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How to cite a lecture in MLA

How to Cite a Lecture in MLA (8th Edition) | Format and Examples

Published on September 13, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on March 5, 2024.

In MLA style, the following format is used to cite a lecture or speech.

This format also applies to other types of oral presentation, such as a conference panel or a public talk. The format for citing PowerPoint slides is slightly different. To cite a video recording of a lecture, follow the format for citing videos , listing the speaker in the author position.

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Lecture titles and event names, lecture locations, descriptive labels, mla in-text citation for a lecture.

The title of the lecture appears in quotation marks . You can usually find the title in the course syllabus, the conference program, or publicity materials for the talk.

After the title, you add the name of the course, conference, or event the lecture was part of. Don’t use italics or quotation marks for this part.

It is possible to add more than one event name here. For example, conferences are often divided into themed sessions; after the title of the presentation, you can add both the session and the conference name if relevant.

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Often the location of the lecture will appear in the venue name . For example, many university names include the city where they are located. Note that “University” is abbreviated to “U” in an MLA Works Cited entry.

If the city is not already named, add it directly after the venue. If necessary, you can also add the state or country for clarity (for example, if there are multiple cities with the same name).

A short descriptive label (e.g. Lecture, Presentation, Keynote) can optionally be added at the end of the entry if it’s otherwise ambiguous what type of source you’re citing. A label can also be useful to clarify when you’re referring to a handout or slides (e.g. Lecture handout, PowerPoint presentation).

When you use information or ideas from a lecture in your paper, an MLA in-text citation requires only the last name of the lecturer, either in the text itself or in parentheses after the relevant information.

If you refer to a specific slide of a PowerPoint or page of a handout, you can add this to the in-text citation.

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McCombes, S. (2024, March 05). How to Cite a Lecture in MLA (8th Edition) | Format and Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/mla/lecture-citation/

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MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

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MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual . Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

Basic in-text citation rules

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations . This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

In-text citations: Author-page style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads . Oxford UP, 1967.

In-text citations for print sources with known author

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method . University of California Press, 1966.

In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author

When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.

In-text citations for sources with non-standard labeling systems

If a source uses a labeling or numbering system other than page numbers, such as a script or poetry, precede the citation with said label. When citing a poem, for instance, the parenthetical would begin with the word “line”, and then the line number or range. For example, the examination of William Blake’s poem “The Tyger” would be cited as such:

The speaker makes an ardent call for the exploration of the connection between the violence of nature and the divinity of creation. “In what distant deeps or skies. / Burnt the fire of thine eyes," they ask in reference to the tiger as they attempt to reconcile their intimidation with their relationship to creationism (lines 5-6).

Longer labels, such as chapters (ch.) and scenes (sc.), should be abbreviated.

In-text citations for print sources with no known author

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines.

Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available.

Titles longer than a standard noun phrase should be shortened into a noun phrase by excluding articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to Lighthouse .

If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:

In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title appears in the parenthetical citation, and the full title of the article appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry on the Works Cited page. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:

"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs . 1999. www.climatehotmap.org/. Accessed 23 Mar. 2009.

If the title of the work begins with a quotation mark, such as a title that refers to another work, that quote or quoted title can be used as the shortened title. The single quotation marks must be included in the parenthetical, rather than the double quotation.

Parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages, used in conjunction, allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.

Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions

Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto . In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:

Author-page citation for works in an anthology, periodical, or collection

When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source (for instance, an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection), cite the author of the internal source (i.e., the article or essay). For example, to cite Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity," which was published in Nature in 1921, you might write something like this:

See also our page on documenting periodicals in the Works Cited .

Citing authors with same last names

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:

Citing a work by multiple authors

For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:

Corresponding Works Cited entry:

Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations , vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1

For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al.

Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine , vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.

Citing multiple works by the same author

If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.

Citing two articles by the same author :

Citing two books by the same author :

Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number(s):

Citing multivolume works

If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter, and verse. For example:

If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation:

John of Patmos echoes this passage when describing his vision (Rev. 4.6-8).

Citing indirect sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:

Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

Citing transcripts, plays, or screenplays

Sources that take the form of a dialogue involving two or more participants have special guidelines for their quotation and citation. Each line of dialogue should begin with the speaker's name written in all capitals and indented half an inch. A period follows the name (e.g., JAMES.) . After the period, write the dialogue. Each successive line after the first should receive an additional indentation. When another person begins speaking, start a new line with that person's name indented only half an inch. Repeat this pattern each time the speaker changes. You can include stage directions in the quote if they appear in the original source.

Conclude with a parenthetical that explains where to find the excerpt in the source. Usually, the author and title of the source can be given in a signal phrase before quoting the excerpt, so the concluding parenthetical will often just contain location information like page numbers or act/scene indicators.

Here is an example from O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh.

WILLIE. (Pleadingly) Give me a drink, Rocky. Harry said it was all right. God, I need a drink.

ROCKY. Den grab it. It's right under your nose.

WILLIE. (Avidly) Thanks. (He takes the bottle with both twitching hands and tilts it to his lips and gulps down the whiskey in big swallows.) (1.1)

Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

With more and more scholarly work published on the Internet, you may have to cite sources you found in digital environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source on your Works Cited page.

Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers. However, these sorts of entries often do not require a page number in the parenthetical citation. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:

Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
Do not provide paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function.
Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com, as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.

Miscellaneous non-print sources

Two types of non-print sources you may encounter are films and lectures/presentations:

In the two examples above “Herzog” (a film’s director) and “Yates” (a presentor) lead the reader to the first item in each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:

Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo . Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.

Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Address.

Electronic sources

Electronic sources may include web pages and online news or magazine articles:

In the first example (an online magazine article), the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below).

In the second example (a web page), a parenthetical citation is not necessary because the page does not list an author, and the title of the article, “MLA Formatting and Style Guide,” is used as a signal phrase within the sentence. If the title of the article was not named in the sentence, an abbreviated version would appear in a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence. Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:

Taylor, Rumsey. "Fitzcarraldo." Slant , 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/fitzcarraldo/. Accessed 29 Sep. 2009.

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL , 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/. Accessed 2 April 2018.

Multiple citations

To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:

Time-based media sources

When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).

When a citation is not needed

Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge (For example, it is expected that U.S. citizens know that George Washington was the first President.). Remember that citing sources is a rhetorical task, and, as such, can vary based on your audience. If you’re writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, you may need to deal with expectations of what constitutes “common knowledge” that differ from common norms.

Other Sources

The MLA Handbook describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the handbook does not describe, making the best way to proceed can be unclear.

In these cases, it's typically acceptable to apply the general principles of MLA citation to the new kind of source in a way that's consistent and sensible. A good way to do this is to simply use the standard MLA directions for a type of source that resembles the source you want to cite.

You may also want to investigate whether a third-party organization has provided directions for how to cite this kind of source. For example, Norquest College provides guidelines for citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers⁠ —an author category that does not appear in the MLA Handbook . In cases like this, however, it's a good idea to ask your instructor or supervisor whether using third-party citation guidelines might present problems.

Library Catalogue

Citing lectures, speeches, or conference proceedings: MLA (9th ed.) citation guide

This guide is based on the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 9th ed. and provides selected citation examples for common types of sources. For more detailed information, please consult the full manual: available in print and online .

Lecture, speech, reading or address

When citing a live presentation like a speech or lecture from a conference or an event, include the name of the sponsoring/presenting organization (after the title), and the venue (after date and before the wider location) in your works cited.

Parenthetical (in-text)

The presenter went to great lengths to prove his point regarding how your brain has been shaped by evolution (Crespi).

Works cited

A live lecture .

Crespi, Bernie. "Darwin and Your Brain." Vancouver Evolution Festival . Simon Fraser University and University of British Columbia, 12 Feb. 2009, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.

An online recording of a live presentation

Parker, Pardis. “Why Being a Billionaire is a Joke.” TED , Oct. 2022, www.ted.com/talks/pardis_parker_why_being_a_billionaire_is_a_joke.

Conference proceedings

A conference proceeding is the published record of a conference, congress, symposium, or other meeting sponsored by a society or association. The document will look similar to an article or book chapter (and it may in fact be a chapter in a book). To cite a conference proceeding, provide the same information as when citing a book or article , but also include additional information such as the title and date of the conference.

