chinese food composition table

Food type, subtype, and examples from China Food Composition Table 2002 and 2004.

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Chinese Food Composition Tables: An annotated translation of the 1981 edition published by the Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis : an Official Publication of the United Nations University, International Network of Food Data Systems , 01 Jan 1990 , 3(3): 191-434 https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-1575(90)90026-i   AGR: FNI91002500 

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Br J Nutr , 76(6):809-820, 01 Dec 1996

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Dietary fiber composition of selected foods in the People's Republic of China.

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J Food Compost Anal , 4(4):293-303, 01 Dec 1991

Cited by: 2 articles | AGR: FNI92001414

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China Food Composition Table (2002 No. 1)(Chinese Edition) Paperback – January 1, 2000

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• Language English
• Publisher Beijing Medical University Pub. Date :2009-01-01 version 1
• Publication date January 1, 2000
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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Beijing Medical University Pub. Date :2009-01-01 version 1 (January 1, 2000)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 7810711806
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• Published: 28 July 2020

Interventions and public health nutrition

Energy intake and energy contributions of macronutrients and major food sources among Chinese adults: CHNS 2015 and CNTCS 2015

• Hongru Jiang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0747-6111 1   na1 ,
• Ji Zhang 2   na1 ,
• Wenwen Du 1 ,
• Chang Su 1 ,
• Bing Zhang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8399-9061 1 &
• Huijun Wang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8064-4564 1  

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume  75 ,  pages 314–324 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Excessive energy intake and unbalanced food choices are major health concerns associated with obesity and related chronic diseases. This study evaluates the levels of dietary energy intake and the energy contributions of macronutrients, major food sources, and various eating occasions and processed food among Chinese adults.

The study examined a cross-sectional sample from CHNS and CNTCS 2015 that used three 24 h recalls and calculated energy intake and food sources based on the China Food Composition Table. After excluding extreme values, the analyses included 11,974 subjects aged 18–64.

The estimated energy intake was 2063.3 kcal/d (2243.8 kcal/d for males and 1902.4 kcal/d for females), and 39.1% of subjects met the gender-age-PA-based Estimated Energy Requirement. The proportion of energy from fats was 35.8% without significant age or gender differences. Adults of lower socioeconomic statuses, indicated by lower education levels and lower household incomes per capita, consumed lower percentages of energy from fats and higher percentages from carbohydrates. The study population as a whole reported an average energy density of 1.88 kcal/g and an energy contribution from restaurant foods of 1.8%.

Conclusions

The study reports a lower energy intake level than CHNS 2009. Adults living in southern China or urban areas, which are relatively developed regions, or with higher socioeconomic statuses consumed less energy from carbohydrates, moderate amounts from proteins, and more from fats, indicating a need for dietary guidelines or interventions that take into account socio-demographic factors.

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The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available in http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china .

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Acknowledgements

This research uses data from the CHNS and the CNTCS. We appreciate the efforts of more than 1500 field investigators from 15 provinces and the support of all of the subjects.

The CNTCS received funding from Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (NO. 13103110700015005). The present study is also sponsored by Carolina Population Center (P2CHD050924, T32 HD007168), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the NIH (R01-HD30880, DK056350, R24 HD050924, and R01-HD38700) and the NIH Fogarty International Center (D43 TW009077, D43 TW007709) for financial support for the CHNS data collection and analysis files from 1989 to 2015 and future surveys.

