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Black Panther: an Analysis of Its Historical and Cultural Context

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Published: Jan 29, 2024

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Introduction, the historical and cultural context of "black panther", analysis of themes and symbolism, character analysis, social and political commentary.

Coates, T. (2018). "The Black Panther Chronicles: A True History of Wakanda". Black Panther (2018).
Larsen, P. (2018). "Black Panther". Marvel Comics.
Palmer, C. (2019). "The Inclusive Filmmaking Revolution Keeps Growing in Hollywood". Vanity Fair.
Paterra, S. (2019). "The Historical Significance of Wakanda". Time.
Phinney, M. (2019). "History and Representations of the Black Panther Party". Journal of Pan African Studies.

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The Real History Behind the Black Panther

By: Ryan Mattimore

Updated: October 2, 2023 | Original: February 15, 2018

The film Black Panther , starring the late Chadwick Boseman, broke ticket-sale records in 2018. But the Black Panther character first appeared in comic book pages decades before the hit film. Marvel Comics' first Black superhero debuted in Marvel’s “Fantastic 4” comic in 1966 , and became a member of the Avengers two years later. By 1977, the groundbreaking superhero was starring in his own comic.

The series centers on T’Challa, king of Wakanda, and the wealthiest fictional character in the Marvel universe. Unlike many other heroes, T’Challa inherits his mantle from his father T’Chaka (the previous king), and gains his powers—including super acute senses and enhanced strength and speed—from a combination of skill, divine favor and a special herb.

In a 1990 interview with The Comics Journal , co-creator Jack Kirby described why he created the character: “I came up with the Black Panther because I realized I had no Blacks in my strip…I had a lot of Black readers. My first friend was…Black! And here I was ignoring them because I was associating with everybody else.”

Fantastic Four #52, where Black Panther was first featured. (Image courtesy of LiveAuctioneers.com and Heritage Auctions)

Black Panther’s story originates in the fictional nation of Wakanda, touted in the comic as the only African country that was never colonized—though many tried. Over the years, observers have drawn real-world parallels between Wakanda and Ethiopia, which was never officially colonized, but was occupied by Italy in the 1930s.

Without outside powers extracting its resources, or imposing exploitative policies, Wakanda flourishes and becomes the most technologically advanced country on Earth, rich in natural resources such as the fictional element Vibranium. (Sound familiar? It’s what Captain America’s shield is made of.)

To understand more about “Black Panther” and the history it reflects, HISTORY spoke with author Adilifu Nama, author of Super Black: American Pop Culture and Black Superheroes .

HISTORY: Why is ‘Black Panther’ so significant?

Adilifu Nama: What makes the Black Panther such a significant figure in American popular culture—as well as Black popular culture—is its groundbreaking representation of Blackness as more than a stereotypical and racist trope of inferiority. We have to keep in mind the historical context of the superhero’s first emergence—in 1966, against the backdrop of the civil rights and burgeoning Black Power movement. That becomes important because in many ways [the emergence of a Black superhero]…marks a racial transformation happening on a political and social level.

Talon fighter over Wakanda, from the movie Black Panter. (Credit: Marvel/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures/Everett)

What is the significance of the nation of Wakanda?

Wakanda symbolizes a wonderland of possibilities: What would have happened to a society not [affected] by the devastating impact of racism and colonialism? In that sense, the film is a beacon for the Black imagination…what Blackness could be in the future.

Why do you think this film resonated so widely?

I would argue that “Black Panther” as a film project is probably more attuned to being a Black science fiction film than a comic-book adaptation. The groundswell of buzz and anticipation, particularly across Black communities in the U.S. and world, was not a function of millions of comic-book readers that have followed the Black Panther in the various iterations you have in Marvel Comics. This film speaks to a broader pent-up demand and desire to see a science fiction version of Blackness that is on par with a “Star Wars." We’ve never seen this kind of visionary…African/Black representation of super science, and technological advancement and social standing outside the historical [context] of colonialism.