You may be citing an edited book of proceedings (see Edited print books ) or a single presentation, in which you would cite the author(s)/presenter(s), the title of the presentation, and the conference proceeding details similar to a book chapter or journal article .

Parenthetical (in-text)

Social media provides a platform for more minority groups to speak out (Fu).

Works cited

Whole proceedings.

Chang, Steve S., et al., editors. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena . Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.

A single presentation

Fu, Yige, et al. “Research on the Influences of Social Media to Gender Equality.” SHS Web of Conferences , vol. 148, EDP Sciences, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214803026.

Still using MLA 8?

We've now updated our citation guides to MLA 9, but you can still use the printable version of our MLA 8 citation guide.

Need more help? Check our Ask a Librarian services .

MLA Citation Guide (8th Edition): Class Notes & Presentations

Advertisements
Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
Book Reviews
Class Notes & Presentations
Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
Government Documents
Images, Artwork, Charts, Graphs & Tables
Indigenous Resources
Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
Journal Articles
Live Performances
Magazine Articles
Newspaper Articles
Primary Sources
Religious Texts
Social Media
Videos & DVDs
When Creating Digital Assignments
Works Quoted in Another Source
No author, no date etc
In-Text Citation
Sample Paper
Annotated Bibliography

On This Page: Class Lectures, Handouts & Presentations

Instructor's Presentation Slides (PowerPoint)

Class Lecture Heard in Person

Instructor's notes or handout provided in class, article from course pack prepared by instructor, abbreviating months.

In your Works Cited list, abbreviate months as follows:

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper.

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double-spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Instructor's Presentation Slides (e.g., PowerPoint)

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of PowerPoint Presentation." Title of Course, Date of PowerPoint presentation, University Name. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

Learn more: See MLA Handbook , p. 52 for examples of descriptions at the end of citations. P. 70 shows that course title are not italicized.

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Lecture." Title of Course, Date of lecture, University Name. Lecture.

Learn more: See MLA Handbook p. 52 for an example of a lecture heard in person. P. 70 shows that course title are not italicized.

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Handouts/Notes." Name of Course, University Name. Date handout was received. Course handout.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Course pack for Name of Course, compiled by First Name Last Name of Instructor, Semester, University Name.

Learn more: See MLA Style Guide at https://style.mla.org/citing-course-pack-material

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MLA 9 Citation Guide

TITLE of SOURCE
TITLE of CONTAINER
OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
PUBLICATION DATE
Works Cited
Journal Article with One Author
Journal Article with 2 Authors
Journal Article with 3 or more Authors
Magazine Article
Newspaper Article
One Author or Editor
Two Authors or Editors
Three or More Authors
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Article in a Reference Book
Reference Work
Basic Web Page
Entry in a Reference Work
Government or Agency Document
YouTube Video
Electronic Image
Figures and Charts
Class Lecture/Notes
Secondary Sources

Lectures and Class Notes

Author Surname, First Name. " Lecture or Presentation Title." Other Pertinent Information . URL . Access date is optional.

Pastern, Blaise. “The Falling Snow in The Dead.” Utica College ENG 334, 23 May 2017, engage.utica.edu . Accessed 12 Aug. 2017.

(Pastern)

MORE EXAMPLES

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MLA Style (9th Edition) Citation Guide: How to Cite: Other

Introduction to MLA Style
Journal Articles
Magazine/Newspaper Articles
Books & Ebooks
Government & Legal Documents
Biblical Sources
Secondary Sources
Videos/DVDs/TV Shows
How to Cite: Other
9th Edition Updates
Additional Help

Chatgpt or other ai language tool, class handouts, cochrane review.

Conference Proceedings or Presentation

Dissertations

Eric document, images / artwork.

Jazz Discography

Lecture Notes (taken by a student or otherwise not public)

Lippincott Advisor

Mintel or Other Corporate Report

Mobile Software Application (App)

Music Score

Natural medicines (online monograph), personal/unpublished works/blogs, powerpoint slides, review of book, play, movie, poem, etc., simplyanalytics, song or album.

Sound recording / Booklet from Naxos Music Library

Twitter (Tweets)

Note: For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Guidance for citing ChatGPT and similar AI tools is emerging while continuing to be debated ( more from MLA ).

"Prompt." Tool Name, Version, Producer, Date, URL.

Works Cited List Example:

“Describe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald” prompt. ChatGPT , 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 8 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

"What is Carrie Mae Weems' most influential work and what are its themes?" prompt. Gemini . 8 Feb. 2024 version, Google, 16 Feb. 2024, https://gemini.google.com/app.

In-Text Citation Example:

(Shortened version of prompt)

Examples: ("Describe the symbolism")

("What is Carrie")

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Handouts/Notes." Name of Course, Date handout was received, University/College, URL. Access date. Class handout.

Easton, Todd. “Model Paper.” Economics 121, 10 Apr. 2019, University of Portland, learning.up.edu/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=544855. Accessed 15 May 2019. Class handout.

(Instructor's Last Name)

Example: ( Easton )

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Handouts/Notes." Name of Course, Date handout was received, University/College. Class handout.

Doe, Mark. "Critical Analysis." English 100, 4 Sept. 2016, University of Portland. Class handout.

Example: (Doe)

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. https://doi.org/doi number.

Work Cited List Example:

Lane, Deirdre A., and Gregory Y. H. Lip. "Treatment of Hypertension in Peripheral Arterial Disease." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 Dec. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003075.pub3.

(Author's Last Name)

Example: (Lane & Lip)

Cochrane reviews follow the journal article format.

Provide the name of the database (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) in italic title case in the works cited list. Do not italicize it elsewhere in your paper.

Different versions of Cochrane reviews include different information, which means the works cited list might vary too. Follow the principle of citing what you see.

Full-text versions of Cochrane reviews do not include volume numbers, issue numbers, or article numbers. The full-text version displays when you visit the DOI of the article.
However, the article PDFs show the year as the volume number, an issue number, and an article number.
It is fine to omit the volume, issue, and article number from the Cochrane review works cited list if the information is missing from your version of the article, but if you do see this information, include it just as you would for any journal article .

Conference Proceedings or Paper

Published Conference Proceedings

Author's Last Name, First Name. Conference Title, Conference Date and Location, Publisher, Date of Publication.

Chang, Steve S., et al., editors. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.

Oral Presentation at Conference

Speaker's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Speech." Title of Conference or Meeting , Day Month, Year, Location of Conference. Descriptor (i.e. Keynote Address, Guest Lecture, Conference Presentation, Address, Lecture, Reading).

Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference , 23 May 2003, Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. Keynote Address.

Dissertation from Database

Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Name (if given). Title of Dissertation: Subtitle if Given. Year. PhD dissertation. Database Name.

Smith, Junette A. A Bridge to Neuroeducation: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions of Educators of Adult Learners . 2017. PhD dissertation. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global .

(Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Smith 33)

Dissertation Abstract

Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Name (if given). Title of dissertation: Subtitle if given. Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Date of Publication, pp. First Page Number-Last Page Number. Name of Database, URL.

Brooks, Mary Patrice. (2008). The History of St. Joseph School and Challenges of Catholic Education in Oregon. Dissertation Abstracts International , vol. 69, no. 6, 2008, pp. 2184–2185. America: History & Life, login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ahl&AN=46957249&login.asp%3fcustid%3ds8474154&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

(Author Page Number)

Example: (Brooks 2185)

Author's Last Name, First Name Middle Name (if given). "Title of document: Subtitle if given." Date of Publication. Database Name. (ERIC document number).

Kubota, Kenichi. “‘Soaking’ Model for Learning: Analyzing Japanese Learning/Teaching Process from a Socio-Historical Perspective.” 2007. ERIC (ED498566).

Example: (Kubota 4)

Note: this document is a PDF so page numbers are available.

Image from a Website

Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work: Subtitle if Any. Year, Location of Work, URL.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo del Prado, museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74.

(Artist's Last Name)

Example: (Goya)

Note: For images found online, do not list a page number.

If the artist is not named, use a shortened version of the title (usually just 1-2 significant words): (“Title").