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These authors contributed equally: Hongru Jiang, Ji Zhang

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National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

Hongru Jiang, Wenwen Du, Chang Su, Bing Zhang & Huijun Wang

Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China

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Jiang, H., Zhang, J., Du, W. et al. Energy intake and energy contributions of macronutrients and major food sources among Chinese adults: CHNS 2015 and CNTCS 2015. Eur J Clin Nutr 75 , 314–324 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0698-0

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Received : 07 December 2019

Revised : 18 June 2020

Accepted : 14 July 2020

Published : 28 July 2020

Issue Date : February 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0698-0

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Twenty-Five-Year Trends in Dietary Patterns among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2015

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Poor dietary habits have been shown to be associated with a range of chronic diseases and can potentially be a major contributor to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) mortality. We therefore aimed to identify the prevailing dietary patterns among Chinese adults and to evaluate trends in dietary patterns from 1991 to 2015. We used data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis of data from three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. We studied 29,238 adults aged 18 and above with complete demo-graphic and dietary data. Three distinct dietary patterns were identified: southern (high intakes of rice, vegetables, and pork), modern (high intakes of fruits, dairy products, cakes, cookies, and pastries), and meat (high intakes of organ meats, poultry, and other livestock meat). The southern pattern score decreased (mean ± SD scores in 1991: 0.11 ± 1.13; scores in 2015: −0.22 ± 0.93). The modern pattern score (mean ± SD scores in 1991: −0.44 ± 0.59; scores in 2015: 0.21 ± 1.01) and meat pattern score (mean ± SD scores in 1991: −0.18 ± 0.98; scores in 2015: 0.27 ± 0.91) increased. We observed that China has experienced a shift from traditional dietary patterns to western dietary patterns.

1. Introduction

In the past few decades, the national burden of diseases in China has shifted considerably from communicable, maternal, and neonatal diseases to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [ 1 ]. Poor dietary habits have been shown to be associated with a range of chronic diseases and can potentially be a major contributor to NCDs mortality [ 2 , 3 ]. Worldwide, dietary risks account for 12.2% of total disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for men and 9.0% of total DALYs for women [ 4 ]. Dietary factors are also the leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality among Chinese adults [ 1 , 5 ].

Because dietary intake is so complex, examining and assessing the total diet requires distinct approaches. Traditional dietary analyses have been limited by a focus on the relationship between individual nutrients or foods and diseases [ 6 ]. Therefore, dietary pattern analysis has emerged as an alternative, holistic approach that summarizes complex dietary data to render more practical and meaningful information than data on individual foods or nutrients for investigating diet–disease relationships [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].

China has experienced rapid social and economic development, which have had significant impacts on the traditional Chinese diet [ 10 ]. Ongoing monitoring of dietary habits can provide data for nutrition policy development and offer evidence of the impact of the nutrition transition occurring in China. Dietary patterns have been frequently assessed in Chinese studies [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. However, studies that assessed how the patterns change over time are considerably less frequent [ 19 ]. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify the prevailing dietary patterns among Chinese adults and to evaluate trends in dietary patterns from 1991 to 2015.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. study design and subjects.

We used data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), an ongoing large-scale, longitudinal, household-based survey initiated in 1989. The CHNS used a multistage random-cluster process to draw the sample in nine provinces from northeast to southwest: Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. We added three megacities (Beijing, Chongqing and Shanghai) in 2011 and three new provinces (Shaanxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang) in 2015. In total, the CHNS covered 15 provinces that varied in demography, geography, economic development, and public resources. The detailed design and sampling have been reported elsewhere [ 20 , 21 ].

For this study, we used data from nine waves of the survey conducted in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, and 2015. We excluded pregnant or lactating women, those having implausible energy intakes (<800 kilocalories (kcal) per day or >6000 kcal for men and <600 kcal or >4000 kcal for women), and those having unrealistic demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, and dietary data. Finally, our analysis included 29,238 adults aged 18 and above with 82,162 complete observations. The study was approved by the Institutional Review committees of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants provided their written, informed consent.

2.2. Dietary Measurements

Dietary intake was assessed with three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls (2 weekdays and 1 weekend day) in each wave of the CHNS. The participants were asked to report the kinds and amount of the food and beverage items that they consume both at home and away from home during the previous 24 h. Trained interviewers used standard forms to administer the name of food, amount, type of meal and place of consumption of all food items during the 24 h of the previous day in a household interview. The average intake of the three recalls was used for each individual.

