eating disorder uk essay

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• v.12(7); 2022

Original research

University students’ understanding and opinions of eating disorders: a qualitative study, millie manning.

1 College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Sheila Greenfield

2 Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Associated Data

bmjopen-2021-056391supp001.pdf

Data are available upon reasonable request. All requests for data should be made to the corresponding author.

Eating disorders (EDs) affect 1.25 million people in the UK. Evidence suggests the public display stigma and poor mental health literacy (MHL) towards EDs. There is a high prevalence of EDs in university populations, so it is important to determine the MHL of this at-risk group. Qualitative research exploring the MHL of this population is incomplete.

Explore university students’ beliefs and opinions of EDs, their knowledge of symptoms, treatment and help sources and how these are influenced by biological sex.

A qualitative study, using semistructured interviews analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

The University of Birmingham.

Participants

Seven female and seven male University of Birmingham students.

Analysis revealed six themes, each with subthemes: ED characteristics, causes, body image, seeking help, stigma and awareness. Students displayed poor awareness towards ED signs and symptoms, causes and help sources. Students were not stigmatising towards EDs, but many perceived them as a female problem and believed society to be stigmatising. Many referenced informal sources of information such as social media and expressed a desire for ED teaching. Sex did not have a significant influence on knowledge or opinions of EDs in this study; however, there were some differences, for example, some males were more likely to see EDs as a weakness and to perceive themselves as having low levels of knowledge.

Conclusions

University students show broad awareness of EDs; however, knowledge of certain aspects of ED-MHL including help sources and symptom recognition was lacking. Although students were not stigmatising of EDs themselves, many perceived high levels of public stigma. This, alongside poor knowledge, may delay help-seeking. Campaigns educating students and the public about EDs would aid earlier diagnosis, improving long-term outcomes. Further research into awareness and knowledge in other populations would be beneficial.

Strengths and limitations of this study

• First qualitative exploration of knowledge and understanding of eating disorders (EDs) in UK university students.
• Qualitative methodology allowed broad exploration and insight about perceptions of EDs in this at-risk population.
• Member validation and analyst triangulation with an experienced qualitative researcher strengthen the methodology.
• Some participants may have been hesitant to disclose their true views due to social desirability bias.
• Study was advertised as research about EDs, so participants could have volunteered because they have an interest and therefore more knowledge about EDs.

Introduction

Eating disorders (EDs) are a class of severe mental illnesses 1 that affect 1.25 million people in the UK. 2 They are characterised by abnormal eating behaviours and attitudes that have a significant impact on the physical health of those suffering, 3 resulting in complications including osteoporosis and cardiac arrhythmias. 4 These go hand in hand with psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression. 5 For these reasons, one ED subtype, anorexia nervosa (AN), has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric condition. 6

Notwithstanding the significant mortality and morbidity associated with EDs, statistics show it takes individuals an average of 91 weeks to realise they have an ED, on top of the 58 weeks they typically wait before presenting to their doctor. 7 Recent data suggest a shorter duration of untreated ED is associated with increased likelihood of remission. 8 However, fewer than 20% of individuals who screen positive for an ED go on to receive treatment, 9 10 highlighting a significant treatment gap and leaving individuals vulnerable to suffering debilitating long-term outcomes.

This delay in health-seeking is postulated to be due, in part, to poor mental health literacy (MHL) and the fear of stigma attached to EDs. 11 MHL refers to an individual’s ‘knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders that aid the recognition, management or prevention of these disorders’. 12 Studies show members of the public attribute EDs to personal shortcomings and perceive ED sufferers as vain and self-obsessed. 13 14 This can result in high levels of self-stigma, whereby an ED sufferer turns public stigma towards themselves, 15 lowering self-worth and self-efficacy and further delaying help-seeking. 16

The ability to recognise ED behaviours has been shown to be a significant factor in improving early intervention and help-seeking. 17 Furthermore, an ED sufferer’s social network has been shown to be fundamental in improving ED identification and encouraging treatment-seeking. 18

However, research indicates the public display poor MHL towards various mental illnesses, 19 including EDs, 20 21 suggesting the ability of the public to recognise an ED in themselves or in others is suboptimal. In addition, ED-MHL appears less systematically investigated than MHL relating to other mental illnesses, and therefore research in this area lacks the ability to inform relevant health promotion and early intervention programmes that seek to reduce the burden of these conditions. 22 23