Image from a Book

When you refer to a photographic reproduction of an artwork, the citation is made up of two parts:

Part 1: Lists the original artist's name, the name of the work, and the date the work was created.
Part 2: Cites where you found the reproduction of the work such as a book.

Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work: Subtitle if Any. Year, Location of Work. Book Title , by Author's First Name Last Name, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, p. number.

Cassatt, Mary. Mother and Child . 1889, Wichita Art Museum, Wichita, KS. American Painting,1560-1913 , by John Pearce, McGraw, 1964, Slide 22.

(Artist's Last Name, Page Number)

If the artist is not named, use a shortened version of the title (usually just 1-2 significant words): (“Title," Page Number).

Example: (Cassatt, slide 22)

Image from a Library Database

Artist's Last Name, First Name. Title of Work: Subtitle if Any. Year, Location of Work. Database Title , URL.

Monet, Claude. The Parc Monceau . 1878. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Artstor , library.artstor.org/library/secure/ViewImages?id=%2FDFMaiMuOztdLS0wdD5%2BR3su&userId=gDhMeDUs&zoomparams=.

Example: (Monet)

If the artist is not named, use a shortened version of the title (usually just 1-2 significant words): (“Title"). Example: ("Sunday Afternoon")

Beck, Aaron T., et al. “Beck Depression Inventory–II.” PsycTESTS, 1996. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1037/t00742-000.

Example: (Beck et al. 1996)

Jazz Discography (by Tom Lord)

The Jazz Discography uses session numbers (example: E1254) to refer to recording sessions. Include the session number in your citation.

Lord, Tom. "F2031: The Duke Ellington Song Book." The Jazz Discography, www.lordisco.com/tjd/WordDetail?id=7&mode=detail&rid=49863.

Example: (Lord)

Since this is an online source page numbers are not needed.

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Lecture." Name of Course, Date lecture occurred, University/College. Class lecture.

Aihiokhai, Simon. “Christian Spirituality.” THE 105, 18 Jan. 2017, University of Portland. Class lecture.

Example: (Aihiokhai)

Lippincott Advisor (7th ed)

"Title of Article." Date Month Year of Latest Update, Lippincott Advisor . Retrieved Date, URL.

Note: include "Retrieved" followed by the date for web pages that may be updated over time and that are not archived

"Anemia (Aplastic)". 12 Jul. 2019, Lippincott Advisor. Retrieved 17 Oct. 2019, advisor.lww.com/lna/document.do?bid=4&did=791392.

("First Word Or Two of Article Title," Year)

Example: ("Anemia (Aplastic)," 2019)

Note: Because online resources typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Lippincott Advisor mobile app:

"Title of Article." Date Month Year of Latest Update, Lippincott Advisor . Retrieved Date, advisor.lww.com. Mobile App.

"Anemia (Aplastic)". 12 Jul. 2019, Lippincott Advisor. Retrieved 17 Oct. 2019, advisor.lww.com. Mobile App.

Note: Because mobile apps typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Mintel or Other Corporate Report

Mintel Group Ltd. “Car Rentals – US.” Mintel Reports , July 2018, clients.mintel.com.

Example: (Mintel)

Mobile Application Software (App)

Name of Company that created the application or Creator's Last Name, First Name. Middle Initial if given. Name of Application, Publisher Name or App Store, Version number if given, Release Date of Current Version of the Application, Mobile App, URL application was downloaded from.

National Geographic Society. National Parks by National Geographic, App Store, vers.1.2, 2012, Mobile App. www.apple.com/itunes/.

(Name of Company or Author's Last Name)

Example: (National Geographic Society)

Note: Because apps typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Composer Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Version, Publisher, Publication Date.

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Corolian Ouverture: op. 62 . Heugel, 1951.

(Composer's Last Name Page Number)

(Beethoven 11)

"Guided Imagery." Natural Medicines , 2015, Monograph , naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/ health-wellness/professional.aspx?productid=1238.

(Author, if none then name of monograph)

Example: ("Guided Imagery")

Note: Because online monographs from Natural Medicines typically do not have page numbers, paragraph numbers or section headings, this information is left out of the in-text citation.

Author's Last Name, First Name or Username if real name not provided. "Title of Blog Post." Name of Blog, Blog Network/Publisher if given, Day Month Year of blog post, URL of blog post. Accessed Day Month Year blog was visited.

Brussat, Frederic. “Beyond Ideas of Wrongdoing and Rightdoing.” Civility & Spirituality , 11 Dec. 2014, www.spiritualityandpractice.com/blogs/posts/civilityspirituality/301/beyond-ideas-of-wrongdoing-and-rightdoing. Accessed 12 Jan. 2017.

Example: (Brussat)

Host's Last Name, First Name, host. "Title of Podcast Episode." Title of Overall Podcast , season number if given, episode number if given, Web Site Hosting If Different From Podcast Title, Day Month Year of Episode, URL of episode. Accessed Day Month Year podcast was downloaded/played.

Orton, Tyler, and Patrick Blennerhassett, hosts. "Lessons From the Brexit." BIV Podcast , episode 18, Business Vancouver, 28 June 2016, www.biv.com/article/2016/6/biv-podcast-episode-18-lessons-brexit/. Accessed 2 July 2016.

(Host's Last Name Start Time of Revelant Section-End Time of Section)

(Orton and Blennerhassett 00:01:15-00:02:22)

PowerPoint Slides from Moodle

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of PowerPoint Presentation." Title of Course, Date of PowerPoint presentation, Name of University. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

Works Cited List Example

Smith, John. "BIO 110: Week 2: Cells." Biology 110, 15 Jan. 2016, University of Portland. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

In-Text Citation Example

Example: (Smith, slide 5)

Note: include the slide number in your in-text citation if you know it. If not, leave it out

PowerPoint Slides from a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of PowerPoint Presentation." Website publisher, Creation Date, URL. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

Kunka, Jennifer Liethen.. "Conquering the Comma." Purdue University Writing Lab, owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/conquering_the_comma_presentation.html. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

(Author's Last Name)

Example: (Kunka, slide 2)

You can find reviews in multiple source types (newspapers, magazines, journals, etc.); please see elsewhere on this guide for guidance on creating a citation for a specific source. The below citation example is for a play review that appeared on a newspaper website.

This template is for a review in general:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review: Subtitle if Any." Review of Play (Book, Movie, etc.) Title , by Playwright (Author, Director, etc.). Name of Periodical , Date of Publication, p. Page number.

Note: Titles of plays, books, and movies are italicized as shown here; do not italicize titles of articles, poems, and short stories. Instead, put them in quotation marks, e.g., Review of "The Revenant," by Billy Collins.

Note: If the author's name is not listed, begin the citation with the title of the article.

Brantley, Ben. "Dear Audiences of 'Tiny Beautiful Things,' Prepare to Cry." Review of Tiny Beautiful Things , by Nia Vardalos. New York Times , www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/theater/tiny-beautiful-things-review.html. Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

Following guidance for a newspaper article from a website : (Review Author's Last Name)

Note : If there is no author listed, the in-text citation would include the first word or words of the title of the article in quotation marks, e.g. ("Dear Audiences").

"Name of Data File." SimplyAnalytics Database. Producer, date of data file.

Works Cited List Examples:

"Census 2010 Current Estimates Data." SimplyAnalytics Database. Geographic Research, Inc., 2013.

"2016 Current Estimates Data." SimplyAnalytics Database. U.S. Census, 2017.

"Map with 2016 consumer expenditure data." SimplyAnalytics Database . SimplyAnalytics, 2017.

Obtain the data file name from the Metadata
If you produced a map, SimplyAnalytics is the producer.

Music can be cited multiple ways. Mainly, this depends on the container that you accessed the music from. Generally, citations begin with the artist name. They might also be listed by composers or performers. Otherwise, list composer and performer information after the album title. Put individual song titles in quotation marks. Album names are italicized. Provide the name of the recording manufacturer followed by the publication date.

If information such as record label or name of album is unavailable from your source, do not list that information.

Spotify Example:

Rae Morris. “Skin.” Cold , Atlantic Records, 2014. Spotify, open.spotify.com/track/0OPES3Tw5r86O6fudK8gxi.

Online Album Example:

Beyoncé. “Pray You Catch Me.” Lemonade , Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.

CD Example:

Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind , Geffen, 1991.