2.3. Other Relevant Variables

A general questionnaire collected participants’ age, education, living areas, and cigarette smoking habits. Anthropometrical measurements were collected at community or village by well-trained health workers who followed a reference protocol recommended by the World Health Organization. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using height and weight measurements with one decimal place. In the present study, overweight/obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 24 kg/m 2 [ 22 ].

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Factor analysis was conducted to derive food patterns on the basis of 18 foods or food groups ( Table S1 ) of the Chinese Food Composition Table [ 23 ]. Mean intake (g/d) was used as the input value in the analysis. The factors were rotated by an orthogonal transformation (Varimax rotation function in SAS) to achieve a more simplistic structure with greater interpretability. In considering the number of factors to retain, we evaluated eigenvalues (>1), the scree plots, and the interpretability of the factors to determine which set of factors can most meaningfully describe distinct food patterns. Items were retained in a factor if they had an absolute correlation ≥ 0.25 with that factor. Factor loadings were calculated for each food group across the factors. A factor score was calculated for each subject for each of the factors, in which intakes of 18 food groups were weighted by their factor loadings and summed.

Trends in dietary pattern scores were assessed by linear regression, using dietary pattern score as the dependent variable and survey year as the independent variable. Per-year change in dietary pattern score (i.e., regression coefficient) was also calculated using linear regression. Adjustment was made for age, gender, educational level, BMI, living areas and current smoking. Trend analysis was also conducted after participants were stratified by these variables. Interactions between these variables and survey year were examined by adding the product term of the time and variable of stratification into the linear regression model. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS software package (version 9.3; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.

3.1. The Characteristics of the Participants

The characteristics of the participants in the analysis by survey year are given in Table 1 . Over the study period, the percentages of high school and above, overweight/obesity, and the mean age and BMI increased, while the percentage of current smoking decreased.

Characteristics of the participants of the CHNS from 1991 to 2015.

Values are means ± standard deviations unless otherwise indicated. For categorical variables, a Mantel–Haenszel chi-square test was used; for continuous variables, a linear trend test was used with the survey year as a continuous variable in linear regression. Defined based on BMI (kg/m 2 ): ≥24 for overweight/obesity.

3.2. Dietary Patterns

Factor analysis revealed three dietary patterns. The factor loadings of each pattern after orthogonal rotation are given in Table 2 . These three factors explained 28.9% of the variance in total food intake. Factor 1 was characterized by the food items rice, vegetables, and pork, and was named the southern pattern because it represents a typical traditional diet in South China. Factor 2, characterized by high intakes of fruits, dairy products, cakes, cookies, and pastries, was called the modern pattern. The third factor characterized by high intakes of organ meats, poultry and other livestock meat, was thus called the meat pattern.

Factor-loading matrix for dietary patterns identified by factor analysis among Chinese adults.

Absolute factor loadings ≥0.25 are presented for simplicity.

3.3. Trends in Dietary Patterns

The 25 y trends in the three dietary patterns, overall and according to different sociodemographic characteristics, are given in Table 3 , Table 4 and Table 5 . Positive scores indicate high adherence to the dietary pattern, whereas negative scores indicate low adherence. After adjustment for gender, age category, BMI, education, living areas, and current smoking, the southern pattern score decreased during the study period while the modern and meat pattern scores increased.

Trends for the southern pattern score among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2015.

Data are presented as mean ± SD. Adjustment was made for age, gender, educational level, BMI, living areas, and current smoking. A linear trend test was used with the survey year as a continuous variable in linear regression.

Trends for the modern pattern score among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2015.

Data are presented as mean ± SD. Adjustment was made for age, gender, educational level, BMI, living areas and current smoking. A linear trend test was used with the survey year as a continuous variable in linear regression.

Trends for the meat pattern score among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2015.

For the southern pattern ( Table 3 ), we observed decreasing trends in all subgroups. The trends in pattern score were similar between gender and living areas. Well-educated participants showed a stronger decrease than participants with lower educational level. Additionally, young participants showed a stronger decrease than older groups.

