propaganda essay in urdu

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ProSOUL: A Framework to Identify Propaganda From Online Urdu Content

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Translation of propaganda – English–Urdu dictionary

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• He was brought up on a diet of political propaganda from birth .
• The whole nation was force-fed government propaganda about how well the country was doing.
• It's now up to the government's propaganda machine to restore the prime minister's image .
• The official propaganda machine went into overdrive when war broke out.
• Her ideas have been shamelessly perverted to serve the president's propaganda campaign .

(Translation of propaganda from the Cambridge English–Urdu Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

Examples of propaganda

Translations of propaganda.

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a type of singing in which four, usually male, voices in close combination perform popular romantic songs, especially from the 1920s and 1930s

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Propagandism, propagandist, urdu words for propaganda, ˌprɒp.əˈɡæn.də, propaganda के उर्दू अर्थ, propaganda کے اردو معانی, tags for propaganda.

English meaning of propaganda , propaganda meaning in english, propaganda translation and definition in English. propaganda का मतलब (मीनिंग) अंग्रेजी (इंग्लिश) में जाने | Khair meaning in hindi

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propaganda Urdu Meaning

Urdu Meanings

iJunoon official Urdu Dictionary

انتظام نشر و اشاعت

intizam nashar o ashaat

Definitions

English definition for propaganda

1. n. information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

Synonyms and Antonyms for propaganda

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International Languages

Meaning for propaganda found in 68 Languages.

Related Posts in iJunoon

2 related posts found for word propaganda in iJunoon Website

...ropaganda. The powerful mass media, aligned to deceitful political and corporate interests, spreads these misconceptions virulently... worldwide.Whi...

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Propaganda meaning in Urdu

Propaganda sentence, propaganda definitions.

1) Propaganda : کسی مقصد کے لئے نشرواشاعت : (noun) information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause.

Useful Words

Agitprop : منفی تشہیر , Propagandise : پراپیگنڈے کے زیر اثر لانا , Rail : غلط معلومات پھیلانا , Unfurl : لپٹی ہوئی حالت سے کہول دینا , Apply : فائدہ اٹھانا , Cognise : معلوم ہونا , Document : تحریری دستاویز , Beneficial : مفید , Pacific : امن پھیلانا , Progressive : ترقی یافتہ , Good For You : صحت بخش , Peptic : ہضم کو بڑھانے سے متعلق , Absorbefacient : جاذب , Creative : پیداواری , Agronomic : کھیتی باڑی سے متعلق , Healthfulness : تندرستی , Agricultural : زراعت سے متعلق , Cheery : خوشی سے بھرپور , Nutritiousness : غذائیت , Merit System : نظام اہلیت , Marketing : تشہیر , Spoils System : انتظامیہ کے حامیوں کو صلہ خدمت میں عہدہ دینا , Divaricate : پھیلنا , Circumfuse : چاروں طرف پھیلانا , Diffuse : پھیلانا , Percolate : آہستہ آہستہ پھیلانا , Fanned : پھیلا , Straw : پھیلانا , Permeant : سرایت کرنے والا , Splay : پھیلانا , Bruit : افواہ پھیلانا

Useful Words Definitions

Agitprop: political propaganda (especially communist propaganda) communicated via art and literature and cinema.

Propagandise: subject to propaganda.

Rail: spread negative information about.

Unfurl: unroll, unfold, or spread out or be unrolled, unfolded, or spread out from a furled state.

Apply: put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose.

Cognise: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about.

Document: writing that provides information (especially information of an official nature).

Beneficial: promoting or enhancing well-being.

Pacific: promoting peace.

Progressive: favoring or promoting progress.

Good For You: promoting health; healthful.

Peptic: relating to or promoting digestion.

Absorbefacient: inducing or promoting absorption.

Creative: promoting construction or creation.

Agronomic: of or relating to or promoting agronomy.

Healthfulness: the quality of promoting good health.

Agricultural: relating to or used in or promoting agriculture or farming.

Cheery: bright and pleasant; promoting a feeling of cheer.

Nutritiousness: the quality of being nourishing and promoting healthy growth.

Merit System: the system of employing and promoting civil servants on the basis of ability.

Marketing: the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service.

Spoils System: the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power.

Divaricate: spread apart.

Circumfuse: spread something around something.

Diffuse: spread or diffuse through.

Percolate: spread gradually.

Fanned: especially spread in a fan shape.

Straw: spread by scattering (.

Permeant: spreading or spread throughout.

Splay: spread open or apart.

Bruit: tell or spread rumors.

Related Words

Propaganda in book titles.

Techniques of Propaganda and Persuasion. The Idea of Propaganda: A Reconstruction. Propaganda and Persuasion. Emergency Propaganda: The Winning of Malayan Hearts and Minds, 1948-1958.

Next of Propaganda

Propagandise : subject to propaganda.

Previous of Propaganda

Pronunciamento : a public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government).

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How this page explains Propaganda ?