In the UK, the highest incidence of EDs occurs in girls between 15 and 19 years of age, 24 with symptom duration often lasting 5–8 years. 2 Unsurprisingly, there is a high prevalence of EDs in university populations, 25 where normalisation of ED behaviours such as restrictive dietary intake and overexercising alongside a loss of external accountability can exacerbate symptoms and lead to the development of new, unhealthy food behaviours. 26 Furthermore, in a survey of UK university students by the ED charity Beat, 32% of students with an ED were diagnosed at university; however, 69% reported difficulties accessing treatment. 27

The literature suggests that men constitute at least 25% of UK ED cases. 28 However, research indicates the public expectation that EDs are primarily a female issue limits young men’s ability to recognise their symptoms and delays them from seeking appropriate help. 29 30 Sex bias is also indicated, with studies indicating that men hold more negative attitudes towards EDs 31 32 and have generally poorer MHL than females. 20

The majority of previous studies into ED-MHL have been quantitative, and have taken place outside of the UK, where different cultural norms, health systems and mental health education may mean results are not necessarily transferrable to the UK. 33 Although useful for determining the general scope of ED knowledge and associated stigma, the pre-prepared questions in such studies do not allow for volunteering of further opinions not expressed in the questionnaires. Additionally, it does not allow in-depth exploration of individual beliefs and attitudes.

Therefore, there is a need for extensive qualitative research to be carried out in this area. Yet, the existing UK qualitative literature into ED-MHL is lacking, only seeking responses from females, 34 meaning difference in responses between males and females cannot be inferred. Some qualitative literature exists from other countries, but this literature is also incomplete, focussing only on ED causes, 21 or solely on AN. 35 Furthermore, none of these studies concentrated on at-risk populations such as university students.

Research focused on university students, to determine if differences in understanding and opinions of EDs exist between these at-risk young males and females can give an insight into the ED-MHL of this population, identifying areas where greater education is needed to improve help-seeking and reduce stigma. This paper reports on a qualitative interview study, which aimed to determine university students’ ED-MHL, exploring beliefs and opinions of EDs and their knowledge of ED symptoms, treatment and sources of help. It also sought to determine the impact of sex on ED perceptions and knowledge.

Materials and methods

Participants were recruited from a convenience sample of English-speaking University of Birmingham students, 36 chosen purposively to ensure equal numbers of male and female participants were recruited. 37 To investigate lay perceptions of EDs, students with a previous formal diagnosis of an ED were excluded, alongside students studying a healthcare degree or psychology, as they were assumed to have greater ED knowledge than other university students. 38 To focus on UK perceptions, international students and international exchange students were also excluded.

Recruitment

Participants were recruited via advertisements placed around the university campus and posted on a University of Birmingham Facebook group. 39

Participants who responded were emailed a participant information sheet and eligibility questionnaire to enable purposive sampling based on sex, and ensure any non-eligible individuals were excluded, for example, those who had previously been diagnosed with an ED. 37

Participant recruitment continued until data saturation was reached ( figure 1 ).

Participant recruitment process. Individuals who responded contacted the researcher to enquire about the study. Non-responders either did not return the eligibility questionnaire or did not confirm interest in the study. Five participants were not required as data saturation was reached.

Data collection

Data were collected using face to face, semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews. 40 These took place in a private room in the University of Birmingham library during January and February 2020. No repeat interviews were undertaken. Written, informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to their interview.

All interviews were carried out by MM, a female, white British medical student intercalating in psychological medicine. Interview duration ranged between 20 and 37 min, with a mean of 28 min. The researcher did not know any participant prior to study initiation, and all were aware of the interviewer’s demographics as outlined in the participant information sheet, prior to their interview. On interview completion, each participant received a £15 Amazon voucher to thank them for their time.

An interview guide ( online supplemental file 1 ) of open-ended questions informed by the relevant literature 34 41 42 was used to explore key areas of MHL, 43 including knowledge of ED symptoms, causes, characteristics, treatments and recovery, and personal help-seeking behaviours (see online supplemental file 1 for specific questions relating to these areas). These topics were chosen to reflect a broad overview of ED-MHL, to ensure participants were able to share their full knowledge and perceptions they have of EDs, ensuring the research question was answered. The interview guide ensured consistency across interviews and was piloted on participants known to the researcher who met the eligibility criteria to ensure questions were accessible to participants. Pilot data were not included in the study.