Black Panther. (Credit: Marvel/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures/Everett)

How do you think this character, who is such a product of the 1960s zeitgeist, resonates today?

[It is] such a strong allegory [of] our contemporary moment, given the way in which racial tensions—in American society in particular—have come to the forefront. Particularly in the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement and the comments by the president disparaging African nations, Black football players standing up by kneeling… Against that type of backdrop, films such as “Get Out” and “Black Panther” have a vivid resonance.

Do you think the film will retain the political aspects of the comic?

The comic is more symbolic and allegorical… The film has more…racial politics right in your face.

Which came first: The ‘Black Panther’ or the Black Panthers?

It’s complicated. Stokely Carmichael gave his famous “Black Power” speech at University of California, Berkeley, a few months after the character’s debut, and that fall founders Huey Newton and Bobby Seale named their movement the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense.

Aidlifu Nama goes on to note that the Black Panther Party borrowed its moniker from Alabama’s Lowndes County Freedom Organization, which had adopted a panther logo. To escape the name’s radical political connotations, Marvel tried having Black Panther go by “Black Leopard” in the early 1970s, but it didn’t stick. And, over the years, the “Black Panther” standalone comic did delve into politics, featuring the titular character fighting racist forces such as the Ku Klux Klan and the “Republic of Azania,” which was an allegory for apartheid South Africa.

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Vernon E. Jordan Law Library

A brief history of civil rights in the united states: the black panther party.

Get Involved
Jim Crow Era
Martin Luther King, Jr. and Non-Violent Demonstrations

The Black Panther Party

Desegregation
Civil Rights Acts (1964, 1968)
1965 Voting Rights Act
The War on Drugs and Mass Incarceration
The Obama Administration
The Black Lives Matter Movement
Women and the Vote
Women's Reproductive Rights
The Equal Rights Amendment
Feminism and Intersectionality
The Womanist Movement
The Stonewall Riots
Harvey Milk
National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights
The HIV/AIDS Epidemic
The 1990s, "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," and DOMA
Lawrence v. Texas
Proposition 8
Obergefell v. Hodges
Transgender Rights in the United States
Disability Rights in the 1960s and 70s
The Equal Education Movement
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
ADA Amendments Act of 2008
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Historical Overview - Immigration
Historical Actions Against Immigrants
Citizenship and Deportation
Rights of Immigrants
DACA and the DREAM Act
Refugees in the United States
Indigenous Peoples Prior to 1492
The Treaty Era (1778 - 1820)
The Removal Era (1820 - 1850)
The Reservation Era (1850 - 1887)
The Allotment and Assimilation Era (1887 - 1934)
The Self-Government Era (1934 - 1953)
The Termination Era (1953 - 1968)
The Self-Determination Era (1968 - Present)

Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale established The Black Panther Party (BPP) in Oakland, California in 1966. The organization––originally named the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense––first established neighborhood patrols and protected residents from police brutality. However, the black revolutionary party ultimately evolved into a Marxist revolutionary group that fought for African American weapon rights, exemption from “white American” sanctions, and financial compensation for years of racial exploitation. In addition to fighting for political and economic equality, the BPP became well known for providing access to medical clinics and free breakfasts for children.

At the organization’s peak in the late 1960’s, it had chapters in several major American cities. Out of the party’s 2,000+ members, some of the most renowned include the sole female chairman, Elaine Brown, as well as the notable leaders, Fred Hampton, Angela Davis, and Eldridge Cleaver.

From the beginning, the FBI considered the Black Panthers an enemy of the U.S. government. In their efforts to dismantle the party, the counterintelligence program, COINTELPRO, used a combination of sabotage and misinformation. The campaign against the BPP reached its climax in December 1969, when a Chicago police raid resulted in Hampton’s death. The FBI actions taken during this raid and a subsequent five-hour shoot-out at the BPP Southern California headquarters resulted in the agency‘s public apology for wrongful use of power. Hampton’s death, in particular, increased the resistance to the FBI efforts to demolish the party.

