesus’ triumphal entry. Worshippers carry palm fronds and olive branches and march from the top of the neighboring Mount of Olives to Jerusalem’s historic Old City, home to holy sites of the three Abrahamic monotheistic faiths.

In churches around the world, the palms are often taken home by congregants, and some will become ashes.

HOW DO THE PALMS TURN INTO ASHES?

Ashes can be purchased, but some churches make their own by burning the palms from prior years.

They’re used to make the ashes for Ash Wednesday , the solemn day of fasting and reflection that signals the start of Christianity’s most penitent season.

Associated Press religion coverage receives support through the AP’s collaboration with The Conversation US, with funding from Lilly Endowment Inc. The AP is solely responsible for this content.

A man suspected of holding 4 hostages for hours in a Dutch nightclub has been arrested

E DE, Netherlands (AP) — Dutch police detained a man Saturday after he left a nightclub where four people had been held hostage for hours, bringing a peaceful end to a tense standoff.

“We are exceptionally happy that it ended this way. That the victims came out safely and that we were able to arrest this suspect without using violence,” said Marthyne Kunst, head of the regional public prosecutor’s office.

There was no immediate word on a motive, but police and prosecutors said they did not believe it was a terrorist incident. Police said the hostage-taker was armed with knives, and a backpack he carried was being examined to establish if it contained explosives.

The hostage-taking in the central Dutch market town of Ede, 85 kilometers (53 miles) southeast of Amsterdam, ended around midday when a man walked out of the Cafe Petticoat club and was ordered by armed police to kneel with his hands on his head. He was then handcuffed before being led into a waiting police car.

Kunst told reporters that the man was known to law enforcement authorities and had previously been convicted of threatening behavior. She gave no further details, citing privacy and the ongoing investigation.

The suspect's identity was not released. Ede Mayor René Verhulst said he was a Dutch citizen.

Authorities also released no details about the four hostages.

Verhulst said that after an emotionally charged morning, “everything is fine. The hostage-taker is arrested by the police and they are now speaking to him. And the hostages are free, they are very emotional.”

Earlier, three young hostages walked out of the club with their hands above their heads. A fourth person was released shortly before the suspect was arrested. The hostages were all workers at the club.

Heavily armed police and special arrest teams, some wearing masks, had gathered outside the popular club. Some 150 nearby homes were evacuated and trains did not stop at the town's station.

Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, the complete guide to ap environmental science frqs.

Advanced Placement (AP)

AP Environmental Science is one of the most popular AP classes, but it also has one of the lowest average scores among test takers . In fact, more than half the students who take the APES exam don't pass it . Oftentimes, the hardest part of this test is the free-response section, which students struggle with because they aren't sure what to expect or what information graders are looking for.

Fortunately, this guide can help! We'll go over each type of AP Environmental Science FRQ , give sample problems and explanations, and offer tips to help you get your best score.

Format of the AP Environmental Science FRQ Section

The AP Environmental Science exam consists of two sections . First, you'll have 90 minutes to answer 80 multiple-choice questions; you'll then move on to the free-response section, which lasts 70 minutes and consists of three questions . (Note that the exam structure was updated in 2020 : prior to these changes, you used to have to answer four free-response questions in 90 minutes.)

You'll also now be able to use a graphing calculator at any point on the exam. For more details on the new format, check out our in-depth guide to the AP Enviro class and exam .

The three types of free-response questions on the AP exam will stay consistent from year to year. Here's what you can expect with each question, per the College Board :

• Question 1 will ask students to design and analyze an investigation
• Question 2 will ask students to analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution using models and representations
• Question 3 will ask students to analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution using calculations

In the free-response section, you're expected to show reasoning and analytical skills, as well as the ability to synthesize information from multiple sources into coherent, logical responses.

AP Environmental Science FRQ Examples

Here are two examples of the types of free-response questions you'll see on the AP Enviro exam. For each question, we'll go through the answers so you can see exactly how points are earned. All sample questions come from the 2020 AP Enviro Course and Exam Description .

Free-Response Question 2 Sample

This free-response question is all about analyzing an environmental problem and identifying a possible solution to it. Here's how the 10 points are doled out:

• 2 points for part (a)
• 3 points for part (b)
• 3 points for part (c)
• 2 points for part (d)

Now, let's look at how you could earn full credit for this FRQ, according to the scoring guidelines .

(A) Solutions—2 Points

For part i (1 point) :

Increased 1.5 degrees C

For part ii (1 point) :

The temperature is increasing/warming faster/at a greater rate in the Arctic.

(B) Possible Solutions—3 Points

For part i (1 point) , accept one of the following:

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)/Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Methane (CH 4 )
• Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O)

For part ii (1 point) , accept one of the following:

• Burning of fossil fuels
• Deforestation/Land use changes
• Livestock fermentation (methane release) and waste management
• Use of CFCs in products such as refrigeration systems, air conditioners, and manufacturing
• Use of fertilizer

For part iii (1 point) :

Increased global temperature leads to increased ocean acidification because more CO 2 is absorbed by ocean waters which decreases the pH of the ocean water.