Sound recording / Booklet from Naxos Music Library

Sound Recording:

Orff, Carl. “Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi: O Fortuna.” Carmina Burana. Performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Hans Graf, LPO, 2012, Naxos Music Library , portland.naxosmusiclibrary.com/catalogue/item.asp?cid=5099960230652.

(Creator's Last Name)

Example: (Orff)

If there is no creator, use a shortened form of the title (just one or two significant words): (“Title")

Cite the author of the booklet / liner notes (the author's name often appears at the end of the text).

Works Cited List Example:

Prince, David. Booklet. Sophisticated Lady , by Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Pass. Pablo Records, 2001, Naxos Jazz Music Library , cdn.naxosmusiclibrary.com/sharedfiles/booklets/FAC/booklet-PACD-5310-2.pdf.

Example: (Prince 2)

Source of data. Title of document: Subtitle if given . Date of publication, Statista , URL.

Note: since Statista is the name of the publisher and the name of the database, cite Statista only as the database name at the end of the citation.

National Park Service. Most visited national parks in the United States in 2018. 13 May 2019, Statista , www.statista.com/statistics/378920/most-visited-national-parks-us.

(Source of data)

Example: (National Park Service)

Twitter Handle (First Name Last Name if Known). "The Entire Tweet Word-for-Word." Twitter, Day Month Year of Tweet, Time of Tweet, URL.

@ReallyVirtual (Sohaib Athar). "Helicopter Hovering Above Abbottad at 1AM is a Rare Event." Twitter, 4 Jan. 2013, 3:58 p.m., twitter.com/reallyvirtual/status/64780730286358528?lang=en.

Note: Write out the actual Tweet in the citation and keep spelling and grammar the same as in the original, even if there are errors. When quoting the Tweet, beside grammatical and spelling errors in the original Tweet, write [sic] in square brackets to indicate the errors are not your own. E.g., if the Tweet was "It isn't you're fault the media is violent", write: "It isn't you're [sic] fault the media is violent."

(Twitter handle)

(@ReallyVirtual)

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MLA Citation Guide: Class Notes & Presentations

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Abbreviating Months

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows:

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper.

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Instructor's Presentation Slides (e.g. PowerPoint)

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of PowerPoint Presentation." Title of Course, Date of PowerPoint presentation, Columbia College. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

Learn more: See MLA Handbook , p. 52 for examples of descriptions at the end of citations. P.70 shows that course titles are not italicized.

Class Lecture Heard in Person

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Lecture." Title of Course, Date of lecture, Columbia College. Lecture.

Learn more: p.52 of the MLA Handbook provides an example of a lecture heard in person. P. 70 shows that course titles are not italicized.

Instructor's Notes or Handout Provided In Class

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Handouts/Notes." Name of Course, Columbia College. Date handout was received. Course handout.

Article from Course Pack Prepared by Instructor

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Course pack for Name of Course, compiled by First Name Last Name of Instructor, Semester, Columbia College.

Learn more: See MLA Style Guide at https://style.mla.org/citing-course-pack-material

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MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Class Notes and Presentations

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Abbreviating Months

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows:

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper.

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MLA Lecture Citation

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Website Book Journal Lecture

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How to cite a lecture in a bibliography using MLA

The most basic entry for a lecture consists of the speaker’s name, lecture title (if applicable), meeting/event/course title, venue, date conducted, sponsoring institution, and city.

Begin the citation with the name of the speaker. This person’s name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name (or any middle name). A suffix, such as a roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the person’s given name, preceded by a comma.

Lecture with a title:

If the lecture has a title, place it in quotation marks after the speaker’s name, followed by a period. After the title, include the event or meeting name where the lecture was conducted, followed by a period. If there is an institution, such as a college or company, that sponsored the lecture, include it after the event name, followed by a comma and the event details, such as venue, date, and location.

Last Name, First Name. “Lecture Title.” Meeting/Event/Course Title. Venue, Date Conducted, Sponsoring Institution (if applicable), City.

Pausch, Randy. “Really Achieving Your Childhood Dreams.” Journeys Forum. Annual Fiction Symposium, 18 Sept. 2007, Wyndham Grand Hotel, Pittsburgh.

Continue your citation with the venue name, the date, and the city where the event occured, separated by commas. Place a final period after the city. State the date on which the lecture was conducted, followed by a period. The complete date should be written in the international format (i.e., day-month-year). With the exception of May, June, and July, abbreviate month names (four letters for September, three letters for all other months) and follow the abbreviation with a period.

Lecture from a course:

If the lecture is a class lecture, include the live presentation format (lecture) directly after the speaker’s name and replace the event name with the course number/name, followed by the date and the school/university where the lecture occurred. Separate the elements after the lecture format with commas and end the entry with a period after the school/university name.

Last Name, First Name. Presentation Format (Lecture). Course Name/Number, Date Conducted, School/University Name.

Pausch, Randy. Lecture. Computer Science 101: Building Virtual Worlds, 25 Feb. 2005, Carnegie Mellon University.

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Referencing style - MLA: Lecture Notes and Personal Communication

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MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): In-Text Citation

Understanding Core Elements
Formatting Appendices and Works Cited List
Writing an Annotated Bibliography
Academic Honesty and Citation

In-Text Citation

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In-text citations are inserted in the body of your research paper to briefly document the source of your information.

In-text citations in MLA style follow the general format of author's last name followed by a page number enclosed in parentheses. Here is an example: "Here's a direct quote" (Smith 8).
If the author's name is not given, use the first word (or words) of the title. Follow the same formatting that is used in the works-cited list, such as quotation marks. Here is an example: This is a paraphrase ("Trouble" 22).
If the source does not have page numbers (for example, some online articles, websites and e-books), only include the author's name for the in-text citation. Do not estimate or make up page numbers.
In-text citations point the reader to the works-cited list, which is located at the end of your paper, for more complete bibliographic information.

Repeated Use of Sources

If you use information from a single source more than once in succession (i.e., no other sources referred to in between), you can use a simplified in-text citation. Here is an example:

Cell biology is an area of science that focuses on the structure and function of cells (Smith 15). It revolves around the idea that the cell is a "fundamental unit of life" (17).

Note: If using this simplified in-text citation creates ambiguity regarding the source being referred to, use the full in-text citation format.

In-Text Citation Formatting and Examples

Format: (Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Hunt 358)

Two Authors

Format: (Author's Last Name and Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: (Case and Daristotle 57)

Three or More Authors

Format: (Author's Last Name et al. Page Number)

Example: (Case et al. 57)

Unknown Author

Where you would normally put the author's last name, instead use the first one, two, or three words from the title. Do not use initial articles such as "A", "An" or "The". Provide enough words to clarify which sources from your works-cited list that you are referencing.

Follow the formatting of the title. For example, if the title in the works-cited list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation, and if the title in the works-cited list is in quotation marks, put quotation marks around the words from the title in the in-text citation.

Format: (Title Page Number)

Examples :

( Cell Biology 12)

("Nursing" 12)

Multiple Sources

To cite more than one source when you are paraphrasing, separate the in-text citations with a semi-colon.

Format: (Author's Last Name Page Number; Author's Last Name Page Number).

(Smith 42; Bennett 71).

( It Takes Two ; Brock 43).

Note: In MLA style, the sources within the in-text citation do not need to be in alphabetical order.

Works Quoted in Another Source

Sometimes an author of a book, article or website will mention another person's work by using a quotation or paraphrased idea from that source. (This may be a secondary source.) For example, the Kirkey article you are reading includes a quotation by Smith that you would like to include in your essay. The basic rule is that in both your Works-Cited List and in-text citation you will still cite Kirkey. Kirkey will appear in your Works Cited list – NOT Smith. Add the words "qtd. in" to your in-text citation.

Examples of in-text citations:

According to a study by Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia.

Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) states that “even if euthanasia was legal, 42% of doctors would be against this method of assisted dying” (A.10).

Example of Works Cited List citation:

Kirkey, Susan. "Euthanasia." The Montreal Gazette , 9 Feb. 2013, p. A.10. Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies.