The influence of the Black Panther Party's campaign for civil rights continues to resonate with current social movements including Black Lives Matter.

Notable Supreme Court Cases:

Brazburg v. Hayes (1972) This case invalidated the use of the First Amendment as a defense for reporters summoned to testify before a grand jury after a reporter claimed he had the privilege to protect confidential informants and their information when we photographed the Black Panther Party Headquarters in anticipation of a police raid.
Hanrahan et. al. v. Hampton et. al. (1980) - This case arose when surviving members of the Black Panther party filed actions against 28 state and federal law enforcement officials who were involved in a 1969 Chicago police raid that killed two people. Because the respondents were not considered "prevailing parties," congress ultimately held they were ineligible for fees pendente lite .

Circuit and District Court Cases:

Black Panther Party v. Keho e (1974) - this decision ruled complaints filed with collection are exempt from mandatory public viewing requests.
Black Panther Party v. Smith (1981) - i n this case, Huey P. Newton and other BPP members sued the US and various government officials for unlawful conspiracy to destroy the BPP. The case was ultimately dismissed on the grounds the BPP had unjustifiably claimed a First Amendment privilege in their refusal to provide confidential information in response to interrogatories.

Selected Library Resources:

Curtis Austin, Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party, available as an eBook (2006) through Howard Libraries.
Carson Clayborne, The Black Panthers Speak, E185.615 .F58 2002
Samuel Joseph, Whose Revolution is This?: Gender's Divisive Role in The Black Panther Party, HeinOnline (for HUSL commun ity members only, require s HUSL credentials to access)
Gun-barrel politics: The Black Panther Party, 1966-1971. Ninety-Second Congressional Report, M332.4 Un3
Husain Lateef and David Androff, "Children Can't Learn on an Empty Stomach:" The Black Panthers' Free Breakfast Program , HeinOnline (for HUSL commun ity members only, require s HUSL credentials to access)
Jama Lazerow and Yohuru R. Williams, In Search of the Black Panther Party: new perspectives on a revolutionary movement, E185.615 I453 2006
Robyn Spencer, The Revolution has Come: Black power, gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland, available as an eBook (2016) through Howard Libraries
Dr. Huey P. Newton and David Hilliard, Black Panther Party: Service to the People Programs, HV3185 .O35 B55 2008 or Online Database Access (for HU community members only, requires HU credentials to access)
Charles E. Jones, The Black Panther party (reconsidered), E185.615 199
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Next: Desegregation >>
Last Updated: Jan 6, 2023 12:25 PM
URL: https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory

Entertainment

How The Black Panther Party Inspired a New Generation of Activists

F or the past half-century, depictions of the Black Panther Party in mainstream media have largely glossed over their ideas or their community activism. “They’ve been reduced to leather peacoats and shotguns,” Shaka King, the director of the new Black Panther-focused film Judas and the Black Messiah says. They’ve been called terrorists, fringe separatists, “wild beasts” and “the civil rights movement’s evil twin .” While the words of other Civil Rights activists like Martin Luther King, Jr., John Lewis and Malcolm X are widely read and revered, those of Huey Newton, Bobby Seale and Fred Hampton are taught and shared with far less frequency.

But if you ask many current activists fighting anti-Black racism and inequity today, they’ll tell you that the influence of the Black Panthers is immeasurable. “They exist as a continual barometer to measure ourselves against—both in terms of lessons that have been garnered as well as challenges in terms of where we can improve or deepen our analysis,” Aislinn Pulley, a co-founder of Black Lives Matter (BLM) Chicago and a co-executive director of the Chicago Torture Justice Center, says.

On Feb. 11, a further re-examination of their work and legacy will be spurred anew by Judas and the Black Messiah , which tells the story of Hampton and the Chicago Panthers as they work to organize, educate and feed their community while being mercilessly hunted by the FBI. While this history might be new to many, it isn’t to the activists who have inherited many aspects of their work from the Panthers: their socialist ideals, focus on grassroots organizing, language about white supremacy and visual tactics. On a larger scale, some of the ideas that the Black Panthers espoused—including prison abolition—have begun making their way into mainstream discourse. Here are the ways in which their legacy lives on.