Supplementary data

Data analysis.

Following each interview, field notes were taken to contextualise interviews and reflect on the researcher’s impact on the interviews. 44 Interviews were transcribed verbatim by MM and listened to twice to ensure transcript accuracy. To establish participant anonymity and confidentiality, each was allocated a numerical ID used for data collection and analysis.

Data were thematically analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step process, 45 as it allows rich interpretation of data. An inductive approach was taken, therefore analysis was data driven, rather than theory driven. 46 Transcripts were read twice to ensure familiarisation. Open coding was then performed manually, and codes inputted into the software NVivo for clarity and organisation. 47 As analysis progressed, codes were refined and sorted into themes and subthemes using an Excel spreadsheet, NVivo and thematic maps. 48 This allowed codes to be compared between participants and between sexes.

To enhance the quality of the analytic process, investigator triangulation occurred. 49 Two transcripts were coded independently by SG, an experienced qualitative researcher. MM and SG then met to discuss analysis and agree on themes, before meeting again to further refine and define themes. Furthermore, to ensure credibility of results, member validation occurred. Participants were sent their interview’s main themes and asked to confirm these reflected the intent of their responses. Overall, 11 participants responded confirming this was an accurate representation of their views. 50 Data are reported in accordance with the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist. 51

Patient and public involvement

Patients and members of the public were not involved in study design or development. Participants were involved in study analysis through member validation.

Seven male and seven female participants took part in the study, their characteristics are described in table 1 . A total of 86% were White British ethnicity, and the ages of participants ranged from 18 to 26 years old. Participants studied a wide range of university courses, with the majority reading either the arts and law or social sciences.

Participant characteristics

Participant age ranged from 18 to 26. Equal numbers of male and female participants took part in the study and 86% of participants were of White British ethnicity. Participants studied a range of university courses, including arts and law and social sciences.

Six themes, each with subthemes, were interpreted from the data: ED characteristics, causes, body image, seeking help, stigma and awareness. Themes represent central attitudes and ideas discussed throughout interviews. Some reflect areas of the interview guide; however, others, such as stigma, were mentioned by participants without directly being led by the interview guide. Figure 2 summarises the links between themes and the impact of sex on results.

Links between themes and impact of biological sex. Each box contains one theme and associated subthemes. Links between themes are represented by a black line. ED, eating disorder.

Themes are displayed with supporting quotations, presented with biological sex-specific pseudonyms to maintain confidentiality. Superfluous text within quotations has been removed and is represented by an ellipsis […].

ED characteristics

Types of ed.

All participants mentioned AN, and most were able to attempt a definition. Many participants also cited over-eating as an ED; however, only three specifically defined binge ED. Though 12 participants were able to name bulimia nervosa (BN), many were hesitant to define and describe it:

I think most people have some kind of idea of what anorexia is, bulimia, I think it’s more complicated (David, 21)

Defining EDs

Many participants believed EDs to be a psychological issue and defined them as a mental illness. Furthermore, EDs were frequently recognised as a spectrum, a scale between disordered eating and a severe ED:

I think they’re almost like a spectrum, I think some people have a really bad eating disorder and it affects them in a really bad way but I think a lot of people can have unhealthy relationships with food that but they stay at a sort of stable weight but it’s more of the mental thoughts they have about it (Chelsea, 22)

Overall, 12 participants perceived EDs as a predominantly female problem, with few mentioning EDs in men. They were also frequently associated with younger people, believed to affect those of school and university age:

Younger women are the main category, so teenagers to like early mid-twenties I’d say, so that captures students (Rebecca, 21) If I see a guy and he’s skinny […] I don’t think there’s any chance of it being an eating disorder, he’s just skinny (David, 21)

The perception that individuals with EDs are ‘skinny’ or ‘skeletal’ was held by 13 participants, and many described the impact of EDs as severe, believing sufferers to appear ‘ill-looking’ and ‘gaunt’:

So skinny that you can see their hip bones protruding, knee bones look massive in comparison to the rest of their leg because they’re so big and like clothes hanging off them (Katie, 19)

While the majority of participants recognised EDs as challenging and impactful, some male participants were more likely to associate EDs with vulnerability, perceiving sufferers as ‘fragile’:

I’d see them as more fragile I think, I’d see them more […] like a vase (William, 19)