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How To Cite A Lecture In MLA – Format & Examples

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In academic writing, citing a lecture or a speech properly is as vital as citing a book or a journal article. The MLA citation style provides specified rules to adhere to when citing sources, considering components such as the speaker’s name, lecture title, date, and venue. This guide is equipped to help you navigate the process of how to cite a lecture in MLA. With clear instructions, this article focuses on the various elements that compose the MLA lecture citations.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 How to Cite a Lecture in MLA – In a Nutshell
2 Definition: How to cite a lecture in MLA
3 MLA lecture citation – Titles and event names
4 How to cite a lecture in MLA – Location
5 How to cite a lecture in MLA – Descriptive labels
6 How to cite a lecture in MLA – In-text citation

How to Cite a Lecture in MLA – In a Nutshell

Understanding how to cite a lecture in MLA is essential for academic success. Use the following list to remind yourself of the correct order:

Speaker’s last name, first name;
Title of the lecture or handout notes;
The name of the course;
The location;
Contextual details.

Definition: How to cite a lecture in MLA

General rules to cite a lecture in a bibliography, it is necessary to indicate

the name of the author,
the title of the proceedings,
the title of the works,
the data of the director/editor (of directors/editors),
the year of publication and page range where the report is located.

The name of the conference can contain information about its date and place. If a source is consulted online, you should also add the link to the website (URL) and the consultation date.

MLA lecture citation – Titles and event names

Write the speaker’s last name, followed by their first name and a period. You treat the lecture as you would any source and start with the author.

Franklin, Joby.

Enclose the conference title in quotation marks. Use a period before the final quotation mark.

Franklin, Joby. “Evangelical Mysteries of the Twentieth Century.”

Add the name of the host class or organization name. You can use the class name and course number if you are citing a lecture course. If the class has a subtitle, include that as well and use a colon between the title and subtitle.

Franklin, Joby. “Evangelical Mysteries of the Twentieth Century.” Religious Studies 101: Looking Forward.

Use the date next. Write the day, an abbreviation of the month and the year, followed by a comma.

Franklin, Joby. “Evangelical Mysteries of the Twentieth Century.” Religious Studies 101: Looking Forward. 24 Aug. 2017,

How to cite a lecture in MLA – Location

Lectures are usually held in a university but may occasionally be held in other large venues, such as a conference center. The location is the last element of MLA lecture citation – give the name of the venue and the city or town in which it is located, followed by a period.

How to cite a lecture in MLA – Descriptive labels

End the entry with a descriptor to indicate the course type. You can use any descriptor you like, but keep it short and to the point.

For example, for a lecture from your teacher, just use “Lecture” and follow it with a dot.

If the source is an unexpected type of work, you may provide a descriptive label.

For example, if you read a radio transcript rather than listening to it, label it as ‘Transcript’.

How to cite a lecture in MLA – In-text citation

You cite the lecture as personal communication in parentheses in the text. State the lecturer’s name (initials and last name), the words “personal communication,” and the lecture date.

Why is MLA lecture citation important?

Using the MLA format makes it easier for readers to navigate and comprehend a text via familiar cues that refer to sources and borrowed information.

Can you cite a class lecture in MLA?

Yes, you can use MLA lecture citation within the text of your assignment. Place a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence with the instructor’s name who gave the talk. If the document includes slide numbers or page numbers, include them. Otherwise, simply use the instructor’s name.

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MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings

What Kind of Source Is This?
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Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
Book Reviews
Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings
Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
Government Documents
Images, Artwork, Charts, Graphs & Tables
Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
Journal Articles
Magazine Articles
Newspaper Articles
Primary Sources
Religious Texts
Social Media
Videos & DVDs
In-Text Citation
Works Quoted in Another Source
No Author, No Date etc.
Works Cited List & Sample Paper
Annotated Bibliography
Powerpoint Presentations

On This Page: Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings

Instructor's Presentation Slides (PowerPoint)
Instructor's Presentation Slides from Moodle

Class Lecture Heard in Person

Instructor's notes or handout provided in class.

Instructor's Handout from Moodle

A Course Reading from Moodle

Article from course pack prepared by instructor, abbreviating months.

In your works cited list, abbreviate months as follows:

January = Jan. February = Feb. March = Mar. April = Apr. May = May June = June July = July August = Aug. September = Sept. October = Oct. November = Nov. December = Dec.

Spell out months fully in the body of your paper.

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

Instructor's Presentation Slides (e.g. PowerPoint)

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of PowerPoint Presentation." Title of Course, Date of PowerPoint presentation, Columbia College. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

Instructor's Presentation Slides (e.g. PowerPoint) from Moodle

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. Title of PowerPoint Presentation . Moodle, uploaded by Instructor's Last Name, Date of PowerPoint presentation, https://moodle.columbiacollege.bc.ca/. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. Lecture. Title of Course, Date of lecture, Columbia College.

Instructor's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Handouts/Notes." Name of Course, Columbia College. Date handout was received. Course handout.

Instructor's Notes or Handout from Moodle

Title of Handouts/Notes. Moodle , uploaded by Instructor Name, upload date [if known], moodle.columbiacollege.bc.ca/.

Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of Article, Essay, Story, or Poem." Moodle , uploaded by Instructor Name, upload date [if known], moodle.columbiacollege.bc.ca/.

Note: Sources that are linked on Moodle, rather than uploaded as a file such as a PDF, do not need to list Moodle as a container. Cite linked sources according to the guidelines for that kind of source (such as a journal article from a library database). The MLA Style Center has more guidance on citing online handouts and readings . Keep in mind that this guidance was produced for the 8th Edition of MLA, so you may need to adapt your citation to the latest general rules and guidelines for the source type.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Course pack for Name of Course, compiled by First Name Last Name of Instructor, Semester, Columbia College.

Learn more: See MLA Style Guide at https://style.mla.org/citing-course-pack-material

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Next: Encyclopedias & Dictionaries >>
Last Updated: Jan 5, 2024 1:52 PM
URL: https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/MLA9

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How to Store Vinyl Records: 12 Steps

Easy ways to use a spring compressor: 11 steps, 4 ways to create a secure password, how to prepare and cook seaweed: 4 steps, 3 easy ways to cut carbon arrows, 5 ways to turn photos into drawings, 3 ways to make money as a kid from your computer, 4 ways to use a fan brush, how to lube a bicycle chain: 13 steps, how to give away a puppy: 14 steps, 3 ways to cite lecture notes.

Lecture notes are a crucial aspect of the learning process, as they provide valuable insights and a summary of vital information covered in class. However, when using lecture notes as a reference in your research, it’s essential to cite them properly. Proper citation is key to maintaining the academic integrity of your work and giving credit to the original source. Here are three ways to cite lecture notes in various citation styles.

1. APA (American Psychological Association) Style

In APA style, lecture notes are treated as personal communication because they’re not published or retrievable by others. To cite lecture notes in APA style, include the following in-text:

(Author’s Last name, Year)

Example: (Smith, 2020)

Since lecture notes are not publicly accessible, you’ll not need to include them in your reference list. However, it’s crucial to mention the important details about the notes within the text:

In his 2020 lecture, Smith discussed the importance of sustainability in business.

2. MLA (Modern Language Association) Style

To cite lecture notes in MLA format, treat them as any other source and create an entry for your Works Cited page:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Lecture.” Course name or number, Date of Lecture, Location (if applicable), Your school.

Example: Smith, John. “Environmental Sustainability.” Business Ethics 101, 22 Feb. 2020, New York University.

In-text citation:

3. Chicago Style

Citing lecture notes in Chicago Style includes creating a footnote or endnote within your paper and an entry for your bibliography:

Footnote/Endnote format:

First name Last name, “Title of Lecture” (lecture, Course Name or Number, Institution/Location, Date).

Example: John Smith, “Environmental Sustainability” (lecture, Business Ethics 101, New York University, February 22, 2020).

Bibliography entry:

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Lecture.” Lecture, Course Name or Number. Institution/Location. Date.

Example: Smith, John. “Environmental Sustainability.” Lecture, Business Ethics 101. New York University. February 22, 2020.

In conclusion, citing lecture notes gives credit to the lecturer and ensures the credibility of your research. Use these citation methods across APA, MLA, and Chicago styles to provide proper attribution for any lecture notes used in your work.

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3 ways to get rid of ground ....