Policing the Police

Countering police brutality was at the core of the Black Panthers’ mission. One of the central catalysts for their formation was the death of Matthew Johnson, an unarmed Black 16-year-old who was shot to death by police in San Francisco in 1966. In order to monitor police and discourage similar events from happening, Black Panther founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale devised a strategy in which they sent legally armed teams to observe police activity in Black neighborhoods.

At a time when much of the national discourse on police brutality centered on Southern cities with Jim Crow laws, the Panthers’ actions in ostensibly progressive cities were crucial toward a deeper national understanding of the depth and ubiquity of systemic racism. “There was no focus on police brutality in the North. The Panthers really put focus on what so many people, especially African Americans in the North, felt and knew,” Stanley Nelson, the filmmaker who directed the 2015 documentary The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution , says.

Black Lives Matter was formed under similar circumstances, following the acquittal of George Zimmerman for killing the unarmed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in 2013. While technological advances have allowed activists to monitor police abuse with cell phones as opposed to weapons, Nelson says the underlying principle hasn’t changed. “We’re in the same moment, just in a different way,” he says. “In using camera phones so there can be no mistake about the police’s actions, there’s a direct line from the Black Panthers following the police around and observing their arrests.”

The Panthers’ emphasis on policing extended to the carceral system and the disproportionate jailing of Black men. “We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails,” reads one of the bullet points of the Panther’s party platform, known as the Ten-Point Program. In 1970, they proposed reorganizing the police toward a communal volunteer system. Angela Davis , who was affiliated with the Panthers’ Los Angeles chapter, stumped for prison reform and a reimagining of what the carceral system could look like.

Over the past several decades, Fred Hampton’s son, Fred Hampton Jr., has taken up his father’s mantle of activism in his leadership of the Black Panther Party Cubs. This summer, the group was particularly active in calling attention to the ways in which they felt the coronavirus outbreak in Chicago’s Cook County jail—which was the nation’s largest COVID-19 hotspot in April—was an the extension of the jail’s long history of oppression and violence. “We see prison as a microcosm of our community,” Hampton Jr. says. “Chairman Fred himself was held there. Last summer, the state was literally turning Cook County into an open casket.”

As coronavirus outbreaks raged in prisons across the country, protesters took to the streets demanding the end of police brutality, the defunding of police or outright abolition . While the idea of abolition has proved very controversial politically, an ABC/Ipsos poll taken last June showed a majority of Americans supported the redirection of funds from police to other services. “The fight back against police repression that the Panthers engaged in hugely has underpinnings of abolition,” Aislinn Pulley says.

The Rise of Mutual Aid

While the Panthers fought against police brutality, they also invested heavily in community organizing and aid. Their free breakfast program fed thousands of hungry kids before school; they set up health clinics, child development centers and food pantries. They handled pest control, gave away coats and shoes in the winter, and started a free bus route to prisons for people to visit their incarcerated family members or loved ones.

And over the past few years and especially since the coronavirus, the concept of mutual aid , in which communities band together to unite in common struggle and provide help for the most vulnerable among them, has grown in popularity. Networks have sprung up in various cities to deliver groceries, cover rent and more. One of those is the People’s Survival Program in Jacksonville, Fla., which has existed since 2017, collecting food donations, educating those in need about social services and making public record requests for body camera footage. “The Black Panther Party really set me on a trajectory towards what it looks like to organize in the community,” Michael Sampson II, the executive director of the Jacksonville Community Action Committee , which runs the program, says.

Education was also a key part of the Black Panthers’ mission: they started “liberation schools” that mixed traditional subjects like math and science with teachings about Black history and racial inequity . Current activists have embraced this emphasis on education: Noname, a rapper and activist, has a book club which has included Black Panther Party readings and materials, while Colin Kaepernick hosted a free youth camp in 2016 based on the Panthers’ 10-point plan, focusing on the history of policing and human rights. In Chicago, Pulley hopes to integrate more educational aspects into the fabric of the Black Lives Matter organization. “Rigorous study was a big, big part of membership criteria for the Panthers,” Pulley says. “That’s certainly an area where we have a lot of growth that needs to happen.”