There was the view that individuals with EDs are obsessive and seeking perfection, with two students commenting on a ‘type A’ personality putting someone at increased risk of an ED 52 :

If you’re quite neurotic so you’re a bit strung, highly strung up maybe they’re a perfectionist or someone really has to be yeah really controlling about things in life (Callum, 26)

Control was mentioned by five participants, four of whom were female. EDs were seen as a coping mechanism, by which individuals can take control of aspects of their lives:

They get some sort of, I wouldn’t say enjoyment but satisfaction with having the control of food especially if they don’t have the control of anything else (Katie, 19)

Image conscious

Seven students believed ED sufferers hold a low self-worth, perceiving them to care a lot about their own image and what others thought of them:

Lack of confidence as a trait would also make you a lot more sort of conscious of how you’re seen (Shaun, 19)

Signs and symptoms

Perceived signs and symptoms freely volunteered by participants are presented in table 2 . Students were generally unaware of specific ED symptoms and which symptoms were associated with specific EDs. Some symptoms were recognised more than others, specifically under-eating and over-eating. Vomiting and binge eating and purging were also frequently mentioned, and all participants that recognised these symptoms associated them with BN. Despite seven participants describing EDs as visible illnesses with numerous physical signs, many perceived difficulties in recognising signs and symptoms, describing EDs as conditions that are not easy to spot:

Perceived signs and symptoms of eating disorders (EDs)

Perceived signs and symptoms of EDs alongside frequency stated by participants and a supporting quotation.

It’s not really as apparent, we don’t see people naked or in their underwear every day, you just assume someone’s fine (Danielle, 21)

Causes of EDs

Many male students were unaware of potential causes on initial questioning. Perceived causes, after prompting in many cases, are presented in table 3 . Several students referenced internal factors such as a psychological comorbidity or low self-worth as major ED causes. Of the seven individuals who believed low self-worth could contribute, five were male. Nevertheless, many students attributed social causes to be the most influential:

Perceived causes of eating disorders (EDs)

Perceived causes of EDs alongside frequency stated and a supporting quotation.

Social factors would probably play a larger role (Katie, 19)

Participants perceived poor body image as both an ED cause and a consequence of repeated pressure from the media. Many commented that poor body image was common, and referenced their own personal experience of a poor relationship with their body:

I think it affects lots of people, like sort of body dysmorphia in general, I think like in some kind of mild forms (Adam, 21)

‘The perfect body’

‘The perfect body’ was something that had been repeatedly presented to many participants from a young age, with individuals with this body type deemed more attractive to society and the opposite sex:

If you don’t look like that, or you’re not like aiming to look like that […] then you’re unhealthy or you’re not good enough or you’re not attractive […] because you have to fit into like one of the groups, one of the standards presented (Grace, 22)

All students cited media pressure as a cause of poor body image, with many reflecting on increased pressure due to the rise in social media, resulting in a constant comparison of oneself against others:

Because of social media, you’re always comparing yourself to other people, I think people feel more in competition with other people all the time […] I don’t think it’s healthy on body image (Rebecca, 21)

Many students believed females to be under greater pressure, citing increased female body representation in the media and sexist viewpoints towards female bodies as mechanisms for this. Ten participants referred to the ‘female ideal’ of being slim:

What you’d see in something like London fashion week, tall skinny models that would have potentially a thigh gap, a flat stomach, no stretch marks, not much cellulite (Katie, 19)

Contrastingly, the ‘male ideal’ was described as heavily muscular:

A six pack, like well-toned, just a good size of muscles like all over (Andrew, 19)

Male body image

Despite acknowledging that males also experience pressure to look a certain way, students generally inferred that males care less about image and are not bothered about how other people perceived them. This was supported by male participants being more likely to comment that body image worries did not personally affect them:

Myself I'm not too bothered, but men in general if I had to be very stereotypical, I would say men don’t care as much about their image (Joshua, 20)

Various students commented on the societal stigma they believe exists around men’s bodies, with male body image viewed as less inclusive and spoken about than female body image. Due to this, some participants commented that many males do not talk about their bodies:

The stereotype of not showing weakness may mean that they’re less willing to open up (Shaun, 19)

Seeking help

With prompting, 12 participants were able to suggest some sources of professional help available to support those with EDs. Seven participants recognised the importance of seeking social support. Many students commented on potential treatment barriers, including perceived negatives of medical treatment and worries about self-image.