Matthew Lynch

3 Ways to Impress a Girl in High School

How to Breed Grasshoppers: 11 Steps

How to Use Beard Oil: 14 Steps

17 Ways to Cheat on a Test Using Clothing

5 Ways to Build a Good Relationship With Your Husband

How to Make a Paper Swan: 11 Steps

In-Text Citations: An Overview

In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited.

An in-text citation begins with the shortest piece of information that directs your reader to the entry in the works-cited list. Thus, it begins with what ever comes first in the entry: the author’s name or the title (or description) of the work. The citation can appear in your prose or in parentheses.

Citation in prose Naomi Baron broke new ground on the subject. Parenthetical citation At least one researcher has broken new ground on the subject (Baron). Work cited Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA , vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

When relevant, an in-text citation also has a second component: if a specific part of a work is quoted or paraphrased and the work includes a page number, line number, time stamp, or other way to point readers to the place in the work where the information can be found, that location marker must be included in parentheses.

Parenthetical citation According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (194).

The author or title can also appear alongside the page number or other location marker in parentheses.

Parenthetical citation Reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (Baron 194).

All in-text references should be concise. Avoid, for instance, providing the author’s name or title of a work in both your prose and parentheses.

Citation (incorrect) According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (Baron 194). Citation (correct) According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (194).

For more on what to include in an in-text citation and how to style it, see sections 6.3–6.30 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook ).

55 Comments

Brandi unruh 10 april 2021 at 11:04 am.

Hello! I am a high school English teacher trying to answer a question that came up during our research unit. I can’t seem to find a definitive answer online. When using a shortened title in an in-text citation, does an ellipsis need to be included? For example, if the title was “The Problem of Poverty in America: A Historical and Cultural Analysis”, would the in-text citation be (“The Problem of Poverty in America...”) or (“The Problem of Poverty in America”)? Thank you for your time and expertise!

Your e-mail address will not be published

Laura Kiernan 12 April 2021 AT 11:04 AM

No, an ellipsis would not be used in an in-text citation. We provide extensive guidance on shortening titles in 6.10 of the new ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

angel 10 May 2021 AT 02:05 PM

hii How to write an in text citation of an entry from encyclopedia which has an editor but no separate authors for each entry ?

William Feeler 11 May 2021 AT 01:05 PM

I see no mention of paragraph numbers for unpaginated prose or sections/lines for drama. are these practices gone?

Laura Kiernan 18 May 2021 AT 01:05 PM

This post provides a general overview of our approach to in-text citations. The complete guidelines appear in sections 6.1–6.30 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Vonceil Park 11 May 2021 AT 01:05 PM

Dear MLA Staff, A professor at my College demands students to provide paragraph number in the in-text citation for online articles that have no page number nor paragraph number. Do we just count the paragraph number and put them in the parenthesis, for example: (para. 3)?

Laura Kiernan 18 May 2021 AT 12:05 PM

Thank you for your question. Your approach to modifying our style in accordance with your professor's instructions works, but we would suggest confirming that styling with your professor.

Arathi Babu 17 May 2021 AT 08:05 AM

How to write an in text citation of an unsigned entry from a reference work?

Laura Kiernan 08 June 2021 AT 11:06 AM

If the entry was in a print work, the in-text citation would include the entry’s title or a shortened version of the entry’s title and the page number of the quotation. If the entry was in a reference work without page numbers, the in-text citation should just contain the title or shortened title of the entry.

Sethu 17 May 2021 AT 02:05 PM

For example: Can I give an in-text citation like the following: Shakespeare, in his work Hamlet, quotes: "To be or not to be" (7).

For citing commonly studied verse works, see 6.22 in the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Trinity Klein 21 May 2021 AT 11:05 AM

Can you please help with proper in-text citation placement for an embedded quotation? Does the citation come immediately after the quotation or at the very end of the sentence? For example, is this correct: He asks her to take him home “in the voice of a child afraid of the dark” which comes as a shock to Scout because he has so long held a bold and rebellious reputation (372). Or should the (372) come immediately after ...dark"...? Thank you!

For more information about the placement of a parenthetical citations, see 6.43 in the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Karima 30 May 2021 AT 05:05 PM

Dear MLA staff, 1) In case i am quoting from multiple sources by the same author, am i required to introduce again the source i am quoting from in the beginning of my sentence? (Quotes are used in multiple paragraphs)

For guidance on citing multiple sources by the same author, see 6.8 in the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Yves 23 June 2021 AT 06:06 PM

Hello, is there a specific rule about how to format a range of page numbers in the parenthetical citation? For example, could (Eden 44-45) be written as (Eden 44-5), or is only one example correct?

Laura Kiernan 24 September 2021 AT 02:09 PM

For information about styling number ranges, see section 2.139 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Faliravo 11 August 2021 AT 05:08 AM

Good morning MLA team, My professor insists that I include the year of publication for in-text citations. Is it going to be okay if I insert the year between the author and the page number?

Thank you very much for your consideration.

Laura Kiernan 24 September 2021 AT 01:09 PM

Your approach to modifying our style in accordance with your professor’s instructions works, but we would suggest confirming that styling with your professor.

Pauline 14 September 2021 AT 11:09 PM

How do I cite an entire work. For example, if I want to say Toni Morrison's the "Bluest Eye" has been used as a textbook for many English literature classes, I suppose I shouldn't put any page number in the parenthetical citation. But I can't find any MLA references on this.

See section 4.14 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

myron glassenberg 04 February 2022 AT 01:02 PM

if source is the whole book, how do I cite in text and in works cited pages. e.g. freud (no page number) Freud , ( 1892) The Pleasure Principle.

Rita Rozzi 20 September 2023 AT 07:09 PM

There is no section 4.14 in the ninth edition. Do you have any updated information? Thank you.

Laura Kiernan 21 September 2023 AT 03:09 PM

Section 4.14, which is titled "Passing Mentions," can be found in chapter 4 of the ninth edition of the handbook.

Lauren McFall 13 October 2021 AT 02:10 PM

Students often refer to the same source consecutively across more than one sentence. I'm having a hard time finding information about the preferred approach according to the MLA. As a parallel, APA makes a specific recommendation - "cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the source remains clear and unchanged" https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/appropriate-citation

Laura Kiernan 20 October 2021 AT 04:10 PM

See 6.45 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Ruth Schafer 01 December 2022 AT 07:12 PM

6.45 out of the MLA Handbook's ninth edition does not provide an example of how to cite a multi-sentence paraphrase when using an unpaginated source. Can you give an example of how to cite a multi-sentence paraphrase where the source does not have published page numbering?

Should I introduce the source in my prose and then again at the end of the multi-sentence paraphrase in parentheses when I have finished citing the paraphrase? Example: John Smith from Smith Architecture explains that crawl space foundations are...blah blah blah. These foundations are most commonly used in midwestern constructions where the frost line is...blah, blah, blah. Keep writing the paraphrase and then at the end of the final sentence instead of a page citation write the author's last name (Smith). This way if you switch to a different source, at least the reader knows that you have finished with the Smith source and have moved on to your own commentary or another source's information. Usually, I'd use a page citation at the end of the paraphrase, but when dealing with a source that does not have page numbering, I'm unsure what to do.

Lizzie 18 October 2021 AT 10:10 PM

If I only use textual evidence from the novel I'm examining, do I need to include the authors name with each in text citation? There are no other works cited, so it seems redundant/clutter-y to me

Kayden 29 October 2021 AT 05:10 PM

If I'm trying to cite multiple paragraphs from the same source would it be correct to say (par. 3 and 13) or should it be (par. 3, 13) and is it different if they are next to each other too like (par. 6-7) or (par. 6 and 7).

Laura Kiernan 04 November 2021 AT 11:11 AM

See sections 6.18–6.20 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Rachel 17 November 2021 AT 01:11 PM

When citing from an online source without pagination, if you include the author's name in the introduction to the quote, do you need to include anything in parentheses like the article title?

Laura Kiernan 22 November 2021 AT 12:11 PM

See section 6.26 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

July 25 November 2021 AT 05:11 PM

When quoting an online source (e.g. a website), do I have to indicate the fact that it's an online source in the in-text-citations as in (Name [online]) or is the author's name enough?

Thank you in advance for your answer.