It helps you understand the word Propaganda with comprehensive detail, no other web page in our knowledge can explain Propaganda better than this page. The page not only provides Urdu meaning of Propaganda but also gives extensive definition in English language. The definition of Propaganda is followed by practically usable example sentences which allow you to construct your own sentences based on it. You can also find multiple synonyms or similar words of Propaganda. All of this may seem less if you are unable to learn exact pronunciation of Propaganda, so we have embedded mp3 recording of native Englishman, simply click on speaker icon and listen how English speaking people pronounce Propaganda. We hope this page has helped you understand Propaganda in detail, if you find any mistake on this page, please keep in mind that no human being can be perfect.

propaganda meaning in Urdu

Use of propaganda in sentence [29 examples] 1) propaganda.

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Translation of "propaganda" into Urdu

پروپیگنڈا, تبلیغ are the top translations of "propaganda" into Urdu. Sample translated sentence: In that case, propaganda proved to be a weapon of mass extermination. ↔ اس صورت میں پروپیگنڈا بڑی خونریزی کا موجب بنا۔

A concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people. [..]

English-Urdu dictionary

form of communication intended to sway the audience through presenting only one side of the argument

In that case, propaganda proved to be a weapon of mass extermination.

اس صورت میں پروپیگنڈا بڑی خونریزی کا موجب بنا۔

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Automatic translations of " propaganda " into Urdu

Phrases similar to "propaganda" with translations into urdu.

• radio propaganda communist propaganda 1937

Translations of "propaganda" into Urdu in sentences, translation memory

قومی پرچم پاکستان

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پاکستان کے قومی جھنڈے ( قومی پرچم ) کو اس کی موجودہ شکل میں ملک کی آزادی سے صرف تین دن قبل ، ۱۱ اگست ۱۹۴۷ء کو آئین ساز اسمبلی کے اجلاس کے دوران اپنایا گیا تھا۔ اس وقت وہ پاکستان کا سرکاری جھنڈا بن گیا تھا۔ اس کے بعد موجودہ اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان نے اسے برقرار رکھا اور اب تک یہی جھنڈا پاکستان کا سرکاری جھنڈا ہے۔

جھنڈے میں ایک سبز میدان ہے جس میں ایک سفید ہلال چاند اور اس کے بیچ میں ایک ستارہ ہے ، اور لہرانے کی سمت میں عمودی سفید پٹی ہے۔ اگرچہ سبز رنگ کو صرف ‘گہرا سبز’ ہی قرار دیا گیا ہے ، اس کی سرکاری اور سب سے مستقل نمائندگی یہ ہے کہ پاکستان سبز ہے ، جس کی رنگت کچھ زیادہ ہی تاریک ہے۔ قومی ترانے میں جھنڈے کو کریسنٹ اینڈ اسٹار کا جھنڈا کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ سال کے کئی اہم دنوں پر لہرایا جاتا ہے جس میں یومِ جمہوریہ ، یومِ آزادی اور یومِ دفاع شامل ہیں۔ یہ اکثر اسکولوں ، دفاتر اور سرکاری عمارتوں پر قومی ترانہ پڑھنے کے دوران بھی لہرایا جاتا ہے اور اسے غروبِ آفتاب سے پہلے نیچے اتار لیا جاتا ہے۔ واہگہ بارڈر پر ہر روز سینکڑوں شائقین کی شرکت کے باعث ایک قابلِ ذکر جھنڈا اٹھانے اور نچھاور کرنے کا پروگرام نہایت دھوم دھام اور جوش و خروش کے ساتھ کیا جاتا ہے۔ دستور ساز اسمبلی نے خصوصیات اور تناسب کی تعریف کے ساتھ قومی پرچم کے سرکاری ڈیزائن کو اپنایا ہے۔ حکومتِ پاکستان نے اس پرچم کی پرواز کے بارے میں قواعد کا اعلان کیا ہے۔ اس کو ہر سال ۲۳ مارچ کو مکمل مستی پر آویزاں کیا جائے گا ، جس میں ۱۹۴۰ء کی دہائی  اور ۱۹۴۷ء میں جمہوریہ پاکستان کے اعلان پر ، اور ۱۴ اگست کو یومِ آزادی کی خوشی کے موقع پر ، نشان زد کیا گیا تھا۔ پاکستان کو برطانوی ہندوستان سے ہندوستانی مسلمانوں کے مکان کے طور پر تیار کیا گیا تھا۔ “پرچمِ ستارہ و ہلال , رہبرِ ترقّی و کمال” قومی ترانے میں پڑھی جانے والی تیسری لائن میں پاکستان کے جھنڈے کا تذکرہ  ہے۔ جس کا ترجمہ “اسٹار اور کریسنٹ کے ساتھ ، ترقی اور چڑھائی کے رہنما” ہے۔

قومی پرچم کی تاریخ

پاکستانی پرچم مسلم لیگ کے اصل پرچم پر مبنی ہے ، جس نے خود سلطنت دہلی ، سلطنت عثمانیہ کے پرچم اور مغل سلطنت کے جھنڈے سے پریرتا پائی تھی۔ دوسری جنگِ عظیم سے پہلے مسلمان اور ہندو مختلف بادشاہوں کے ماتحت ایک ساتھ رہتے تھے جسے انہوں نے “راج” کہا تھا۔ بہت سے مسلمانوں نے آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ تشکیل دی۔ دوسری جنگِ عظیم کے بعد ، جب ۱۹۴۷ء میں پاکستان کی آزادی ہوئی تو مسلم لیگ کے جھنڈے نے پاکستان کے جھنڈے کو بنیاد بنایا۔