For the modern pattern ( Table 4 ), we observed increasing trends in all subgroups. The trends in pattern score were similar between age groups and gender. Well-educated participants increased their scores more quickly than participants with lower educational levels. Additionally, urban participants showed a stronger increase than rural participants.

For the meat pattern ( Table 5 ), we observed increasing trends in all subgroups. The trends in pattern score were similar between education and gender. Rural participants increased their scores more quickly than urban participants.

4. Discussion

The present study identified three distinct dietary patterns among Chinese adults: southern, modern, and meat. During the period 1991–2015, the southern pattern score decreased while the modern and meat pattern scores increased, suggesting a westernization of dietary patterns in China.

The traditional Chinese diet includes large amounts of cereals and vegetables and small amounts of animal-source foods [ 10 , 24 ]. Because of the agriculture in the area, people living in southern China are more likely to eat rice as a staple food with dishes. We therefore labelled the pattern with high intakes of rice, vegetables and pork as southern, which represents a traditional dietary pattern. Other studies also have reported the similar dietary pattern in the Chinese population [ 19 , 25 , 26 ]. It was found that the southern pattern had higher tracking, which means the structure of pattern remained stable over time [ 19 ]. The decrease in the southern pattern score is in agreement with the consumption of cereals and vegetables that have been in decline over the past decades [ 27 , 28 ].

The modern pattern in the present study had high loadings mostly for snacks, including fruits, dairy products, cakes, cookies, and pastries. The modern pattern scores increased in all subgroups, which suggests that participants are consuming more fruits, dairy products, and packaged foods. In China, fruit has become one of the most popular snack items [ 10 ]. However, the intakes of fruits and dairy products were still at the low level, far below recommendations of the dietary guidelines for Chinese residents [ 28 , 29 ]. Because of the fast pace of modern life, people’s demand for convenience foods has become more and more pressing. At the same time, the modern food system has spawned the appearance of small convenience stores or grocery stores in communities throughout China [ 30 ]. As a result, people have more access to an array of packaged foods, which we would expect to become a major component of the diet within the next decade.

The consumption of meat among Chinese adults has increased rapidly, and the trend appears to continue [ 29 ]. This shift in eating habits could be explained by the decline in the price of meat as well as by an increase in personal income [ 31 ]. Rural residents tended to show a stronger increase in the meat pattern score than urban residents, a finding consistent with a previous research [ 29 ]. The meat pattern is most common in western countries, which are characterized by a particularly high intake of processed meats and red meats [ 32 ]. The most popular meat in China is pork, where fatty fresh pork has already become the main component of total meat intake [ 29 , 33 ]. In addition, consumption of poultry and other livestock meat are increasing [ 10 ]. Moderate amounts of meat remain an important source of iron and many other micronutrients, but larger amounts can have adverse health effects [ 10 ]. In recent years, Chinese adults, especially urban residents, have consumed meat at much higher levels than recommended, posing potential risks for long-term health.

Our study has several limitations. First, even though the survey captured different demographic and geographic areas, it still did not generate nationally representative results. Second, the 24 h dietary recall method cannot evaluate long-term dietary intake; as a result, the three components explained only 28.9% of the variance in the foods. Third, the study did not analyze factors such as lifestyle habits that may affect the trends. Despite these limitations, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report these dietary trends over a twenty-five years period in such a large sample, when China is in a rapid economic and social development.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, we observed that China has experienced a shift from traditional dietary patterns to western dietary patterns with a decrease in cereals and vegetables consumption and an increase in meat and packaged foods consumption. During the transition of dietary pattern, Chinese people have greater access to varied sources of nutrition. Despite this, China still faces challenges brought by the attraction of an unhealthy diet. Our findings may have important public health implications for the prevention of NCDs like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. On the other hand, it might be an important issue in nutritional education to draw attention to the unhealthy dietary patterns.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the participants for their involvement in the survey. The authors also thank the team at National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu13041327/s1 , Table S1: Food groups in the factor analysis.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and methodology, J.Z., W.D. and F.H.; formal analysis, J.Z.; investigation, J.Z., Z.W., W.D., F.H., H.J. and H.W.; data curation, J.Z., Z.W., W.D., F.H., H.J., J.B., X.Z. and H.W.; writing—original draft preparation, J.Z.; writing—review and editing, Z.W. and H.W.; supervision, H.W.; project administration, B.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This research uses data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The CHNS receives grant funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01-HD30880, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DK056350","term_id":"187580216"}} DK056350 , R24 HD050924, and R01-HD38700); the NIH Fogarty International Center (5D43TW007709 and 5D43TW009077) for financial support for the CHNS data collection and analysis files from 1989 to 2011; Carolina Population Center (5 R24 HD050924), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Committees of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) and the National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Chinese Food Life Cycle Assessment Database