Laura Kiernan 29 November 2021 AT 10:11 AM

According to MLA style, an in-text citation for an online work should not note that the work is online.

Pinkie 19 March 2022 AT 08:03 PM

If I'm writing a response paper, and I need to summarize the whole article to introduce it, then should I use in-text citation?

Laura Kiernan 25 March 2022 AT 01:03 PM

For guidance on paraphrasing, see sections 4.5–4.8 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Kay 09 April 2022 AT 06:04 PM

Hi, am I supposed to include the DOI when one is available in the citation? If I cite the print version of a journal article that has a DOI, still include the DOI in the citation? Thank you!

Laura Kiernan 11 April 2022 AT 11:04 AM

Thank you for your questions. For guidance on including a DOI in your works-cited-list entry, see sections 5.84 and 5.93 in the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Mike 16 April 2022 AT 05:04 PM

Website in-text Citation...

When I'm writing an in-text citation for a website, I'm seeing all manner of different things to include. Do I need to add the author name and year of publishing for the article?\ Do I just need the website name? I'm not really understanding what I need to add or obtain for such a citation within the text I'm writing.

I'm writing a book on my life, and I'm quoting a particular webpage to show one particular angle of an argument I'm making, and, of course, it's not common knowledge, so I want to make sure that I follow all the rules for this kind of thing, so I don't get in trouble with the author(s) of the sources I have quoted from...

Laura Kiernan 18 April 2022 AT 02:04 PM

Thank you for your questions about MLA style. For guidance on in-text citations for web pages, see section 6.26 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Cynthia 21 May 2022 AT 10:05 PM

When you're doing an In-text citations do you put the quotations over the chapter title and then quotations over what you get from the text or do you italicize the title?

Laura Kiernan 25 May 2022 AT 03:05 PM

Thank you for your question. For guidance on how to style chapter titles, see 2.109 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Napatsi 15 August 2022 AT 07:08 PM

I'm trying to find how to put in the in-text citation for a UN declaration article but can only find the "Resolutions of International Governing Bodies" on page 446 of the 9th edition but not how to out it in without an author.

Kim 27 September 2022 AT 12:09 PM

I'm quoting a passage from an unpublished manuscript, and it is not the only work I'm citing by the author, but the only one without a year. So using "Smith 1995, 82" is not possible. What would an in-text citation for this case look like?

Jen 17 November 2022 AT 08:11 PM

How do I cite a news cast for in-text citation like ABC News?

Samantha 04 December 2022 AT 05:12 PM

Hi, For MLA format, should a quote where you need to de-capitalize the first letter be written as "you want" or "(y)ou want". Thanks!

Laura Kiernan 07 December 2022 AT 01:12 PM

Thank you for your question. For guidance on how to indicate that you have lowercased the first letter of a quotation, see 6.56 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Maria Albeti 07 February 2023 AT 01:02 PM

Stewart, David W. Focus groups. In: Frey, B.B. (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation, vol. 2, pp. 687–692. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications 2018 In this case, how is the correct form to write, because the article is IN the the book?

Eros Karadzhov 15 February 2023 AT 02:02 PM

If we have a sentence that is a statement, but at the end we quote a question, which punctuation mark do we keep, the question mark or the period; maybe both? Example: (1) The author ends his poem with the following question on purpose: "Or does it explode?" (Hughes 11). (2) The author ends his poem with the following question on purpose: "Or does it explode" (Hughes 11)?

Which would be correct, or maybe both are wrong?

Thank you in advance!

Laura Kiernan 16 February 2023 AT 03:02 PM

Thank you for your question. For guidance on quotations ending in a question mark, see section 6.53 of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Anonymous 08 March 2023 AT 05:03 PM

What about online articles with no known author or multiple authors? What should the in-text citation look like?

Maria 25 March 2023 AT 04:03 PM

Please settle a dispute with my colleagues. I encourage composition students to avoid listing the title of journal articles within the essay unless it is especially relevant because it clutters their arguments. I came to this conclusion from my interpretation of this statement from MLA: "All in-text references should be concise. Avoid, for instance, providing the author’s name or title of a work in both your prose and parentheses." Could someone please provide an answer or further clarification?

Erika Suffern 30 March 2023 AT 04:03 PM

You are right to identify a principle of concision in our guidelines. That said, it is not wrong to mention a title in prose, but it should be done, as you note, when relevant–not as a de rigeur practice or for “filler.” As Eric Hayot notes in The Elements of Academic Style: Writing for the Humanities (Columbia UP, 2014), “giving the title” in prose “suggests fuller forthcoming treatment” (159). Another reason for including the title in prose might be to call attention to something about it. Many writers who do mention a title in prose fear having an incomplete citation and are tempted also to include the title in a parenthetical reference, which is unnecessary.

Jay 29 April 2023 AT 12:04 AM

How do I in-text cite a direct quote from the introduction of an ebook with no page numbers? Would I write (Author "Introduction") or just write (Author)?

Kiara 11 February 2024 AT 03:02 PM

Hello! I am a university student who is currently creating works cited entries and in-text citations for a reflection essay. How do I properly cite professor and peer comments?

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MLA In-text Citations - The Basics

In MLA, referring to the works of others within text of your paper is done using parenthetical citations . This means placing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as seen below, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD)
upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page. This is so your reader can connect your in-text citation to the right line in your Works cited page.
Be sure to check the full selection of examples for in-text citations below, they vary slightly depending on the type of source you are citing.

MLA in-text citations

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads . Oxford UP, 1967.

While the above is the general rule, there are some variations depending on the source of the quote or paraphrase. Here are a few examples, but please review the MLA Manual of Style for more detailed and specific information about in-text citations.

In-text citations by type

Print Sources - Known author
Print Sources - Corporate author
Print Sources - No known author
Classic works with multiple editions
Works in an anthology
Multiple authors
Multiple works by same author
Multivolume works
Web sources

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3).
Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method . University of California Press, 1966.

Climate change is now "an important factor in developing new engineering systems" (EPA 321).
The EPA has stated in a recent study, Climate change is now " an important factor in developing new engineering systems" (321).

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name, following these guidelines.

Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article), or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number if it is available.

Titles that are longer than a standard noun phrase should be shortened into a noun phrase by excluding articles. For example, To the Lighthouse would be shortened to just Lighthouse .

If the title cannot be easily shortened into a noun phrase, the title should be cut after the first clause, phrase, or punctuation:

The world needs to act to reverse climate change, because it "is here, and it’s causing a wide range of impacts that will affect virtually every human on Earth in increasingly severe ways. . . ." ("Climate Impacts").

"Climate Impacts." Union of Concerned Scientists . 2022. www.ucsusa.org/climate/impacts. Accessed 24 Mar. 2022.

Page numbers are always required, but additional information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto .

In these cases, give the page number from your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:

Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).

Relativity's theoretical foundations can be traced to earlier work by Faraday and Maxwell (Einstein 782).

For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:

Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).
The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).

For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al (which means "and others")

According to Franck et al., “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).
The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).

Citing two articles by the same author:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).

Citing two books by the same author:

Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" ( Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another" ( A Writer Teaches Writing 3).

**Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the page number(s):

Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).

. . . as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).

In your first parenthetical citation referencing the bible, you want to make clear which bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter, and verse. For example:

Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle ( New Jerusalem Bible , Ezek. 1.5-10).

If future references are to the same edition of the bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation:

John of Patmos echoes this passage when describing his vision (Rev. 4.6-8).

For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:

Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
Do not provide paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function.
Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com, as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.
One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo "has become notorious for its near-failure and many obstacles" (Taylor, “Fitzcarraldo”)
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Book Citations / Learn how to cite “Notes on ‘Camp’” by Susan Sontag

Learn how to cite “Notes on ‘Camp’” by Susan Sontag

Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for Notes on ‘Camp’ by Susan Sontag using the examples below. Notes on Camp is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others.

If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator .

Popular Citation Styles

Here are Notes on Camp citations for five popular citation styles: MLA, APA, Chicago (notes-bibliography), Chicago (author-date), and Harvard style.

Additional Styles

Here are Notes on Camp citations for 14 popular citation styles including Turabian style, the American Medical Association (AMA) style, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style, IEEE, and more.