سبز رنگ پاکستان میں مسلم اکثریت کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے اور سفید پٹی مذہبی اقلیتوں کی نمائندگی کرتی ہے۔ ہلال ترقی کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے اور پانچ نوک والا ستارہ اسلام کے پانچ ستونوں کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ یہ جھنڈا پاکستان کے اسلام اور مذہبی اقلیتوں کے حقوق سے وابستگی کی علامت ہے۔

حرمت کا احترام

جب پاکستانی پرچم دوسرے قومی جھنڈوں کے ساتھ ساتھ  لہرایا جاتا ہے تو قومی پرچم کی حرمت کا خاص خیال رکھا جاتا ہے۔ اسے اونچائی پر ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے یا دوسرے قومی جھنڈوں جتنی اونچائی پر لہرایا جاتا ہے لیکن کسی اور جھنڈے سے کم اونچائی پر نہیں لہرایا جاتا۔

اگر دو جھنڈے یا رنگ ہیں تو قومی پرچم کو دائیں طرف لہرایا جاتا ہے۔ اگر پرچموں کی تعداد دو سے زیادہ اور عجیب ہو تو قومی پرچم کو درمیان میں رکھا جاتا ہے، اور اگر جھنڈوں کی تعداد بھی برابر ہے تو اس کو پہلے مرکز کے دائیں طرف لہرایا جاتا ہے۔ جب صوبائی ، فوجی یا کارپوریٹ جھنڈوں کے ساتھ ساتھ دکھایا جاتا ہے تو قومی پرچم زیادہ اونچا ہوتا ہے۔ جب پرچم کو مستول سے باندھا جاتا ہے ، تو اسے صرف بائیں طرف (سفید بار کے آغاز پر) باندھا جاتا ہے اور بغیر کسی رکاوٹ کے آزادانہ طور پر اُڑنے کے لئے چھوڑ دیا جاتا ہے۔

پرچم کو جلوس میں قومی پرچم مرکز میں یا جلوس کے دائیں طرف مارچ کی لائن میں اٹھایا جاتا ہے۔ زمین جوتے یا پیر یا کسی بھی ناپاک چیز سے جھنڈے کو نہیں چھوا جاتا۔ اسے اندھیرے میں کبھی بھی نہیں لہرایا جاتا ہے۔

طلوعِ آفتاب کے وقت اٹھایا جاتا ہے اور شام کو نیچے اتارا جاتا ہے (سوائے پارلیمنٹ آف پاکستان کے ، جو واحد سرکاری عمارت ہے جس پر پرچم کبھی نہیں نیچے کیا جاتا ہے)۔ جب رات کو پارلیمنٹ آف پاکستان پر پرچم کو لہرایا جاتا ہے تو اسے مصنوعی روشنی سے روشن رکھا جاتا ہے۔ کسی قبر میں دفن یا نیچے نہیں اتارا جاتا (جب کسی جھنڈے والے تابوت کو دفن کرتے ہیں تو اس وقت قومی پرچم کو تابوت سے الگ کرکے قبر کے اوپر رکھ دیتے ہیں کیونکہ تدفین سے پہلے تابوت کو نیچے اتارا جاتا ہے یا قبر سے اوپر رکھا جاتا ہے)۔ پاکستان کے جھنڈے کا ایک تقدس ہے  اور ہمیں اسے برقرار رکھنا چاہئے۔

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• English to Urdu

Propaganda meanings in Urdu

Propaganda meanings in Urdu are تبلیغ, تشہیر, پراپگنڈا, نشر واشاعت کی انجمن, انجمن مبلغین, تبلیغات, پرچار Propaganda in Urdu. More meanings of propaganda, it's definitions, example sentences, related words, idioms and quotations.

Propaganda Definitions

Please find 1 English and 1 Urdu definitions related to the word Propaganda.

• (noun) : information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
• نشر و اشاعت کا انتظام یا تدبیر

I don't think art is propaganda it should be something that liberates the soul, provokes the imagination and encourages people to go further. It celebrates humanity instead of manipulating it.

- Keith Haring

It is part of the general pattern of misguided policy that our country is now geared to an arms economy which was bred in an artificially induced psychosis of war hysteria and nurtured upon an incessant propaganda of fear.

- Douglas MacArthur

Our country is now geared to an arms economy bred in an artificially induced psychosis of war hysteria and an incessant propaganda of fear.

It is said that those whom the gods wish to destroy they first make mad. It may well be that a war neurosis stirred up by propaganda of fear and hatred is the prelude to destruction.

- John Boyd Orr

More words related to the meanings of Propaganda

Next to Propaganda Propagandist ”

Previous to Propaganda Proofless ”

More words from Urdu related to Propaganda

View an extensive list of words below that are related to the meanings of the word Propaganda meanings in Urdu in Urdu.

اشاعت خبروں کی اشاعت خطابت چرچا ‌پہنچانا یا بھیجنا رسوائ نشر واشاعت نشر اخبار تبلیغات ڈنکا تشہیر شہرت وعظ اعلان پرچار تذلیل پھیلاوا خبر نامہ بد گوئ بدنامی اشتہار تبلیغ

What are the meanings of Propaganda in Urdu?