Professional

Twelve participants recognised therapy as a potential treatment. Further sources of formal treatment included treatment in specialist hospitals and nasogastric feeding. Many participants, especially females, commented on issues with seeking medical treatment, including perceived lack of treatment availability and the belief that doctors would not take EDs seriously:

With the NHS they have so much on their plate and there’s underfunding and stuff so I just personally wouldn’t want to go there for them. And as well GPs can be a bit snappy and try and like rush you and stuff (Chelsea, 22)

Ten participants said they would be willing to seek professional help, the majority mentioned consulting their General Practitioner or seeking a therapist. Male participants were more likely to seek only professional support or seek social support after first pursuing professional support. Furthermore, some mentioned first researching online about what help was available for EDs:

Probably look on NHS website first I’m sure they’d probably say go to a doctor and then I’d probably get a referral from the doctor (Callum, 26)

The majority perceived social support as vital in both recovery and maintaining recovery. Five participants mentioned greater willingness to seek social rather than professional support, highlighting the ability of the social network to encourage help-seeking:

I’d probably ask for someone’s advice on whether I should go to the doctor (Grace, 22)

Despite perceived benefits of seeking social support, many commented on potential barriers that would prevent them from seeking social support, including not wanting to bother others with their problems and a fear of being judged. All male participants worried about being perceived differently by peers:

If I suspected one of my friends of having an eating disorder I’d see them as fragile and delicate, I wouldn’t want the people close to me to see me as fragile and delicate cos I wouldn’t want people’s opinions to change about me (William, 19)

The desire to help those with an ED was emphasised by 13 participants; however, 6 participants recognised that helping someone with an ED was often difficult. Participants were generally sympathetic, suggesting a need to be supportive and encourage those suffering to seek professional support:

I’d encourage them, and if they were like I want to get medical help I’d like come with them (Thomas, 18)

Notwithstanding the support offered, many participants predicated a subconscious change in behaviour that would come with knowing someone had an ED. Nine participants mentioned a need to act carefully around those with EDs, particularly in situations involving food. Five participants also recognised the need to maintain a sense of normality:

I’d want to be a lot more careful with how I acted around them but then again whilst I’d be a lot more careful I’d also very much try to act that nothing has changed, so around them I’d try and act exactly the same (William, 19)

Internal barriers

The extent that personal beliefs and coping mechanisms limited help-seeking was also discussed. Seven participants highlighted the struggles that come with seeking help, perceiving EDs as difficult to discuss, and help-seeking as embarrassing and scary:

I can imagine that would be a really hard conversation, to say like mate I think you might have an eating disorder, I wouldn’t want to hear that, I don’t think anyone would want to hear that (Thomas, 18)

The internalisation of one’s problems was mentioned by three participants. This came hand in hand with a perception that EDs are not a serious issue, and therefore something that could be easily dealt with by oneself. Furthermore, many participants held the belief that individuals with EDs may not want to recover, or may lack the intuition to realise they have a problem:

I imagine some people just don’t even know that they, it’s a problem for themselves and they could be putting themselves at risk (Grace, 22)

Eleven participants believed it was possible to recover from an ED. Despite this, participants made frequent reference to the idea that the ED would remain with you, and that it would be easy to relapse. Ten participants commented on the ease of falling back into previous behaviours or thoughts:

I think it would be difficult for them to never have them same thoughts in their head again. So, I think the thoughts will always be there it just depends, they can probably learn to live with it rather than them let it take over their life (Chelsea, 22)

The majority of participants recognised EDs, and mental health conditions in general, as highly publicly stigmatised.

Some participants commented on the impact of EDs on image. Five students perceived EDs as conditions that are shamed within society, commenting that society has a tendency to label people with mental health issues:

I wouldn’t want it to be perceived as a part of my identity, I wouldn’t want to be known as the boy with an eating disorder rather than anything else about me, I wouldn’t want that to be what people sort of defined me as (Shaun, 19)

EDs being seen as a ‘weakness’ was mainly specified by male participants, with three participants stating this as a reason they would not tell anyone they had an ED:

I think I’d find it hard to tell my friends about it as well, like show weakness rather than just coming across as someone who’s laid back and calm (Shaun, 19)