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COMMENTS

How to Cite a Lecture in MLA (8th Edition)
Revised on March 5, 2024. In MLA style, the following format is used to cite a lecture or speech. MLA format. Speaker last name, First name. " Lecture Title .". Course or Event Name, Day Month Year, Venue, City. MLA Works Cited entry. Dent, Gina. "Anchored to the Real: Black Literature in the Wake of Anthropology.".
MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics
In-text citations: Author-page style. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the ...
Class Notes and Presentations
MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): Class Notes and Presentations. Discover the ins and outs of MLA citation ... Writing an Annotated Bibliography ; Academic Honesty and Citation; In-Text Citation; How Do I Cite? Toggle Dropdown. Books ; Charts, Graphs, Images, and Tables ; Class Notes and Presentations ... It may be useful to cite ...
How to Cite a Lecture in MLA
To create a reference page citation, do the following: Write the speaker's name in last name, first name format with a period following. List the title or a description of the lecture in quotations with a period following. Write the name of the course with a comma following. Write the date that the event was held in day, month, year format ...
Citing lectures, speeches, or conference proceedings: MLA (9th ed
A conference proceeding is the published record of a conference, congress, symposium, or other meeting sponsored by a society or association. The document will look similar to an article or book chapter (and it may in fact be a chapter in a book). To cite a conference proceeding, provide the same information as when citing a book or article ...
MLA Citation Guide (8th Edition): Class Notes & Presentations
English 110, 15 Jan. 2019, Capilano University. Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. Note: if you know the slide number, include it in your in-text citation. If not, leave it out. Learn more: See MLA Handbook, p. 52 for examples of descriptions at the end of citations. P. 70 shows that course title are not italicized.
How do I cite an online lecture from a course I'm ...
Video recording. If the lecture has a title, use that in place of the generic description in the example above. In the text of your essay, provide time stamps as in-text citations for all quotations from the lecture. See also our posts on citing online lectures and on citing presentations posted on learning management systems.
Research Guides: MLA 9 Citation Guide: Class Lecture/Notes
Lectures and Class Notes. This format can be used if citing a set of notes from a lecture (e.g. PowerPoint slides provided by the instructor). If you want to cite something from a lecture that was not included in a set of lecture notes, you would use the format for a personal communication (see the format for an interview, for example). Author ...
MLA Style (9th Edition) Citation Guide: How to Cite: Other
Introduction to MLA Style; How to Cite: Common Sources Toggle Dropdown. Journal Articles ... Lecture Notes (taken by a student or otherwise not public) ... Cited List Example: Aihiokhai, Simon. "Christian Spirituality." THE 105, 18 Jan. 2017, University of Portland. Class lecture. In-Text Citation Example: (Instructor's Last Name) Example ...
MLA Citation Guide: Class Notes & Presentations
Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. In-Text Citation Example. (Instructor's Last Name) Example: (Paulson, slide 5) Note: if you know the slide number, include it in your in-text citation. If not, leave it out. Learn more: See MLA Handbook, p. 52 for examples of descriptions at the end of citations. P.70 shows that course titles are not italicized.
MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Class Notes and Presentations
Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. In-Text Citation. (Instructor's Last Name) Example: (Paulson, slide 5) Note: if you know the slide number, include it in your in-text citation. If not, leave it out. Learn more: See MLA Handbook, p. 52 for examples of descriptions at the end of citations. P.70 shows that course titles are not italicized.
How to Cite a Lecture
Continue your citation with the venue name, the date, and the city where the event occured, separated by commas. Place a final period after the city. State the date on which the lecture was conducted, followed by a period. The complete date should be written in the international format (i.e., day-month-year).
MLA: Lecture Notes and Personal Communication
A guide to using the MLA referencing system for in-text citations and reference lists. ... MLA: Lecture Notes and Personal Communication. ... In-Text Example: Works Cited Example: Lecture (Stengos) Stengos, T. Lecture. ECON4640 Applied Econometrics, 28 Mar. 2003, University of Guelph. ...
MLA Citation Guide (MLA 9th Edition): In-Text Citation
The basic rule is that in both your Works-Cited List and in-text citation you will still cite Kirkey. Kirkey will appear in your Works Cited list - NOT Smith. Add the words "qtd. in" to your in-text citation. Examples of in-text citations: According to a study by Smith (qtd. in Kirkey) 42% of doctors would refuse to perform legal euthanasia.
How To Cite A Lecture In MLA ~ Format & Examples
Example. Franklin, Joby. "Evangelical Mysteries of the Twentieth Century.". Add the name of the host class or organization name. You can use the class name and course number if you are citing a lecture course. If the class has a subtitle, include that as well and use a colon between the title and subtitle.
LibGuides: MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Class Handouts
Note: Sources that are linked on Moodle, rather than uploaded as a file such as a PDF, do not need to list Moodle as a container. Cite linked sources according to the guidelines for that kind of source (such as a journal article from a library database). The MLA Style Center has more guidance on citing online handouts and readings.Keep in mind that this guidance was produced for the 8th ...
3 Ways to Cite Lecture Notes
2. MLA (Modern Language Association) Style. To cite lecture notes in MLA format, treat them as any other source and create an entry for your Works Cited page: Author's last name, first name. "Title of Lecture.". Course name or number, Date of Lecture, Location (if applicable), Your school. Example: Smith, John. "Environmental ...
MLA In-Text Citations
3.4. ( 141) An in-text citation is a reference to a source that is found within the text of a paper ( Handbook 227). This tells a reader that an idea, quote, or paraphrase originated from a source. MLA in-text citations usually include the last name of the author and the location of cited information. This guide focuses on how to create MLA in ...
In-Text Citations: An Overview
In-Text Citations: An Overview. by Modern Language Association. In-text citations are brief, unobtrusive references that direct readers to the works-cited-list entries for the sources you consulted and, where relevant, to the location in the source being cited. An in-text citation begins with the shortest piece of information that directs ...
MLA In-Text Citations
MLA in-text citations. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself ...
Cite Notes on Camp
Citation Generator. Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for Notes on 'Camp' by Susan Sontag using the examples below. Notes on Camp is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others. If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation ...

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MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

Basic in-text citation rules

In-text citations: Author-page style

In-text citations for print sources with known author

In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author

In-text citations for sources with non-standard labeling systems

In-text citations for print sources with no known author

Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions

Author-page citation for works in an anthology, periodical, or collection

Citing authors with same last names

Citing a work by multiple authors

Citing multiple works by the same author

Citing multivolume works

Citing the Bible

Citing indirect sources

Citing transcripts, plays, or screenplays

Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

Miscellaneous non-print sources

Electronic sources

Multiple citations

Time-based media sources

When a citation is not needed

Other Sources

Citing lectures, speeches, or conference proceedings: MLA (9th ed.) citation guide

Lecture, speech, reading or address

Parenthetical (in-text)

Works cited

An online recording of a live presentation

Conference proceedings

Parenthetical (in-text)

Works cited

A single presentation

Still using MLA 8?

MLA Citation Guide (8th Edition): Class Notes & Presentations

On This Page: Class Lectures, Handouts & Presentations

Class Lecture Heard in Person

Instructor's Presentation Slides (e.g., PowerPoint)

MLA 9 Citation Guide

Lectures and Class Notes

MLA Style (9th Edition) Citation Guide: How to Cite: Other

Table of Contents

Dissertations

Lecture Notes (taken by a student or otherwise not public)

Music Score

Twitter (Tweets)

Conference Proceedings or Paper

Jazz Discography (by Tom Lord)

Lippincott Advisor (7th ed)

Mintel or Other Corporate Report

Mobile Application Software (App)

Sound recording / Booklet from Naxos Music Library

MLA Citation Guide: Class Notes & Presentations

Abbreviating Months

Instructor's Presentation Slides (e.g. PowerPoint)

Class Lecture Heard in Person

Instructor's Notes or Handout Provided In Class

Article from Course Pack Prepared by Instructor

MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Class Notes and Presentations

On This Page

MLA Handbook

Abbreviating Months

Using the Library

Subject Guides

MLA Lecture Citation

How to cite a lecture in a bibliography using MLA

Lecture with a title:

Lecture from a course:

Referencing style - MLA: Lecture Notes and Personal Communication

Lecture Notes and Personal Communication

CONTENT LICENCE

Staff & Students