Meanings of the word Propaganda in Urdu are تشہیر - tashhiir, تبلیغ - tabliigh, تبلیغات - Tableeghaat and پرچار - par chaar. To understand how would you translate the word Propaganda in Urdu, you can take help from words closely related to Propaganda or it’s Urdu translations. Some of these words can also be considered Propaganda synonyms. In case you want even more details, you can also consider checking out all of the definitions of the word Propaganda. If there is a match we also include idioms & quotations that either use this word or its translations in them or use any of the related words in English or Urdu translations. These idioms or quotations can also be taken as a literary example of how to use Propaganda in a sentence. If you have trouble reading in Urdu we have also provided these meanings in Roman Urdu.

We have tried our level best to provide you as much detail on how to say Propaganda in Urdu as possible so you could understand its correct English to Urdu translation. We encourage everyone to contribute in adding more meanings to MeaningIn Dictionary by adding English to Urdu translations, Urdu to Roman Urdu transliterations and Urdu to English Translations. This will improve our English to Urdu Dictionary, Urdu to English dictionary, English to Urdu Idioms translation and Urdu to English Idioms translations. Although we have added all of the meanings of Propaganda with utmost care but there could be human errors in the translation. So if you encounter any problem in our translation service please feel free to correct it at the spot. All you have to do is to click here and submit your correction.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What do you mean by propaganda.

Meanings of propaganda are تشہیر - tashhiir, تبلیغ - tabliigh, تبلیغات - Tableeghaat and پرچار - par chaar

Whats the definition of propaganda?

• information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause

What is the synonym of propaganda?

Synonym of word propaganda are flagrancy, vilification, notoriety, publicity, propulsation, promulgation, propugnation, promo, preachy, propensities

What are the quotes with word propaganda?

• I don't think art is propaganda it should be something that liberates the soul, provokes the imagination and encourages people to go further. It celebrates humanity instead of manipulating it. — Keith Haring
• It is part of the general pattern of misguided policy that our country is now geared to an arms economy which was bred in an artificially induced psychosis of war hysteria and nurtured upon an incessant propaganda of fear. — Douglas MacArthur
• Our country is now geared to an arms economy bred in an artificially induced psychosis of war hysteria and an incessant propaganda of fear. — Douglas MacArthur
• It is said that those whom the gods wish to destroy they first make mad. It may well be that a war neurosis stirred up by propaganda of fear and hatred is the prelude to destruction. — John Boyd Orr

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Propaganda Meaning In Urdu

سادہ مثالوں اور تعریفوں کے ساتھ propaganda کا حقیقی معنی جانیں۔, definitions of propaganda.

1 . معلومات، بشمول ایک متعصب یا گمراہ کن نوعیت کی معلومات، جو کسی سیاسی مقصد یا نقطہ نظر کو فروغ دینے کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

1 . information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view.

2 . رومن کیتھولک چرچ کے کارڈینلز کی ایک کمیٹی جو غیر ملکی مشنوں کے لیے ذمہ دار ہے، جس کی بنیاد پوپ گریگوری XV نے 1622 میں رکھی تھی۔

2 . a committee of cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church responsible for foreign missions, founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV.

Examples of Propaganda :

1 . پروپیگنڈا جنگ.

1 . the propaganda war.

2 . پروپیگنڈا مہلک ہو سکتا ہے.

2 . propaganda can be deadly.

3 . یہ میٹنگ پروپیگنڈے، مستقبل کے منصوبوں اور اعلیٰ سطحی برین واشنگ کے بارے میں سنجیدہ بات چیت کے لیے ہے۔

3 . this meeting is meant for serious discussions about propaganda , future plans and brainwashing at a higher level.

4 . ان حالات میں، کسی بھی قسم کے پروپیگنڈے یا فروخت کا کوئی اثر نہیں پڑے گا، کیونکہ ہماری زندگیوں میں مزید خالی جگہیں نہیں ہوں گی۔

4 . under those conditions, no amount of propaganda or salesmanship would have an effect, since there would be no gaping hole left in our lives for them to fill.

5 . دوسری جنگ عظیم کے دوران، ریڈ آرمی نے نازیوں کے حملے سے لڑنے والے اپنے سپاہیوں کی ایسپرٹ ڈی کور کو بڑھانے کے لیے ایک مکمل پروپیگنڈا حملہ شروع کیا۔

5 . during world war ii, the red army initiated a full-force propaganda assault to raise the esprit de corps of its soldiers doing battle against the invading nazi army.

6 . جھوٹا پروپیگنڈہ

6 . mendacious propaganda

7 . شاونسٹ پروپیگنڈا

7 . jingoistic propaganda

8 . پروپیگنڈہ تحریک

8 . the propaganda movement.

9 . پروپیگنڈہ، پیراونیا اور پی ٹی ایس ڈی:۔

9 . propaganda , paranoia, and ptsd:.

10 . حقیقی علم بمقابلہ پروپیگنڈہ۔

10 . true knowledge versus propaganda .

11 . پروپیگنڈے کا شکار نہ ہوں!

11 . do not be a victim of propaganda !

12 . 90 کی دہائی - معروضیت سے پروپیگنڈا تک

12 . 90s - From Objectivity to Propaganda

13 . ایک بار پھر پروپیگنڈے کا وہی اثر۔

13 . Again, the same effect of propaganda .