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Environmental footprints of Chinese foods and beverages: Literature-based construction of a LCA database

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Chinese Food Composition Tables: An annotated translation of the 1981 edition published by the Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing

A. Ershow , Katherine Wong-Chen

Sep 1, 1990

Influential Citations

Quality indicators

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis

Key Takeaway : The Chinese Food Composition Tables provide nutrient data for over 600 foods, including edible portion, proximate composition, energy, major mineral, trace element, vitamin, and cholesterol content, and amino acid and fatty acid profile.

Abstract The Chinese Food Composition Tables , representing four decades of effort by the Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, Beijing, are presented in annotated translation with extensive supplementary material. Nutrient data for more than 600 foods include edible portion; proximate composition; energy, major mineral, trace element, vitamin, and cholesterol content; and amino acid and fatty acid profile. Categories of foods represented include cereals; legumes; roots, tubers, and stems; cultivated and wild vegetables; melons, squashes, and gourds; fungi and algae; fruits; nuts; meats, poultry, and eggs; dairy foods; fishes; mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrates; reptiles and amphibians; alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages; condiments; confections; and infant foods. Foods are identified by English common name and Latin scientific name, and are further described by habitat (for water-dwelling creatures), cooking and preparation method, location of sample collection or analysis, and other characteristics. Original Chinese descriptions of foods are presented in Pinyin transliteration. Textual material and footnotes from the original Chinese document are translated in full. Linking codes are provided for readers having access to the original Chinese version. The supplementary material is included to expand the utility of this document. Detailed three-language indexes (English-Latin-Chinese) allow ready identification and location of food items throughout all tables. Analytical methods used to obtain the data are described. Information is provided on the retention of vitamins in cooked foods, Chinese market units of weight and measure, and cooking and preparation techniques. A concluding discussion addresses the applicability and limitations of the tables, indicates statistical approaches to the data, and places this document in perspective with other food composition tables.

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China Garden

Ratings and reviews, location and contact.

Welcoming, warm, friendly. Fast service and beautiful food. I was on a trip to Moscow for 3 days and I visited the China Garden twice. I would highly recommend a trip to the China Garden.

We were a group of 4. Everybody was satisfied with food and service. Price was acceptable for Moscow standards. They have a satisfactory wine list to choose from.

I always eat at the Chine Garden on my first night in Moscow, when I am staying at the Crown Plaza Hotel and the experience is always positive! do try the duck as well as the Dover sole (huge it takes two to eat). Quick... efficient service and a great big menu to choose from. A Chinese meal to enjoy and look forward to! More

Location is quite good inside the hotel. Chinese foods adapted to local taste. It is costly compared to other places. Waitresses were friendly.

Located with the Crowne Plaza WTC this restaurant serves excellent authentic Chinese food. I would recommend this restaurant totally.