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(C) Possible Solutions—3 Points

For part i (2 points) , accept two of the following:

• Increase in spread of vector diseases as habitat moves from tropics to poles
• Increase in algal blooms and waterborne diseases from increased water temperature
• Increase in exposure to extreme heat and cold/increase risk of illness and death from exposure to increased extreme temperatures
• Increase in chronic conditions (cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, etc.) from prolonged exposure to temperature extremes
• Decrease in air quality leading to increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (i.e. asthma)
• Decreased water quality leading to contact with contaminated drinking water/water used for recreation/water used for sanitation
• Decreased food security/disruption to available food/disruption to access to food
• Ocean warming can lead to loss of habitat for marine species
• Ocean warming can alter metabolic rates (increase) for marine species
• Ocean warming can alter reproductive rates and sex ratios in certain species
• Ocean warming can cause coral bleaching/loss of algae within corals
• Ocean warming may cause organisms, such as fish, to migrate toward the poles where water is cooler

(D) Possible Solutions—2 Points

• Use more energy efficient vehicles/decrease driving distances
• Decrease electricity use to decrease reliance on fossil fuels
• Use less heat/less air conditioning to reduce amount of energy to heat/cool home
• Switch from fossil fuel generated electricity to electricity generated from renewable sources
• Harvest methane from landfills for energy generation
• Sequester carbon through planting vegetation/reinjection
• Decrease use of plastics/fertilizers/products that require fossil fuels for production
• Decrease purchasing of products with plastic packaging
• Reduce meat consumption/switch to a vegetarian or vegan diet

Make it easy for the graders to find your answers.

Free-Response Question 3 Sample

For this free-response question, you'll need to do some math (likely using your graphing calculator) to solve different parts and earn full credit. The 10 points are doled out as so:

• 1 point for part (a)
• 2 points each for parts (c), (d), and (e)

Here's how you could earn all 10 points for this question, per the official scoring guidelines .

(A) Possible Solutions—1 Point

Accept one of the following:

• Reduced atmospheric CO 2 emissions from fewer trucks transporting food
• Reduced fossil fuel consumption from fewer trucks transporting food
• Increased genetic diversity of crops/increased biodiversity
• Ability to improve soil quality and nutrients
• Increased food security
• Soil texture
• Organic matter content
• Water holding capacity
• The nutrients in synthetic fertilizers are readily available and can be taken up by the plant in a short period of time (days, not weeks)
• Synthetic fertilizers are formulated to have a certain ratio of nutrients, so only the limited nutrient(s) can be added to the soil
• Synthetic fertilizers are inexpensive and easily available

For part iii (1 point) , accept one of the following:

• Production of synthetic fertilizer production requires the burning of fossil fuels and composting does not
• Compost maintains soil porosity, which limits runoff and synthetic fertilizers do not
• Compost reduces the amount of waste generated by using food scraps, paper, and yard wastes to create the organic fertilizer
• Composting reduces the amount of atmospheric methane since there is less food waste decomposing in landfills
• Compost can be produced on site and does not require transportation (less CO 2 , less fossil fuel combustion)

(C) Solution—2 Points

(D) Solution—2 Points

(E) Solution—2 Points

4 Critical Tips for Solving AP Enviro Free-Response Questions

The AP Environmental Science FRQs often trip students up, which is why it's crucial that you know exactly what to expect on test day. Below are four essential tips to keep in mind while studying and taking the test to help you improve your chances of scoring well on this tricky section.

Tip 1: Figure Out How Long You Want to Spend on Each Question

You'll have 70 minutes to complete the free-response section, which gives you about 23 minutes per question ; however, you don't need to spend that exact same amount of time on every FRQ. In fact, you can divide your time between the three FRQs any way you want.

Some students might spend longer on the third question due to the calculations involved, whereas others might find this to be the easiest one. You could very well end up spending 15 minutes on one question and close to 30 minutes on another.

The best way to learn which FRQs take you longer is to do several practice problems, which we'll discuss in the next section. Once you're comfortable with each type of free-response question, you can go into test day knowing about how long you'll want to spend on each type.

Additionally, note that you absolutely don't have to answer the questions in order . When you start the section, give them a quick look-through and decide which one you'd like to answer first. A lot of people choose to start with the question they're most confident in so that they'll (hopefully!) have some extra time at the end for the question(s) they find trickier.

Tip 2: Get Comfortable Using Your Calculator

Up until 2020, students weren't allowed to use a calculator on the AP Environmental Science exam; now, however, you'll have access to one for the duration of the test, including on the free-response section. As a result, it's very important that you get comfortable with using your calculator to help you solve problems and do calculations quickly and accurately .

This tip is especially relevant to Question 3 of the FRQs, since this one will require you to propose a solution using mathematical calculations. As you saw with the sample question, you'll usually get 1 point for showing your work and 1 point for finding the correct answer for each question part that involves calculations.

It's a good idea to check and double-check your solutions with your graphing calculator as well.