14 . دنیا دیکھیں، مزید پروپیگنڈا پھیلائیں۔

14 . See the world, spread more propaganda

15 . "ریاستی پروپیگنڈا ایک خاص معیار طے کرتا ہے۔

15 . "State propaganda sets a certain norm.

16 . نازیوں کو پروپیگنڈے کے ایک ٹکڑے کی ضرورت تھی۔

16 . The Nazis needed a piece of propaganda .

17 . وہ جاپانی پروپیگنڈے کے سربراہ تھے۔

17 . He was the head of Japanese propaganda .

18 . 3/8: لبرلینڈ پروپیگنڈا کیسے کام کرتا ہے۔

18 . 3/8: How the Liberland propaganda works

19 . ان میں سے چار، ایک آدھا، پروپیگنڈا ہیں۔

19 . Four of them, one-half, are propaganda .

20 . پروپیگنڈہ اور قائل، چھٹا ایڈیشن۔

20 . propaganda and persuasion, 6th edition.

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Propaganda meaning in Urdu - Learn actual meaning of Propaganda with simple examples & definitions. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Propaganda in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu.

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Punjab and Pakistan / آزادی مبارک ہو Posted by Rachael on Aug 15, 2018 in Uncategorized

With our world today so defined by national boundaries ( قومی سرحدیں/qaumi sarhaden, fem. pl. noun ) that we have come to perceive as rigid and existent from time immemorial, it is difficult to conceive of a time when such boundaries existed only in the imaginations of a few and most people’s lives and perspectives ( نظریہ/nazariya, masc. ) were not defined by arbitrary designations of border and nationality ( قومیت/qaumiyat, fem. ). Prior to the Independence ( آزادی/aazaadi, fem. noun; آزاد/free, adj. ) of India and Pakistan from British Rule at midnight on the 14th and 15th of August, 1947, the Indian and Pakistani states of Punjab that we now recognize were one broad swath of territory that today, as two distinct states that are part of different countries, still share rich linguistic and cultural elements.

The border closing ceremony at the Wagah border; image by Arian Zwegers on Flickr, licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Now, as we approach the celebration of the Independence Days of Pakistan and India, on August 14th and 15th, respectively, it may be prudent to reflect on the brutal history ( تاریخ/taarikh, fem. ) that accompanied these days, often greeted with merriment today. It is difficult to conceive of the vast numbers of people who experienced displacement and violence due to Partition ( تقسیم/taqseem, fem. ). Essentially, over 14 million people were displaced according to their religion, which created a refugee catastrophe the likes of which it is difficult to comprehend, even today; people were desperate and terrified, not knowing what would happen from one day to the next, which resulted in widespread violence against people who were once beloved neighbors, but who were now construed as enemies based on a difference in faith ( مذہب/mazhab, masc. ).

The province of Punjab was particularly vulnerable to such violence and instability as it was home to a mostly Muslim population ( آبادی/aabaadi, fem. ) in its Western regions and a mostly Sikh and Hindu population in the East; in order to comply with the creation of Pakistan as a majority Muslim state and India as a secular one, Sikhs and Hindus living in the Western ( مغربی/magribee, adj.; مغرب/magrib, noun ) regions felt they should migrate to the East to ensure their safety, and the same was true for Muslims living in the Eastern ( پوربی/poorbi, adj.; پورب/poorab, noun ) regions.

Unfortunately, the governments ( سرکار/sarkaar, masc. ) of both countries ( دیش/desh, masc. ) were extremely ill-equipped to deal with this massive refugee crisis and the violence that accompanied it, resulting in a chaotic environment in which the rule of law, even if applicable, seemed irrelevant. Later, the eastern part of Punjab, now an Indian state, was further divided into what are now the states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Despite the divisions sown amongst people who were once neighbors ( پڑوسی/parosi, masc. and fem. ) due to political propaganda and the fear and uncertainty prevalent at the time, culture and language are strong unifiers and are thus capable of crossing even religious ( مذہبی/mazhabee ) and national boundaries.

Image by Umair Khan on Flickr, licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Evidence of this can be found today in popular culture, particularly music, such as in the following song, “Ki Banu Duniya Da” (“What has happened to the world/What has become of the world?” /  دنیا کو کیا ہو ا) that featured on Coke Studio India’s “Independence day” special, in which the Punjabi singers ( گایک/gaayak, masc. ) Gurdas Maan and Diljit Dosanjh bemoan the loss of South Asian traditions in the face of modernity and Westernization, including the hegemony of English as the global lingua franca to the detriment of South Asian languages ( زبان/zabaan, fem. ) like Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu. Interestingly, for this Independence Day special, Maan wrote additional verses to this traditional song ( گانا/gaanaa, masc. ) to express the sense of loss and cultural deterioration that the otherwise-joyous occasion of Independence Day leads one to reflect on.