Image Control

It’s no accident that the image of the Black Panther Party remains so deeply embedded in the cultural consciousness. Party leaders like Huey Newton were keenly aware of the power images had in raising an organization’s profile and constructing a visual mythos. Eldridge Cleaver, for instance, helped devise an imposing image of a seated Huey P. Newton that would come to define the movement for years to come; decades later, it was even replicated in a poster for the Marvel film Black Panther .

The organization’s newspaper, The Black Panther , likewise placed a heavy emphasis on its visuals, prominently featuring Emory Douglas’ blaring comic strips and illustrations. Those illustrations are now cited as a key influence by many younger artists, who are emblazoning similar types of designs on streetwear and urban murals. The artist Fresco Steez—whose “Stop Killing Black People” masks were worn at protests across the country last summer, including by Rep. Ilhan Omar— recently announced a collection with Levi’s that includes her own take on the Black Panther logo. “We’re not just talking about Black history, we’re talking about Black futures,” she wrote in a press release . “The future that we are moving towards is in a long tradition of Black people building power in uprising and political struggle.”

In recent years, Black Panther visual mythology has also made its way into sports and pop culture. At the 2018 Super Bowl, Beyoncé performed at the halftime show with her dancers sporting Pantheresque black berets. (This iconography drew plenty of outrage, including from the executive director of the National Sheriffs’ Association, who accused her of “inciting bad behavior.”) And after NBA star Russell Westbrook was taunted by a fan with what he termed was “racial” and “disrespectful” abuse during a 2019 game in Utah, Jazz and Nets players turned up to a following game wearing t-shirts with a Fred Hampton quote: “You don’t fight racism with racism, you fight racism with solidarity.”

Female Leadership

While the most widely shared images of the Black Panthers are of men, women played an essential role in the party, making up at least two-thirds of the organization by the end of the 1960s . Elaine Brown edited the Party’s newspaper and led the entire organization from 1974 to 1977. Other women were involved at all levels of organizing; they fought for more inclusive understandings of Black Power, armed themselves and led many of the party’s most successful community programs. (One of those women is the writer and activist Akua Njeri, who is portrayed by Dominique Fishback in Judas and the Black Messiah .)

Black Lives Matter was founded by three women— Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza and Opal Tometi —and many of its leaders across the country are female. Pulley says that a chant written by former Panther Assata Shakur is routinely used to close out Black Lives Matter actions and meetings. “We continue to learn from them: they have enormous experiential wisdom, which is really huge, especially because historical amnesia and erasure are very commonplace,” Pulley says of the Panther women.

Continued Impact

Many activists acknowledge that the Panthers were neither a monolith nor perfect: they were plagued, at various points, by infighting, sexism and violence. “Sometimes they said things we just cringed from,” Nelson says. But Michael Sampson II says that “what we’ve learned from the Panthers is much greater than the failures of what they’ve done.” And many of their ideals continue to reverberate and gain steam. Their call for reparations has been re-energized by the writings of Ta-Nehisi Coates and congressional candidates who have recently made it a part of their campaigns . While the word socialism alone still rankles many Americans—just like it did when the Panthers championed it—polls have shown that support for some form of socialism has increased over the last decade. Hampton’s Rainbow Coalition, in which he united disenfranchised Black, Hispanic and white organizing groups, has inspired activists like Pulley to form alliances across demographic lines in class solidarity. And long before Andrew Yang was espousing universal basic income , the Black Panthers wrote in their Ten-Point Program: “We believe that the federal government is responsible and obligated to give every man employment or a guaranteed income.”

“When the Panthers came out, so many people wondered what they were talking about,” Nelson says. “But we can go down the demands of the Ten-Point Program, one by one, and so many people would agree with all of them.”

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