A number of students saw EDs as conditions that are rarely discussed by society. Many held the perception that mental illnesses were ‘taboo’. Additionally, six students commented on EDs being poorly understood within the community, seeing society as ignorant towards the seriousness of the conditions:

I feel like for a long time it wasn’t really recognised and therefore people didn’t, if you had an eating disorder it was sort of why are you be being difficult rather than being like oh let’s work, let’s find a way to work around this (Andrew, 19)

In addition, a number of students saw EDs as conditions that were ‘difficult to relate to’, citing this as a reason why many find it hard to understand EDs:

If someone’s feeling anxious they can talk to their friends about it, there’d be some level of empathy and them understanding that, I think it would be much harder to talk to a friend and expect them to, well have them understand an eating disorder, because it’s not a shared thing (David, 21)

Throughout the interviews there was a general hesitancy and lack of awareness when discussing certain aspects of EDs.

Lack of knowledge

Ten participants, the majority of whom were male, perceived themselves to have poor knowledge about certain aspects of EDs. Many were hesitant to answer, and lacked confidence in their answers:

I don’t know a huge amount, so I definitely don’t have great knowledge on it (Callum, 26)

Furthermore, many participants stated their knowledge as ‘assumptions’ or ‘clichés’, with male participants particularly worried that their answers were incorrect or would be interpreted improperly:

I don’t want my opinions to come across like I know what I’m talking about almost, if you know what I mean (Joshua, 20)

Nine participants mentioned knowing an ED sufferer, evidencing the frequently held perception that EDs are common. Many cited experiences of these individuals as sources of their knowledge, particularly around treatment and symptoms:

I think now they’re quite common, I feel like everyone knows someone who’s struggled with an eating disorder (Rebecca, 21)

Six participants mentioned being formally taught about EDs in school; however, many reflected that these lessons were ‘basic’ and were unable to recollect what specifics they had been taught:

We had like the basic kind of PSHE lessons about it but nothing that could have like helped anyone, or not enough I don’t think (Chelsea, 22)

The majority of participants cited informal sources such as social media and films as their sources of ED knowledge:

A lot of what I think about eating disorders is from movies and TV shows, rather than fact (Grace, 22)

However, some participants acknowledged that they were sceptical about the accuracy of this information. Furthermore, a number of students made comment about how the representation of EDs in the media, and their perceived commonness within the younger generation had made them sensitised to the signs and consequences of EDs:

With the lens of social media […] when I first found out about eating disorders, at 14 or 15, made it seem almost, I don’t want to say too ok but it almost normalised it to a point where I actually didn’t realise for a little bit how serious an eating disorder was’ (Thomas, 18)

Improving awareness

Seven participants commented on the need to improve ED teaching. For many, the need to educate individuals about the signs and symptoms and promote help-seeking was of particular importance:

It flagged them up as being as issue but never really went into depth with what to do about them or how to act with someone who has those and so I found that I had to learn it for myself rather than learning from like lessons and things (Shaun, 19)

Despite the perceived need for better teaching, a number of students commented on positive steps in society that are improving ED awareness. Many commented on improving body representation in the media and five students commented on sources of positive ED representation, believing this to be beneficial to those suffering.

I got a lot of knowledge from social media and stuff like that, a lot of it really positive stuff, you know hashtags on twitter or stuff on Tumblr, people sharing their experiences and stories and it’s all been from a very supportive, positive light (Thomas, 18)

Main findings

This study, to the best of the author’s knowledge, is the first UK qualitative study exploring ED-MHL in university students. Generally, the study highlighted the university students interviewed had a broad awareness of EDs, for example, a good general awareness of symptoms and signs and treatment options; however, there were areas where knowledge was lacking, even in this highly educated group.

While many students were able to state AN and BN as EDs, many were hesitant to define and describe BN, and only a few were able to suggest further ED types. Furthermore, though many students were able to name some signs and symptoms when prompted, there was a great deal of uncertainty, and many struggled to link particular symptoms to specific EDs. The findings of this study are in keeping with a previous quantitative study of members of the public, in which participants showed difficulty discriminating between ED diagnoses. 53 There was no apparent difference in ED identification between sexes, in contrast to a previous vignette study of Canadian postsecondary students, in which males had greater difficulty identifying ED diagnoses. 54 Awareness of ED symptoms is important, as poor symptom recognition is associated with reduced likelihood of help-seeking, and increased risk of long-term outcomes. 55 56 Many students in this study perceived EDs as a female problem. This perception was also reported in a previous qualitative study of young people, who also believed AN to be a female issue. 35 EDs are already considered underdiagnosed in men, 57 therefore this belief, in this at risk population, can result in young men being less likely to recognise their symptoms as indicative of an ED, and in them being less likely to seek help. 30