Regarding Punjab and Pakistan, he sings that “this deal is not profitable for us,” ( سودا/saudaa, masc. ) referring to “Partition” as a sort of “business deal” that was not beneficial to the people it chiefly impacted: Indians and Pakistanis. He then refers to the Rivers Chenab ( چناب ), Ravi ( راوی ) and Sutlej ( ستلج ) as siblings ( بھاٴی بہن/bhaai behen ), once connected by geography as they traverse the Indian and Pakistani borders, but now separated by political dictates. He sings, “River Chenab often asks her sister River Ravi / How is my dear brother River Sutlej?” reflecting not only the division of the landscape but the sense of loss and estrangement felt by close neighbors and friends ( دوست/dost, masc. and fem. ) who, despite their mutual love for one another, were divided along religious lines by Partition. Concluding this section on Partition, the singer laments the fact that the “road to Peshawar is now distant and inaccessible” where previously it had been easier to reach this region. Moreover, he sings that “at the Wagah border / I look for those paths that once existed to Lahore, but sadly aren’t there anymore,” again expressing a division of the landscape that materially and negatively affects people’s lives on both sides of the border.

A few of the millions displaced by Partition; image by Dr. Ghulam Nabi Kazi on Flickr, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Although this division between the Pakistani and Indian sides of Punjab became law ( قانون/qanoon, masc. ), it could not stop the flow of culture and communication between remarkably similar people who had once peacefully coexisted. In fact, it is evident today that these two regions, despite national boundaries, cannot be completely separated due to the congruity of culture and language between them. In Pakistan today, about 44.7% of the population identifies as being part of the Punjabi ethnic group and another 48% of the population speaks Punjabi natively, far more than those who claim Urdu as a first or even second language (those who claim Urdu as a first language are at a mere 8%). Clearly, almost half of the population identifies strongly with Punjabi culture and language and that is further in evidence with the fact that many popular Pakistani songs are in Punjabi (such as those featured on Coke Studio Pakistan) and Punjabi is written both in the Gurmukhi script and the Nast’aliq ( نستعلیق )  script, the same script in which Urdu is written. As we can see here, language and culture are not subject to arbitrary political edicts that dictate national borders but are remarkable travelers ( مسافر/musaafir, masc. ), able to exist in many climes easily as long as the people who speak and practice them remain devoted to preserving them.

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About the Author: Rachael

नमस्ते, मेरा नाम रेचल है/السلام علیکم، میرا نام ریچل ہے۔ Hello, my name is Rachael, but I also on occasion go by Richa––an interesting story for another time :) My two great loves are Hindi and Urdu. I first traveled to India (Jaipur, Rajasthan) in college on a Hindi study abroad program. A little over a year later, I returned to the same city to study Hindi in a yearlong program. I've also spent a summer in Kolkata, West Bengal learning Bengali, and I studied Urdu at the University of California, Berkeley, where I was a graduate student in South Asian Studies. I hope to share with you the fascinating world of Hindi and Urdu literature, society, culture and film through my blogs!

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Do Russians Believe Putin’s Propaganda?

The conspiracy theories hit my phone before I even knew what they were about.

"It’s a false flag."

"It’s a covert U.S. op."

It was the night of March 22 and I was pulling into Kyiv on the long trip from the Polish border. The connection was patchy. I had to scroll back through the sound and fury of social media to find out what was happening: shooters in an upmarket Moscow mall were slaughtering civilians. Dozens were already dead. The former Russian President, Medvedev, was already blaming Ukraine.

Though ISIS quickly took all responsibility in the coming days, and though the Americans had publicly warned the Russians an attack was coming, Russian propaganda has only increased claims that Ukraine and the West were responsible. There has even been a video on Russian news showing the head of the Ukrainian national security council claiming Ukraine would be arranging more such “fun” in Russia. The video was an AI ‘deep fake.’ The Ukrainians I met thought the propaganda predictable—of course Putin would push these conspiracy theories and use the atrocity to further attack Ukraine. In the next days the attacks on Ukrainian civilians and energy systems were particularly bad. Russia used the terror attack to fuel more terror.

But I wondered how people inside Russia would react. Would they be persuaded by the Kremlin propaganda? Could one, and was it worth, communicate the truth to them? After all the terrorist attack is a moment of potential vulnerability for Putin: the supposed strongman who promises to keep his people safe, who does so much to insulate Moscow elites from the consequences of war, has allowed a massive terror attacks to take place in an elite Moscow shopping mall.

Two weeks since the atrocity some polls show a majority of Russians say they agree with the government line that Ukraine and the West were behind the attack . But polls can be difficult in a dictatorship. Other studies—by the same researchers—have shown that many Russians will often go along with whatever Putin tells them , saying that “the government is right, solely because it is the government and it has power.”

Read More: Putin's Myths About Ukraine, Debunked

When I lived in Russia in the 2000s, I was always struck how people could hold different versions of ‘truth’ at the same time, revealing them depending on how private the conversation was (or how much had been drunk). In the 2000s there were several such terrorist atrocities. In private Russians would often speculate that the Kremlin itself was behind them—and Putin certainly used these moments as an excuse to introduce harsher rule and wars. Some even speculated that the Kremlin itself put out the conspiracy that it was behind terrorist attacks—it’s better for Putin to seem murderous but all powerful, than so weak he can allow terrorists to murder easily around Moscow. In a political system as murky as Russia’s, such multi-layers of conspiracies flourish. But that also means that it’s easy for the Kremlin to push conspiracy theories, including the latest one.

If what you say you think is less about ‘the truth’ and more about signifying your loyalty, then perhaps a better way to explore the relationship between propaganda and the Russian people is not polling, but looking at the dynamic between propaganda and behaviour, both physical and discursive (what people do and how people talk).

In a new report for Filter Labs that I have been advising on, data scientists fused Russian economic, social, and online discursive data. They found there were vulnerabilities to the Kremlin’s propaganda.