If you feel that you're struggling with finding the best way to use your calculator on the APES exam, practice with some official free-response questions (ideally, ones that mimic the rough structure of Question 3 on the new test format).

Tip 3: Familiarize Yourself With the Task Verbs

Every part of every AP Enviro free-response question contains a task verb, or a specific command that tells you what you must do to earn credit . Knowing what kinds of command verbs you can expect and what they mean will help you feel more prepared to answer the questions.

Here are the most common task verbs for the FRQs, according to the AP Enviro Exam Description :

• Calculate: Perform mathematical steps to arrive at a final answer, including algebraic expressions, properly substituted numbers, and correct labeling of units. Showing work is required.
• Describe: Provide the relevant characteristics of a specified topic.
• Explain: Provide information about how or why a relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome occurs, using evidence and/or reasoning to support or qualify a claim. Explain "how" typically requires analyzing the relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome; whereas, explain "why" typically requires analysis of motivations or reasons for the relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome. Also phrased as "give one reason."
• Identify: Indicate or provide information about a specified topic, without elaboration or explanation.
• Justify: Provide evidence to support, qualify, or defend a claim and/or provide reasoning to explain how that evidence supports or qualifies the claim.
• Make a claim: Make an assertion that is based on evidence or knowledge.
• Propose a solution: Provide a proposed solution to a problem based on evidence or knowledge.

Tip 4: Keep Your Units Straight

My final tip applies primarily to Question 3 (the one that involves calculations) . As you saw in the sample problem, questions often include multiple types of units. This sample problem had meters, square meters, kilograms, and dollars. Making a careless error will cost you points on the AP Enviro exam.

When you take the test, pay attention to every unit you see. Circle or underline the units if you have to in order to make them stand out. Also, you should be a pro at converting between units. You don't want to waste time trying to remember how many meters are in a kilometer; it should be something you know off the top of your head!

Even after you've become a unit expert, don't forget to show your work when you convert from one unit to the next . Even if the process of going from meters to kilometers seems ridiculously obvious to you and doesn't seem as though it warrants being written out, do it anyway!

Typically, you'll earn at least 1 point for simply showing your work , so don't let a bit of laziness lower your score.

How to Practice AP Enviro Free-Response Questions

After reading this far, you now know all the basics of the AP Environmental Science free-response section; however, the way to really conquer the test and get a high score is to become an expert ! How can you do that? The best way is to complete lots of practice problems .

On the College Board website, you'll find links to previously administered free-response questions for APES exams from 1999 to 2021 . This means you have dozens of official free-response questions to look over and practice with. Because there are so many free-response problems, you can begin completing practice problems a few months into your class (say, around November) and continuing up until the AP exam in May.

At the beginning of the school year, when you're still learning a lot of the main course material, you can read through the questions to find the ones that focus on topics you've already covered. In order to get the most out of these practice problems, make sure to use a timer and give yourself the same timing limitations the real exam will have .

Conclusion: How to Ace the AP Environmental Science FRQs

The free-response section of the AP Environmental Science exam is often challenging for students, but becoming familiar with it can go a long way to helping you get a higher score.

As of 2020, the free-response section now consists of three question types:

• Question 1: Design and analyze an investigation
• Question 2: Analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution using models and representations
• Question 3: Analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution using calculations

You'll have 70 minutes to complete this section, which is worth 40% of your total APES score. Also, you may use a graphing calculator (especially important for Question 3). Each FRQ is worth a total of 10 raw points.

To maximize your chances of doing well on the AP Enviro free-response section, keep these four tips in mind:

• Figure out how long to spend on each question before you begin
• Get comfortable using your calculator
• Familiarize yourself with the task verbs
• Keep your units straight

Lastly, remember to complete lots of practice FRQs so you'll feel confident and prepared on the day of the AP Environmental Science exam!

What's Next?

Want some more practice materials for AP Enviro? We've got 'em! Check out our detailed guide with links to every AP Environmental Science practice test and quiz available online .

You now know what the free-response section will be like—but how do you review for AP Enviro? Our comprehensive guide walks you through each step of crafting an AP Enviro study plan that will pinpoint exactly what you need to study.

Wondering when you should start studying for AP Enviro and other AP exams? We've written an article to help you figure out when you need to start cracking open those review books .

Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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Argentina and Colombia avert a diplomatic crisis, downplaying their presidents’ war of words

BUENOS AIRES (AP) — Argentina and Colombia have agreed to end a diplomatic spat that escalated over right-wing Argentine President Javier Milei’s visceral attack on his leftist counterpart in Colombia last week. Milei’s insult prompted the country to order the expulsion of Argentine diplomats and summon its own envoy from Buenos Aires. In a statement late Sunday, the foreign ministries said they have taken steps to overcome their differences. Colombia said its ambassador would return to Buenos Aires and the Argentine government said its foreign minister would visit Bogotá. Tensions between the populist leaders have repeatedly erupted into bitter quarrels since Milei, a brash economist and former TV personality, burst onto the political stage last year.

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