The greatest perceived cause of EDs was media pressure. These results are similar to a previous qualitative study in members of the public, in which media ideals were a major perceived cause of EDs. 21 Furthermore, many participants made reference to the ‘thin ideal’ presented to young women in the media. This perception is common, with previous research in UK students highlighting how a desire for a thin, often unattainable body type is associated with ED development. 58

Although participants in this study did not generally hold stigmatising attitudes towards EDs, several perceived EDs as highly stigmatised in the community. This perception is in line with previous studies, which have shown public attitudes towards EDs are highly conductive to stigma. 14 59 Higher educational status is correlated with liberal views towards mental illness, which may explain the low levels of stigmatisation apparent in the participants of this study. 60 Many students cited fear of public stigma as a reason for not seeking help, further enhancing the idea that fear of public stigma is a major cause of delayed help-seeking. 11 Previous studies focused on ED stigma in university students have highlighted significant sex bias, with males exhibiting higher ED stigma than females. 31 61 The results of this study are not in keeping with this literature, as differences in stigmatising viewpoints were not as apparent between male and female participants, though some differences were observed.

Encouragingly, the majority of participants said they would seek professional help for an ED; however, many were unsure of what help is available, and many made comments about perceived negatives of professional support, such as not being taken seriously. These worries are in keeping with previous research 62 and could act as an explanation as to why those with EDs take so long to seek treatment. 8 Most participants expressed sympathy and a desire to help those with an ED, and many recognised the importance of social support, which has been shown to be highly influential in ED recovery. 63

Many participants perceived themselves as having poor or inaccurate knowledge. With this in mind, the majority of participants referenced informal sources such as social media as their main informants, similarly to recent quantitative research in Italian students. 64 However, these sources of ED information are likely to be damaging and inaccurate. 65 66 Students in a previous Australian study highlighted a desire for greater ED teaching in schools, 54 a sentiment similarly expressed by participants of this study, many of whom perceived their ED teaching as inadequate.

Previous research in members of the public showed significantly poorer MHL in male participants. 60 Contrary to this, differences in the ED-MHL between the male and female participants of this study were not significantly apparent. However, there were some disparities. Male participants were more likely to perceive themselves to have low levels of knowledge and appeared more reluctant to seek social support, making more reference to perceived social stigma, such as being perceived differently by their peers.

Strengths and limitations

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first in-depth, qualitative exploration of knowledge and understanding of EDs in UK university students. This is a major strength of the research as the interviews enabled broad exploration of knowledge and enable further insight into individual perceptions of EDs and beliefs about stigma and treatment barriers in a highly specific, at-risk population. The use of member validation and analyst triangulation with an experienced qualitative researcher further strengthens the study. Data saturation was reached with 14 participants, which reflects recommended sample sizes in a study of this type. 67

However, there are a number of limitations. The study was advertised as looking at EDs, therefore participants could have volunteered because they had a greater interest or perceived themselves to have greater ED knowledge. Furthermore, some participants may have been reluctant to disclose their true views about EDs due to social desirability bias, 68 and may have held more stigmatising viewpoints than was apparent from interviews. Participants’ lack of awareness in certain areas may reflect this bias and therefore they may have been reluctant to discuss answers they knew may have been rooted in stereotypical assumptions. Methods to minimise the impact of social desirability bias, such as self-administered questionnaires may be beneficial for future research. 69

Research and policy recommendations

This study, alongside others, highlights there are poor levels of ED knowledge in this population in certain areas, including symptom recognition and awareness of treatment options. Further research in this at-risk population using vignette studies may be beneficial to draw further inferences about individual perceptions about EDs.