I was staying in the club part of the Crowne Plaza with a colleague and we were after a relatively quick dinner. Wanting something slightly less formal than the hotel restaurant on the club side, we went over to the main Crowne Plaza lobby to... see what was available. On asking the bar staff if they would recommend eating in the hotel bar, they said no! But recommended China Garden. It's a few years since I'd been to Moscow, and had forgotten how painfully expensive everything is, and China Garden is certainly no exception. £70 equivalent seemed steep for what was a decent but unexceptional Chinese meal, with no alcohol. In London, this would have been about half the price. BUT the food was freshly cooked, very tasty, and the portions were very large. I'd come back if I was staying at the Crowne Plaza again, because if even the hotel staff recommend this place then it must be one of the best in the immediate area! More

Well a regular haunt for us, they have both a great vegetarian and Non vegetarian fare. Situated in the WTC adjoing the Crown Plaza this place has amazing Chinese fare.

I visit China Garden whenever in Moscow and they have not disappointed so far! Very friendly and helpful staff ( which is hard to find in Moscow) China Garden was recommended by a local Russian colleague and must say it is among the best Chinese... restaurants I have been to! If I am not mistaken, the menu here is very similar to ones found in England. I can say the food is of good quality and in my opinion portions are quite large. More

The best Chinese cuisine I've ever tasted - simply excellent! Generous portions served; staff was courteous & professional. I visited more than a half dozen times during two separate stays (each 9 - 10 days) at WTC Crowne Plaza.

Great food great service, though Russia now gas a smoking ban, so gave to walk out of hotel for a Ciggy, booooo

The Chinese food here is excellent. The service is nice. The restaurant is located inside the World Trade Centre building. If you are staying at the Crowne Plaza Hotel than this is the best restaurant for dinner, once during the stay. The chef can prepare... spicy food according to your taste. The food was freshly cooked and very tasty with large portions. More

If it is winter time and you are logged within Crowne plaza WTC, it is expected to try some of the restaurants within WTC building. One of very attractive is Kitayskiy sad (Chinese garden). Quality of food was exceptional! Service was also quite good. I... was eating only vegetables that day but was impressed with the way how it was prepared and with accompanying sauce. My companions have ordered duck, and they were extremely satisfied. Additionally, hot sake was very good. If you are in WTC, this shall be your first choice definitely. More

The food here was simply delicious, came over from London for a buisness trip and I must say really impressed , visited 3 out of my three days I spent in Moscow

Very large verity of food and good taste. Traditional Chinese , spring rolls, sweet & sour chicken, beef in oyster sauce ... Etc Friendly employee

Nice restaurant for Chinese cuisine Tasty and fresh food good service. Best at price Good ambience for Chinese food lover best place to visit.

CHINA GARDEN, Moscow - Presnensky - Menu, Prices & Restaurant Reviews - Tripadvisor

• Service: 4.5
• Atmosphere: 4.5

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The trains and stations of the Moscow Metro

2 Comments · Posted by Alex Smirnov in Cities , Travel , Video

The Moscow Metro is the third most intensive subway system in the world after Tokyo and Seoul subways. The first line was opened on May 15, 1935. Since 1955, the metro has the name of V.I. Lenin.

The system consists of 12 lines with a total length of 305.7 km. Forty four stations are recognized cultural heritage. The largest passenger traffic is in rush hours from 8:00 to 9:00 and from 18:00 to 19:00.

Cellular communication is available on most of the stations of the Moscow Metro. In March 2012, a free Wi-Fi appeared in the Circle Line train. The Moscow Metro is open to passengers from 5:20 to 01:00. The average interval between trains is 2.5 minutes.

The fare is paid by using contactless tickets and contactless smart cards, the passes to the stations are controlled by automatic turnstiles. Ticket offices and ticket vending machines can be found in station vestibules.

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Tomás · August 27, 2012 at 11:34 pm

The Moscow metro stations are the best That I know, cars do not.

Alberto Calvo · September 25, 2016 at 8:57 pm

Great videos! Moscow Metro is just spectacular. I actually visited Moscow myself quite recently and wrote a post about my top 7 stations, please check it out and let me know what you think! :)

http://www.arwtravels.com/blog/moscow-metro-top-7-stations-you-cant-miss

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