Take the issue of inflation. Inflation is rising hard in Russia. Costs for cars, for example, have gone up 15% since 2022. While Russian propaganda pushes out stories saying about great salary levels, online discourse shows that people feel their salaries are insufficient. Because of the lack of belief in the future of the currency, people are taking out a high amount of debt, thinking it can be paid back cheaply later: household debt has been increasing 17% in 2023. Government propaganda encourages people to save and not take on more debt; however, peoples’ behaviours shows that they don’t buy this.

Even when government campaigns are successful, they struggle for momentum. For example, Russian propaganda has been pushing stories about how wonderful the Russian medical care is- despite problems with quality medicine since the start of the war. Such propaganda campaigns work for a few weeks, but then the conversation around this topic on social media becomes negative, and the Kremlin tries to drive it up again. Likewise with mobilisation: the Kremlin pushes campaigns promoting recruiting soldiers, the sentiment online to the policy goes up for a few weeks, before going negative again.

This pattern shows how important it is to the Kremlin to control behaviour and the tenor of discourse—and how it struggles to keep control. Perhaps this is the best way to approach ‘public opinion’ in Russia. Rather than about ‘belief’ it should be measured in the extent to which the Kremlin can get people to agree to parrot the official narratives. Indeed the less they believe the lies yet repeat them, the more in control the Kremlin is. This need for control goes deep for Kremlin elites: they worry about losing it in the way the Soviet leadership did in the late 1980s.

That was always the threat the Alexey Navalny posed to the Kremlin. There was little surprising about his videos about Kremlin corruption—everyone assumes officials are corrupt. What was powerful was the way he dared to say the unsayable. So powerful the Kremlin had to kill him.

With Navalny gone who else can deliver such campaigns that question the Kremlin’s grip? Is it time for the West to try them instead? Such campaigns are not about persuading Russians—truth in and of itself plays little role in this system. It’s about showing the Kremlin it has less control than it hopes over the information space.

We should view information the same way we see military production, sanctions or drone strikes. When Ukrainian drones hit Russian oil refineries, they are signaling that Russia doesn’t have control over its main sources of profit. If Ukraine’s allies were to show that we have the resolve to outproduce and sanction Russia effectively, Moscow would start to change its calculations around the risks its war involves.

If we show that the Kremlin can’t keep its grip on what people say and do in Russia, they will also start to think about whether the risk is worth it. Sadly, with the exception of Ukraine’s strikes on Russian oil refineries, we are currently unable or unwilling to do any of the above. The Kremlin is outproducing us militarily; sanctions are weakly enforced; the Kremlin’s hold over the information space does unchallenged. Putin will calculate accordingly.

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Today's Paper | April 11, 2024

Punjab police decry ‘fake propaganda’ after video of cops being assaulted in bahawalnagar goes viral.

The Punjab Police on Wednesday decried “fake propaganda” after a string of videos showing Pakistan Army officers allegedly assaulting and beating up cops in Bahawalnagar went viral on social media.

“This matter in Bahawalnagar, which went viral on social media, has been taken out of context and exaggerated,” the police said in a statement on X, formerly Twitter.

A day earlier, several videos, showing men in army uniforms allegedly beating up police officials in Bahawalnagar, went viral on social media. One video showed a man sitting on the ground with a bloody nose. Another clip showed a man and two army personnel forcing policemen to kneel in a queue.

Some social media users claimed that the incident was motivated by police recovering an illegal weapon from the relative of a soldier.

Dawn.com could not independently verify the authenticity of the clips.

The footage drew outrage from politicians. PTI leader Hammad Azhar said the Punjab police chief should have immediately resigned after the incident, claiming that the provincial government was treating the matter as “trivial”.

PTI spokesperson Raoof Hasan said the incident merited a “transparent and comprehensive inquiry with its report to be made public without editing”.

However, in a statement issued last night, the police said the episode was being presented in a way to “imply that there has been fighting between the Pakistan Army and Punjab Police”.

“When the unverified videos went viral, both institutions launched a joint investigation. Officers from both institutions reviewed the facts and peacefully resolved the matter,” it said.

“Punjab Police and the Pakistan Army are cooperating to eliminate terrorists, miscreants and criminals from the province. We request that social media users do not spread fake propaganda,” the statement concluded.

Another video posted on the Punjab Police’s X account showed police and military officials chanting ‘Long Live Pakistan Army’.

The police statement, however, did not give details on what transpired between the men in the video. Dawn.com has reached out to officials in the area for further details.

It emerged that a first information report (FIR) was registered at Bahawalnagar’s Madrasa police station on April 10 on the complaint of Inspector Saifullah under Section 342 (punishment for wrongful confinement) of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and Section 155C (penalty for certain types of misconduct by police officers) of the Police Order 2002 .

Saifullah said he was appointed as the new Madrasa station house officer (SHO) and referred to an FIR registered on April 8 under which he said ex-SHO Rizwan Abbas, Assistant Sub-inspector (ASI) Mohammad Naeem and Constables Mohammad Iqbal and Ali Raza had arrested three individuals, who were named in the earlier FIR, without investigation and failed to produce the three before a local magistrate after the passage of 24 hours.