Furthermore, this study also emphasised a desire from participants for greater ED teaching. Therefore, ED educational campaigns within schools or universities would be crucial to improving awareness of symptoms and treatments and may encourage earlier help-seeking and improve treatment uptake in this at-risk group. Additionally, university, school and college welfare services need to be suitably prepared to support individuals with EDs. Improving ED education in university and school staff, through courses such as Beat’s ‘bridging the gap’, can increase early detection of EDs and ensure individuals with EDs are given the support they need. 70

Despite antistigma campaigns such as Beat’s ‘ED awareness week’, 71 participants still perceived EDs as stigmatised within the community. There is a need for research into the efficacy of ED antistigma campaigns to determine which methods work, allowing for more successful future campaigns. Findings from a small-scale trial suggest the delivery of information emphasising the biological basis of EDs can help reduce stigmatising attitudes towards EDs, 72 hence further research into provision of this information would be beneficial. There is also a need for research involving participants of different educational levels and ages. This would be more indicative of public knowledge and understanding and would help inform educational and antistigma campaigns targeted at a broader audience. The perception of EDs as a ‘female issue’ is still a major problem, and therefore antistigma campaigns targeted at males may be useful to address the sex-specific stigma associated with EDs and improve symptom recognition and help-seeking in men.

This study demonstrates that although this group of UK university students demonstrated a broad general awareness of EDs, there remain areas where knowledge is lacking. There is a need for health campaigns targeted at at-risk, younger individuals to better educate them about EDs, including information about symptoms and treatment options to better aid recognition and improve help-seeking, with the hope of lowering the significant treatment gap apparent in these conditions. Further research is necessary to better determine the ED-MHL of the general public and to develop effective methods of tackling the stigma surrounding EDs and other mental health conditions.

Supplementary Material

Acknowledgments.

We would like to thank Rachel Marchant for her support during analysis. We would also like to thank all the study participants, without whom this project would not have been possible. A conference abstract of this work has been published as M Manning, S Greenfield, University students' understanding and options of eating disorders: A qualitative study. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.575.

Contributors: MM designed the study, wrote the study protocol, obtained ethical approval, undertook recruitment, carried out interviews, analysed the data and produced the final manuscript. SG provided expert supervision, contributed to the study design, protocol and analysis and provided revisions to manuscript drafts. SG, as guarantor, accepts full responsibility for the work and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.

Funding: This research was funded by the BMedSc Population Sciences and Humanities programme at the University of Birmingham (no award/grant number). SG is part funded by the National Institute for Health Research and Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care.

Competing interests: None declared.

Patient and public involvement: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Supplemental material: This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

Data availability statement

Ethics statements, patient consent for publication.

Not applicable.

Ethics approval

This study involves human participants. Ethical approval was granted by the BMedSc Population Sciences and Humanities Internal Ethics Review Committee at the University of Birmingham, Reference: IREC2019/Student 1638594. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

• Schools & departments

Eating disorders, public health and social inequalities

This project aims to explore how social inequalities and public health interventions may impact body image, disordered eating and eating disorders.

Public health interventions, such as the recently introduced ‘calories on menus’ legislation, and food insecurity, exacerbated by recent issues like the ongoing cost of living crisis, have a yet-to–be-determined effect on eating disorders.

Calories on Menus Legislation 

In April 2022 the Calorie Labelling (Out of Home) Regulations came into effect in England where cafes, restaurants, and takeaways with over 250 employees were required to provide calorie labelling on menus. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative impact this could have on individuals with eating disorders. As part of this study, people with restrictive eating disorders were interviewed to find out how the introduction of this legislation had affected them.  We are now working with collaborators in University College London, King’s College London and Imperial College London to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of this legislation for people with a wide range of eating disorders.  

Food insecurity 

The United Kingdom (UK) is experiencing a major cost-of-living crisis. Rising consumer price inflation affects the affordability of nutritious foods, putting healthy diets out of reach for millions. Consequently, food insecurity (FI), defined as limited access to nutritionally adequate food due to lack of money or other resources (e.g., transport), while not a new problem in the UK, has gained increasing recognition. FI exists along a continuum of severity ranging from concerns about access to food to extreme hunger. 

This project explores the impact of food insecurity on increasing risk for disordered eating behaviours as well as examining how living with food insecurity impacts people with eating disorders. We have completed surveys with healthcare professionals who work with people with eating disorders and have highlighted a lack of confidence and knowledge of resources to manage food insecurity in this context. We are also involved in a number of surveys exploring the impact of food insecurity in groups across the UK, including students, young families and people with eating disorders. 

Funded by National Institute of Health and Care Research Policy Research Programme and UK Research and Innovation EDIFY programme (grant number: MR/W002418/1) 

Meet the Team