The new SHO said that despite being aware of the law, the four had misused their authority and were lacking in carrying out their duties, thus mishandling the case and exhibiting “high-handedness”.

The SHO said that officials were alerted about the illegal actions of the police officers and subsequently instructions were issued to carry out legal proceedings against the four.

The earlier FIR on April 8 was registered on the complaint of ASI Naeem under Sections 148 (rioting armed with deadly weapon), 149 (unlawful assembly), 186 (obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions), 324 (attempted murder), 342 (punishment for wrongful confinement), 353 (assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty), 379 (punishment for theft) and 506-b (criminal intimidation) of the PPC, as well as the Punjab Arms Amendment Ordinance and Punjab Arms Ordinance 1965 .

Naeem said that he was out on patrol with other police officers when he came across two individuals who fled after spotting the police party. He said one person was arrested after being caught and a pistol was also seized from him.

He added that the individual could not produce a licence for the gun and divulged the name of the other person who had fled. Naeem said that upon attempting to arrest the other individual near his house, the suspect tried to oppose the police and called his relatives who opposed the arrest attempt and dragged a constable inside their home while beating him.

Naeem said he had attempted to negotiate the constable’s return but was refused, after which he called then-SHO Abbas and other police personnel to the scene. He added that the police officers again asked the group to return the constable upon which the former turned violent.

He said the group of around 20 people threatened to kill the police, opened firing and took another constable and SHO Abbas as hostages. Naeem said he requested additional police force and the three police hostages were finally retrieved. He added that the police personnel taken hostage were injured and their belongings were also snatched from them.

Additional reporting by Mehmood Hussain.

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‘In Flames’ Review: A Patriarchy Horror Story

Set in Pakistan, the story of a young woman and her family, hemmed in by men, shifts from realism to genre, with heart-pumping consequences.

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By Alissa Wilkinson

It takes about an hour for “In Flames” to reveal itself as proper genre horror, but trepidation lurks from the start. In Karachi, Pakistan, the 20-something Mariam (Ramesha Nawal) lives with her widowed mother, Fariha (Bakhtawar Mazhar), and her younger brother, Bilal (Jibran Khan), who’s mostly glued to his video games. The family has been financially dependent on Fariha’s father-in-law, but as the film opens, he has just died — and Fariha’s brother-in-law, Uncle Nasir (Adnan Shah Tipu), is suddenly very interested in the relatives he had been neglecting.

Fariha teaches at an elementary school, and Mariam is studying for exams that will qualify her to be a doctor. They’re smart, capable women who are less concerned with dismantling established social orders than they are with keeping their home and family intact. Yet their lives are hemmed in by the men around them, with a constriction that’s suffocating. For one, there is Uncle Nasir, who has offered to pay the family’s outstanding debts if Fariha signs some documents, which Mariam pleads with her to avoid doing. But there’s also the man who throws a brick through the car window when Mariam is driving to the library, calling her a whore. Or the man who lurks outside her window, masturbating. Or even the nice young man from the library, Asad (Omar Javaid), who won’t leave Mariam alone.

As the women scramble to save their home, the walls close in on them, and that’s the point: “In Flames,” a confident feature debut written and directed by Zarrar Kahn, is one of several recent films from around the world that frame patriarchy as a nightmare. The most recent may be “ Shayda ,” set in Iran, but even movies like “Poor Things” and “Promising Young Woman” play with the same idea, albeit with a lighter touch. This one is set in Pakistan, in the midst of debates about religious fundamentalism and gender roles, but the outlines are familiar even to audiences in very different circumstances. Men commit obvious, blatant offenses, confident the system is stacked in their favor. But even the “good guys” are locked in a culture that rewards them for refusing to listen to the women who, it’s made clear, are holding the country together.

That means the horror extends to the male perpetrators, who couldn’t find their way out of the maze of unjust systems if they tried. But there’s no question the women bear the brunt of it, whether the perpetrator is abusive, or greedy, or just clueless. To seek help is fruitless, and dangerous; being in debt to yet one more man is another way to put yourself at risk.

Kahn manages to assemble the story in a way that escapes feeling like a series of object lessons. He centers the story on Mariam, giving Nawal’s expressive eyes plenty of time to convey emotions she dares not speak aloud. Mariam’s environment signals her inner life. Sometimes the character is in claustrophobic interiors, where she can’t escape others’ prying eyes; sometimes she’s blessedly alone; and sometimes she’s experiencing brief moments of respite in expansive, beautiful scenery. She feels a pull between the freedom she craves and the responsibility she feels to her family. Technically, Mariam is a plucky heroine. But she isn’t rebellious, or even defiant. She’s just trying to survive.

Wisely, Kahn creates a world in which Mariam and Fariha cannot help but be pulled apart, ruptured by the patriarchy’s force. The only way for each to endure is to depend on yet another man to help them, which has profoundly middling results, and an element of always-present danger. When the film finally gives way to full horror, the pace picks up, and we see what the movie’s been doing all along. Oppression isn’t always blatant, and it isn’t the work of individuals acting alone. It comes like night terrors, paralyzing both oppressor and oppressed — and escape can require drastic action.

In Flames Not rated. In Urdu, with subtitles. Running time: 1 hour 38 minutes. In theaters.

Alissa Wilkinson is a Times movie critic. She’s been writing about movies since 2005. More about Alissa Wilkinson

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